The personal character of Hannibal
is only known to us from the events of his public life,
and even these have not been commemorated by any
historian of his own country; but we cannof read the
history of these campaigns, of which we have here
presented a mere outline, even in the narrative of his
enemies, without admiring his great abilities and cour-
age.
is only known to us from the events of his public life,
and even these have not been commemorated by any
historian of his own country; but we cannof read the
history of these campaigns, of which we have here
presented a mere outline, even in the narrative of his
enemies, without admiring his great abilities and cour-
age.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
journal, remarks, that Budrun is a cor-
ruption, through Petrumi, as the Turks write it, from
Pietro, referring to the fort or castle of San Pietro
,auttllum Sanrti Petri), which corresponds to the an-
cient citadel. (Travels, vol. 3, p. 256, seqq. )
liiucix, {'k? . iKvai), a town of Sicily, between
Kntella and Lilybssum. The modern name is Saleme.
(Stepk. Byz, s. v. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 55. )
HiLiRRHOTHius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who
committed an outrage on Alcippe, daughter of Mars,
and was, in consequence, slain by that deity. Nep-
tune summoned Mars to trial for the murder of his
son. The cause was heard before the twelve gods,
silting as judges, on the Areopagus at Athens; which
hill derived its name ('Aprtof nuyoc, " Hill of Mars")
from this circumstance. The trial ended in the ac-
quittal of the accused deity. (Apollod. , 3, 14. --Sehol.
td Eurip, Orest. , 1665. ) Meier considers 'hpeioc
equivalent here to Qovikuc. (Rhein. Mus. , 2, p. 266. )
Halxydissus. Vtd. Salmydessus.
Halonkksus, a small island at the opening of the
Sinus Thermaicus, and northeast of Scopclu3. It is
celebrated in history as having been a subject of con-
tention between Philip the son of Amyntas, and the
Athenians; on which occasion one of their orators
composed an harangue, which is to be found in the
works of Demosthenes, and has been ascribed by some
to that celebrated orator. (Oral. 7, Dcmosth. , p. 75.
--Strab. , 435-- Pomp. Mel. , 2, 7. ) It is now called
Ckclidromi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 451. )
Hir. vs, a celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising on
the confines of Pontus and Armenia Minor, and which,
lfter flowing westwardly through Cappadocia to the
borders of Phrygia, turns to the northwest, and enters
? ? the K'. iiine some distance to the northwest of Amisus.
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? HAN
HANNIBAL
assistance was defeated by the Roman consul Lutatius
Catulus, B. C. 241, and the Carthaginians were obliged
to sue for peace. This was granted by the Konu. is;
and Hamilcar led his troops from Eryx to Lilybasum,
whence they were conveyed to Africa. But a new
danger awaited Carthage. The Carthaginian treasury
jvas exhausted; and it was proposed to the troops that
ill ;y should relinquish a part of the pay which was due
"j tl. i'iu. The soldiers rejected the proposal, appointed
>> ) of their number, Spendius and Matho, command-
rrs, and proceeded to enforce their demands. Being
joined by many of the native tribes of Africa, they
Defeated Hanno, the Carthaginian general sent against
them, and brought Carthage to the brink of ruin. In
these desperate circumstances Hamilcar was appointed
10 the command, and at length succeeded in subduing
them after the war had lasted three years and four
months. After the end of this war Hamilcar was sent
into Spain, B. C. 238. He remained in Spain nearly
nine years, during which time he extended the do-
minion of Carthage over the southern and eastern
parts of that country. He fell in a battle against the
natives, B. C. 229. The abilities of Hamilcar were of
the highest order; and he directed all the energies of
his mind to diminish the power of Rome. Polybius
states his belief (lib. 3), that his administration would
soon have produced another war with the Romans, if
he had not been prevented by the disorders in which
his country was involved through the war of the mer-
cenaries. Hamilcar was succeeded in his command
in Spain by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, who must not
be confounded with H-isdrubal the brother of Hanni-
bal. He carried on the conquests of Hamilcar, and
reduced almost the whole of the country south of the
Iberus, which river was fixed by a treaty between the
Carthaginians and the Romans, B. C. 226, as the fron-
tier of the Carthaginian dominions. Hasdrubal was
murdered in his tent by a Gaul, B. C. 221, after holding
the command eight years. (Polyli. , 1,2. --Corn. Nep. ,
tit. Hamilc. , c. 3. --Encycl. Useful Knmel. , vol. 12,
p. 25. )--VI. A Carthaginian general, son of Bomil-
car, conquered by the Scipios (B. C. 215) when be-
sieging Ililingis, in Hispania Bstica, along with Has-
drubal and Mago. He is supposed by some to be the
rame with the Hamilcar who, fifteen years after, at
the head of a body of Gauls, took and sacked Placen-
? i. i, and was defeated and slain before Cremona. Oth-
ers affirm, that he was taken prisoner three years later
in a battle fought near the Mincius, and served to
adorn the victory of the conqueror. (Lie. , 23, 49. --
Id. , 31, 10. -- Id. , 32, 23. --Plin. , 3, 1. )--The name
Hamilcar was equivalent in Punic to "(quern) dona-
nit Afilcar. " The true orthography is with the initial
aspirate. Consult Heins. , ad Sil. llal. , 1, 39. --Dra-
kenb. , ad Lie. . 21,1. --Geteniia, Phccn. Hon. , p. 407.
--The interpretation given by Hamaker (diatr. 47) to
the name Hamilcar ia rejected by Gesenius (I. c. )
HANNIBAL (equivalent in Punic to "gratia Baalit"),
? on of Hamilcar Barcas (vid. Hamilcar V. ), was born
B. C. 247. At the age of nine he accompanied his
father to Spain, who, previous to his departure, took
his son to the altar, and, placing his hand on the vic-
tim, made him swear that he would never be a friend
to the Romans. It does not appear how long Hannibal
remained in Spain, but he was at a very early age as-
lociated with Hasdrubal, who succeeded his father in
the command of the Carthaginian army in that coun-
? ? try. On the death of Hasdrubal. B. C. 221, he ob-
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? HANNIBAL.
tattle *hich ensued the Romans were defeated, and
Scipio, with the remainder of the army, retreating along
the left bank of the Po, crossed the river before Han-
nibal could overtake him, and encamped near Placen-
tit. He afterward retreated more to the south, and
intrenched himself strongly on the right bank of the
Trcbia, where be waited for the arrival of the army
under the other consul T. Sempronius. Sempronius
had already crossed over into Sicily with the intention
o! tailing to Africa, when he was recalled to join his
colleague. After the union of the two armies, Sem-
(. 1. 11,in- determined, against the advice of Scipio, to
ii-'s another battle. The skill and fortune of Hannibal
tgain prevailed; the Romans were entirely defeated,
and the troops which survived took refuge in the for-
tified cities. In consequence of these victories, the
whole of Cisalpine Gaul fell into the hands of Hanni-
bal; and the Gauls, who, on his lirst arrival, were pre-
vented from joining him by the presence of Scipio'a
wnj in their country, now eagerly assisted him with
men and supplies. In the following year, B. C. 217,
the Romans made great preparations to oppose their
formidable enemy. Two new armies were levied;
one was posted at Arretium, under the command of
the consul Flaminius, and the other at Ariminum,
under the consul Serviliua. Hannibal determined to
attack Flaminius first. In his inarch southward through
the swamps of the basin of the Arnus, his army suf-
fered greatly, and he himself lost the sight of one eye.
After retting his troops for a short time in the neigh-
bourhood of Fsesulae, he marched past Arretium, rava-
png the country as he went, with the view of drawing
out Flaminius to a battle. Flaminius, who appears to
ban been a rash, headstrong man, hastily followed
Hannibal; and, being attacked in the basin of the Lake
Truimenus, was completely defeated by the Cartha-
ginians, who were posted on the mountains which
encircled the valley. Three or four days after Hanni-
bal cut off a detachment of Roman cavalry, amounting
to 4000 men, which had been sent by Servilius to as-
sist his colleague. Hannibal appears to have enter-
tained hopes of overthrowing the Roman dominion,
<<nd to have expected that the other states of Italy
would take up arms against Rome, in order to recover
their independence. To conciliate the affections of
tk Italians, he dismissed without ransom all the
prisoners whom he took in battle; and, to give them
an opportunity of joining his army, he marched slowly
along tlie eastern side of the peninsula, through Um-
bria and Picenum, into Apulia; but he did not meet
with that co-operation which he appears to have ex-
pected. After the defeat of Flaminius, Q. Fabius
Maximus was appointed dictator, and a defensive sys-
tem of warfare was adopted by the Romans till the
end of the year. In the following year, B. C. 216, the
Romans resolved uj>on another battle. An army of
80,000 foot and 6UOO horse was raised, which was
commanded by the consuls L. . -Eunlms Paulus and
C. Tercntius Varro. The Carthaginian army now
amounted to 40,000 loot and 10,000 horse. The ar-
mies were encamped in the neighbourhood of Canme
in Apulia. In the battle which was fought near this
place, the Romans were defeated with dreadful car-
nage, and with a loss which, as stated by Polybius, is
quite incredible; the whole of the infantry engaged in
battle, amounting to 70,000, was destroyed, with the
exception of 3000 men, who escaped to the neigh-
bouring cities, and also all the cavalry, with the ex-
? ? ception of 300 belorging to the allies, arid 70 that es-
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? HANNIBAt*
HANNIBAL.
me conduct ol the war had been followed, the result
cf the contest might have been different; but he was
only employed in a subordinate command, and had no
opportunity for the exertion of his great military tal-
ents. At the conclusion of this war Hannibal was
obliged to seek refuge at the court of Prusias, king of
Dithynia, where ho remained about five years, and on
or. c occasion obtained a victory over Eumenes, king of
Pergimus. Out the Romans appear to have been un-
tasy air long as their once formidable enemy was alive.
An embassy was sent to demand him of Prusias, who,
being afraid of offending the Romans, agreed to give
him up. To avoid falling into the hands of his ungen-
erous enemies, Hannibal destroyed himself by poison
at Nicomedia in Bithynia, B. C. 183, in the sixty-fifth
year of his age.
The personal character of Hannibal
is only known to us from the events of his public life,
and even these have not been commemorated by any
historian of his own country; but we cannof read the
history of these campaigns, of which we have here
presented a mere outline, even in the narrative of his
enemies, without admiring his great abilities and cour-
age. Polybius remarks (lid. xi. ), "How wonderful
is it, that in a course of sixteen years, during which
he maintained the war in Italy, he should never once
dismiss his army from the field, and yet be able, like a
good governor, to keep in subjection so great a multi-
tude, and to confine them within the bounds of their
duty, so that they never mutinied against him nor
quarrelled among thcmsevles. Though his army was
composed of people of various countries, of Africans,
Spaniards, Gauls, Carthaginians, Italians, and Greeks
--men who had different laws, different customs, and
different language, and, in a word, nothing among
them that was common--yet, so dexterous was his
management, that, notwithstanding this great diversity,
he forced all of them to acknowledge one authority,
and to yield obedience to one command. And this, too,
be effected in the midst of very various fortune. How
high as well as just an opinion must these things con-
vey to us of his ability in war. It may be affirmed
with confidence, that if he had first tried his strength
in the other parts of the world, and had come laxt to at-
tack the Romans, he could scarcely have failed in any
part of his design. " (Polyb. , 3. --lb. , 7, 8, 9. -- lb. ,
14, 16. --Livy, 21-39-- Ncpos, Vil. Hannib. --En-
cyd. Us. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 40, seq. )
The passage of the Alps by Hannibal has already
beet, alluded to in the course of the present article.
Before concluding the biography of the Carthaginian
general, it may not be amiss to direct the student's at-
tention more particularly to this point. "This won-
derful undertaking," observes a recent writer, " would
naturally have attracted great notice, if considered
only with reference to its general consequences, and
to its particular effects on the great contest carried on
between Rome and Carthage; for this march, which
carried the war from a distant province to the very
gates of the former, totally changed the character of
the struggle, and compelled the Romans to fight for
existence instead of territory. These events, however,
are not the only causes which have thrown so much
interest on the passage of the Alps by Hannibal; for
the doubt and uncertainty which have existed, even
from very re-note times, as to the road by which the
passage was effected; the numerous and distinguished
writers who have declared themselves on different sides
? ? of the question; the variation between the two great
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? HANNIBAL
HANNIBAL.
mwi of the most celebrated battle! and events re-
corded in Koman history From his thorough knowl-
edge of Polybius, he was early struck with the great
authority that his narrative carried with it, and he de-
termined, if possible, to set at rest the much agitated
question of the passage of the Alps by Hannibal. As
he perceived that no perusal of the historian, however
close and attentive, no critical sagacity and discern-
ment, could alone enable him to arrive at the truth,
unless he verified the observations of his author on the
same ground, and compared his descriptions with the
same scenes as those which that author had himself
visited and examined, the general surveyed attentively
all the known passages of the Alps, and more particu-
larly those which were best known to the ancients.
The result of all these observations was a firm convic-
tion that the passage of the Little St. Bernard was
that by which Hannibal had crossed over into Italy,
both as being most probable in itself, and also as agree-
ing beyond all comparison more closely than any other
with the description given by Polybius. The general
must be looked upon as the first who has solved the
problem in history. It is not, indeed, meant that he
was absolutely the first who made the Carthaginian
army penetrate by that pass into Italy, since the oldest
authority on this point, that of Coslius Antipater, rep-
resents it as having taken that route; hut it is affirmed
that he was the first to revive an opinion concerning
that passage, which, although existing in full force in
the traditions of the country itself, appears to have
been long laid aside as forgotten, and to have rested
that opmion on arguments the most solid and plausi-
ble. General Melville never published any account of
his observations, and they would most probably have
been lost to the world, had he not found in M. De Luc,
of Geneva, nephew of the laic distinguished philoso-
pher of that name, a person eminently qualified to un-
dertake the task which he himself declined, and even
materially to improve upon his labours. The very able
and learned work which that gentleman published at
Geneva in 1818, entitled Histoire du Passage ilcs
Alpet par Annibal, contains a very full and clear re-
port of the observations of General Melville, supported
by arguments and by evidence entirely original, and
which must be admitted by every candid and judicious
inquirer to be clear and conclusive. A second edition
of this work was published in 1825, considerably aug-
mented. " (Dissertation on the Passage of Hannibal
oter the Alps, by Wickkam and Cramer, pre/. , p. xi. ,
teqq. "i In the work here quoted, the route which Han-
nibal is conceived to have taken is staled as follows:
after crossing the Pyrenees at Bellegarde. he went to
Niemes, through Perpignan, Narbonne, Beziers, and
Montpellier, as nearly as possible in the exact track of
the jrreat Roman road. From Nismes he marched to
the Rhone, which he crossed at Roquemaurc, and then
went up the river to Vienne, or possibly a little higher.
From thence, marching across the flat country of Dau-
phiny in order to avoid the angle which the river makes
at Lyons, he rejoined it at St. Genis d'Aoustc. He
then crossed the Mont du Chat to Chambery, joined
the Isere at Montureillan, ascended it as far as Scez,
crossed the Little St. Bernard, and descended upon
Aosta and Ivrea by the banks of the Doria Baltca.
After halting for some time at Ivrea, he marched upon
Turin, which he took, and then prepared himself for
ulterior operations against the Romans (pre/. , p. xxii. ,
? ? se,/. ). The Alpis Graia, or Little St. Bernard, forms,
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? HAN
HANNO.
refuses o be. ieve, because Hannibal must have been
early acquainted with the retreat of the Remans to-
wards their fleet, and would not, in that case, have
marched to the north. The explanation of all this may
he found in Napoleon's own words: "La man-lie
d'Annibal depuis Colliourc jusqu'a Turin a ete toute
simple; ellc a ete cello d'un voyageur; il a pris la
route la plus courtc. " Hardly so, since the road by
Mont Genevre was shorter than that by Mont Cenis,
A he himself allows, a few pages before. In a word,
if we had no historical details to guide us, Napoleon
would probably be right; but as we profess to be
guided by those details, and as, from his omitting to
notice the greater part of them, he appears either to
have been ignorant of them, or to have been unable
to make them agree with his hypothesis, wo must
tome to the conclusion, that what he says rests upon
no proof, and is to be merely considered as the opinion
of a great general upon an hypothetical case. ( Wick-
ham and Cramer, p. 188, stqq )
Hanno (meaning in Punic "merciful" or "mild"'),
I. a commander sent by the Carthaginians on a voyage
of colonization and discovery along the Atlantic coast
of Africa. This expedition is generally supposed to
have taken place about 570 B. C. Gail, however,
places it between 633 and 530 B. C. (Gcogr. Gr.
Min , vol. 1, p. 82. ) On his return to Carthage, Han-
no deposited an account of his voyage in the temple of
Saturn. A translation of this account from the Punic
into the Greek tongue, has come down to us; and its
authenticity, attacked by Dodwell, has been defended
by Bougainville {Mem. Acad, des Inscr. , &c, vol. 26,
26), Falconer, and others. Gail also declares in its
favour, though he admits that the narrative may, and
probably does, contain many wilful deviations from the
truth, in accordance with the jealous policy of the Car-
thaginians in misleading other nations by erroneous
itaterrents. The title of the Greek work is as follows:
Avrrjvor, Kapxvfioviw fiaoMuc, r\epiir? . ove tuv
trip rdc 'HpaK? . iovc orr/Xac AihiKuv rrjc yfjc uepuv,
Jv Kal uvednnev iv r<p tov Kpovov rtftivet. "The
Voyage of Hanno, commander of the Carthaginians,
round the parts of Libya beyond the Pillars of Her-
cules, which he deposited in the temple of Saturn. "
With regard to the extent of coast actually explored
by this expedition, some remarks have been offered in
another article (vid. Africa, col. 2, p. 80); it remains
but to give an English version of the Periplus itself.
--" It was decreed by the Carthaginians," begins the
narrative, " that Hanno should undertake a voyage be-
yond the Pillars of Hercules, and found Libyphoenician
cities. He sailed accordingly with sixty ships of fifty
oars each, and a body of men and women to the num-
ber of thirty thousand, and provisions and other neces-
saries. When we had passed the Pillars on our voy-
age, and had sailed beyond them for two days, we
founded the first city, which we named Thymiaterium.
Below it lay an extensive plain. Proceeding thence
towards the west, we came to Solocis, a promontory
of Libya, a place thickly covered wilh trees, where we
erected a temple to Neptune : and again proceeded for
the space of half a day towards the coast, until we ar-
rived at a lake lying not far from the sea, and filled
with abundance of large reeds. Here elephants, and
a great number of other wild beasts were feeding
Having passed the lake about a day's sail, we founded
cities near the sea, called Cariconticos, arid Gytte,ahd
? ? Acra, and Melitta, and Arambys. Thence we came
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? H AK
11 A P.
will, at that period, be confined to the hollow parts of
the country only; and, when fired from above, will
have the appearance of rivers of fire running towards
the sea. The adventure of the hairy women presents
much less difficulty than did the others; since it is
weil known that a species of ape or baboon, agreeing
in description with those of Hanno, is found in the
'luarter referred to, which appears to have been near
Si;rra Leone. Nor did the interpreters call them tcom-
f<<, but gorilla: meaning no doubt to describe apes,
aid not human creatures possessing the gift of speech.
(Renncll, Geogr. of Herodotus,p. 720, seqq. )--II. A
Carthaginian commander, who aspired to the sover-
eignty in his native city. His design was discovered,
and he thereupon retired to a fortress, with 20,000
armed slaves, but was taken and put to death, with his
son and all his relations. {Justin, 21, 4. V--III. A
commander of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily along
wiiliBomiicar(B. C 310). He was defeated by Agath-
ocles, although he had 45,000 men under his orders,
and his opponent only about 14,000. {Justin, 22, 6. )
--IV. A Carthaginian commander, defeated by the
Romans near the jEgades Insula: (B. C. 242). On his
return home he was put to death. --V. A leader of the
faction it Carthage, opposed to the Barca family. He
voted for surrendering Hannibal to the foe, after the
ruin of Saguntum, and also for refusing succours to
that commander after the battle of Canna;. (Lib. , 21,
3--Id, 23, 12. )--VI. A Carthaginian, who, wishing
to pass for a god, trained up some birds, who were
taught by him to repeat the words, " Hanno is a god. "
He only succeeded in rendering himself ridiculous
[/Elian, Var. HtsL, 15, 32. )
Harxodius, an Athenian, who, together with Aris-
logiton, became the cause of the overthrow of the
Pisistratidx. The names of Harmodius and Aristo-
giton have Deen immortalized by the ignorant or prej-
udiced gratitude of the Athenians: in any other his-
tory they would perhaps have been consigned to ob-
livion, and wonld certainly never have become the
themes of panegyric. Aristogiton was a citizen of the
middle rank : Harmodius a youth distinguished by the
comeliness of his person. They were both sprung
from a house supposed to have been of Phoenician ori-
gin, were perhaps remotely allied to one another by
blood, and were united by ties of the closest intimacy.
The youth had received an outrage from Hipparchus,
which, in a better state of society, would have been
deemed the grossest that could have been offered him:
it roused, however, not so much the resentment as the
fears of his friend, lest Hipparchus should abuse his
power, to repeat and aggravate the insult. But Hip-
parchus, whose pride had been wounded by the con-
duct of Harmodius, contented himself with a less di-
rect mode of revenge; an affront aimed not at his per-
son, but at the honour of his family. By his orders,
the sister of Harmodius was invited to take part in a
procession, as bearer of one of the sacred vessels.
When, however, she presented herself in her festal
dress, she was publicly rejected, and dismissed as un-
worthy of the honour. This insult stung Harmodius
to the quick, and kindled the indignation of Aristogi-
ton. They resolved not only to wash it out with the
blood of the offender, but to engage in the desperate
enterprise, which had already been suggested by differ-
ent motives to the thoughts of Aristogiton, of over-
throwing the ruling dynasty. They communicated
? ? their plan to a few friends, who, promised their assist-
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? n ak
HAR
IK11rI1. ua, I. an early ar. J favoured friend of Alex-
ander (he Great. Having been left at Babylon as sa-
trap of the province, and treasurer of a more consider-
able portion of the empire, he abused his trust so gross-
ly, that, on the king's return, he was compelled to flee
hrough fear of punishment. He was accompanied hy
ix thousand soldiers, and with these he landed in La-
conia, in the hope, it may be supposed, of engaging
tl. s Lacedaemonians to renew their opposition to Al-
exander. Failing there of support, he left his army
and >><<;: to Athens as a suppliant, but carrying with
him money to a largo amount. His cause was taken
up by many eminent orators hostile to Alexander; and
Demosthenes himself, who had at first held back, was
prevailed upon to espouse it. It failed, however; the
Athenians adhered to the existing treaties; and Har-
palus, being obliged to quit Athens, carried his troops
into Crete, where ho perished by assassination. It
was aaid that his gold had been largely distributed
among his Athenian supporters, and a prosecution was
instituted against Demosthenes and hia associates, as
having been bribed to miscounsel the people. They
were convicted before the Areopagus; and Demos-
thenes, being fined in the sum of 50 talents (about
53,000 dollars), withdrew to ^Egina. (Fiji. Demos-
thenes--Diod. Sic. , 17, 108, seqq. )--II. An astrono-
mer of Greece, who flourished about 400 BC. He
corrected the cycle of Cleostratus. This alteration,
from a revolution of eight to one of nine years, was,
in the fourth year of the eighty-second Olympiad, again
improved by Melon, who increased the cycle to a pe-
riod of nineteen years. (Vid. Meton. -- L'Art dt
verifier lea Dotes, vol. 3, p. 133. )
Harpalyck, the daughter of Harpalycus, king of
Thrrce. Her mother died when she was but a child,
and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares,
and inured her to martial exercises, intending her for
his successor in the kingdom. When her father's
kingdom was invaded by Ncoptolemus, the son of
Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with
znar. iy courage. The death of her father, which hap-
pen. '! in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate, she
fled 'he society of mankind, ahd lived in the forests
upOA plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure
her jvoved fruitless, till her great swiftness was over-
conu by intercepting her with a net. After her death
the pt lple of the country disputed their respective right
to tht possessions she had acquired by rapine, and
gam. ;s weie subsequently instituted as an expiation
lor her death.
ruption, through Petrumi, as the Turks write it, from
Pietro, referring to the fort or castle of San Pietro
,auttllum Sanrti Petri), which corresponds to the an-
cient citadel. (Travels, vol. 3, p. 256, seqq. )
liiucix, {'k? . iKvai), a town of Sicily, between
Kntella and Lilybssum. The modern name is Saleme.
(Stepk. Byz, s. v. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 55. )
HiLiRRHOTHius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who
committed an outrage on Alcippe, daughter of Mars,
and was, in consequence, slain by that deity. Nep-
tune summoned Mars to trial for the murder of his
son. The cause was heard before the twelve gods,
silting as judges, on the Areopagus at Athens; which
hill derived its name ('Aprtof nuyoc, " Hill of Mars")
from this circumstance. The trial ended in the ac-
quittal of the accused deity. (Apollod. , 3, 14. --Sehol.
td Eurip, Orest. , 1665. ) Meier considers 'hpeioc
equivalent here to Qovikuc. (Rhein. Mus. , 2, p. 266. )
Halxydissus. Vtd. Salmydessus.
Halonkksus, a small island at the opening of the
Sinus Thermaicus, and northeast of Scopclu3. It is
celebrated in history as having been a subject of con-
tention between Philip the son of Amyntas, and the
Athenians; on which occasion one of their orators
composed an harangue, which is to be found in the
works of Demosthenes, and has been ascribed by some
to that celebrated orator. (Oral. 7, Dcmosth. , p. 75.
--Strab. , 435-- Pomp. Mel. , 2, 7. ) It is now called
Ckclidromi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 451. )
Hir. vs, a celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising on
the confines of Pontus and Armenia Minor, and which,
lfter flowing westwardly through Cappadocia to the
borders of Phrygia, turns to the northwest, and enters
? ? the K'. iiine some distance to the northwest of Amisus.
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? HAN
HANNIBAL
assistance was defeated by the Roman consul Lutatius
Catulus, B. C. 241, and the Carthaginians were obliged
to sue for peace. This was granted by the Konu. is;
and Hamilcar led his troops from Eryx to Lilybasum,
whence they were conveyed to Africa. But a new
danger awaited Carthage. The Carthaginian treasury
jvas exhausted; and it was proposed to the troops that
ill ;y should relinquish a part of the pay which was due
"j tl. i'iu. The soldiers rejected the proposal, appointed
>> ) of their number, Spendius and Matho, command-
rrs, and proceeded to enforce their demands. Being
joined by many of the native tribes of Africa, they
Defeated Hanno, the Carthaginian general sent against
them, and brought Carthage to the brink of ruin. In
these desperate circumstances Hamilcar was appointed
10 the command, and at length succeeded in subduing
them after the war had lasted three years and four
months. After the end of this war Hamilcar was sent
into Spain, B. C. 238. He remained in Spain nearly
nine years, during which time he extended the do-
minion of Carthage over the southern and eastern
parts of that country. He fell in a battle against the
natives, B. C. 229. The abilities of Hamilcar were of
the highest order; and he directed all the energies of
his mind to diminish the power of Rome. Polybius
states his belief (lib. 3), that his administration would
soon have produced another war with the Romans, if
he had not been prevented by the disorders in which
his country was involved through the war of the mer-
cenaries. Hamilcar was succeeded in his command
in Spain by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, who must not
be confounded with H-isdrubal the brother of Hanni-
bal. He carried on the conquests of Hamilcar, and
reduced almost the whole of the country south of the
Iberus, which river was fixed by a treaty between the
Carthaginians and the Romans, B. C. 226, as the fron-
tier of the Carthaginian dominions. Hasdrubal was
murdered in his tent by a Gaul, B. C. 221, after holding
the command eight years. (Polyli. , 1,2. --Corn. Nep. ,
tit. Hamilc. , c. 3. --Encycl. Useful Knmel. , vol. 12,
p. 25. )--VI. A Carthaginian general, son of Bomil-
car, conquered by the Scipios (B. C. 215) when be-
sieging Ililingis, in Hispania Bstica, along with Has-
drubal and Mago. He is supposed by some to be the
rame with the Hamilcar who, fifteen years after, at
the head of a body of Gauls, took and sacked Placen-
? i. i, and was defeated and slain before Cremona. Oth-
ers affirm, that he was taken prisoner three years later
in a battle fought near the Mincius, and served to
adorn the victory of the conqueror. (Lie. , 23, 49. --
Id. , 31, 10. -- Id. , 32, 23. --Plin. , 3, 1. )--The name
Hamilcar was equivalent in Punic to "(quern) dona-
nit Afilcar. " The true orthography is with the initial
aspirate. Consult Heins. , ad Sil. llal. , 1, 39. --Dra-
kenb. , ad Lie. . 21,1. --Geteniia, Phccn. Hon. , p. 407.
--The interpretation given by Hamaker (diatr. 47) to
the name Hamilcar ia rejected by Gesenius (I. c. )
HANNIBAL (equivalent in Punic to "gratia Baalit"),
? on of Hamilcar Barcas (vid. Hamilcar V. ), was born
B. C. 247. At the age of nine he accompanied his
father to Spain, who, previous to his departure, took
his son to the altar, and, placing his hand on the vic-
tim, made him swear that he would never be a friend
to the Romans. It does not appear how long Hannibal
remained in Spain, but he was at a very early age as-
lociated with Hasdrubal, who succeeded his father in
the command of the Carthaginian army in that coun-
? ? try. On the death of Hasdrubal. B. C. 221, he ob-
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? HANNIBAL.
tattle *hich ensued the Romans were defeated, and
Scipio, with the remainder of the army, retreating along
the left bank of the Po, crossed the river before Han-
nibal could overtake him, and encamped near Placen-
tit. He afterward retreated more to the south, and
intrenched himself strongly on the right bank of the
Trcbia, where be waited for the arrival of the army
under the other consul T. Sempronius. Sempronius
had already crossed over into Sicily with the intention
o! tailing to Africa, when he was recalled to join his
colleague. After the union of the two armies, Sem-
(. 1. 11,in- determined, against the advice of Scipio, to
ii-'s another battle. The skill and fortune of Hannibal
tgain prevailed; the Romans were entirely defeated,
and the troops which survived took refuge in the for-
tified cities. In consequence of these victories, the
whole of Cisalpine Gaul fell into the hands of Hanni-
bal; and the Gauls, who, on his lirst arrival, were pre-
vented from joining him by the presence of Scipio'a
wnj in their country, now eagerly assisted him with
men and supplies. In the following year, B. C. 217,
the Romans made great preparations to oppose their
formidable enemy. Two new armies were levied;
one was posted at Arretium, under the command of
the consul Flaminius, and the other at Ariminum,
under the consul Serviliua. Hannibal determined to
attack Flaminius first. In his inarch southward through
the swamps of the basin of the Arnus, his army suf-
fered greatly, and he himself lost the sight of one eye.
After retting his troops for a short time in the neigh-
bourhood of Fsesulae, he marched past Arretium, rava-
png the country as he went, with the view of drawing
out Flaminius to a battle. Flaminius, who appears to
ban been a rash, headstrong man, hastily followed
Hannibal; and, being attacked in the basin of the Lake
Truimenus, was completely defeated by the Cartha-
ginians, who were posted on the mountains which
encircled the valley. Three or four days after Hanni-
bal cut off a detachment of Roman cavalry, amounting
to 4000 men, which had been sent by Servilius to as-
sist his colleague. Hannibal appears to have enter-
tained hopes of overthrowing the Roman dominion,
<<nd to have expected that the other states of Italy
would take up arms against Rome, in order to recover
their independence. To conciliate the affections of
tk Italians, he dismissed without ransom all the
prisoners whom he took in battle; and, to give them
an opportunity of joining his army, he marched slowly
along tlie eastern side of the peninsula, through Um-
bria and Picenum, into Apulia; but he did not meet
with that co-operation which he appears to have ex-
pected. After the defeat of Flaminius, Q. Fabius
Maximus was appointed dictator, and a defensive sys-
tem of warfare was adopted by the Romans till the
end of the year. In the following year, B. C. 216, the
Romans resolved uj>on another battle. An army of
80,000 foot and 6UOO horse was raised, which was
commanded by the consuls L. . -Eunlms Paulus and
C. Tercntius Varro. The Carthaginian army now
amounted to 40,000 loot and 10,000 horse. The ar-
mies were encamped in the neighbourhood of Canme
in Apulia. In the battle which was fought near this
place, the Romans were defeated with dreadful car-
nage, and with a loss which, as stated by Polybius, is
quite incredible; the whole of the infantry engaged in
battle, amounting to 70,000, was destroyed, with the
exception of 3000 men, who escaped to the neigh-
bouring cities, and also all the cavalry, with the ex-
? ? ception of 300 belorging to the allies, arid 70 that es-
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? HANNIBAt*
HANNIBAL.
me conduct ol the war had been followed, the result
cf the contest might have been different; but he was
only employed in a subordinate command, and had no
opportunity for the exertion of his great military tal-
ents. At the conclusion of this war Hannibal was
obliged to seek refuge at the court of Prusias, king of
Dithynia, where ho remained about five years, and on
or. c occasion obtained a victory over Eumenes, king of
Pergimus. Out the Romans appear to have been un-
tasy air long as their once formidable enemy was alive.
An embassy was sent to demand him of Prusias, who,
being afraid of offending the Romans, agreed to give
him up. To avoid falling into the hands of his ungen-
erous enemies, Hannibal destroyed himself by poison
at Nicomedia in Bithynia, B. C. 183, in the sixty-fifth
year of his age.
The personal character of Hannibal
is only known to us from the events of his public life,
and even these have not been commemorated by any
historian of his own country; but we cannof read the
history of these campaigns, of which we have here
presented a mere outline, even in the narrative of his
enemies, without admiring his great abilities and cour-
age. Polybius remarks (lid. xi. ), "How wonderful
is it, that in a course of sixteen years, during which
he maintained the war in Italy, he should never once
dismiss his army from the field, and yet be able, like a
good governor, to keep in subjection so great a multi-
tude, and to confine them within the bounds of their
duty, so that they never mutinied against him nor
quarrelled among thcmsevles. Though his army was
composed of people of various countries, of Africans,
Spaniards, Gauls, Carthaginians, Italians, and Greeks
--men who had different laws, different customs, and
different language, and, in a word, nothing among
them that was common--yet, so dexterous was his
management, that, notwithstanding this great diversity,
he forced all of them to acknowledge one authority,
and to yield obedience to one command. And this, too,
be effected in the midst of very various fortune. How
high as well as just an opinion must these things con-
vey to us of his ability in war. It may be affirmed
with confidence, that if he had first tried his strength
in the other parts of the world, and had come laxt to at-
tack the Romans, he could scarcely have failed in any
part of his design. " (Polyb. , 3. --lb. , 7, 8, 9. -- lb. ,
14, 16. --Livy, 21-39-- Ncpos, Vil. Hannib. --En-
cyd. Us. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 40, seq. )
The passage of the Alps by Hannibal has already
beet, alluded to in the course of the present article.
Before concluding the biography of the Carthaginian
general, it may not be amiss to direct the student's at-
tention more particularly to this point. "This won-
derful undertaking," observes a recent writer, " would
naturally have attracted great notice, if considered
only with reference to its general consequences, and
to its particular effects on the great contest carried on
between Rome and Carthage; for this march, which
carried the war from a distant province to the very
gates of the former, totally changed the character of
the struggle, and compelled the Romans to fight for
existence instead of territory. These events, however,
are not the only causes which have thrown so much
interest on the passage of the Alps by Hannibal; for
the doubt and uncertainty which have existed, even
from very re-note times, as to the road by which the
passage was effected; the numerous and distinguished
writers who have declared themselves on different sides
? ? of the question; the variation between the two great
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? HANNIBAL
HANNIBAL.
mwi of the most celebrated battle! and events re-
corded in Koman history From his thorough knowl-
edge of Polybius, he was early struck with the great
authority that his narrative carried with it, and he de-
termined, if possible, to set at rest the much agitated
question of the passage of the Alps by Hannibal. As
he perceived that no perusal of the historian, however
close and attentive, no critical sagacity and discern-
ment, could alone enable him to arrive at the truth,
unless he verified the observations of his author on the
same ground, and compared his descriptions with the
same scenes as those which that author had himself
visited and examined, the general surveyed attentively
all the known passages of the Alps, and more particu-
larly those which were best known to the ancients.
The result of all these observations was a firm convic-
tion that the passage of the Little St. Bernard was
that by which Hannibal had crossed over into Italy,
both as being most probable in itself, and also as agree-
ing beyond all comparison more closely than any other
with the description given by Polybius. The general
must be looked upon as the first who has solved the
problem in history. It is not, indeed, meant that he
was absolutely the first who made the Carthaginian
army penetrate by that pass into Italy, since the oldest
authority on this point, that of Coslius Antipater, rep-
resents it as having taken that route; hut it is affirmed
that he was the first to revive an opinion concerning
that passage, which, although existing in full force in
the traditions of the country itself, appears to have
been long laid aside as forgotten, and to have rested
that opmion on arguments the most solid and plausi-
ble. General Melville never published any account of
his observations, and they would most probably have
been lost to the world, had he not found in M. De Luc,
of Geneva, nephew of the laic distinguished philoso-
pher of that name, a person eminently qualified to un-
dertake the task which he himself declined, and even
materially to improve upon his labours. The very able
and learned work which that gentleman published at
Geneva in 1818, entitled Histoire du Passage ilcs
Alpet par Annibal, contains a very full and clear re-
port of the observations of General Melville, supported
by arguments and by evidence entirely original, and
which must be admitted by every candid and judicious
inquirer to be clear and conclusive. A second edition
of this work was published in 1825, considerably aug-
mented. " (Dissertation on the Passage of Hannibal
oter the Alps, by Wickkam and Cramer, pre/. , p. xi. ,
teqq. "i In the work here quoted, the route which Han-
nibal is conceived to have taken is staled as follows:
after crossing the Pyrenees at Bellegarde. he went to
Niemes, through Perpignan, Narbonne, Beziers, and
Montpellier, as nearly as possible in the exact track of
the jrreat Roman road. From Nismes he marched to
the Rhone, which he crossed at Roquemaurc, and then
went up the river to Vienne, or possibly a little higher.
From thence, marching across the flat country of Dau-
phiny in order to avoid the angle which the river makes
at Lyons, he rejoined it at St. Genis d'Aoustc. He
then crossed the Mont du Chat to Chambery, joined
the Isere at Montureillan, ascended it as far as Scez,
crossed the Little St. Bernard, and descended upon
Aosta and Ivrea by the banks of the Doria Baltca.
After halting for some time at Ivrea, he marched upon
Turin, which he took, and then prepared himself for
ulterior operations against the Romans (pre/. , p. xxii. ,
? ? se,/. ). The Alpis Graia, or Little St. Bernard, forms,
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? HAN
HANNO.
refuses o be. ieve, because Hannibal must have been
early acquainted with the retreat of the Remans to-
wards their fleet, and would not, in that case, have
marched to the north. The explanation of all this may
he found in Napoleon's own words: "La man-lie
d'Annibal depuis Colliourc jusqu'a Turin a ete toute
simple; ellc a ete cello d'un voyageur; il a pris la
route la plus courtc. " Hardly so, since the road by
Mont Genevre was shorter than that by Mont Cenis,
A he himself allows, a few pages before. In a word,
if we had no historical details to guide us, Napoleon
would probably be right; but as we profess to be
guided by those details, and as, from his omitting to
notice the greater part of them, he appears either to
have been ignorant of them, or to have been unable
to make them agree with his hypothesis, wo must
tome to the conclusion, that what he says rests upon
no proof, and is to be merely considered as the opinion
of a great general upon an hypothetical case. ( Wick-
ham and Cramer, p. 188, stqq )
Hanno (meaning in Punic "merciful" or "mild"'),
I. a commander sent by the Carthaginians on a voyage
of colonization and discovery along the Atlantic coast
of Africa. This expedition is generally supposed to
have taken place about 570 B. C. Gail, however,
places it between 633 and 530 B. C. (Gcogr. Gr.
Min , vol. 1, p. 82. ) On his return to Carthage, Han-
no deposited an account of his voyage in the temple of
Saturn. A translation of this account from the Punic
into the Greek tongue, has come down to us; and its
authenticity, attacked by Dodwell, has been defended
by Bougainville {Mem. Acad, des Inscr. , &c, vol. 26,
26), Falconer, and others. Gail also declares in its
favour, though he admits that the narrative may, and
probably does, contain many wilful deviations from the
truth, in accordance with the jealous policy of the Car-
thaginians in misleading other nations by erroneous
itaterrents. The title of the Greek work is as follows:
Avrrjvor, Kapxvfioviw fiaoMuc, r\epiir? . ove tuv
trip rdc 'HpaK? . iovc orr/Xac AihiKuv rrjc yfjc uepuv,
Jv Kal uvednnev iv r<p tov Kpovov rtftivet. "The
Voyage of Hanno, commander of the Carthaginians,
round the parts of Libya beyond the Pillars of Her-
cules, which he deposited in the temple of Saturn. "
With regard to the extent of coast actually explored
by this expedition, some remarks have been offered in
another article (vid. Africa, col. 2, p. 80); it remains
but to give an English version of the Periplus itself.
--" It was decreed by the Carthaginians," begins the
narrative, " that Hanno should undertake a voyage be-
yond the Pillars of Hercules, and found Libyphoenician
cities. He sailed accordingly with sixty ships of fifty
oars each, and a body of men and women to the num-
ber of thirty thousand, and provisions and other neces-
saries. When we had passed the Pillars on our voy-
age, and had sailed beyond them for two days, we
founded the first city, which we named Thymiaterium.
Below it lay an extensive plain. Proceeding thence
towards the west, we came to Solocis, a promontory
of Libya, a place thickly covered wilh trees, where we
erected a temple to Neptune : and again proceeded for
the space of half a day towards the coast, until we ar-
rived at a lake lying not far from the sea, and filled
with abundance of large reeds. Here elephants, and
a great number of other wild beasts were feeding
Having passed the lake about a day's sail, we founded
cities near the sea, called Cariconticos, arid Gytte,ahd
? ? Acra, and Melitta, and Arambys. Thence we came
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? H AK
11 A P.
will, at that period, be confined to the hollow parts of
the country only; and, when fired from above, will
have the appearance of rivers of fire running towards
the sea. The adventure of the hairy women presents
much less difficulty than did the others; since it is
weil known that a species of ape or baboon, agreeing
in description with those of Hanno, is found in the
'luarter referred to, which appears to have been near
Si;rra Leone. Nor did the interpreters call them tcom-
f<<, but gorilla: meaning no doubt to describe apes,
aid not human creatures possessing the gift of speech.
(Renncll, Geogr. of Herodotus,p. 720, seqq. )--II. A
Carthaginian commander, who aspired to the sover-
eignty in his native city. His design was discovered,
and he thereupon retired to a fortress, with 20,000
armed slaves, but was taken and put to death, with his
son and all his relations. {Justin, 21, 4. V--III. A
commander of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily along
wiiliBomiicar(B. C 310). He was defeated by Agath-
ocles, although he had 45,000 men under his orders,
and his opponent only about 14,000. {Justin, 22, 6. )
--IV. A Carthaginian commander, defeated by the
Romans near the jEgades Insula: (B. C. 242). On his
return home he was put to death. --V. A leader of the
faction it Carthage, opposed to the Barca family. He
voted for surrendering Hannibal to the foe, after the
ruin of Saguntum, and also for refusing succours to
that commander after the battle of Canna;. (Lib. , 21,
3--Id, 23, 12. )--VI. A Carthaginian, who, wishing
to pass for a god, trained up some birds, who were
taught by him to repeat the words, " Hanno is a god. "
He only succeeded in rendering himself ridiculous
[/Elian, Var. HtsL, 15, 32. )
Harxodius, an Athenian, who, together with Aris-
logiton, became the cause of the overthrow of the
Pisistratidx. The names of Harmodius and Aristo-
giton have Deen immortalized by the ignorant or prej-
udiced gratitude of the Athenians: in any other his-
tory they would perhaps have been consigned to ob-
livion, and wonld certainly never have become the
themes of panegyric. Aristogiton was a citizen of the
middle rank : Harmodius a youth distinguished by the
comeliness of his person. They were both sprung
from a house supposed to have been of Phoenician ori-
gin, were perhaps remotely allied to one another by
blood, and were united by ties of the closest intimacy.
The youth had received an outrage from Hipparchus,
which, in a better state of society, would have been
deemed the grossest that could have been offered him:
it roused, however, not so much the resentment as the
fears of his friend, lest Hipparchus should abuse his
power, to repeat and aggravate the insult. But Hip-
parchus, whose pride had been wounded by the con-
duct of Harmodius, contented himself with a less di-
rect mode of revenge; an affront aimed not at his per-
son, but at the honour of his family. By his orders,
the sister of Harmodius was invited to take part in a
procession, as bearer of one of the sacred vessels.
When, however, she presented herself in her festal
dress, she was publicly rejected, and dismissed as un-
worthy of the honour. This insult stung Harmodius
to the quick, and kindled the indignation of Aristogi-
ton. They resolved not only to wash it out with the
blood of the offender, but to engage in the desperate
enterprise, which had already been suggested by differ-
ent motives to the thoughts of Aristogiton, of over-
throwing the ruling dynasty. They communicated
? ? their plan to a few friends, who, promised their assist-
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? n ak
HAR
IK11rI1. ua, I. an early ar. J favoured friend of Alex-
ander (he Great. Having been left at Babylon as sa-
trap of the province, and treasurer of a more consider-
able portion of the empire, he abused his trust so gross-
ly, that, on the king's return, he was compelled to flee
hrough fear of punishment. He was accompanied hy
ix thousand soldiers, and with these he landed in La-
conia, in the hope, it may be supposed, of engaging
tl. s Lacedaemonians to renew their opposition to Al-
exander. Failing there of support, he left his army
and >><<;: to Athens as a suppliant, but carrying with
him money to a largo amount. His cause was taken
up by many eminent orators hostile to Alexander; and
Demosthenes himself, who had at first held back, was
prevailed upon to espouse it. It failed, however; the
Athenians adhered to the existing treaties; and Har-
palus, being obliged to quit Athens, carried his troops
into Crete, where ho perished by assassination. It
was aaid that his gold had been largely distributed
among his Athenian supporters, and a prosecution was
instituted against Demosthenes and hia associates, as
having been bribed to miscounsel the people. They
were convicted before the Areopagus; and Demos-
thenes, being fined in the sum of 50 talents (about
53,000 dollars), withdrew to ^Egina. (Fiji. Demos-
thenes--Diod. Sic. , 17, 108, seqq. )--II. An astrono-
mer of Greece, who flourished about 400 BC. He
corrected the cycle of Cleostratus. This alteration,
from a revolution of eight to one of nine years, was,
in the fourth year of the eighty-second Olympiad, again
improved by Melon, who increased the cycle to a pe-
riod of nineteen years. (Vid. Meton. -- L'Art dt
verifier lea Dotes, vol. 3, p. 133. )
Harpalyck, the daughter of Harpalycus, king of
Thrrce. Her mother died when she was but a child,
and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares,
and inured her to martial exercises, intending her for
his successor in the kingdom. When her father's
kingdom was invaded by Ncoptolemus, the son of
Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with
znar. iy courage. The death of her father, which hap-
pen. '! in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate, she
fled 'he society of mankind, ahd lived in the forests
upOA plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure
her jvoved fruitless, till her great swiftness was over-
conu by intercepting her with a net. After her death
the pt lple of the country disputed their respective right
to tht possessions she had acquired by rapine, and
gam. ;s weie subsequently instituted as an expiation
lor her death.
