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Title: Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern;
Charles Dudley Warner, editor; Hamilton Wright Mabie, Lucia
Gilbert Runkle, George H. Warner, associate editors . . .
Publisher: New York, R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill [c1896-97]
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FROM
Library of
Prof. Charles S. Thomas
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SIR FRANCIS BACON.
FREIFISERESG
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LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. II
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 600 (#10) #############################################
↓
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
དཔ་ 、 ། ། ། བ ། ། ་༔ སུ ས
1
10
COPYRIGHT 1896
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE WERNER COMPANY
SPRINTERS
BINDERS
ARBONO
## p. 601 (#11) #############################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. .
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 602 (#12) #############################################
1
I
## p. 603 (#13) #############################################
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOL. II.
LIVED
1226-1274
THOMAS AQUINAS (by Edwin A. Pace)
On the Value of Our Concepts of the Deity ('Summa
Theologica')
How Can the Absolute Be a Cause? (Quæstiones Dis-
putatæ')
On the Production of Living Things (same)
THE ARABIAN NIGHTS (by Richard Gottheil)
From The Story of the City of Brass' (Lane's Transla-
tion)
From The History of King Omar Ben Ennuman, and His
Sons Sherkan and Zoulmekan' (Payne's Translation)
From Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman ›
(Burton's Translation)
Conclusion of The Thousand Nights and a Night' (Bur-
ton's Translation)
ARABIC LITERATURE (by Richard Gottheil)
Imr-al-Kais: Description of a Mountain Storm
Zuhéir: Lament for the Destruction of his Former Home
Tarafah ibn al-'Abd: Rebuke to a Mischief-Maker
Labîd: Lament for the Afflictions of his Tribe
Antar: A Fair Lady
Duraid, son of as-Simmah: The Death of 'Abdallâh
Ash-Shanfarà of Azd: A Picture of Womanhood
'Umar ibn Rabí'a: Zeynab at the Ka'bah
'Umar ibn Rabi'a: The Unveiled Maid
Al-Nabighah: Eulogy of the Men of Ghassân
Nusaib: The Slave-Mother Sold
Al-Find: Vengeance
Ibrahim, Son of Kunaif: Patience
Abu Sakhr: A Lost Love
Abu l'Ata of Sind: An Address to the Beloved
Ja'far ibn 'Ulbah: A Foray
Katari ibn al-Fujâ'ah: Fatality
Al-Faḍl ibn al-Abbas: Implacability
PAGE
613
622
665
## p. 604 (#14) #############################################
ARABIC LITERATURE-Continued:
vi
Laplace
JOHN ARBUTHNOT
Hittân ibn al-Mu'allà: Parental Affection
Sa'd, son of Malik: A Tribesman's Valor
From Sale's Koran:- Chapter xxxv. : "The Creator";
Chapter lv. "The Merciful"; Chapter 1xxxiv. "The
Rending in Sunder »
Al-Hariri: His Prayer
Al-Hariri: The Words of Hareth ibn Hammam
The Caliph Omar Bin Abd Al-Aziz and the Poets (From
'Supplemental Nights': Burton's Translation)
DOMINIQUE FRANÇOIS ARAGO (by Edward S. Holden)
1786-1853
LIVED
1667-1735
The True Characters of John Bull, Nic. Frog, and Hocus
(The History of John Bull')
Reconciliation of John and his Sister Peg (same)
Of the Rudiments of Martin's Learning (Memoirs of
Martinus Scriblerus')
THE ARGONAUTIC LEGEND
The Victory of Orpheus (The Life and Death of Jason')
LUDOVICO ARIOSTO (by L. Oscar Kuhns) 1474-1533
The Friendship of Medoro and Cloridane (Orlando Fu-
rioso ')
The Saving of Medoro (same)
The Madness of Orlando (same)
ARISTOPHANES (by Paul Shorey)
B. C. 448-390?
Origin of the Peloponnesian War (The Acharnians')
The Poet's Apology (same)
Appeal of the Chorus (The Knights'
Cloud Chorus (The Clouds')
A Rainy Day on the Farm (The Peace')
The Harvest (same)
Grand Chorus of Birds (The Birds')
Call to the Nightingale (same)
The Building of Cloud-Cuckoo-Town (same)
Chorus of Women (Thesmophoriazusæ ')
Chorus of Mystæ in Hades (The Frogs')
A Parody of Euripides' Lyric Verse (The Frogs')
The Prologues of Euripides (same)
PAGE
704
722
731
741
759
## p. 605 (#15) #############################################
vii
ARISTOTLE (by Thomas Davidson)
JÓN ARNASON
Nature of the Soul (On the Soul')
On the Difference between History and Poetry (Poetics')
On Philosophy (Cicero's 'Nature of the Gods')
On Essences (Metaphysics')
On Community of Studies (Politics')
Hymn to Virtue
From Icelandic Legends':
The Merman
The Fisherman of Götur
The Magic Scythe
The Man-Servant and the Water-Elves
The Crossways
ERNST MORITZ ARNDT
What is the German's Fatherland?
The Song of the Field-Marshal
Patriotic Song
EDWIN ARNOLD
LIVED
B. C. 384-322
After Death (Pearls of the Faith')
Solomon and the Ant (same)
1819-1888
1769-1860
Youth of Buddha (The Light of Asia')
The Pure Sacrifice of Buddha (same)
Faithfulness of Yudhisthira (The Great Journey')
He and She
MATTHEW ARNOLD (by George Edward Wood-
berry)
1832-
The Afternoon (same)
The Trumpet (same)
Envoi to The Light of Asia'
Grishma; or the Season of Heat (Translated from Kalidasa)
1822-1888
Intelligence and Genius (Essays in Criticism')
Sweetness and Light ('Culture and Anarchy')
Oxford (Essays in Criticism')
To A Friend
Youth and Calm
Isolation - To Margue
Stanzas in Memory of the Author of 'Obermann' (1849)
Memorial Verses (1850)
PAGE
788
802
813
819
844
## p. 606 (#16) #############################################
MATTHEW ARNOLD- Continued:
The Sick King in Bokhara
Dover Beach
Self-Dependence
Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse
A Summer Night
The Better Part
The Last Word
THE ARTHURIAN LEGENDS (by Richard Jones)
PETER CHRISTEN ASBJÖRNSEN
From Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Britonum›
The Holy Grail (Malory's 'Morte d'Arthur')
viii
Gudbrand of the Mountain-Side
The Widow's Son
ROGER ASCHAM
ATHENÆUS
On Gentleness in Education (The Schoolmaster')
On Study and Exercise (Toxophilus')
LIVED
1812-1885
1515-1568
Why the Nile Overflows (Deipnosophistæ')
How to Preserve the Health (same)
An Account of Some Great Eaters (same)
The Love of Animals for Man (same)
JOHN JAMES AUDUBON
BERTHOLD AUERBACH
Third Century B. C.
PER DANIEL AMADEUS ATTERBOM
The Genius of the North
The Lily of the Valley
Svanhvit's Colloquy (The Islands of the Blest')
The Mermaid
AUCASSIN AND NICOLETTE (by Frederick Morris
Warren)
'Tis of Aucassin and Nicolette
1790-1855
1780-1851
A Dangerous Adventure (The American Ornithological
Biography')
Twelfth Century
1812-1882
The First Mass ('Ivo the Gentleman')
The Peasant-Nurse and the Prince (On the Heights')
PAGE
886
905
916
923
933
943
956
961
## p. 607 (#17) #############################################
ix
BERTHOLD AUERBACH-
-Continued:
The First False Step (same)
The New Home and the Old One (same)
The Court Physician's Philosophy (same)
In Countess Irma's Diary (same)
ÉMILE AUGIER
________
1820-1889
A Conversation with a Purpose (Giboyer's Boy')
A Severe Young Judge (The Adventuress')
A Contented Idler (M. Poirier's Son-in-Law')
Feelings of an Artist (same)
A Contest of Wills (The Fourchambaults')
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (by Samuel Hart)
JANE AUSTEN
354-430.
The Godly Sorrow that Worketh Repentance (The Con-
fessions')
Consolation (same)
The Foes of the City (The City of God')
The Praise of God (same)
A Prayer (The Trinity')
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Reflections
LIVED
A. D. 121-180
•
An Offer of Marriage (Pride and Prejudice')
Mother and Daughter (same)
1775-1817
A Letter of Condolence (same)
A Well-Matched Sister and Brother (Northanger Abbey')
Family Doctors (Emma')
Family Training (Mansfield Park')
Private Theatricals (same)
Fruitless Regrets and Apples of Sodom (same)
AVERROËS
THE AVESTA (by A. V. Williams Jackson)
Psalm of Zoroaster
Prayer for Knowledge
The Angel of Divine Obedience
To the Fire
The Goddess of the Waters
Guardian Spirits
An Ancient Sindbad
1126-1198
PAGE
998
1014
1022
1045
1079
1084
## p. 608 (#18) #############################################
THE AVESTA - Continued:
The Wise Man
Invocation to Rain
Prayer for Healing
Fragment
AVICEBRON
ROBERT AYTOUN
On Matter and Form (The Fountain of Life')
WILLIAM EDMONSTOUNE AYTOUN
X
Inconstancy Upbraided
Lines to an Inconstant Mistress (With Burns's Adaptation)
MASSIMO TAPARELLI D'AZEGLIO
1813-1865
Burial March of Dundee ('Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers')
Execution of Montrose (same)
A Happy Childhood (My Recollections')
The Priesthood (same)
My First Venture in Romance (same)
BABER (by Edward S. Holden)
Memoirs'
From Baber's
The Broken Pitcher (Bon Gaultier Ballads')
Sonnet to Britain, "By the Duke of Wellington »
A Ball in the Upper Circles (The Modern Endymion')
A Highland Tramp (Norman Sinclair')
BABRIUS
LIVED
1028-? 1058
The North Wind and the Sun
Jupiter and the Monkey
The Mouse that Fell into the
Pot
The Fox and the Grapes
The Carter and Hercules
The Young Cocks
The Arab and the Camel
1570-1638
FRANCIS BACON (by Charlton T. Lewis)
Of Truth (Essays')
Of Revenge (same)
Of Simulation and Dissimulation (same)
1798-1866
1482-1530
Servants
The Lamp
The Tortoise and the Hare
PAGE
1099
1561-1626
1106
1109
First Century A. D. 1148
The Nightingale and the Swal-
low
The Husbandman
1129
1141
Stork
The Pine
The Woman and Her Maid-
and the
1155
## p. 609 (#19) #############################################
xi
―
FRANCIS BACON Continued:
Of Travel (same)
Of Friendship (same)
Defects of the Universities (The Advancement of Learn-
ing')
To My Lord Treasurer Burghley
In Praise of Knowledge
To the Lord Chancellor
To Villiers on his Patent as a Viscount
Charge to Justice Hutton
A Prayer, or Psalm
From the Apophthegms'
(
Translation of the 137th Psalm
The World's a Bubble
LIVED
WALTER BAGEHOT (by Forrest Morgan)
1826-1877
The Virtues of Stupidity (Letters on the French Coup
d'État')
Review Writing (The First Edinburgh Reviewers')
Lord Eldon (same)
Taste (Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Browning')
Causes of the Sterility of Literature (Shakespeare')
The Search for Happiness (William Cowper')
On Early Reading ('Edward Gibbon')
The Cavaliers (Thomas Babington Macaulay')
Morality and Fear (Bishop Butler')
The Tyranny of Convention ('Sir Robert Peel')
How to Be an Influential Politician (Bolingbroke ')
Conditions of Cabinet Government (The English Constï-
tution')
Why Early Societies Could Not be Free (Physics and
Politics')
Benefits of Free Discussion in Modern Times (same)
Origin of Deposit Banking (Lombard Street')
PAGE
1203
## p. 610 (#20) #############################################
## p. 611 (#21) #############################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. II.
Thomas Aquinas
Ludovico Ariosto
John Arbuthnot
Aristophanes
Aristotle
Ernst Moritz Arndt
Matthew Arnold
Roger Ascham
John James Audubon
Berthold Auerbach
Émile Augier
Jane Austen
Robert Aytoun
Francis Bacon
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
## p. 612 (#22) #############################################
## p. 613 (#23) #############################################
613
THOMAS AQUINAS
(1226-1274)
BY EDWIN A. PACE
HOMAS AQUINAS, philosopher and theologian, was born in 1226,
at or near Aquino, in Southern Italy. He received his early
training from the Benedictines of Monte Cassino. Tradition
says he was a taciturn and seemingly dull boy, derisively nicknamed
by his fellows "the dumb ox," but admired by his teachers. He sub-
sequently entered the University of Naples. While studying there he
joined the Dominican Order, and was sent later on to Cologne, where
he became a pupil of Albertus Magnus. In 1251 he went to Paris,
took his degrees in theology, and began his career as a teacher in
the University. His academic work there
was continued, with slight interruptions,
till 1261. The eleven years which followed
were spent partly in Rome, where Thomas
enjoyed the esteem of Urban IV. and Clem-
ent IV. , and partly in the cities of North-
ern Italy, which he visited in the interest
of his Order. During this period he pro-
duced the greatest of his works, and won
such repute as a theologian that the lead-
ing universities made every effort to secure
him as a teacher. He was appointed to a
professorship at Naples, where he remained.
from 1272 until the early part of 1274. Sum-
moned by Gregory X. to take part in the Council of Lyons, he set
out on his journey northward, but was compelled by illness to stop
at Fossa Nuova. Here he died March 7th, 1274. He was canonized
in 1323, and was proclaimed a doctor of the Church by Pius V. in
1567.
THOMAS AQUINAS
These honors were merited by a remarkable combination of ability
and virtue. To an absolute purity of life, St. Thomas added an
earnest love of truth and of labor. Calm in the midst of discussion,
he was equally proof against the danger of brilliant success. As
the friend of popes and princes, he might have attained the highest
dignities; but these he steadfastly declined, devoting himself, so far as
his duty permitted, to scientific pursuits. Judged by his writings, he
was intense yet thoroughly objective, firm in his own position but
dispassionate in treating the opinions of others. Conclusions reached
## p. 614 (#24) #############################################
614
THOMAS AQUINAS
by daring speculation and faultless logic are stated simply, imper-
sonally. Keen replies are given without bitterness, and the boldest
efforts of reason are united with the submissiveness of faith.
His works fill twenty-five large quarto volumes of the Parma edi-
tion. This is, so far, the most complete collection, though various
portions have been edited from time to time with the commentaries
of learned theologians like Cajetan and Sylvius. Partial translations
have also been made into several modern languages; but as yet there
is no complete English edition of St. Thomas.
Turning to the Latin text, the student cannot but notice the con-
trast between the easy diction of modern philosophical writers and
the rugged conciseness of the mediæval Schoolman. On the other
hand, disappointment awaits those who quit the pages of Cicero for
the less elegant Latinity of the Middle Ages. What can be said in
favor of scholastic "style" is that it expresses clearly and tersely the
subtle shades of thought which had developed through thirteen cen-
turies, and which often necessitated a sacrifice of classic form. With
the Schoolmen, as with modern writers on scientific subjects, precis-
ion was the first requisite, and terminology was of more consequence
than literary beauty.
Similar standards must be kept in view when we pass judgment
upon the technique of St. Thomas. In his presentation we find
neither the eloquence nor the rhetoric of the Fathers.
The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. 32044094449790
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: Harvard University
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2023-04-19 01:22 GMT
## p. 591 (#1) ##############################################
## p. 592 (#2) ##############################################
dit 2020. 18
VERI
TAS
Harvard College Library
FROM
Library of
Prof. Charles S. Thomas
1-
I
!
## p. 593 (#3) ##############################################
## p. 594 (#4) ##############################################
## p. 595 (#5) ##############################################
I
## p. 596 (#6) ##############################################
----
## p. 597 (#7) ##############################################
## p. 598 (#8) ##############################################
4
15
I
SIR FRANCIS BACON.
FREIFISERESG
## p. 599 (#9) ##############################################
LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. II
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 600 (#10) #############################################
↓
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
དཔ་ 、 ། ། ། བ ། ། ་༔ སུ ས
1
10
COPYRIGHT 1896
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE WERNER COMPANY
SPRINTERS
BINDERS
ARBONO
## p. 601 (#11) #############################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. .
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 602 (#12) #############################################
1
I
## p. 603 (#13) #############################################
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOL. II.
LIVED
1226-1274
THOMAS AQUINAS (by Edwin A. Pace)
On the Value of Our Concepts of the Deity ('Summa
Theologica')
How Can the Absolute Be a Cause? (Quæstiones Dis-
putatæ')
On the Production of Living Things (same)
THE ARABIAN NIGHTS (by Richard Gottheil)
From The Story of the City of Brass' (Lane's Transla-
tion)
From The History of King Omar Ben Ennuman, and His
Sons Sherkan and Zoulmekan' (Payne's Translation)
From Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman ›
(Burton's Translation)
Conclusion of The Thousand Nights and a Night' (Bur-
ton's Translation)
ARABIC LITERATURE (by Richard Gottheil)
Imr-al-Kais: Description of a Mountain Storm
Zuhéir: Lament for the Destruction of his Former Home
Tarafah ibn al-'Abd: Rebuke to a Mischief-Maker
Labîd: Lament for the Afflictions of his Tribe
Antar: A Fair Lady
Duraid, son of as-Simmah: The Death of 'Abdallâh
Ash-Shanfarà of Azd: A Picture of Womanhood
'Umar ibn Rabí'a: Zeynab at the Ka'bah
'Umar ibn Rabi'a: The Unveiled Maid
Al-Nabighah: Eulogy of the Men of Ghassân
Nusaib: The Slave-Mother Sold
Al-Find: Vengeance
Ibrahim, Son of Kunaif: Patience
Abu Sakhr: A Lost Love
Abu l'Ata of Sind: An Address to the Beloved
Ja'far ibn 'Ulbah: A Foray
Katari ibn al-Fujâ'ah: Fatality
Al-Faḍl ibn al-Abbas: Implacability
PAGE
613
622
665
## p. 604 (#14) #############################################
ARABIC LITERATURE-Continued:
vi
Laplace
JOHN ARBUTHNOT
Hittân ibn al-Mu'allà: Parental Affection
Sa'd, son of Malik: A Tribesman's Valor
From Sale's Koran:- Chapter xxxv. : "The Creator";
Chapter lv. "The Merciful"; Chapter 1xxxiv. "The
Rending in Sunder »
Al-Hariri: His Prayer
Al-Hariri: The Words of Hareth ibn Hammam
The Caliph Omar Bin Abd Al-Aziz and the Poets (From
'Supplemental Nights': Burton's Translation)
DOMINIQUE FRANÇOIS ARAGO (by Edward S. Holden)
1786-1853
LIVED
1667-1735
The True Characters of John Bull, Nic. Frog, and Hocus
(The History of John Bull')
Reconciliation of John and his Sister Peg (same)
Of the Rudiments of Martin's Learning (Memoirs of
Martinus Scriblerus')
THE ARGONAUTIC LEGEND
The Victory of Orpheus (The Life and Death of Jason')
LUDOVICO ARIOSTO (by L. Oscar Kuhns) 1474-1533
The Friendship of Medoro and Cloridane (Orlando Fu-
rioso ')
The Saving of Medoro (same)
The Madness of Orlando (same)
ARISTOPHANES (by Paul Shorey)
B. C. 448-390?
Origin of the Peloponnesian War (The Acharnians')
The Poet's Apology (same)
Appeal of the Chorus (The Knights'
Cloud Chorus (The Clouds')
A Rainy Day on the Farm (The Peace')
The Harvest (same)
Grand Chorus of Birds (The Birds')
Call to the Nightingale (same)
The Building of Cloud-Cuckoo-Town (same)
Chorus of Women (Thesmophoriazusæ ')
Chorus of Mystæ in Hades (The Frogs')
A Parody of Euripides' Lyric Verse (The Frogs')
The Prologues of Euripides (same)
PAGE
704
722
731
741
759
## p. 605 (#15) #############################################
vii
ARISTOTLE (by Thomas Davidson)
JÓN ARNASON
Nature of the Soul (On the Soul')
On the Difference between History and Poetry (Poetics')
On Philosophy (Cicero's 'Nature of the Gods')
On Essences (Metaphysics')
On Community of Studies (Politics')
Hymn to Virtue
From Icelandic Legends':
The Merman
The Fisherman of Götur
The Magic Scythe
The Man-Servant and the Water-Elves
The Crossways
ERNST MORITZ ARNDT
What is the German's Fatherland?
The Song of the Field-Marshal
Patriotic Song
EDWIN ARNOLD
LIVED
B. C. 384-322
After Death (Pearls of the Faith')
Solomon and the Ant (same)
1819-1888
1769-1860
Youth of Buddha (The Light of Asia')
The Pure Sacrifice of Buddha (same)
Faithfulness of Yudhisthira (The Great Journey')
He and She
MATTHEW ARNOLD (by George Edward Wood-
berry)
1832-
The Afternoon (same)
The Trumpet (same)
Envoi to The Light of Asia'
Grishma; or the Season of Heat (Translated from Kalidasa)
1822-1888
Intelligence and Genius (Essays in Criticism')
Sweetness and Light ('Culture and Anarchy')
Oxford (Essays in Criticism')
To A Friend
Youth and Calm
Isolation - To Margue
Stanzas in Memory of the Author of 'Obermann' (1849)
Memorial Verses (1850)
PAGE
788
802
813
819
844
## p. 606 (#16) #############################################
MATTHEW ARNOLD- Continued:
The Sick King in Bokhara
Dover Beach
Self-Dependence
Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse
A Summer Night
The Better Part
The Last Word
THE ARTHURIAN LEGENDS (by Richard Jones)
PETER CHRISTEN ASBJÖRNSEN
From Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Britonum›
The Holy Grail (Malory's 'Morte d'Arthur')
viii
Gudbrand of the Mountain-Side
The Widow's Son
ROGER ASCHAM
ATHENÆUS
On Gentleness in Education (The Schoolmaster')
On Study and Exercise (Toxophilus')
LIVED
1812-1885
1515-1568
Why the Nile Overflows (Deipnosophistæ')
How to Preserve the Health (same)
An Account of Some Great Eaters (same)
The Love of Animals for Man (same)
JOHN JAMES AUDUBON
BERTHOLD AUERBACH
Third Century B. C.
PER DANIEL AMADEUS ATTERBOM
The Genius of the North
The Lily of the Valley
Svanhvit's Colloquy (The Islands of the Blest')
The Mermaid
AUCASSIN AND NICOLETTE (by Frederick Morris
Warren)
'Tis of Aucassin and Nicolette
1790-1855
1780-1851
A Dangerous Adventure (The American Ornithological
Biography')
Twelfth Century
1812-1882
The First Mass ('Ivo the Gentleman')
The Peasant-Nurse and the Prince (On the Heights')
PAGE
886
905
916
923
933
943
956
961
## p. 607 (#17) #############################################
ix
BERTHOLD AUERBACH-
-Continued:
The First False Step (same)
The New Home and the Old One (same)
The Court Physician's Philosophy (same)
In Countess Irma's Diary (same)
ÉMILE AUGIER
________
1820-1889
A Conversation with a Purpose (Giboyer's Boy')
A Severe Young Judge (The Adventuress')
A Contented Idler (M. Poirier's Son-in-Law')
Feelings of an Artist (same)
A Contest of Wills (The Fourchambaults')
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (by Samuel Hart)
JANE AUSTEN
354-430.
The Godly Sorrow that Worketh Repentance (The Con-
fessions')
Consolation (same)
The Foes of the City (The City of God')
The Praise of God (same)
A Prayer (The Trinity')
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Reflections
LIVED
A. D. 121-180
•
An Offer of Marriage (Pride and Prejudice')
Mother and Daughter (same)
1775-1817
A Letter of Condolence (same)
A Well-Matched Sister and Brother (Northanger Abbey')
Family Doctors (Emma')
Family Training (Mansfield Park')
Private Theatricals (same)
Fruitless Regrets and Apples of Sodom (same)
AVERROËS
THE AVESTA (by A. V. Williams Jackson)
Psalm of Zoroaster
Prayer for Knowledge
The Angel of Divine Obedience
To the Fire
The Goddess of the Waters
Guardian Spirits
An Ancient Sindbad
1126-1198
PAGE
998
1014
1022
1045
1079
1084
## p. 608 (#18) #############################################
THE AVESTA - Continued:
The Wise Man
Invocation to Rain
Prayer for Healing
Fragment
AVICEBRON
ROBERT AYTOUN
On Matter and Form (The Fountain of Life')
WILLIAM EDMONSTOUNE AYTOUN
X
Inconstancy Upbraided
Lines to an Inconstant Mistress (With Burns's Adaptation)
MASSIMO TAPARELLI D'AZEGLIO
1813-1865
Burial March of Dundee ('Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers')
Execution of Montrose (same)
A Happy Childhood (My Recollections')
The Priesthood (same)
My First Venture in Romance (same)
BABER (by Edward S. Holden)
Memoirs'
From Baber's
The Broken Pitcher (Bon Gaultier Ballads')
Sonnet to Britain, "By the Duke of Wellington »
A Ball in the Upper Circles (The Modern Endymion')
A Highland Tramp (Norman Sinclair')
BABRIUS
LIVED
1028-? 1058
The North Wind and the Sun
Jupiter and the Monkey
The Mouse that Fell into the
Pot
The Fox and the Grapes
The Carter and Hercules
The Young Cocks
The Arab and the Camel
1570-1638
FRANCIS BACON (by Charlton T. Lewis)
Of Truth (Essays')
Of Revenge (same)
Of Simulation and Dissimulation (same)
1798-1866
1482-1530
Servants
The Lamp
The Tortoise and the Hare
PAGE
1099
1561-1626
1106
1109
First Century A. D. 1148
The Nightingale and the Swal-
low
The Husbandman
1129
1141
Stork
The Pine
The Woman and Her Maid-
and the
1155
## p. 609 (#19) #############################################
xi
―
FRANCIS BACON Continued:
Of Travel (same)
Of Friendship (same)
Defects of the Universities (The Advancement of Learn-
ing')
To My Lord Treasurer Burghley
In Praise of Knowledge
To the Lord Chancellor
To Villiers on his Patent as a Viscount
Charge to Justice Hutton
A Prayer, or Psalm
From the Apophthegms'
(
Translation of the 137th Psalm
The World's a Bubble
LIVED
WALTER BAGEHOT (by Forrest Morgan)
1826-1877
The Virtues of Stupidity (Letters on the French Coup
d'État')
Review Writing (The First Edinburgh Reviewers')
Lord Eldon (same)
Taste (Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Browning')
Causes of the Sterility of Literature (Shakespeare')
The Search for Happiness (William Cowper')
On Early Reading ('Edward Gibbon')
The Cavaliers (Thomas Babington Macaulay')
Morality and Fear (Bishop Butler')
The Tyranny of Convention ('Sir Robert Peel')
How to Be an Influential Politician (Bolingbroke ')
Conditions of Cabinet Government (The English Constï-
tution')
Why Early Societies Could Not be Free (Physics and
Politics')
Benefits of Free Discussion in Modern Times (same)
Origin of Deposit Banking (Lombard Street')
PAGE
1203
## p. 610 (#20) #############################################
## p. 611 (#21) #############################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. II.
Thomas Aquinas
Ludovico Ariosto
John Arbuthnot
Aristophanes
Aristotle
Ernst Moritz Arndt
Matthew Arnold
Roger Ascham
John James Audubon
Berthold Auerbach
Émile Augier
Jane Austen
Robert Aytoun
Francis Bacon
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
## p. 612 (#22) #############################################
## p. 613 (#23) #############################################
613
THOMAS AQUINAS
(1226-1274)
BY EDWIN A. PACE
HOMAS AQUINAS, philosopher and theologian, was born in 1226,
at or near Aquino, in Southern Italy. He received his early
training from the Benedictines of Monte Cassino. Tradition
says he was a taciturn and seemingly dull boy, derisively nicknamed
by his fellows "the dumb ox," but admired by his teachers. He sub-
sequently entered the University of Naples. While studying there he
joined the Dominican Order, and was sent later on to Cologne, where
he became a pupil of Albertus Magnus. In 1251 he went to Paris,
took his degrees in theology, and began his career as a teacher in
the University. His academic work there
was continued, with slight interruptions,
till 1261. The eleven years which followed
were spent partly in Rome, where Thomas
enjoyed the esteem of Urban IV. and Clem-
ent IV. , and partly in the cities of North-
ern Italy, which he visited in the interest
of his Order. During this period he pro-
duced the greatest of his works, and won
such repute as a theologian that the lead-
ing universities made every effort to secure
him as a teacher. He was appointed to a
professorship at Naples, where he remained.
from 1272 until the early part of 1274. Sum-
moned by Gregory X. to take part in the Council of Lyons, he set
out on his journey northward, but was compelled by illness to stop
at Fossa Nuova. Here he died March 7th, 1274. He was canonized
in 1323, and was proclaimed a doctor of the Church by Pius V. in
1567.
THOMAS AQUINAS
These honors were merited by a remarkable combination of ability
and virtue. To an absolute purity of life, St. Thomas added an
earnest love of truth and of labor. Calm in the midst of discussion,
he was equally proof against the danger of brilliant success. As
the friend of popes and princes, he might have attained the highest
dignities; but these he steadfastly declined, devoting himself, so far as
his duty permitted, to scientific pursuits. Judged by his writings, he
was intense yet thoroughly objective, firm in his own position but
dispassionate in treating the opinions of others. Conclusions reached
## p. 614 (#24) #############################################
614
THOMAS AQUINAS
by daring speculation and faultless logic are stated simply, imper-
sonally. Keen replies are given without bitterness, and the boldest
efforts of reason are united with the submissiveness of faith.
His works fill twenty-five large quarto volumes of the Parma edi-
tion. This is, so far, the most complete collection, though various
portions have been edited from time to time with the commentaries
of learned theologians like Cajetan and Sylvius. Partial translations
have also been made into several modern languages; but as yet there
is no complete English edition of St. Thomas.
Turning to the Latin text, the student cannot but notice the con-
trast between the easy diction of modern philosophical writers and
the rugged conciseness of the mediæval Schoolman. On the other
hand, disappointment awaits those who quit the pages of Cicero for
the less elegant Latinity of the Middle Ages. What can be said in
favor of scholastic "style" is that it expresses clearly and tersely the
subtle shades of thought which had developed through thirteen cen-
turies, and which often necessitated a sacrifice of classic form. With
the Schoolmen, as with modern writers on scientific subjects, precis-
ion was the first requisite, and terminology was of more consequence
than literary beauty.
Similar standards must be kept in view when we pass judgment
upon the technique of St. Thomas. In his presentation we find
neither the eloquence nor the rhetoric of the Fathers. He quotes
them continually, and in some of his works adopts their division
into books and chapters. But his exposition is more compact, con-
sisting at times of clear-cut arguments in series without an attempt
at transition, at other times of sustained reasoning processes in which
no phrase is superfluous and no word ambiguous. Elsewhere he uses
the more rigid mold which was peculiar to the Scholastic Period, and
had been fashioned chiefly by Alexander Hales. Each subject is
divided into so many "questions," and each question into so many
"articles. " The "article" begins with the statement of objections,
then discusses various opinions, establishes the author's position, and
closes with a solution of the difficulties which that position may en-
counter. This method had its advantages. It facilitated analysis,
and obliged the writer to examine every aspect of a problem. . It
secured breadth of view and thoroughness of treatment. It was, espe-
cially, a transparent medium for reason, unbiased by either sentiment
or verbiage.
If such qualities of style and presentation were encouraged by the
environment in which Aquinas pursued his earlier studies, they were
also helpful in the task which he chose as his life-work. This was
the construction of a system in which all the elements of knowledge
should be harmoniously united. An undertaking so vast necessitated
## p. 615 (#25) #############################################
THOMAS AQUINAS
615
a long preparation, the study of all available sources, and the eluci-
dation of many detailed problems. Hence, a considerable portion of
St. Thomas's works is taken up with the explanation of Peter Lom-
bard's 'Sententiæ,' with Commentaries on Aristotle, with Expositions
of Sacred Scripture, collections from the Fathers, and various opuscula
or studies on special subjects. Under the title 'Quæstiones Dispu-
tatæ,' numerous problems in philosophy and theology are discussed
at length. But the synthetic power of Aquinas is shown chiefly in
the 'Contra Gentes' and the Summa Theologica,' the former being
a defense of Christian belief with special reference to Arabian
philosophy, and the latter a masterly compendium of rational and
revealed truth.
The conception of the 'Summa' was not altogether original.
Find more books at https://www. hathitrust. org.
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## p. 591 (#1) ##############################################
## p. 592 (#2) ##############################################
dit 2020. 18
VERI
TAS
Harvard College Library
FROM
Library of
Prof. Charles S. Thomas
1-
I
!
## p. 593 (#3) ##############################################
## p. 594 (#4) ##############################################
## p. 595 (#5) ##############################################
I
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## p. 597 (#7) ##############################################
## p. 598 (#8) ##############################################
4
15
I
SIR FRANCIS BACON.
FREIFISERESG
## p. 599 (#9) ##############################################
LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. II
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 600 (#10) #############################################
↓
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
དཔ་ 、 ། ། ། བ ། ། ་༔ སུ ས
1
10
COPYRIGHT 1896
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE WERNER COMPANY
SPRINTERS
BINDERS
ARBONO
## p. 601 (#11) #############################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. .
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 602 (#12) #############################################
1
I
## p. 603 (#13) #############################################
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOL. II.
LIVED
1226-1274
THOMAS AQUINAS (by Edwin A. Pace)
On the Value of Our Concepts of the Deity ('Summa
Theologica')
How Can the Absolute Be a Cause? (Quæstiones Dis-
putatæ')
On the Production of Living Things (same)
THE ARABIAN NIGHTS (by Richard Gottheil)
From The Story of the City of Brass' (Lane's Transla-
tion)
From The History of King Omar Ben Ennuman, and His
Sons Sherkan and Zoulmekan' (Payne's Translation)
From Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman ›
(Burton's Translation)
Conclusion of The Thousand Nights and a Night' (Bur-
ton's Translation)
ARABIC LITERATURE (by Richard Gottheil)
Imr-al-Kais: Description of a Mountain Storm
Zuhéir: Lament for the Destruction of his Former Home
Tarafah ibn al-'Abd: Rebuke to a Mischief-Maker
Labîd: Lament for the Afflictions of his Tribe
Antar: A Fair Lady
Duraid, son of as-Simmah: The Death of 'Abdallâh
Ash-Shanfarà of Azd: A Picture of Womanhood
'Umar ibn Rabí'a: Zeynab at the Ka'bah
'Umar ibn Rabi'a: The Unveiled Maid
Al-Nabighah: Eulogy of the Men of Ghassân
Nusaib: The Slave-Mother Sold
Al-Find: Vengeance
Ibrahim, Son of Kunaif: Patience
Abu Sakhr: A Lost Love
Abu l'Ata of Sind: An Address to the Beloved
Ja'far ibn 'Ulbah: A Foray
Katari ibn al-Fujâ'ah: Fatality
Al-Faḍl ibn al-Abbas: Implacability
PAGE
613
622
665
## p. 604 (#14) #############################################
ARABIC LITERATURE-Continued:
vi
Laplace
JOHN ARBUTHNOT
Hittân ibn al-Mu'allà: Parental Affection
Sa'd, son of Malik: A Tribesman's Valor
From Sale's Koran:- Chapter xxxv. : "The Creator";
Chapter lv. "The Merciful"; Chapter 1xxxiv. "The
Rending in Sunder »
Al-Hariri: His Prayer
Al-Hariri: The Words of Hareth ibn Hammam
The Caliph Omar Bin Abd Al-Aziz and the Poets (From
'Supplemental Nights': Burton's Translation)
DOMINIQUE FRANÇOIS ARAGO (by Edward S. Holden)
1786-1853
LIVED
1667-1735
The True Characters of John Bull, Nic. Frog, and Hocus
(The History of John Bull')
Reconciliation of John and his Sister Peg (same)
Of the Rudiments of Martin's Learning (Memoirs of
Martinus Scriblerus')
THE ARGONAUTIC LEGEND
The Victory of Orpheus (The Life and Death of Jason')
LUDOVICO ARIOSTO (by L. Oscar Kuhns) 1474-1533
The Friendship of Medoro and Cloridane (Orlando Fu-
rioso ')
The Saving of Medoro (same)
The Madness of Orlando (same)
ARISTOPHANES (by Paul Shorey)
B. C. 448-390?
Origin of the Peloponnesian War (The Acharnians')
The Poet's Apology (same)
Appeal of the Chorus (The Knights'
Cloud Chorus (The Clouds')
A Rainy Day on the Farm (The Peace')
The Harvest (same)
Grand Chorus of Birds (The Birds')
Call to the Nightingale (same)
The Building of Cloud-Cuckoo-Town (same)
Chorus of Women (Thesmophoriazusæ ')
Chorus of Mystæ in Hades (The Frogs')
A Parody of Euripides' Lyric Verse (The Frogs')
The Prologues of Euripides (same)
PAGE
704
722
731
741
759
## p. 605 (#15) #############################################
vii
ARISTOTLE (by Thomas Davidson)
JÓN ARNASON
Nature of the Soul (On the Soul')
On the Difference between History and Poetry (Poetics')
On Philosophy (Cicero's 'Nature of the Gods')
On Essences (Metaphysics')
On Community of Studies (Politics')
Hymn to Virtue
From Icelandic Legends':
The Merman
The Fisherman of Götur
The Magic Scythe
The Man-Servant and the Water-Elves
The Crossways
ERNST MORITZ ARNDT
What is the German's Fatherland?
The Song of the Field-Marshal
Patriotic Song
EDWIN ARNOLD
LIVED
B. C. 384-322
After Death (Pearls of the Faith')
Solomon and the Ant (same)
1819-1888
1769-1860
Youth of Buddha (The Light of Asia')
The Pure Sacrifice of Buddha (same)
Faithfulness of Yudhisthira (The Great Journey')
He and She
MATTHEW ARNOLD (by George Edward Wood-
berry)
1832-
The Afternoon (same)
The Trumpet (same)
Envoi to The Light of Asia'
Grishma; or the Season of Heat (Translated from Kalidasa)
1822-1888
Intelligence and Genius (Essays in Criticism')
Sweetness and Light ('Culture and Anarchy')
Oxford (Essays in Criticism')
To A Friend
Youth and Calm
Isolation - To Margue
Stanzas in Memory of the Author of 'Obermann' (1849)
Memorial Verses (1850)
PAGE
788
802
813
819
844
## p. 606 (#16) #############################################
MATTHEW ARNOLD- Continued:
The Sick King in Bokhara
Dover Beach
Self-Dependence
Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse
A Summer Night
The Better Part
The Last Word
THE ARTHURIAN LEGENDS (by Richard Jones)
PETER CHRISTEN ASBJÖRNSEN
From Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Britonum›
The Holy Grail (Malory's 'Morte d'Arthur')
viii
Gudbrand of the Mountain-Side
The Widow's Son
ROGER ASCHAM
ATHENÆUS
On Gentleness in Education (The Schoolmaster')
On Study and Exercise (Toxophilus')
LIVED
1812-1885
1515-1568
Why the Nile Overflows (Deipnosophistæ')
How to Preserve the Health (same)
An Account of Some Great Eaters (same)
The Love of Animals for Man (same)
JOHN JAMES AUDUBON
BERTHOLD AUERBACH
Third Century B. C.
PER DANIEL AMADEUS ATTERBOM
The Genius of the North
The Lily of the Valley
Svanhvit's Colloquy (The Islands of the Blest')
The Mermaid
AUCASSIN AND NICOLETTE (by Frederick Morris
Warren)
'Tis of Aucassin and Nicolette
1790-1855
1780-1851
A Dangerous Adventure (The American Ornithological
Biography')
Twelfth Century
1812-1882
The First Mass ('Ivo the Gentleman')
The Peasant-Nurse and the Prince (On the Heights')
PAGE
886
905
916
923
933
943
956
961
## p. 607 (#17) #############################################
ix
BERTHOLD AUERBACH-
-Continued:
The First False Step (same)
The New Home and the Old One (same)
The Court Physician's Philosophy (same)
In Countess Irma's Diary (same)
ÉMILE AUGIER
________
1820-1889
A Conversation with a Purpose (Giboyer's Boy')
A Severe Young Judge (The Adventuress')
A Contented Idler (M. Poirier's Son-in-Law')
Feelings of an Artist (same)
A Contest of Wills (The Fourchambaults')
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (by Samuel Hart)
JANE AUSTEN
354-430.
The Godly Sorrow that Worketh Repentance (The Con-
fessions')
Consolation (same)
The Foes of the City (The City of God')
The Praise of God (same)
A Prayer (The Trinity')
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Reflections
LIVED
A. D. 121-180
•
An Offer of Marriage (Pride and Prejudice')
Mother and Daughter (same)
1775-1817
A Letter of Condolence (same)
A Well-Matched Sister and Brother (Northanger Abbey')
Family Doctors (Emma')
Family Training (Mansfield Park')
Private Theatricals (same)
Fruitless Regrets and Apples of Sodom (same)
AVERROËS
THE AVESTA (by A. V. Williams Jackson)
Psalm of Zoroaster
Prayer for Knowledge
The Angel of Divine Obedience
To the Fire
The Goddess of the Waters
Guardian Spirits
An Ancient Sindbad
1126-1198
PAGE
998
1014
1022
1045
1079
1084
## p. 608 (#18) #############################################
THE AVESTA - Continued:
The Wise Man
Invocation to Rain
Prayer for Healing
Fragment
AVICEBRON
ROBERT AYTOUN
On Matter and Form (The Fountain of Life')
WILLIAM EDMONSTOUNE AYTOUN
X
Inconstancy Upbraided
Lines to an Inconstant Mistress (With Burns's Adaptation)
MASSIMO TAPARELLI D'AZEGLIO
1813-1865
Burial March of Dundee ('Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers')
Execution of Montrose (same)
A Happy Childhood (My Recollections')
The Priesthood (same)
My First Venture in Romance (same)
BABER (by Edward S. Holden)
Memoirs'
From Baber's
The Broken Pitcher (Bon Gaultier Ballads')
Sonnet to Britain, "By the Duke of Wellington »
A Ball in the Upper Circles (The Modern Endymion')
A Highland Tramp (Norman Sinclair')
BABRIUS
LIVED
1028-? 1058
The North Wind and the Sun
Jupiter and the Monkey
The Mouse that Fell into the
Pot
The Fox and the Grapes
The Carter and Hercules
The Young Cocks
The Arab and the Camel
1570-1638
FRANCIS BACON (by Charlton T. Lewis)
Of Truth (Essays')
Of Revenge (same)
Of Simulation and Dissimulation (same)
1798-1866
1482-1530
Servants
The Lamp
The Tortoise and the Hare
PAGE
1099
1561-1626
1106
1109
First Century A. D. 1148
The Nightingale and the Swal-
low
The Husbandman
1129
1141
Stork
The Pine
The Woman and Her Maid-
and the
1155
## p. 609 (#19) #############################################
xi
―
FRANCIS BACON Continued:
Of Travel (same)
Of Friendship (same)
Defects of the Universities (The Advancement of Learn-
ing')
To My Lord Treasurer Burghley
In Praise of Knowledge
To the Lord Chancellor
To Villiers on his Patent as a Viscount
Charge to Justice Hutton
A Prayer, or Psalm
From the Apophthegms'
(
Translation of the 137th Psalm
The World's a Bubble
LIVED
WALTER BAGEHOT (by Forrest Morgan)
1826-1877
The Virtues of Stupidity (Letters on the French Coup
d'État')
Review Writing (The First Edinburgh Reviewers')
Lord Eldon (same)
Taste (Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Browning')
Causes of the Sterility of Literature (Shakespeare')
The Search for Happiness (William Cowper')
On Early Reading ('Edward Gibbon')
The Cavaliers (Thomas Babington Macaulay')
Morality and Fear (Bishop Butler')
The Tyranny of Convention ('Sir Robert Peel')
How to Be an Influential Politician (Bolingbroke ')
Conditions of Cabinet Government (The English Constï-
tution')
Why Early Societies Could Not be Free (Physics and
Politics')
Benefits of Free Discussion in Modern Times (same)
Origin of Deposit Banking (Lombard Street')
PAGE
1203
## p. 610 (#20) #############################################
## p. 611 (#21) #############################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. II.
Thomas Aquinas
Ludovico Ariosto
John Arbuthnot
Aristophanes
Aristotle
Ernst Moritz Arndt
Matthew Arnold
Roger Ascham
John James Audubon
Berthold Auerbach
Émile Augier
Jane Austen
Robert Aytoun
Francis Bacon
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
## p. 612 (#22) #############################################
## p. 613 (#23) #############################################
613
THOMAS AQUINAS
(1226-1274)
BY EDWIN A. PACE
HOMAS AQUINAS, philosopher and theologian, was born in 1226,
at or near Aquino, in Southern Italy. He received his early
training from the Benedictines of Monte Cassino. Tradition
says he was a taciturn and seemingly dull boy, derisively nicknamed
by his fellows "the dumb ox," but admired by his teachers. He sub-
sequently entered the University of Naples. While studying there he
joined the Dominican Order, and was sent later on to Cologne, where
he became a pupil of Albertus Magnus. In 1251 he went to Paris,
took his degrees in theology, and began his career as a teacher in
the University. His academic work there
was continued, with slight interruptions,
till 1261. The eleven years which followed
were spent partly in Rome, where Thomas
enjoyed the esteem of Urban IV. and Clem-
ent IV. , and partly in the cities of North-
ern Italy, which he visited in the interest
of his Order. During this period he pro-
duced the greatest of his works, and won
such repute as a theologian that the lead-
ing universities made every effort to secure
him as a teacher. He was appointed to a
professorship at Naples, where he remained.
from 1272 until the early part of 1274. Sum-
moned by Gregory X. to take part in the Council of Lyons, he set
out on his journey northward, but was compelled by illness to stop
at Fossa Nuova. Here he died March 7th, 1274. He was canonized
in 1323, and was proclaimed a doctor of the Church by Pius V. in
1567.
THOMAS AQUINAS
These honors were merited by a remarkable combination of ability
and virtue. To an absolute purity of life, St. Thomas added an
earnest love of truth and of labor. Calm in the midst of discussion,
he was equally proof against the danger of brilliant success. As
the friend of popes and princes, he might have attained the highest
dignities; but these he steadfastly declined, devoting himself, so far as
his duty permitted, to scientific pursuits. Judged by his writings, he
was intense yet thoroughly objective, firm in his own position but
dispassionate in treating the opinions of others. Conclusions reached
## p. 614 (#24) #############################################
614
THOMAS AQUINAS
by daring speculation and faultless logic are stated simply, imper-
sonally. Keen replies are given without bitterness, and the boldest
efforts of reason are united with the submissiveness of faith.
His works fill twenty-five large quarto volumes of the Parma edi-
tion. This is, so far, the most complete collection, though various
portions have been edited from time to time with the commentaries
of learned theologians like Cajetan and Sylvius. Partial translations
have also been made into several modern languages; but as yet there
is no complete English edition of St. Thomas.
Turning to the Latin text, the student cannot but notice the con-
trast between the easy diction of modern philosophical writers and
the rugged conciseness of the mediæval Schoolman. On the other
hand, disappointment awaits those who quit the pages of Cicero for
the less elegant Latinity of the Middle Ages. What can be said in
favor of scholastic "style" is that it expresses clearly and tersely the
subtle shades of thought which had developed through thirteen cen-
turies, and which often necessitated a sacrifice of classic form. With
the Schoolmen, as with modern writers on scientific subjects, precis-
ion was the first requisite, and terminology was of more consequence
than literary beauty.
Similar standards must be kept in view when we pass judgment
upon the technique of St. Thomas. In his presentation we find
neither the eloquence nor the rhetoric of the Fathers.
The
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## p. 591 (#1) ##############################################
## p. 592 (#2) ##############################################
dit 2020. 18
VERI
TAS
Harvard College Library
FROM
Library of
Prof. Charles S. Thomas
1-
I
!
## p. 593 (#3) ##############################################
## p. 594 (#4) ##############################################
## p. 595 (#5) ##############################################
I
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----
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4
15
I
SIR FRANCIS BACON.
FREIFISERESG
## p. 599 (#9) ##############################################
LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. II
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 600 (#10) #############################################
↓
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
དཔ་ 、 ། ། ། བ ། ། ་༔ སུ ས
1
10
COPYRIGHT 1896
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE WERNER COMPANY
SPRINTERS
BINDERS
ARBONO
## p. 601 (#11) #############################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. .
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 602 (#12) #############################################
1
I
## p. 603 (#13) #############################################
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOL. II.
LIVED
1226-1274
THOMAS AQUINAS (by Edwin A. Pace)
On the Value of Our Concepts of the Deity ('Summa
Theologica')
How Can the Absolute Be a Cause? (Quæstiones Dis-
putatæ')
On the Production of Living Things (same)
THE ARABIAN NIGHTS (by Richard Gottheil)
From The Story of the City of Brass' (Lane's Transla-
tion)
From The History of King Omar Ben Ennuman, and His
Sons Sherkan and Zoulmekan' (Payne's Translation)
From Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman ›
(Burton's Translation)
Conclusion of The Thousand Nights and a Night' (Bur-
ton's Translation)
ARABIC LITERATURE (by Richard Gottheil)
Imr-al-Kais: Description of a Mountain Storm
Zuhéir: Lament for the Destruction of his Former Home
Tarafah ibn al-'Abd: Rebuke to a Mischief-Maker
Labîd: Lament for the Afflictions of his Tribe
Antar: A Fair Lady
Duraid, son of as-Simmah: The Death of 'Abdallâh
Ash-Shanfarà of Azd: A Picture of Womanhood
'Umar ibn Rabí'a: Zeynab at the Ka'bah
'Umar ibn Rabi'a: The Unveiled Maid
Al-Nabighah: Eulogy of the Men of Ghassân
Nusaib: The Slave-Mother Sold
Al-Find: Vengeance
Ibrahim, Son of Kunaif: Patience
Abu Sakhr: A Lost Love
Abu l'Ata of Sind: An Address to the Beloved
Ja'far ibn 'Ulbah: A Foray
Katari ibn al-Fujâ'ah: Fatality
Al-Faḍl ibn al-Abbas: Implacability
PAGE
613
622
665
## p. 604 (#14) #############################################
ARABIC LITERATURE-Continued:
vi
Laplace
JOHN ARBUTHNOT
Hittân ibn al-Mu'allà: Parental Affection
Sa'd, son of Malik: A Tribesman's Valor
From Sale's Koran:- Chapter xxxv. : "The Creator";
Chapter lv. "The Merciful"; Chapter 1xxxiv. "The
Rending in Sunder »
Al-Hariri: His Prayer
Al-Hariri: The Words of Hareth ibn Hammam
The Caliph Omar Bin Abd Al-Aziz and the Poets (From
'Supplemental Nights': Burton's Translation)
DOMINIQUE FRANÇOIS ARAGO (by Edward S. Holden)
1786-1853
LIVED
1667-1735
The True Characters of John Bull, Nic. Frog, and Hocus
(The History of John Bull')
Reconciliation of John and his Sister Peg (same)
Of the Rudiments of Martin's Learning (Memoirs of
Martinus Scriblerus')
THE ARGONAUTIC LEGEND
The Victory of Orpheus (The Life and Death of Jason')
LUDOVICO ARIOSTO (by L. Oscar Kuhns) 1474-1533
The Friendship of Medoro and Cloridane (Orlando Fu-
rioso ')
The Saving of Medoro (same)
The Madness of Orlando (same)
ARISTOPHANES (by Paul Shorey)
B. C. 448-390?
Origin of the Peloponnesian War (The Acharnians')
The Poet's Apology (same)
Appeal of the Chorus (The Knights'
Cloud Chorus (The Clouds')
A Rainy Day on the Farm (The Peace')
The Harvest (same)
Grand Chorus of Birds (The Birds')
Call to the Nightingale (same)
The Building of Cloud-Cuckoo-Town (same)
Chorus of Women (Thesmophoriazusæ ')
Chorus of Mystæ in Hades (The Frogs')
A Parody of Euripides' Lyric Verse (The Frogs')
The Prologues of Euripides (same)
PAGE
704
722
731
741
759
## p. 605 (#15) #############################################
vii
ARISTOTLE (by Thomas Davidson)
JÓN ARNASON
Nature of the Soul (On the Soul')
On the Difference between History and Poetry (Poetics')
On Philosophy (Cicero's 'Nature of the Gods')
On Essences (Metaphysics')
On Community of Studies (Politics')
Hymn to Virtue
From Icelandic Legends':
The Merman
The Fisherman of Götur
The Magic Scythe
The Man-Servant and the Water-Elves
The Crossways
ERNST MORITZ ARNDT
What is the German's Fatherland?
The Song of the Field-Marshal
Patriotic Song
EDWIN ARNOLD
LIVED
B. C. 384-322
After Death (Pearls of the Faith')
Solomon and the Ant (same)
1819-1888
1769-1860
Youth of Buddha (The Light of Asia')
The Pure Sacrifice of Buddha (same)
Faithfulness of Yudhisthira (The Great Journey')
He and She
MATTHEW ARNOLD (by George Edward Wood-
berry)
1832-
The Afternoon (same)
The Trumpet (same)
Envoi to The Light of Asia'
Grishma; or the Season of Heat (Translated from Kalidasa)
1822-1888
Intelligence and Genius (Essays in Criticism')
Sweetness and Light ('Culture and Anarchy')
Oxford (Essays in Criticism')
To A Friend
Youth and Calm
Isolation - To Margue
Stanzas in Memory of the Author of 'Obermann' (1849)
Memorial Verses (1850)
PAGE
788
802
813
819
844
## p. 606 (#16) #############################################
MATTHEW ARNOLD- Continued:
The Sick King in Bokhara
Dover Beach
Self-Dependence
Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse
A Summer Night
The Better Part
The Last Word
THE ARTHURIAN LEGENDS (by Richard Jones)
PETER CHRISTEN ASBJÖRNSEN
From Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Britonum›
The Holy Grail (Malory's 'Morte d'Arthur')
viii
Gudbrand of the Mountain-Side
The Widow's Son
ROGER ASCHAM
ATHENÆUS
On Gentleness in Education (The Schoolmaster')
On Study and Exercise (Toxophilus')
LIVED
1812-1885
1515-1568
Why the Nile Overflows (Deipnosophistæ')
How to Preserve the Health (same)
An Account of Some Great Eaters (same)
The Love of Animals for Man (same)
JOHN JAMES AUDUBON
BERTHOLD AUERBACH
Third Century B. C.
PER DANIEL AMADEUS ATTERBOM
The Genius of the North
The Lily of the Valley
Svanhvit's Colloquy (The Islands of the Blest')
The Mermaid
AUCASSIN AND NICOLETTE (by Frederick Morris
Warren)
'Tis of Aucassin and Nicolette
1790-1855
1780-1851
A Dangerous Adventure (The American Ornithological
Biography')
Twelfth Century
1812-1882
The First Mass ('Ivo the Gentleman')
The Peasant-Nurse and the Prince (On the Heights')
PAGE
886
905
916
923
933
943
956
961
## p. 607 (#17) #############################################
ix
BERTHOLD AUERBACH-
-Continued:
The First False Step (same)
The New Home and the Old One (same)
The Court Physician's Philosophy (same)
In Countess Irma's Diary (same)
ÉMILE AUGIER
________
1820-1889
A Conversation with a Purpose (Giboyer's Boy')
A Severe Young Judge (The Adventuress')
A Contented Idler (M. Poirier's Son-in-Law')
Feelings of an Artist (same)
A Contest of Wills (The Fourchambaults')
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (by Samuel Hart)
JANE AUSTEN
354-430.
The Godly Sorrow that Worketh Repentance (The Con-
fessions')
Consolation (same)
The Foes of the City (The City of God')
The Praise of God (same)
A Prayer (The Trinity')
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Reflections
LIVED
A. D. 121-180
•
An Offer of Marriage (Pride and Prejudice')
Mother and Daughter (same)
1775-1817
A Letter of Condolence (same)
A Well-Matched Sister and Brother (Northanger Abbey')
Family Doctors (Emma')
Family Training (Mansfield Park')
Private Theatricals (same)
Fruitless Regrets and Apples of Sodom (same)
AVERROËS
THE AVESTA (by A. V. Williams Jackson)
Psalm of Zoroaster
Prayer for Knowledge
The Angel of Divine Obedience
To the Fire
The Goddess of the Waters
Guardian Spirits
An Ancient Sindbad
1126-1198
PAGE
998
1014
1022
1045
1079
1084
## p. 608 (#18) #############################################
THE AVESTA - Continued:
The Wise Man
Invocation to Rain
Prayer for Healing
Fragment
AVICEBRON
ROBERT AYTOUN
On Matter and Form (The Fountain of Life')
WILLIAM EDMONSTOUNE AYTOUN
X
Inconstancy Upbraided
Lines to an Inconstant Mistress (With Burns's Adaptation)
MASSIMO TAPARELLI D'AZEGLIO
1813-1865
Burial March of Dundee ('Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers')
Execution of Montrose (same)
A Happy Childhood (My Recollections')
The Priesthood (same)
My First Venture in Romance (same)
BABER (by Edward S. Holden)
Memoirs'
From Baber's
The Broken Pitcher (Bon Gaultier Ballads')
Sonnet to Britain, "By the Duke of Wellington »
A Ball in the Upper Circles (The Modern Endymion')
A Highland Tramp (Norman Sinclair')
BABRIUS
LIVED
1028-? 1058
The North Wind and the Sun
Jupiter and the Monkey
The Mouse that Fell into the
Pot
The Fox and the Grapes
The Carter and Hercules
The Young Cocks
The Arab and the Camel
1570-1638
FRANCIS BACON (by Charlton T. Lewis)
Of Truth (Essays')
Of Revenge (same)
Of Simulation and Dissimulation (same)
1798-1866
1482-1530
Servants
The Lamp
The Tortoise and the Hare
PAGE
1099
1561-1626
1106
1109
First Century A. D. 1148
The Nightingale and the Swal-
low
The Husbandman
1129
1141
Stork
The Pine
The Woman and Her Maid-
and the
1155
## p. 609 (#19) #############################################
xi
―
FRANCIS BACON Continued:
Of Travel (same)
Of Friendship (same)
Defects of the Universities (The Advancement of Learn-
ing')
To My Lord Treasurer Burghley
In Praise of Knowledge
To the Lord Chancellor
To Villiers on his Patent as a Viscount
Charge to Justice Hutton
A Prayer, or Psalm
From the Apophthegms'
(
Translation of the 137th Psalm
The World's a Bubble
LIVED
WALTER BAGEHOT (by Forrest Morgan)
1826-1877
The Virtues of Stupidity (Letters on the French Coup
d'État')
Review Writing (The First Edinburgh Reviewers')
Lord Eldon (same)
Taste (Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Browning')
Causes of the Sterility of Literature (Shakespeare')
The Search for Happiness (William Cowper')
On Early Reading ('Edward Gibbon')
The Cavaliers (Thomas Babington Macaulay')
Morality and Fear (Bishop Butler')
The Tyranny of Convention ('Sir Robert Peel')
How to Be an Influential Politician (Bolingbroke ')
Conditions of Cabinet Government (The English Constï-
tution')
Why Early Societies Could Not be Free (Physics and
Politics')
Benefits of Free Discussion in Modern Times (same)
Origin of Deposit Banking (Lombard Street')
PAGE
1203
## p. 610 (#20) #############################################
## p. 611 (#21) #############################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. II.
Thomas Aquinas
Ludovico Ariosto
John Arbuthnot
Aristophanes
Aristotle
Ernst Moritz Arndt
Matthew Arnold
Roger Ascham
John James Audubon
Berthold Auerbach
Émile Augier
Jane Austen
Robert Aytoun
Francis Bacon
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
## p. 612 (#22) #############################################
## p. 613 (#23) #############################################
613
THOMAS AQUINAS
(1226-1274)
BY EDWIN A. PACE
HOMAS AQUINAS, philosopher and theologian, was born in 1226,
at or near Aquino, in Southern Italy. He received his early
training from the Benedictines of Monte Cassino. Tradition
says he was a taciturn and seemingly dull boy, derisively nicknamed
by his fellows "the dumb ox," but admired by his teachers. He sub-
sequently entered the University of Naples. While studying there he
joined the Dominican Order, and was sent later on to Cologne, where
he became a pupil of Albertus Magnus. In 1251 he went to Paris,
took his degrees in theology, and began his career as a teacher in
the University. His academic work there
was continued, with slight interruptions,
till 1261. The eleven years which followed
were spent partly in Rome, where Thomas
enjoyed the esteem of Urban IV. and Clem-
ent IV. , and partly in the cities of North-
ern Italy, which he visited in the interest
of his Order. During this period he pro-
duced the greatest of his works, and won
such repute as a theologian that the lead-
ing universities made every effort to secure
him as a teacher. He was appointed to a
professorship at Naples, where he remained.
from 1272 until the early part of 1274. Sum-
moned by Gregory X. to take part in the Council of Lyons, he set
out on his journey northward, but was compelled by illness to stop
at Fossa Nuova. Here he died March 7th, 1274. He was canonized
in 1323, and was proclaimed a doctor of the Church by Pius V. in
1567.
THOMAS AQUINAS
These honors were merited by a remarkable combination of ability
and virtue. To an absolute purity of life, St. Thomas added an
earnest love of truth and of labor. Calm in the midst of discussion,
he was equally proof against the danger of brilliant success. As
the friend of popes and princes, he might have attained the highest
dignities; but these he steadfastly declined, devoting himself, so far as
his duty permitted, to scientific pursuits. Judged by his writings, he
was intense yet thoroughly objective, firm in his own position but
dispassionate in treating the opinions of others. Conclusions reached
## p. 614 (#24) #############################################
614
THOMAS AQUINAS
by daring speculation and faultless logic are stated simply, imper-
sonally. Keen replies are given without bitterness, and the boldest
efforts of reason are united with the submissiveness of faith.
His works fill twenty-five large quarto volumes of the Parma edi-
tion. This is, so far, the most complete collection, though various
portions have been edited from time to time with the commentaries
of learned theologians like Cajetan and Sylvius. Partial translations
have also been made into several modern languages; but as yet there
is no complete English edition of St. Thomas.
Turning to the Latin text, the student cannot but notice the con-
trast between the easy diction of modern philosophical writers and
the rugged conciseness of the mediæval Schoolman. On the other
hand, disappointment awaits those who quit the pages of Cicero for
the less elegant Latinity of the Middle Ages. What can be said in
favor of scholastic "style" is that it expresses clearly and tersely the
subtle shades of thought which had developed through thirteen cen-
turies, and which often necessitated a sacrifice of classic form. With
the Schoolmen, as with modern writers on scientific subjects, precis-
ion was the first requisite, and terminology was of more consequence
than literary beauty.
Similar standards must be kept in view when we pass judgment
upon the technique of St. Thomas. In his presentation we find
neither the eloquence nor the rhetoric of the Fathers. He quotes
them continually, and in some of his works adopts their division
into books and chapters. But his exposition is more compact, con-
sisting at times of clear-cut arguments in series without an attempt
at transition, at other times of sustained reasoning processes in which
no phrase is superfluous and no word ambiguous. Elsewhere he uses
the more rigid mold which was peculiar to the Scholastic Period, and
had been fashioned chiefly by Alexander Hales. Each subject is
divided into so many "questions," and each question into so many
"articles. " The "article" begins with the statement of objections,
then discusses various opinions, establishes the author's position, and
closes with a solution of the difficulties which that position may en-
counter. This method had its advantages. It facilitated analysis,
and obliged the writer to examine every aspect of a problem. . It
secured breadth of view and thoroughness of treatment. It was, espe-
cially, a transparent medium for reason, unbiased by either sentiment
or verbiage.
If such qualities of style and presentation were encouraged by the
environment in which Aquinas pursued his earlier studies, they were
also helpful in the task which he chose as his life-work. This was
the construction of a system in which all the elements of knowledge
should be harmoniously united. An undertaking so vast necessitated
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THOMAS AQUINAS
615
a long preparation, the study of all available sources, and the eluci-
dation of many detailed problems. Hence, a considerable portion of
St. Thomas's works is taken up with the explanation of Peter Lom-
bard's 'Sententiæ,' with Commentaries on Aristotle, with Expositions
of Sacred Scripture, collections from the Fathers, and various opuscula
or studies on special subjects. Under the title 'Quæstiones Dispu-
tatæ,' numerous problems in philosophy and theology are discussed
at length. But the synthetic power of Aquinas is shown chiefly in
the 'Contra Gentes' and the Summa Theologica,' the former being
a defense of Christian belief with special reference to Arabian
philosophy, and the latter a masterly compendium of rational and
revealed truth.
The conception of the 'Summa' was not altogether original.
