[268] Pliny,
_Natural
History_, III.
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - a
Sabines: _Velina_ and
_Quirina_, in 513 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX. ).
[220] At the beginning of each consular year, the magistrates or
deputies of the towns were obliged to repair to Rome, and the consuls
there fixed the contingent which each of them was to furnish according
to the list of the census. These lists were drawn up by the local
magistrates, who sent them to the Senate, and were renewed every five
years, except in the Latin colonies, where they seem to have taken for a
constant basis the number of primitive colonists.
[221] The country of the Samnites, among others, was completely cut up
by these domains.
[222] Titus Livius places in the mouth of the consul Decius, in 452,
these remarkable words: “Jam ne _nobilitatis_ quidem suæ plebeios
pœnitere” (Titus Livius, X. 7); and later still, towards 538, a tribune
expresses himself thus: “Nam _plebeios nobiles_ jam eisdem initiatos
esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni desierint a patribus,
cœpisse. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 34. )
[223] Titus Livius, XIV. 48.
[224] We have the proof of this in the condemnation of those who
transgressed the law of Stolo. (Titus Livius, X. 13. )
[225] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 5. --Plutarch, _Cato_, iii.
[226] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 6.
[227] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 9.
[228] Titus Livius, IX. 46.
[229] “The goods of the debtor, not his body, should be responsible for
the debt. Thus all the captured citizens were free, and it was forbidden
for ever to put in bonds a debtor. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 28. )
[230] Ignorance of the calendar, and of the method of fixing the
festivals, left to the pontiffs alone the knowledge of the days when it
was permitted to plead.
[231] “The lawyers, for fear that their services might become useless in
judicial proceedings, invented certain formulæ, in order to make
themselves necessary. ” (Cicero, _Pro Murena_, xi. )
[232] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XI. --Pliny, XVI. x. 37.
[233] Cicero, _Brutus_, C. xiv. --Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII. 2.
[234] “You see here all the principal senators who set you the example.
They will partake with you the fatigues and perils of war, although the
laws and their age exempt them from carrying arms. ” (_Speech of the
Dictator Postumius to his troops_; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 9. )
[235] Titus Livius, X. , XII. 49.
[236] Valerius Maximus, II. viii. 4, 7.
[237] Plutarch, _Flamininus_, xxviii.
[238] Aur. Victor, _Ill. Men_, xxxvi. and xxvii.
[239] Titus Livius, IX. 10
[240] “A sedition was already rising between the patricians and the
people, and the terror of so sudden a war (with the Tiburtini) stifled
it. ” (Titus Livius, VII. 12. )--“Appius Sabinus, to prevent the evils
which are an inevitable consequence of idleness, joined with want,
determined _to occupy the people in external wars, in order that,
gaining their living for themselves_, by finding on the lands of the
enemy abundant provisions which were not to be had in Rome, they might
render at the same time some service to the State, instead of troubling
at an unseasonable moment the senators in the administration of affairs.
He said that a town which, like Rome, disputed empire with all others,
and was hated by them, could not want a decent pretext for making war;
that, if they would judge the future by the past, they would see clearly
that all the seditions which had hitherto torn the Republic _had never
arrived except in time of peace_, when people no longer feared anything
from without. ” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 43. )
[241] Claudius made war thus in Umbria, and took the town of Camerinum,
the inhabitants of which he sold for slaves. (See Valerius Maximus, VI.
v. § 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. )--Camillus, after the capture of
Veii, caused the free men to be sold by auction. (Titus Livius, V.
22. )--In 365, the prisoners, the greater part Etruscans, were sold in
the same manner. (Titus Livius, VI. 4. )--The auxiliaries of the
Samnites, after the battle of Allifæ (447), were sold as slaves to the
number of 7,000. (Titus Livius, IX. 42. )
[242] “The military port alone contained two hundred and twenty
vessels. ” (Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 96, p. 437, ed. Schweighæuser. )
[243] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 95, p. 436.
[244] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[245] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 130, p. 490.
[246] 5,820,000 francs [£232,800]. (Appian, _Punic Wars_, CXXVII. 486. )
Following the labours of MM. Letronne, Böckh, Mommsen, &c. , we have
admitted for the sums indicated in the course of the present work the
following reckonings:--
The _as_ of copper = 1/10 deniers = 5 centimes.
The _sestertius_ = 0. 975 grammes = 19 centimes.
The _denarius_ = 3. 898 grammes = 75 centimes.
The _great sestertius_ = 100,000 sestertii = 19,000 francs [£760].
The Attic or Euboic _talent_, of 26 kilogrammes,
196 grammes = 5,821 francs [£232 16s. ].
The _mina_, of 436 grammes = 97 francs.
The _drachma_, of 4. 37 grammes = 97 centimes.
The _obolus_, of 0. 73 grammes = 16 centimes.
The Æginetic talent was equivalent to 8,500 Attic drachmas (37
kilogrammes, 2 gr. ) = 8,270 francs [£330 16s. ]. The Babylonic silver
talent is of 33 kilogrammes, 42 = 7,426 francs [£297]. (See, for
details, Mommsen, _Römisches Münzwesen_, pp. 24-26, 55. Hultsch,
_Griechische und Römische Metrologie_, pp. 135-137. )
[247] Nearly 700,000 francs [£28,000]. (Athenæus, XII. lviii. 509, ed.
Schweighæuser. )
[248] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[249] Scylax of Caryanda, _Periplus_, p. 51 _et seq. _, ed. Hudson.
[250] See the work of Heeren, _Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr, und
den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt_, Part I. , Vol. II. ,
secs. v. and vi. , p. 163 _et seq. _, 188 _et seq. _ 3rd edit.
[251] Athenæus informs us that Polemon had composed an entire treatise
on the mantles of the divinities of Carthage. (XII. lviii. 541. )
[252] Herodotus, VII. 145. --Polybius, I. 67. --Titus Livius, XXVIII. 41.
[253] Reckoning, after Titus Livius, her troops at the time of the
second Punic War, we find a force of 291,000 foot and 9,500 horse.
(Titus Livius, Books XXI. to XXIX. )
[254] Carthage, under certain circumstances, could make daily a hundred
and forty shields, three hundred swords, five hundred lances, and a
thousand darts for catapults. (Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15. )
[255] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[256] In 513, 3,200 Euboic talents (18,627,200 francs [£745,088]); in
516, 1,200 talents (6,985,200 francs [£279,408]); in 552, 10,000 talents
(58,210,000 francs [£2,328,400]). Scipio, the first Africanus, brought,
besides this, 123,000 pounds weight of gold from this town. (Polybius,
I. 62, 63, 88; XV. 18. --Titus Livius, XXX. 37, 45. )
[257] Aristotle, _Politics_, VII. iii. § 5. --Polybius, I. 72.
[258] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 17.
[259] Pliny, _Natural History_, V. iii. 24.
[260] Scylax of Caryanda, _Periplus_, p. 49. edit. Hudson.
[261] Polybius, XII. 3.
[262] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 62.
[263] 58,200 francs (£2,328). (Titus Livius, XXII. 31. )
[264] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, xix.
[265] Pliny, citing this fact, throws doubt upon it. (_Natural History_,
V. i. 8. )--See the _Periplus_ of Hanno, in the collection of the minor
Greek geographers.
[266] Strabo, III. v. § 3.
[267] Strabo, III. ii. § 1.
[268] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iii. 30. --Strabo, III. ii. § 8.
[269] Strabo, III. ii. § 3. --Pliny, III. i. 3; XXXIII. vii. 40.
[270] Above 25,000 francs [£1,000]. (Strabo, III. ii. § 10. )
[271] 767,695 pounds of silver and 10,918 pounds of gold, without
reckoning what was furnished by certain partial impositions, sometimes
very heavy, such as those of Marcolica, one million of sestertii
(230,000 francs [£9,200]), and of Certima, 2,400,000 sestertii (550,000
francs [£22,000]). (See Books XXVIII. to XLVI. of Titus Livius. ) Such
were the resources of Spain, even in the smallest localities, that in
602, C. Marcellus imposed on a little town of the Celtiberians
(_Ocilis_) a contribution of thirty talents of silver (about 174,600
francs [£6,984]); and this contribution was regarded by the neighbouring
cities as most moderate. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, VI. xlviii. 158, ed.
Schweighæuser. ) Posidonius, cited by Strabo (III. iv. , p. 135), relates
that M. Marcellus extorted from the Celtiberians a tribute of six
hundred talents (about 3,492,600 francs [£139,704]).
[272] A fabulous people, spoken of by Homer. (Athenæus, I. xxviii. 60,
edit. Schweighæuser. )
[273] Diodorus Siculus, V. 34, 35.
[274] Pliny, _Natural History_, XIX. i. 10.
[275] In the time of Hannibal, this town was one of the richest in the
peninsula. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, xii. 113. )
[276] Strabo, III. iv. § 2.
[277] Polybius, XXXIV. , _Fragm. _, 8.
[278] The medimnus of barley (52 litres) sold for one drachma (97
centimes); the medimnus of wheat, 9 oboli (about 1 franc 45 centimes).
(The medium value of 52 litres in France is 10 francs. ) A metretes of
wine (39 litres) was worth one drachma (97 centimes); a hare, one obolus
(16 centimes); a goat, one obolus (16 centimes); a lamb, from 3 to 4
oboli (50 to 60 centimes); a pig of a hundred pounds weight, 5 drachmas
(4 francs 85 centimes); a sheep, 2 drachmas (1 franc 95 centimes); an ox
for drawing, 10 drachmas (9 francs 70 centimes); a calf, 5 drachmas (4
francs 85 centimes); a _talent_ (26 kilogrammes) of figs, 3 oboli (45
centimes).
[279] Strabo, III. ii. § 1.
[280] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, i. 102. --Pompey, in the trophies which he
raised to himself on the coast of Catalonia, affirmed that he had
received the submission of eight hundred and seventy-seven _oppida_.
(Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iii. 18. )--Pliny reckoned two hundred
and ninety-three in Hispania Citerior, and a hundred and seventy-nine in
Bætica. (_Natural History_, III. iii. 18. )--We may, moreover, form an
idea of the number of inhabitants by the amount of troops raised to
resist the Scipios. In adding together the numbers furnished by the
historians, we arrive at the fearful total of 317,700 men killed or made
prisoners. (Titus Livius, XXX. _et. seq. _)--In 548, we see two nations
of Spain, the Ilergetes and the Ausetani, joined with some other petty
tribes, put on foot an army of 30,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. (Titus
Livius, XXIX. 1. )--We remark fifteen to twenty others whose forces are
equal or superior. After the battle of Zama, Spain furnished Hasdrubal
with 50,000 footmen and 4,500 horsemen. (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12,
13. )--Cato has no sooner appeared with his fleet before Emporiæ, than an
army of 40,000 Spaniards, who could only have been collected in the
surrounding country, is ready prepared to resist him. (Appian, _Wars of
Spain_, 40, p. 147. )--In Lusitania itself, a country of which the
population was much less, we see Servius Galba and Lucullus killing
12,500 men. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 58, 59, p. 170 _et.
seq. _)--Although laid waste and depopulated by these two generals, the
country, at the end of a few years, furnished again to Viriathus
considerable forces.
[281] Titus Livius, XXII. 20.
[282] Strabo, IV. i. § 11; ii. § 14; iii. § 3.
[283] See what M. Amedée Thierry says, _Hist. des Gaul. _, II. 134 _et
seq. _ 3d edit.
[284] Pliny, XXI. 31.
[285] Diodorus Siculus, V. 26. --Athenæus, IV. xxxvi. 94.
[286] Demosthenes, _Thirty-second Oration against Zenothemis_, 980,
edit. Bekker.
[287] Strabo, IV. vi. § 2, 3.
[288] Diodorus Siculus, V. xxxix.
[289] See Titus Livius, XXXII. to XLII.
[290] See Strabo, V. i. § 10, 11.
[291] Strabo, V. i. § 12.
[292] Gold was originally very abundant in Gaul; but the mines whence it
was extracted, and the rivers which carried it, must have been soon
exhausted, for the quality of the Gaulish gold coins becomes more and
more abased as the date of their fabrication approaches that of the
Roman conquest.
[293] Strabo, V. i. § 7. --Titus Livius, X. 2.
[294] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. xvi. 119. --Martial, _Epigr. _, IV.
xxv. --_Antonine Itinerary_, 126.
[295] Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXVII. iii. § 11.
[296] Small vessels, quick sailers, and rapid in their movements,
excellent for piracy; also called _liburnæ_, from the name of the people
who employed them.
[297] Polybius, II. 5.
[298] Titus Livius, XLI. 2, 4, 11.
[299] Polybius, II. 8.
[300] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 5.
[301] Pliny, XXXV. 60.
[302] Polybius, XXII. 13.
[303] Polybius, XXX. xv. § 5. --Titus Livius, XLV. 34.
[304] Plutarch, _Flamininus_, 2.
[305] Polybius, V. 9.
[306] Aristides, _Panathen. _, p. 149.
[307] Pausanias, _Attica_, xxviii.
[308] Plutarch, _Sylla_, 20.
[309] Pausanias, _Laconia_, xi. We must further mention the famous
temple of bronze of Minerva, the two gymnasia, and the Platanistum, a
spacious place where the competitions of the youths took place,
(Pausanias, _Laconia_, xiv. )
[310] Stephanus of Byzantium, under the word Λακεδαἱμων, p. 413.
[311] Pausanias, _Laconia_, xxi.
[312] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 29.
[313] Pausanias, _Arcadia_, xlv.
[314] Pausanias, _Arcadia_, xli. Thirty-six columns out of thirty-eight
are still standing.
[315] Pliny, _Natural History_, XIX. i. 4.
[316] Pausanias, _Elis_, II. 23 and 24.
[317] Pausanias, _Elis_, I. ii.
[318] Strabo, VIII. § 10, 19.
[319] Pausanias, _Corinth_, xxviii. 1.
[320] Pausanias, _Corinth_, xxvii.
[321] “Goods were not obliged to make the circuit by Corinth; a direct
road crossed the isthmus in the narrowest part, and they had even
established there a system of rollers on which vessels of small tonnage
were transported from one sea to the other. ” (Strabo, VIII. ii. §
3. --Polybius, IV. 19. )
[322] Pausanias, _Attica_, ii.
[323] Cicero, _De Republica_, II. 4. --Strabo, VIII. vi. § 20.
[324] Strabo, VIII. vi.
_Quirina_, in 513 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX. ).
[220] At the beginning of each consular year, the magistrates or
deputies of the towns were obliged to repair to Rome, and the consuls
there fixed the contingent which each of them was to furnish according
to the list of the census. These lists were drawn up by the local
magistrates, who sent them to the Senate, and were renewed every five
years, except in the Latin colonies, where they seem to have taken for a
constant basis the number of primitive colonists.
[221] The country of the Samnites, among others, was completely cut up
by these domains.
[222] Titus Livius places in the mouth of the consul Decius, in 452,
these remarkable words: “Jam ne _nobilitatis_ quidem suæ plebeios
pœnitere” (Titus Livius, X. 7); and later still, towards 538, a tribune
expresses himself thus: “Nam _plebeios nobiles_ jam eisdem initiatos
esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni desierint a patribus,
cœpisse. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 34. )
[223] Titus Livius, XIV. 48.
[224] We have the proof of this in the condemnation of those who
transgressed the law of Stolo. (Titus Livius, X. 13. )
[225] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 5. --Plutarch, _Cato_, iii.
[226] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 6.
[227] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 9.
[228] Titus Livius, IX. 46.
[229] “The goods of the debtor, not his body, should be responsible for
the debt. Thus all the captured citizens were free, and it was forbidden
for ever to put in bonds a debtor. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 28. )
[230] Ignorance of the calendar, and of the method of fixing the
festivals, left to the pontiffs alone the knowledge of the days when it
was permitted to plead.
[231] “The lawyers, for fear that their services might become useless in
judicial proceedings, invented certain formulæ, in order to make
themselves necessary. ” (Cicero, _Pro Murena_, xi. )
[232] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XI. --Pliny, XVI. x. 37.
[233] Cicero, _Brutus_, C. xiv. --Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII. 2.
[234] “You see here all the principal senators who set you the example.
They will partake with you the fatigues and perils of war, although the
laws and their age exempt them from carrying arms. ” (_Speech of the
Dictator Postumius to his troops_; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 9. )
[235] Titus Livius, X. , XII. 49.
[236] Valerius Maximus, II. viii. 4, 7.
[237] Plutarch, _Flamininus_, xxviii.
[238] Aur. Victor, _Ill. Men_, xxxvi. and xxvii.
[239] Titus Livius, IX. 10
[240] “A sedition was already rising between the patricians and the
people, and the terror of so sudden a war (with the Tiburtini) stifled
it. ” (Titus Livius, VII. 12. )--“Appius Sabinus, to prevent the evils
which are an inevitable consequence of idleness, joined with want,
determined _to occupy the people in external wars, in order that,
gaining their living for themselves_, by finding on the lands of the
enemy abundant provisions which were not to be had in Rome, they might
render at the same time some service to the State, instead of troubling
at an unseasonable moment the senators in the administration of affairs.
He said that a town which, like Rome, disputed empire with all others,
and was hated by them, could not want a decent pretext for making war;
that, if they would judge the future by the past, they would see clearly
that all the seditions which had hitherto torn the Republic _had never
arrived except in time of peace_, when people no longer feared anything
from without. ” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 43. )
[241] Claudius made war thus in Umbria, and took the town of Camerinum,
the inhabitants of which he sold for slaves. (See Valerius Maximus, VI.
v. § 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. )--Camillus, after the capture of
Veii, caused the free men to be sold by auction. (Titus Livius, V.
22. )--In 365, the prisoners, the greater part Etruscans, were sold in
the same manner. (Titus Livius, VI. 4. )--The auxiliaries of the
Samnites, after the battle of Allifæ (447), were sold as slaves to the
number of 7,000. (Titus Livius, IX. 42. )
[242] “The military port alone contained two hundred and twenty
vessels. ” (Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 96, p. 437, ed. Schweighæuser. )
[243] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 95, p. 436.
[244] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[245] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 130, p. 490.
[246] 5,820,000 francs [£232,800]. (Appian, _Punic Wars_, CXXVII. 486. )
Following the labours of MM. Letronne, Böckh, Mommsen, &c. , we have
admitted for the sums indicated in the course of the present work the
following reckonings:--
The _as_ of copper = 1/10 deniers = 5 centimes.
The _sestertius_ = 0. 975 grammes = 19 centimes.
The _denarius_ = 3. 898 grammes = 75 centimes.
The _great sestertius_ = 100,000 sestertii = 19,000 francs [£760].
The Attic or Euboic _talent_, of 26 kilogrammes,
196 grammes = 5,821 francs [£232 16s. ].
The _mina_, of 436 grammes = 97 francs.
The _drachma_, of 4. 37 grammes = 97 centimes.
The _obolus_, of 0. 73 grammes = 16 centimes.
The Æginetic talent was equivalent to 8,500 Attic drachmas (37
kilogrammes, 2 gr. ) = 8,270 francs [£330 16s. ]. The Babylonic silver
talent is of 33 kilogrammes, 42 = 7,426 francs [£297]. (See, for
details, Mommsen, _Römisches Münzwesen_, pp. 24-26, 55. Hultsch,
_Griechische und Römische Metrologie_, pp. 135-137. )
[247] Nearly 700,000 francs [£28,000]. (Athenæus, XII. lviii. 509, ed.
Schweighæuser. )
[248] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[249] Scylax of Caryanda, _Periplus_, p. 51 _et seq. _, ed. Hudson.
[250] See the work of Heeren, _Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr, und
den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt_, Part I. , Vol. II. ,
secs. v. and vi. , p. 163 _et seq. _, 188 _et seq. _ 3rd edit.
[251] Athenæus informs us that Polemon had composed an entire treatise
on the mantles of the divinities of Carthage. (XII. lviii. 541. )
[252] Herodotus, VII. 145. --Polybius, I. 67. --Titus Livius, XXVIII. 41.
[253] Reckoning, after Titus Livius, her troops at the time of the
second Punic War, we find a force of 291,000 foot and 9,500 horse.
(Titus Livius, Books XXI. to XXIX. )
[254] Carthage, under certain circumstances, could make daily a hundred
and forty shields, three hundred swords, five hundred lances, and a
thousand darts for catapults. (Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15. )
[255] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[256] In 513, 3,200 Euboic talents (18,627,200 francs [£745,088]); in
516, 1,200 talents (6,985,200 francs [£279,408]); in 552, 10,000 talents
(58,210,000 francs [£2,328,400]). Scipio, the first Africanus, brought,
besides this, 123,000 pounds weight of gold from this town. (Polybius,
I. 62, 63, 88; XV. 18. --Titus Livius, XXX. 37, 45. )
[257] Aristotle, _Politics_, VII. iii. § 5. --Polybius, I. 72.
[258] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 17.
[259] Pliny, _Natural History_, V. iii. 24.
[260] Scylax of Caryanda, _Periplus_, p. 49. edit. Hudson.
[261] Polybius, XII. 3.
[262] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 62.
[263] 58,200 francs (£2,328). (Titus Livius, XXII. 31. )
[264] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, xix.
[265] Pliny, citing this fact, throws doubt upon it. (_Natural History_,
V. i. 8. )--See the _Periplus_ of Hanno, in the collection of the minor
Greek geographers.
[266] Strabo, III. v. § 3.
[267] Strabo, III. ii. § 1.
[268] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iii. 30. --Strabo, III. ii. § 8.
[269] Strabo, III. ii. § 3. --Pliny, III. i. 3; XXXIII. vii. 40.
[270] Above 25,000 francs [£1,000]. (Strabo, III. ii. § 10. )
[271] 767,695 pounds of silver and 10,918 pounds of gold, without
reckoning what was furnished by certain partial impositions, sometimes
very heavy, such as those of Marcolica, one million of sestertii
(230,000 francs [£9,200]), and of Certima, 2,400,000 sestertii (550,000
francs [£22,000]). (See Books XXVIII. to XLVI. of Titus Livius. ) Such
were the resources of Spain, even in the smallest localities, that in
602, C. Marcellus imposed on a little town of the Celtiberians
(_Ocilis_) a contribution of thirty talents of silver (about 174,600
francs [£6,984]); and this contribution was regarded by the neighbouring
cities as most moderate. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, VI. xlviii. 158, ed.
Schweighæuser. ) Posidonius, cited by Strabo (III. iv. , p. 135), relates
that M. Marcellus extorted from the Celtiberians a tribute of six
hundred talents (about 3,492,600 francs [£139,704]).
[272] A fabulous people, spoken of by Homer. (Athenæus, I. xxviii. 60,
edit. Schweighæuser. )
[273] Diodorus Siculus, V. 34, 35.
[274] Pliny, _Natural History_, XIX. i. 10.
[275] In the time of Hannibal, this town was one of the richest in the
peninsula. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, xii. 113. )
[276] Strabo, III. iv. § 2.
[277] Polybius, XXXIV. , _Fragm. _, 8.
[278] The medimnus of barley (52 litres) sold for one drachma (97
centimes); the medimnus of wheat, 9 oboli (about 1 franc 45 centimes).
(The medium value of 52 litres in France is 10 francs. ) A metretes of
wine (39 litres) was worth one drachma (97 centimes); a hare, one obolus
(16 centimes); a goat, one obolus (16 centimes); a lamb, from 3 to 4
oboli (50 to 60 centimes); a pig of a hundred pounds weight, 5 drachmas
(4 francs 85 centimes); a sheep, 2 drachmas (1 franc 95 centimes); an ox
for drawing, 10 drachmas (9 francs 70 centimes); a calf, 5 drachmas (4
francs 85 centimes); a _talent_ (26 kilogrammes) of figs, 3 oboli (45
centimes).
[279] Strabo, III. ii. § 1.
[280] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, i. 102. --Pompey, in the trophies which he
raised to himself on the coast of Catalonia, affirmed that he had
received the submission of eight hundred and seventy-seven _oppida_.
(Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iii. 18. )--Pliny reckoned two hundred
and ninety-three in Hispania Citerior, and a hundred and seventy-nine in
Bætica. (_Natural History_, III. iii. 18. )--We may, moreover, form an
idea of the number of inhabitants by the amount of troops raised to
resist the Scipios. In adding together the numbers furnished by the
historians, we arrive at the fearful total of 317,700 men killed or made
prisoners. (Titus Livius, XXX. _et. seq. _)--In 548, we see two nations
of Spain, the Ilergetes and the Ausetani, joined with some other petty
tribes, put on foot an army of 30,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. (Titus
Livius, XXIX. 1. )--We remark fifteen to twenty others whose forces are
equal or superior. After the battle of Zama, Spain furnished Hasdrubal
with 50,000 footmen and 4,500 horsemen. (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12,
13. )--Cato has no sooner appeared with his fleet before Emporiæ, than an
army of 40,000 Spaniards, who could only have been collected in the
surrounding country, is ready prepared to resist him. (Appian, _Wars of
Spain_, 40, p. 147. )--In Lusitania itself, a country of which the
population was much less, we see Servius Galba and Lucullus killing
12,500 men. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 58, 59, p. 170 _et.
seq. _)--Although laid waste and depopulated by these two generals, the
country, at the end of a few years, furnished again to Viriathus
considerable forces.
[281] Titus Livius, XXII. 20.
[282] Strabo, IV. i. § 11; ii. § 14; iii. § 3.
[283] See what M. Amedée Thierry says, _Hist. des Gaul. _, II. 134 _et
seq. _ 3d edit.
[284] Pliny, XXI. 31.
[285] Diodorus Siculus, V. 26. --Athenæus, IV. xxxvi. 94.
[286] Demosthenes, _Thirty-second Oration against Zenothemis_, 980,
edit. Bekker.
[287] Strabo, IV. vi. § 2, 3.
[288] Diodorus Siculus, V. xxxix.
[289] See Titus Livius, XXXII. to XLII.
[290] See Strabo, V. i. § 10, 11.
[291] Strabo, V. i. § 12.
[292] Gold was originally very abundant in Gaul; but the mines whence it
was extracted, and the rivers which carried it, must have been soon
exhausted, for the quality of the Gaulish gold coins becomes more and
more abased as the date of their fabrication approaches that of the
Roman conquest.
[293] Strabo, V. i. § 7. --Titus Livius, X. 2.
[294] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. xvi. 119. --Martial, _Epigr. _, IV.
xxv. --_Antonine Itinerary_, 126.
[295] Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXVII. iii. § 11.
[296] Small vessels, quick sailers, and rapid in their movements,
excellent for piracy; also called _liburnæ_, from the name of the people
who employed them.
[297] Polybius, II. 5.
[298] Titus Livius, XLI. 2, 4, 11.
[299] Polybius, II. 8.
[300] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 5.
[301] Pliny, XXXV. 60.
[302] Polybius, XXII. 13.
[303] Polybius, XXX. xv. § 5. --Titus Livius, XLV. 34.
[304] Plutarch, _Flamininus_, 2.
[305] Polybius, V. 9.
[306] Aristides, _Panathen. _, p. 149.
[307] Pausanias, _Attica_, xxviii.
[308] Plutarch, _Sylla_, 20.
[309] Pausanias, _Laconia_, xi. We must further mention the famous
temple of bronze of Minerva, the two gymnasia, and the Platanistum, a
spacious place where the competitions of the youths took place,
(Pausanias, _Laconia_, xiv. )
[310] Stephanus of Byzantium, under the word Λακεδαἱμων, p. 413.
[311] Pausanias, _Laconia_, xxi.
[312] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 29.
[313] Pausanias, _Arcadia_, xlv.
[314] Pausanias, _Arcadia_, xli. Thirty-six columns out of thirty-eight
are still standing.
[315] Pliny, _Natural History_, XIX. i. 4.
[316] Pausanias, _Elis_, II. 23 and 24.
[317] Pausanias, _Elis_, I. ii.
[318] Strabo, VIII. § 10, 19.
[319] Pausanias, _Corinth_, xxviii. 1.
[320] Pausanias, _Corinth_, xxvii.
[321] “Goods were not obliged to make the circuit by Corinth; a direct
road crossed the isthmus in the narrowest part, and they had even
established there a system of rollers on which vessels of small tonnage
were transported from one sea to the other. ” (Strabo, VIII. ii. §
3. --Polybius, IV. 19. )
[322] Pausanias, _Attica_, ii.
[323] Cicero, _De Republica_, II. 4. --Strabo, VIII. vi. § 20.
[324] Strabo, VIII. vi.
