No More Learning

The history of the parable forms the subject of a charming essay by Ernst
Kuhn, in Festgruss an Otto von Böhtlingk' (Stuttgart, 1888). ]
THE PARABLE
CERTAIN brahman, it is said, once came into a vast and
A impassable jungle filled with beasts of prey, and so beset
on every hand with horribly roaring lions, tigers, and ele-
phants that even the God of Death would quake at the sight.
The brahman's heart was sore affrighted, and his hair stood on
end. He ran hither and yonder, searching in every quarter for
some place of refuge, but in vain. And as he ran, he saw that
the horrible jungle was encompassed with a net which was held
by a woman of most horrible aspect.
Now in the midst of the jungle was an overgrown pit, whose
mouth was covered with creepers and tough grasses. The brah-
man fell into this hidden well, but caught himself in the tangled
creepers and hung there, feet upwards, head downwards.
Meantime new troubles came upon him: for within the pit
he beheld a huge and mighty serpent; and hard by the mouth of
it, an enormous black elephant with six faces and twelve feet,
gradually approaching. Many terrible bees swarmed about the
branches of the tree that stood over the pit, eager for the honey
which continually dripped down from the twigs.


## p. 11486 (#100) ##########################################

11486
PILPAY
The man, in spite of his dreadful strait as he hung in the
pit, sipped the honey as it dripped: but as he sipped, his thirst
did not abate; and ever insatiate, he longed for more and more.
Mice, some white and some black, gnawed the roots of the plants
on which he held fast. There was danger from the beasts, from
the horrible woman, from the serpent at the bottom, and from the
elephant at the mouth of the pit; danger from the mice and from
the giving way of the plants; and danger from the bees.
Yet even so, he let not go his hope and wish for life.
THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PARABLE
THE impassable jungle is life. The beasts are diseases. The mon-
strous woman is old age, that robs us of youth and beauty. The pit
is our mortal body. The mighty serpent within it is time (or death),
the ender of all creatures. The creeper on whose tendrils the man
hangs in the pit is the hope of life. The elephant is the year: his
six faces are the six seasons, and his twelve feet are the twelve
months. And the white and black mice that are gnawing away the
roots of the plant are the days and nights. The bees are the desires;
and the honey, the pleasures of sense.


## p. 11487 (#101) ##########################################

11487
1
PINDAR
(522-450? B. C. )
BY BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE
INDAR, greatest of Greek lyric poets, was born at Thebes of
SUA
Boeotia, in 522 B. C. He came of a noble family, and the
aristocratic note sounds clear and shrill throughout his
poems. The family was not only noble,- it was artistic, it was
musical. The flute, or rather clarionet, was a favorite Boeotian in-
strument; and Pindar served an apprenticeship as a flute-player, as a
musical composer. Sundry stories are told
of his early career: how he was defeated
by Corinna, whose fair face and sweet Boo-
tian brogue won her the victory; and how
the same Corinna warned him against over-
crowding his poems with mythological fig-
ures, summing up her advice in the homely
proverb, "Sow with the hand and not with
the whole sack. " The period of apprentice-
ship past, he began to compose poems for
public occasions; and the fragments show
that he became a master in all the ranges
of lyric poetry, -in hymns, in pæans, in
songs for the dance, in processional songs,
choruses for virgins, songs of praise, drink-
ing songs, dithyrambs, dirges,- maintaining everywhere his eminence,
and striking at times notes that are more sympathetic to the modern
soul than his great Songs of Victory. The oldest poem that we have
of his, the tenth Pythian,-composed, according to the common com-
putation, when he was only twenty years old, in honor of a Thessa-
lian victor,-shows little trace of a 'prentice hand. From this time
forth his fame grew, and his commissions came from every part of
Greece; and as was the wont of lyric poets, he traveled far and wide
in the exercise of his art, the peer of Thessalian nobles and Sicilian
princes. Honored wherever he went, he was reverenced at home;
for he was a poet-priest, and the Blessed Ones are said to have
manifested themselves to him. When he craved of a god what was
best for man, the god sent him death, as he lay resting on the lap

PINDAR


## p. 11488 (#102) ##########################################

11488
PINDAR
of his favorite in the theatre at Argos. He cannot have long out-
lived his seventieth year.
Pindar was a proud, self-contained man, and held himself aloof
from meaner things; and this pride in his lineage and in his art, this
belief in the claims of long descent, and in the supreme perfection
of his own consecrated song, may be the reason why the modern
heart does not respond to Pindar as it does to other Greek poets—
as it does to his rival Simonides, and to his contemporary Eschy-
lus. Simonides is more tender; and Eschylus in his 'Persians' and
his 'Seven against Thebes' strikes a warlike note of patriotism, that
thrilled the Athenian theatre then and thrills us now. But Æschylus
was a Marathon man; and Pindar was bound by his people and by
his order to the cause of Thebes, which was the cause of the in-
vader. But the issue of the Persian war interpreted to Pindar the
meaning of the struggle; and his praise of Athens - "the violet-
wreathed," "the stay of Hellas". was a chaplet that the Athenians
wore proudly. The Thebans are said to have fined him heavily for
the praise of their enemy, but Athens more than made good the loss;
and long afterwards, when the Macedonian soldiery pillaged Thebes,
Alexander, grateful for a like honor which Pindar had done to an
ancestor of his,
-
་ bid spare
The house of Pindarus when temple and tower
Went to the ground. "
Pindar is known to us chiefly by his Songs of Victory, composed
in honor of the victors in the great games of Greece. The preserva-
tion of these poems is attributed to the accident of their position in
the Alexandrian collection; but one cannot suppress the feeling that
it was not accident alone that has preserved for us these charac-
teristic specimens of an unreturning past. For nothing can bring
these games back. The semblance may be there, but the spirit is
gone forever.
The origin of the games was religious, and they were
held in honor of the great divinities of Greece, - the Olympian and
Nemean in honor of Zeus, the Pythian of Apollo, the Isthmian of
Poseidon. The praise, of the gods is often the burden of the Song
of Victory. The times of the games were fixed by a sacred calen-
dar; and the prizes were simply consecrated wreaths of wild olive,
laurel, and wild celery. True, abundant honors and many privileges
awaited the victor at his home. The blessing of the gods rested on
him; he was a man of mark everywhere in Greece; and sunshine lay
thenceforth about his life. Surely reward enough for the "toil and
expense," the "expense and toil," which Pindar emphasizes so much.
Much stress is laid, and justly laid, on the athletic features of the


## p. 11489 (#103) ##########################################

PINDAR
11489
games, on the truly Greek consecration of the body, in its naked
perfection, to the service of the deity. But there vas a service of
the substance as well; and the odes are so arranged as to bring the
most expensive, the most princely, to the front. Only one of the
odes here selected deals with physical prowess.
The theme is no narrow theme, as it is handled by Pindar. The
shining forms of gods and heroes illumine the Songs of Victory;
every ode reaches back into the mythic past, and brings out of that
treasury some tale of endurance or achievement, some romantic ad-
venture, some story of love, some vision of the world beyond. Again,
the poet dominates the whole by his strong personality, by his belief
in God, by his belief in genius as the gift of God. He has a priestly
authority; he is not the mouthpiece of the people, he is in a sense
the voice of the Most High. Still, the Song of Victory does not belie
its name. The note of triumph rings through festal joy and solemn
prayer and grave counsel: "Only, the temporary victory is lifted to
the high level of the eternal prevalence of the beautiful and the good
over the foul and the base; the victor himself is transfigured into a
glorious personification of his race, and the present is reflected, mag-
nified, illumined, in the mirror of the mythic past. " This higher point
of view gives a wider sweep of vision; and in Pindar's odes the light
of a common ideal played over all the habitations of the Hellenes.
Proof of pure Hellenic blood was required of all contestants at the
great games. In Pindar's Songs of Victory the blood is transmuted
into spirit.
-
For the appreciation of the lofty and brilliant genius of Pindar,
the closest study is necessary; and comparatively few of those who
profess and call themselves Grecians are Pindaric scholars. And yet
much of his "gorgeous eloquence," as Sir Philip Sidney calls it, lies
open to the day,- the splendor of his diction, the vividness of his
imagery. Even in a translation all is not lost. Matthew Arnold
calls Pindar "the poet on whom above all other poets the power of
style seems to have exercised an inspiring and intoxicating effect";
and style cannot be transferred entire. No rendering can give the
form and hue of the Greek words, or the varied rhythm, now stately,
now impassioned, as the "Theban eagle" now soars, now swoops.
But no one can read Pindar, even in a translation, without recogniz-
ing the work of a supreme genius, who combined, as no other Greek
poet combined, opulence and elevation with swiftness and strength.
To take the odes selected here: The first Olympian is said to have
owed its position to the story which it tells of the primal chariot
race in Elis; but it holds its place by its brilliance. The second
Olympian strikes a note the world is to hear ages afterwards in the
'Divina Commedia of Dante. In the third Olympian the sustained
XX-719


## p. 11490 (#104) ##########################################

11490
PINDAR
diction matches the deep moral significance of the life of Herakles;
the seventh is as resplendent as the Island of the Rose which it cele-
brates, the Bride of the Sun; and the majestic harmonies of the first
Pythian sway the soul to-day as they did when the Doric lyre was
not a figure of speech. Pindar's noble compounds and his bold meta-
phors give splendor and vitality to his style; his narrative has a
swift and strong movement; and his moral lessons are couched in
words of oracular impressiveness. All this needs no demonstration;
and so far as details go, Pindar appeals to every lover of poetry.
And yet, as he himself has said, his song needs interpreters. His
transitions are bold, and it is hard to follow his flight. Hence he
has been set down as lawless; and modern "Pindarists" have con-
sidered themselves free from the laws of consecutive thought and the
shackles of metrical symmetry. But whatever the freedom of Pin-
dar's thought, his odes are built on the strictest principles of metrical
form; strophe is answered by antistrophe, epode responds to epode,
bar to bar. The more one studies the metres, the more one marvels
at the delicate and precise workmanship. But when one turns to the
thought, the story, then the symmetry becomes less evident - and
yet it is there. Only, the correspondence of contents to form is not
mechanically close. The most common type of the Song of Victory
is that which begins with the praise of the victor, passes over to the
myth, and returns to the victor. But victor, myth, victor, is not the
uniform order. The poet refuses to be bound by a mechanical law,
and he shifts the elements at his sovereign pleasure. The first
Pythian is not built like the first Olympian. This myth, this story,
which is found in almost every Pindaric ode, is not a mere poetical
digression, not a mere adornment of the poem. It grows out of the
theme. So in the first Olympian the kingly person of Hieron and
the scene of the victory suggest the achievement of the first master
of the great island of Pelops. In the third, the heroic figure of
Theron brings up the heroic figure of Herakles, and the reward of
the victory suggests the Quest of the Olive. The seventh Olympian,
recording a splendid career, gives it a fit setting in the story of the
victor's home, the Island of the Rose. And in the first Pythian the
crushed son of Gaia, who answers to the suppressed spirit of discord,
lay under the very Ætna whose lord is celebrated in the poem.
The historical interpretation has been overdone; and it is a mistake
to press the lines of coincidence between the figures of the myth
and the figures of the victor and his house: but it is also a mistake
to revert to the older view, and deny all vital connection between
the mythical past and the actual present.
This controversy as to the function of the myth is but a specimen
of what is found in every sphere of Pindaric study. Few of Pindar's


## p. 11491 (#105) ##########################################

PINDAR
11491
interpreters have heeded the words of the poet himself, "Measure is
best. " Ancient schemes of lyric composition have been thrust on the
fair body of the Pindaric odes, in utter disregard of the symmetry of
the members; and elaborate theories have been based on the position
of recurrent words. There has been much insistence on the golden
texts and the central truths; but unfortunately each commentator
picks out his own texts and finds his own centre. "No true art
without consciousness," says one, after Plato. "No true art without
unconsciousness," says another, after Hartmann. And the lover of
Pindar, weary of all this dispute, recalls the solemn verse, as true in
art as in religion, "No man can come to me except the Father which
hath sent me draw him. " In art as in religion, there is no true
acceptance without a "drawing" that defies analysis.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. -The best book on Pindar and his art is by Alfred
Croiset, Pindare et les Lois du Lyrisme Grec' (second edition, Paris,
1886). There is an admirable chapter on Pindar in Jebb's 'Classical
Greek Poets (1893), and an elaborate and most suggestive work by
Fraccaroli, 'Le Odi di Pindaro' (1894).
(
THE translations of the odes that have been selected for this
'Library are taken without change from the admirable version of
Ernest Myers, who has kindly given his consent to the reproduction.
One exception is made, and that in favor of Professor Newcomer's
version of the first Pythian, which is published here for the first
time, and will be welcomed by all lovers of poetry and the poet, as
the earnest of a sympathetic rendering of Pindar's Odes of Victory.
That an editor of Pindar should differ at a number of points from
any other man's translation is most natural; but it would be both
impertinent and ungrateful to insist on divergences of opinion here.
A work of art such as Myers's translation is to be changed by the
hand of the artist himself or not at all.
Bebas


## p. 11492 (#106) ##########################################

11492
PINDAR
FIRST OLYMPIAN ODE
FOR HIERON OF SYRACUSE, WINNER IN THE HORSE RACE
[Hieron won this race in B. C. 476, while at the height of his power at
Syracuse. ]
B
EST is Water of all; and Gold, as a flaming fire in the night,
shineth eminent amid lordly wealth: but if of prizes in the
games thou art fain, O my soul, to tell, then, as for no
bright star more quickening than the sun, must thou search in
the void firmament by day, so neither shall we find any games
greater than the Olympic whereof to utter our voice; for hence
cometh the glorious hymn, and entereth into the minds of the
skilled in song, so that they celebrate the son of Kronos, when
to the rich and happy hearth of Hieron they are come; for he
wieldeth the sceptre of justice in Sicily of many flocks, culling
the choice fruits of all kinds of excellence; and with the flower
of music is he made splendid, even such strains as we sing
blithely at the table of a friend.
Take from the peg the Dorian lute, if in any wise the glory
of Pherenikos at Pisa hath swayed thy soul unto glad thoughts,
when by the banks of Alpheos he ran, and gave his body un-
goaded in the course, and brought victory to his master, the
Syracusans' king, who delighteth in horses.
Bright is his fame in Lydian Pelops's colony, inhabited of
a goodly race, whose founder mighty earth-enfolding Poseidon
loved, what time from the vessel of purifying, Klotho took him.
with the bright ivory furnishment of his shoulder.
Verily many things are wondrous, and haply tales decked out
with cunning fables beyond the truth make false men's speech
concerning them. For Charis, who maketh all sweet things for
mortal men, by lending honor unto such, maketh oft the un-
believable thing to be believed; but the days that follow after
are the wisest witnesses.
Meet is it for a man that concerning gods he speak honor-
ably; for the reproach is less. Of thee, son of Tantalos, I will
speak contrariwise to them who have gone before me, and I will
tell how when thy father had bidden thee to that most seemly
feast at his beloved Sipylos, repaying to the gods their banquet,
then did he of the bright Trident, his heart vanquished by love,
snatch thee and bear thee behind his golden steeds to the house


## p. 11493 (#107) ##########################################

PINDAR
11493
of august Zeus in the highest, whither again on a like errand
came Ganymede in the after time.
But when thou hadst vanished, and the men who sought thee
long brought thee not to thy mother, some one of the envious
neighbors said secretly that over water heated to boiling, they
had hewn asunder with a knife thy limbs, and at the tables had
shared among them, and eaten, sodden fragments of thy flesh.
But to me it is impossible to call one of the blessed gods canni-
bal; I keep aloof: in telling ill tales is often little gain.
Now if any man ever had honor of the guardians of Olympus,
Tantalos was that man; but his high fortune he could not digest,
and by excess thereof won him an overwhelming woe, in that the
Father hath hung above him a mighty stone that he would fain
ward from his head, and therewithal he is fallen from joy.
This hopeless life of endless misery he endureth with other
three, for that he stole from the immortals, and gave to his fel-
lows at a feast, the nectar and ambrosia whereby the gods had
made him incorruptible. But if a man thinketh that in doing
aught he shall be hidden from God, he erreth.
Therefore also the immortals sent back again his son to be
once more counted with the short-lived race of men.
And he,
when toward the bloom of his sweet youth the down began to
shade his darkening cheek, took counsel with himself speedily
to take to him for his wife the noble Hippodameia from her
Pisan father's hand.
And he came and stood upon the margin of the hoary sea,
alone in the darkness of the night, and called aloud on the deep-
voiced Wielder of the Trident; and he appeared unto him nigh
at his foot.
Then he said unto him: "Lo now, O Poseidon, if the kind
gifts of the Cyprian goddess are anywise pleasant in thine eyes,
restrain Oinomaos's bronze spear, and send me unto Elis upon a
chariot exceeding swift, and give the victory to my hands.
"Thirteen lovers already hath Oinomaos slain, and still delay-
eth to give his daughter in marriage. Now a great peril alloweth
not of a coward; and forasmuch as men must die, wherefore
should one sit vainly in the dark through a dull and nameless
age, and withouten noble deeds? Not so, but I will dare this
strife: do thou give the issue I desire. "
Thus spake he, nor were his words in vain; for the god made
him a glorious gift of a golden car and winged untiring steeds:
so he overcame Oinomaos and won the maiden for his bride.


## p. 11494 (#108) ##########################################

11494
PINDAR
And he begat six sons, chieftains, whose thoughts were ever
of brave deeds; and now hath he part in honor of blood-offerings
in his grave beside Alpheos's stream, and hath a frequented
tomb, whereto many strangers resort; and from afar off he be-
holdeth the glory of the Olympian games in the courses called
of Pelops, where is striving of swift feet and of strong bodies
brave to labor; but he that overcometh hath for the sake of those
games a sweet tranquillity throughout his life for evermore.
Now the good that cometh of to-day is ever sovereign unto
every man. My part it is to crown Hieron with an equestrian
strain in Æolian mood; and sure am I that no host among men
that now are shall I ever glorify in sounding labyrinths of song
more learned in the learning of honor, and withal with more
might to work thereto. A god hath guard over thy hopes, O
Hieron, and taketh care for them with a peculiar care; and if
he fail thee not, I trust that I shall again proclaim in song a
sweeter glory yet, and find thereto in words a ready way, when
to the fair-shining hill of Kronos I am come. Her strongest-
winged dart my Muse hath yet in store.
Of many kinds is the greatness of men; but the highest is to
be achieved by kings. Look thou not for more than this. May
it be thine to walk loftily all thy life, and mine to be the friend
of winners in the games, winning honor for my art among Hel-
lenes everywhere.
SECOND OLYMPIAN ODE
FOR THERON OF AKRAGAS, WINNER IN THE CHARIOT RACE
[Theron's ancestors the Emmenidai migrated from Rhodes to Sicily, and
first colonized Gela and then Akragas (the Latin Agrigentum and Italian
Girgenti). His chariot won this victory B. C. 476. ]
L
ORDS of the lute, my songs, what god, what hero, or what
man are we to celebrate? Verily of Zeus is Pisa the
abode, of Herakles the Olympian feast was founded from
the chief spoils of war, and Theron's name must we proclaim for
his victory with the four-horse car, a righteous and god-fearing
host, the stay of Akragas, of famous sires the flower, a savior of
the State.
They, after long toils bravely borne, took by a river's side
a sacred dwelling-place, and became the eye of Sicily, and a life


## p. 11495 (#109) ##########################################

PINDAR
11495
of good luck clave to them, bringing them wealth and honor to
crown their inborn worth.
O son of Kronos and of Rhea, lord of Olympus's seat, and of
the chief of games and of Alpheos's ford, for joy in these my
songs guard ever graciously their native fields for their sons that
shall come after them.
Now of deeds done, whether they be right or wrong, not even
Time, the father of all, can make undone the accomplishment;
yet with happy fortune forgetfulness may come. For by high
delights an alien pain is quelled and dieth, when the decree of
God sendeth happiness to grow aloft and widely.
And this word is true concerning Kadmos's fair-throned daugh-
ters, whose calamities were great, yet their sore grief fell before
greater good. Amid the Olympians, long-haired Semele still liveth,
albeit she perished in the thunder's roar; and Pallas cherisheth
her ever, and Father Zeus exceedingly, and her son, the ivy-bear-
ing god. And in the sea too they say that to Ino, among the
sea-maids of Nereus, life incorruptible hath been ordained for
evermore.
Ay, but to mortals the day of death is certain never, neither
at what time we shall see in calm the end of one of the Sun's
children, the Days, with good thitherto unfailing; now this way
and now that run currents bringing joys or toils to men.
Thus destiny, which from their fathers holdeth the happy
fortune of this race, together with prosperity heaven-sent, bring-
eth ever at some other time better reverse: from the day when
Laïos was slain by his destined son, who met him on the road
and made fulfillment of the oracle spoken of old at Pytho. Then
swift Erinys, when she saw it, slew by each other's hands his
warlike sons; yet after that Polyneikes fell, Thersander lived after
him, and won honor in the Second Strife and in the fights of
war, a savior scion to the Adrastid house.
From him they have beginning of their race: meet is it that
Ainesidamos receive our hymn of triumph on the lyre. For at
Olympia he himself received a prize, and at Pytho, and at the
Isthmus to his brother of no less a lot did kindred Graces bring
crowns for the twelve rounds of the four-horse chariot race.
Victory setteth free the essayer from the struggle's griefs;
yea, and the wealth that a noble nature hath made glorious
bringeth power for this and that,-putting into the heart of
a deep and eager mood, a star far seen, a light wherein a
man


## p. 11496 (#110) ##########################################

11496
PINDAR
man shall trust, if but the holder thereof knoweth the things that
shall be: how that of all who die the guilty should pay penalty,
for all the sins sinned in this realm of Zeus One judgeth under
earth, pronouncing sentence by unloved constraint.
But evenly, ever in sunlight, night and day, an unlaborious
life the good receive; neither with violent hand vex they the
earth nor the waters of the sea, in that new world; but with the
honored of the gods, whosoever had pleasure in keeping of oaths,
they possess a tearless life: but the other part suffer pain too
dire to look upon.
Then whosoever have been of good courage to the abiding
steadfast thrice on either side of death, and have refrained their
souls from all iniquity, travel the road of Zeus unto the tower
of Kronos; there round the islands of the blest the ocean-breezes
blow, and golden flowers are glowing, some from the land on
trees of splendor, and some the water feedeth, with wreaths
whereof they entwine their hands: so ordereth Rhadamanthos's
just decree, whom at his own right hand hath ever the father
Kronos, husband of Rhea, throned above all worlds.
Peleus and Kadmos are counted of that company; and the
mother of Achilles, when her prayer had moved the heart of
Zeus, bare thither her son, even him who overthrew Hector,
Troy's unbending invincible pillar, even him who gave Kyknos
to death, and the Ethiop son of the Morning.
Many swift arrows have I beneath my bended arm within my
quiver; arrows that have a voice for the wise, but for the multi-
tude they need interpreters. His art is true who of his nature
hath knowledge; they who have but learnt, strong in the multi-
tude of words, are but as crows that chatter vain things in strife
against the divine bird of Zeus.
Come, bend thy bow on the mark, O my soul! -at whom
again are we to launch our shafts of honor from a friendly mind?
At Akragas will I take aim, and will proclaim and swear it with
a mind of truth, that for a hundred years no city hath brought
forth a man of mind more prone to well-doing towards friends,
or of more liberal mood, than Theron.
Yet praise is overtaken of distaste, wherewith is no justice;
but from covetous men it cometh, and is fain to babble against
and darken the good man's noble deeds.
The sea-sand none hath numbered; and the joys that Theron
hath given to others- who shall declare the tale thereof ?


## p. 11497 (#111) ##########################################

PINDAR
11497
THIRD OLYMPIAN ODE
FOR THERON OF AKRAGAS, WINNER OF THE CHARIOT RACE
It was sung
[This ode celebrates the same victory as the preceding one.
at the feast of the Theoxenia, given by Theron in the name of Kastor and
Polydeukes to the other gods. The clan of the Emmenidai, to which Theron
belonged, was especially devoted to the worship of the Twins. ]
TY
YNDAREUS'S hospitable sons and lovely-haired Helen shall I
please assuredly, in doing honor to renowned Akragas by a
hymn upraised for Theron's Olympian crown; for hereunto
hath the Muse been present with me that I should find out a
fair new device, fitting to feet that move in Dorian time the
Komos-voices' splendid strain.
For crowns entwined about his hair demand from me this
god-appointed debt, that for Ainesidamos's son I join in seemly
sort the lyre of various tones with the flute's cry and ordering
of words.
And Pisa bids me speak aloud; for from her come to men
songs of divine assignment, when the just judge of games, the
Aitolian man, fulfilling Herakles's behests of old, hath laid upon
one's hair above his brows pale-gleaming glory of olive.
That tree from Ister's shadowy springs did the son of Am-
phitryon bear, to be a memorial most glorious of Olympian tri-
umphs, when that by his words he had won the Hyperborean
folk, who serve Apollo. In loyal temper he besought for the
precinct of Zeus, whereto all men go up, a plant that should be
a shadow of all folk in common, and withal a crown for valorous
deeds.
For already, when the altars had been sanctified to his sire,
the midmonth Moon, riding her golden car, lit full the counter-
flame of the eye of Even, and just judgment of great games did
he ordain, and the fifth year's feast beside the holy steeps of
Alpheos.
But no fair trees were nursed upon that place in Kronian
Pelops's glens; whereof being naked, his garden seemed to him
to be given over to the keen rays of the sun.
Then was it that his soul stirred to urge him into the land
of Ister; where Leto's horse-loving daughter received him erst,
when he was come from the ridged hills and winding dells of
Arcady, what time his father laid constraint upon him to go
at Eurystheus's bidding, to fetch the golden-hornèd hind which


## p. 11498 (#112) ##########################################

11498
PINDAR
once Taygete vowed to her of Orthion, and made a sign thereon
of consecration. For in that chase he saw also the land that
lieth behind the blast of the cold North-wind: there he halted
and marveled at the trees; and sweet desire thereof possessed
him that he might plant them at the end of the course which
the race-horses should run twelve times round.
So now to this feast cometh he in good-will in company with
the Twins Divine, deep-girdled children. For to them he gave
charge when he ascended into Olympus to order the spectacle of
the games, both the struggle of man with man, and the driving
of the nimble car.
Me anywise my soul stirreth to declare, that to the Emmeni-
dai and to Theron hath glory come by gift of the Tyndaridai of
goodly steeds, for that beyond all mortals they do honor to them
with tables of hospitality, keeping with pious spirit the rite of
blessed gods.
Now if Water be the Best, and of possessions Gold be the
most precious, so now to the furthest bound doth Theron by his
fair deeds attain, and from his own home touch the pillars of
Herakles.
Pathless the things beyond, pathless alike to the un-
wise and the wise. Here I will search no more; the quest were
vain.
SEVENTH OLYMPIAN ODE
FOR DIAGORAS OF RHODES, WINNER IN THE BOXING-MATCH
[Diagoras of Rhodes, most famous of great boxers, won the victory here
celebrated in 404 B. C.
Rhodes is said to have been colonized at the time of the Dorian migra-
tions, by Argive Dorians from Epidauros, who were Herakleidai of the family
of Tlepolemos. They founded a confederacy of three cities,- Kameiros, Lin-
dos, and Ialysos. Ialysos was then ruled by the dynasty of the Eratidai.
Their kingly power had now been extinct two hundred years, but the family
was still pre-eminent in the State. Of this family was Diagoras, and probably
the ode was sung at a family festival; but it commemorates the glories of the
island generally. The Rhodians caused it to be engraved in letters of gold in
the temple of Athene at Lindos. ]
Α
S WHEN from a wealthy hand one lifting a cup, made glad
within with the dew of the vine, maketh gift thereof to a
youth, his daughter's spouse, a largess of the feast from
home to home, an all-golden choicest treasure, that the banquet


## p. 11499 (#113) ##########################################

PINDAR
11499
may have grace, and that he may glorify his kin; and therewith
he maketh him envied in the eyes of the friends around him for
a wedlock wherein hearts are wedded,—
So also I, my liquid nectar sending, the Muses' gift, the sweet
fruit of my soul, to men that are winners in the games at Pytho
or Olympia make holy offering. Happy is he whom good report
encompasseth; now on one man, now on another doth the Grace
that quickeneth look favorably, and tune for him the lyre and
the pipe's stops of music manifold.
Thus to the sound of the twain am I come with Diagoras
sailing home to sing the sea-girt Rhodes, child of Aphrodite and
bride of Helios, that to a mighty and fair-fighting man, who by
Alpheos's stream and by Kastalia's hath won him crowns, I may
for his boxing make award of glory, and to his father Demegetos
in whom Justice hath her delight, dwellers in the isle of three
cities with an Argive host, nigh to a promontory of spacious
Asia.
Fain would I truly tell from the beginning from Tlepolemos
the message of my word, the common right of this puissant seed
of Herakles. For on the father's side they claim from Zeus, and
on the mother's from Astydameia, sons of Amyntor.
Now round the minds of men hang follies unnumbered: this
is the unachievable thing, to find what shall be best hap for
a man both presently and also at the last. Yea, for the very
founder of this country once on a time struck with his staff of
tough wild-olive-wood Alkmene's bastard brother Likymnios, in
Tiryns, as he came forth from Midea's chamber, and slew him.
in the kindling of his wrath. So even the wise man's feet are
turned astray by tumult of the soul.
Then he came to inquire of the oracle of God. And he of
the golden hair, from his sweet-incensed shrine, spake unto him
of a sailing of ships that should be from the shore of Lerna
unto a pasture ringed with sea, where sometime the great king
of gods rained on the city golden snow, what time by Hephais-
tos's handicraft, beneath the bronze-wrought axe, from the crown
of her father's head Athene leapt to light, and cried aloud with
an exceeding cry; and Heaven trembled at her coming, and
Earth, the Mother.
Then also the god who giveth light to men, Hyperion, bade
his beloved sons see that they guard the payment of the debt,
that they should build first for the goddess an altar in the sight


## p. 11500 (#114) ##########################################

PINDAR
11500
of all men, and laying thereon a holy offering they should make
glad the hearts of the father, and of his daughter of the sound-
ing spear.
Now Reverence, Forethought's child, putteth valor
and the joy of battle into the hearts of men; yet withal there
cometh upon them bafflingly the cloud of forgetfulness, and
maketh the mind to swerve from the straight path of action.
For they, though they had brands burning, yet kindled not the
seed of flame, but with fireless rites they made a grove on the
hill of the citadel. For them Zeus brought a yellow cloud into
the sky, and rained much gold upon the land; and Glaukopis
herself gave them to excel the dwellers upon earth in every art
of handicraft. For on their roads ran the semblances of beasts
and creeping things, whereof they have great glory; for to him
that hath knowledge the subtlety that is without deceit is the
greater altogether.
Now the ancient story of men saith that when Zeus and the
other gods made division of the earth among them, not yet was
island Rhodes apparent in the open sea, but in the briny depths
lay hid. And for that Helios was otherwhere, none drew a lot for
him; so they left him portionless of land, that holy god.
when he spake thereof Zeus would cast lots afresh; but he suf-
fered him not, for that he said that beneath the hoary sea he
certain land waxing from its root in earth, that should
bring forth food for many men, and rejoice in flocks. And
straightway he bade her of the golden fillet, Lachesis, to stretch
her hands on high, nor violate the gods' great oath, but with the
son of Kronos promise him that the isle sent up to the light of
heaven should be thenceforth a title of himself alone.
saw
And in the end of the matter his speech had fulfillment: there
sprang up from the watery main an island, and the father who
begetteth the keen rays of day hath the dominion thereof, even
the lord of fire-breathing steeds. There sometime, having lain
with Rhodes, he begat seven sons, who had of him minds wiser
than any among the men of old; and one begat Kameiros, and
Ialysos his eldest, and Lindos: and they held each apart their
shares of cities, making threefold division of their Father's land,
and these men call their dwelling-places. There is a sweet
amends for his piteous ill-hap ordained for Tlepolemos, leader of
the Tirynthians at the beginning, as for a god, even the leading
thither of sheep for a savory burnt-offering, and the award of
honor in games.


## p. 11501 (#115) ##########################################

PINDAR
11501
Of garlands from these games hath Diagoras twice won him
crowns, and four times he had good luck at famous Isthmos, and
twice following at Nemea, and twice at rocky Athens. And at
Argos the bronze shield knoweth him, and the deeds of Arca-
dia and of Thebes and the yearly games Boeotian, and Pellene
and Aigina, where six times he won; and the pillar of stone at
Megara hath the same tale to tell.
But do thou, O Father Zeus, who holdest sway on the mount-
ain ridges of Atabyrios, glorify the accustomed Olympian win-
ner's hymn, and the man who hath done valiantly with his fists:
give him honor at the hands of citizens and of strangers; for
he walketh in the straight way that abhorreth insolence, having
learnt well the lessons his true soul hath taught him, which hath
come to him from his noble sires. Darken not thou the light
of one who springeth from the same stock of Kallianax. Surely
with the joys of Eratidai the whole city maketh mirth. But the
varying breezes even at the same point of time speed each upon
their various ways.
FIRST PYTHIAN ODE
GOLDEN
Apollo's, dark-haired Muses' joint heirloom,
Alert for whom
The dancer's footstep listens, and the choir
Of singers wait the sound,
Beginning of the round
Of festal joy, whene'er thy quivering strings
Strike up a prelude to their carolings:
Thou slakest the lancèd bolt of quenchless fire;
Yea, drooped each wing that through the æther sweeps,
Upon his sceptre Zeus's eagle sleeps,
The bird-king crowned!
The while thou sheddest o'er his beaked head bowed
A darkling cloud,
Sweet seal of the eyelids, and in dreamful swound
His rippling back and sides
Heave with thy music's tides;
Thou bidst impetuous Ares lay apart
His keen-edged spear, and soothe with sleep his heart;
G


## p. 11502 (#116) ##########################################

PINDAR
11502
Thou launchest at the breasts of gods, and bound
As by a spell, they own thy lulling power,
Latoides's and the deep-zoned Muses' dower.
But all the unloved of Zeus, far otherwise,
Hearing the voice of the Pierides,
Or on the earth or on the restless seas,
Flee panic-stricken. One in Tartaros lies,
Typhon, the gods' great hundred-headed foe.
The famed Kilikian cavern cradled him;
But now the hill-crags, lo,
O'er Kyme, towering from their ocean-rim,
And Sicily press upon his shaggy breast;
Adds to the rest
The frost-crowned prop of heaven her weight of woe;
Aitna, the yearlong nurse of biting snow,
Whose founts of fire
Gush from her caves, most pure, untamable:
And all day well
The rivers, and the gleaming smoke-wreath's spire;
And in the gloom of night-
A lurid-purple light-
The flame upheaves vast rocks, and with a roar
Whirls them far out upon the ocean-floor.
It is yon monster makes outpour these dire
Volcanic torrents: wondrous to behold,
A wonder e'en to hear by others told
How, pinionèd
'Neath dark-leaved heights of Aitna and the plain,
He writhes in pain,
His back all grided by his craggy bed.
Thine, thine the grace we implore,
O Zeus, that rulest o'er
This mountain, forehead of the fruitful land,
Over whose namesake city near at hand
Her illustrious founder hath a glory shed,
Her name proclaiming in the herald's cries
What time his car at Pytho won the prize,
The car of Hieron. By sailors bound
On outward voyage is a favoring breeze
Held first of blessings, bearing prophecies
Of fair beginning with fair ending crowned.


## p. 11503 (#117) ##########################################

PINDAR
11503
Auspicious falls her fortune by that word,
For conquering steeds ordained to future fame,
And to an honored name
In many a song of festal joyance heard.
O Phoibos, Lykian and Delian king
That lovest the spring
Kastalian of Parnasos, hold this fast,
Make her a nurse of heroes to the last.
For lo, god-sprung
Are all the means to human high emprise:
Men are born wise,
And strong of hand and eloquent of tongue.
And fain to praise, I trust
I fling not as in joust
One whirls and hurls the bronze-cheeked javelin
Without the lists, yet, hurling far, to win
Over my rivals. Ah (the wish hath clung),
If Hieron's days but wealth and bliss bestow
As now, and add forgetfulness of woe,—
How they would lead
Back crowding memories of battles old
Wherein, stern-souled,
He stood what time the gods gave them a meed
Of honor such as ne'er
Hath fallen to Hellene's share,
Wealth's lordly crown. Yea, late he went to war
Like Philoktetes, while one fawned before-
A proud-souled suitor for a friend in need.
Well known is the old story how men came
To bear from Lemnos a sore-wounded frame,
E'en godlike heroes Poias's archer-son;
Who, sacking Priam's city, brought to close
The Danaoi's toils, himself still in the throes
Of body-sickness. But by fate 'twas done.
And such to Hieron be God's decrees,
Granting in season, as the years creep by,
All things wherefor he sigh.
Nor, Muse, shalt thou forget Deinomenes,
Chanting the four-horsed chariot's reward.
Hath he not shared
The triumph of his father? Up then, sing
A song out of our love to Aitna's king.


## p. 11504 (#118) ##########################################

11504
PINDAR
Hieron bestowed
On him that city, built on freedom's base
By the gods' grace
After the canons of the Hyllid code.
Glad are Pamphylos's seed,
And the Herakleidan breed
Beneath Taygetos, Dorians to remain
And keep the laws Aigimios did ordain,
Rich and renowned. Once Pindos their abode;
Amyklai then, where, the Tyndárids near
Of the white horses, flourished still their spear.
O Zeus supreme,
Such lot may human tongues fore'er award
In true accord,
Swayer and swayed by Amenanos's stream.
Beneath thy blessing hand
A hero in command,
Transmitting through his son his wise decrees,
Shall lead a people on the paths of peace.
Keep hushed at home, I pray, the battle scream
Of the Phoenician and Tyrrhenian host
Whose insolent ships went down off Kyme's coast:
Such fate they suffered at the conquering hands
Of Syracuse's lord, who plunged the pride
Of their swift galleys in the whelming tide,
Rescuing Hellas from her grievous bands.
For Athens's favor song of Salamis pleads,
In Sparta let me linger o'er the fight
Beneath Kithairon's height,-
Disastrous both unto the crooked-bow Medes;
And where the Himeras rolls his flood along,
Bides theme for song
Of triumph in Deinomenes's children's praise,
Whose valorous deeds cut short their foemen's days.
Time well thy rede.
Gather the many strands that loosely run,
And twist in one:
Less will the noise of censuring tongues succeed.
Once surfeit slips between,
Dulled are hope's edges keen.
And much do words in others' praise oppress
The souls of men in secret. Ne'ertheless,


## p. 11505 (#119) ##########################################

PINDAR
Since envy better is than pity, speed
On thy fair course; be helmsman just among
Thy people; on truth's anvil forge thy tongue.
XX-720
And many eyes thine every action mark.
But in thy spirit's flower
Biding from hour to hour,
If honeyed speech of men may gladden thee,
Count not the cost. Let thy sail belly free.
The slightest spark
Thy stroke sends glimmering past falls lustrous now:
High steward thou;
Unto the wind, as master of a bark.
No juggling gains allure thee, O my friend!
The voice of fame, that outlives this life's end,
Alone reveals the lives of men that pass,
To song and story. Kroisos's kindly heart
Dies not; but Phalaris, that with cruel art
Burned men alive inside the bull of brass,
A hated bruit weighs down. Nor will the lyres,
Filling the vaulted halls with unison
11505
Of sweet strains, make him one
Among names warbled in the young men's choirs.
Prosperity is first of fortune's meeds;
Glory succeeds.
Who hath won both and kept, wealth and renown
He hath attained unto the supreme crown.
Translated for A Library of the World's Best Literature, by A. G.
Newcomer


## p. 11506 (#120) ##########################################

11506
ALEXIS PIRON
ALEXIS PIRON
(1689-1773)
B
ORN a hundred years later, he would have been an ideal jour-
nalist," says Saintsbury of Piron. The brilliant ill-natured
satirist, who sneered at everything and everybody, was out
of sympathy with his age. He was always on the alert for flaws
in existing conditions. He was a revolutionist, despising classical plat-
itudes, yet with no new creed to advance. Voltaire and his brother
philosophers, as well as dead poets, were butts for his ridicule.
Alexis Piron, born at Dijon in 1689, was
the son of the gentle Burgundian poet Aimé
Piron, popular for his Noëls, or Christmas
songs. From him Piron inherited a love of
verse; and at an early age he deserted the
profession of law for that of poetry. A
licentious ode, written when he was twenty,
started him with an unfortunate reputation;
and many years later incurred the heavy
retribution of exclusion from the French
Academy. Although immoral, the poem
was witty. "If Piron wrote the famous ode,"
said Fontenelle, "he should be scolded but
admitted. If he did not write it, he should
be excluded. " Others thought the reverse;
and although he softened the disappointment with a pension, the
King refused to sanction Piron's election.
In 1819 Piron left Dijon for Paris, where he spent years as a hard-
working playwright, sometimes in collaboration with Le Sage. An
attempt was made to suppress the theatre, by forbidding dramatists
to introduce more than one character on the stage at a time. His
fellows despaired; but Piron's ingenuity was equal to the emergency,
and he produced 'Arlequin Deukalion,' a lively monologue in three
acts, which charmed all Paris. He also wrote many pot-boiling dra-
mas, forgotten now; and he produced one masterpiece,-a five-act
comedy, La Métromanie. ' The self-delusions of a vain would-be
poet, who is struggling for fame and also for academic prizes, is not
an emotional theme. Yet the skillful intrigue and graceful malice of



## p. 11507 (#121) ##########################################

ALEXIS PIRON
11507
the verse give it permanent charm. 'La Métromanie' is still revived
occasionally on the French stage, as a model of eighteenth-century
wit.
But Piron's name stands above all for epigram; for sharp retort
and satiric witticism at the expense of the Academy, of Voltaire,—
the man he envied and disliked,—and of nearly every one who fell
in his way. Samples of these lighter, more spontaneous composi-
tions are included in every collection of French bons mots. Crisp and
subtle, most of them are too essentially French to be caught in Eng-
lish without a knowledge of the occasion which prompted them.
An acquaintance who had written a poem full of plagiarisms
insisted upon reading it to him. From time to time Piron took off his
hat, until at last the poet demanded the reason. "It is my habit to
greet acquaintances," said Piron.
The Archbishop of Paris said graciously to him: "Have you read
my last mandate, Monsieur Piron ? » "Have you? " retorted Piron.
One day the Abbé Desfontaines, seeing Piron richly dressed, ex-
claimed: "What a costume for such a man! " "What a man for the
costume! " quickly answered the poet.
This irrepressible wit constantly embroiled him with others. It
was swift and direct, going straight to its target with a malicious
twang. So in spite of lovable qualities, which came out best in his
home life, this wittiest of Frenchmen made few friends, and lived in
constant dissension with his fellow-writers. There is caustic bitter-
ness in the epitaph he himself composed:
"Here lies Piron, who was nothing,-
Not even Academician! »
FROM LA MÉTROMANIE
[Damis, a visionary young man devoted to writing verse, has escaped
from his creditors in Paris, and under an assumed name is enjoying himself
in the country, where Mondor, his valet, discovers and reasons with him. ]
M
ONDOR [handing Damis a letter]-Ah! Thank Heaven, I've
unearthed you at last! [Damis takes the letter and reads it
to himself. ] Monsieur, I've been hunting for you a whole
week. I've been all over Paris a hundred times. I was afraid
of the river; lest in your extravagant visions, hunting some rhyme
and reading in the clouds, Pegasus with loose bridle should have
boldly borne your Muse to the nets of Saint Cloud.
Damis [aside, indicating the letter he has read]-Oh! Oh!
Shall I, shall I? Here's what keeps me back.


## p. 11508 (#122) ##########################################

11508
ALEXIS PIRON
Mondor - Listen, monsieur: my conscience, be careful! Some
fine day-
Damis [interrupting]- Some fine day will you hold your
tongue ?
Mondor-As you please. Speech is free, anyway. Well, some
one told me you might be here, but no one seemed to know
you. I've been all over this great place, but if you hadn't ap-
peared I'd have missed you again.
Damis-This whole inclosure is swarming with my admirers.
But didn't you ask for me by my family name?
Mondor-Of course. How should I have asked?
Damis-That is no longer my name.
Mondor-You've changed it?
Damis-Yes. For a week I've been imitating my confrères.
They rarely distinguish themselves under their true names, and
it is the common custom of such people to adopt or invent a
new name.
Mondor -Your name then is?
Damis- De l'Empirée. And I'll vouch it shall live!
Mondor-De l'Empirée ? Ah! As there is nothing under
heaven to make your name longer, as you don't possess anything
under the heavenly vault, you have nothing left but the name
of the envelope. So your mind has become a great land-owner?
Space is vast, so it has plenty of room. But when it ascends
alone to its domain, will your body allow you to go too?
He pre-
Damis-Do you think that a man of my talents can rule
his own course and dispose of himself? The destiny of people
like me is like that of drawing-room belles: all the world wants
them. I allowed myself to be brought here to Monsieur Fran-
calen's by an impudent fellow whom I scarcely know.
sents me, and, dupe of the household, I serve as passport to
the puppy who protects me. They were still at table, and made
room for us. I grew joyful, and so did we all. I became excited
and took fire. Uttered lightnings and thunders. My flight was
so rapid and prodigious that those who tried to follow me were
lost in the heavens. Then the company with acclamations be-
stowed upon me the name which descending from Pindus shall
enrich the archives.
Mondor-And impoverish us both!
Damis-Then a comfortable sumptuous carriage rolled me in
a quarter of an hour to this delightful spot, where I laugh, sing,
and drink; and all from complaisance!


## p. 11509 (#123) ##########################################

ALEXIS PIRON
11509
Mondor-From complaisance-so be it.
-
so be it. But don't you know-
Damis- Eh, what?
Mondor - While you are sporting in the fields, Fortune in the
city is a little jealous: Monsieur Balirois,-
Damis [interrupting] — What?
Mondor-Your uncle from Toulouse,-
Damis-Well?
Mondor - Is at Paris.
Damis
Let him stay there!
Mondor - Very well. Without thinking or wishing that you
should know anything about it.
Damis-Why do you tell me, then?
Mondor-Ah! what indifference! Well, is nothing of any
consequence to you any more? A rich old uncle upon whom
your lot depends, who is continually repenting of the good he
means to do you, who is trying to regulate your genius accord-
ing to his own taste, who detests your devilish verses, and who
has kept us for five good years, thank God, for you to study!
You may expect some horrible storms! He is coming incognito
to find out what you're about. Perhaps he has already discovered
that in your soaring you have not taken any license yet except
those he feared,-what you call in your rubrics poetical licenses.
Dread his indignation, I tell you! You will be disinherited.
That word ought to move you if you're not very hardened!
Damis [calmly offering Mondor a paper]- Mondor, take these
verses to the Mercury.
Mondor [refusing the paper]-Fine fruits of my sermon!
Damis-Worthy of the preacher!
Mondor - What? How much is this paper worth to us?