A
celebrated
American
classical scholar; born in New York city, Nov.
classical scholar; born in New York city, Nov.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
C.
He
was probably a pupil of Anaximander. He
held that air is the original substance, from
which, by thickening and thinning, all other
elements, as fire, water, earth, are produced.
But little is known of him, there being extant
but a single fragment of his lost work (On
Nature.
Ancelot, Jacques Arsène Polycarpe (ons-
lõ'). A French dramatist (1794-1854), whose
first success the tragedy (Louis IX.
(1819). In 1841 he was elected a member
of the Academy. His works include: (Fiesco)
(1824), a successful imitation of Schiller's play;
(Maria Padilla) (1838); Marie of Brabant,
an epic (1825); (Six Months in Russia, a
medley of prose and verse (1827); (The Man
of the World,' a novel (1827); (Familiar Epis-
tles) (1842), satires of great elegance of style.
His wife Marguerite Louise Virginie, née Char-
don (1792–1875), was frequently his co-laborer
and also the author of plays and novels. Of
the former, Marie, or the Three Epochs)
(1836) is the best ; of the latter, (Renée de
Varville) (1853) and (The Banker's Niece)
(1853) found most favor.
Anczyc, Vladislav Ludvig (än'tsich). A
Polish dramatist (1823-83), who lived mostly at
Cracow, and wrote national plays which be-
came very popular. The best among them
are : (The Peasant-Aristocrats) (1851); (The
Inhabitants Lobsov) (1854); The Raftsmen'
(1875); “The Peasants' Emigration (1876); be-
sides which he wrote (Tyrtæus,' a poetical tale
(1883), and many juvenile works, partly under
the pseudonym “Kasimir Góralczyk. ”
Andersen, Hans Christian (än'der-sen). An
eminent Danish poet and story writer; born
at Odense, April 2, 1805; died Aug. 4, 1875.
Having lost his father early in childhood, the
boy received his elementary education in a
charity school. He traveled in Germany, 1828,
making the acquaintance of Chamisso and
Tieck; then he made tours in France, Italy,
and the East. His impressions of Italy are
embodied in “The Improvvisatore) (1835), the
work which first gave him fame at home and
abroad. In the same year appeared (O. T. ,' a
novel of life and nature in the North. Only
a Fiddler) (1837) is founded on the experi-
ences of the author's early life. (The Poet's
Bazar) (1842) is inspired by the impressions
of Oriental travel. He is seen at his very
best in (The Picture Book without Pictures.
Among his dramatic compositions are: (The
Mulatto, a romantic play which was received
with high popular favor; (The Flowers of
Happiness, a comedy; "Raphaella,' a roman-
tic drama; (Ahasuerus, designed to emphasize
certain problems of philosophy; (The Two
Baronesses, a comedy of Danish life. the
English-speaking world Andersen's great fame
will ever rest upon his stories for children,
the celebrated (Wonder Tales.
Andersen, Karl. A Danish poet; born in
Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1828; died there, Sept.
1, 1883. Among his epic and lyrical produc-
tions are : (Striſe and Peace) (1858); Pic-
tures of Travel (1864); (On the Arno and the
Ganges) (1865); Light and Shade) (1808);
(Romances and Songs) (1880). In the prose
tale, "Over Cliff and Surf) (1883), he de-
scribed admirably nature and life in Iceland,
where he spent his youth; but his most popu-
lar work is (Genre Pictures) (1876-81), seven
collections of scenes from daily life.
Anderson, Mary. See Navarro, Mary (An-
derson) de.
(
was
## p. 19 (#35) ##############################################
ANDERSON - ANDRIEUX
19
Anderson, Rasmus Björn. An American
author; born in Albion, Wis. , Jan. 12, 1846, of
Norwegian parents. He was educated at Nor-
wegian Lutheran College, Decorah, lowa; be-
coming professor of Scandinavian languages
in the University of Wisconsin in 1875-84, and
United States minister to Denmark in 1885.
His books include : (America not Discovered
by Christopher Columbus) (1874); (Norse My-
thology) (1875); "Viking Tales of the North)
(1877); (Translation of the Younger Edda)
(1880).
Anderson, Robert. An English dialect poet ;
born in Carlisle, Feb. I, 1770; died there, Sept.
26, 1833. He was a mill hand who produced
delightfully humorous and gracefully pathetic
verse in his native Cumbrian dialect ; typical
examples being (The Impatient Lass, (Lucy
Gray,' and (The Lass abuin Thirty. )
Andreä, Johann Valentin (än-dra'e). A
German theologian and satirist (1586-1654). He
traveled as the tutor of young noblemen through
France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1607-14; be-
came court preacher at Stuttgart in 1639, and
abbot of Adelberg in 1650. The chief among
his writings, partly in Latin, partly in German,
full of ingenious thought, are: (Turbo (1616),
a dramatic satire on the scholarship of his day;
Menippus) (1617), 100 satirical dialogues ;
(Spiritual Pastime) (1619).
Andreini, Giovanni Battista (än-dra-z'nē).
An Italian comedian and poet; born in Flor-
ence, 1578; died in Paris about 1650. From
his sacred drama (Adam) (1613), Milton is
by some supposed to have derived the idea of
Paradise Lost.
Andrews, Charles McLean. An American
historical and descriptive writer; born in Con-
necticut, 1863. He is professor at Bryn Mawr
College. He has written : Historical Develop-
ment of Modern Europe); River Towns of
Connecticut); (The Old English Manor. )
Andrews, Christopher Columbus. An Amer-
ican diplomat and writer; born at Hillsbor-
ough, N. H. , Oct. 27, 1829. He was brevetted
major-general in the Civil War, was minister
to Sweden from 1869 to 1877, and consul-gen-
eral to Brazil from 1882 to 1885. Among his
numerous works are : Minnesota and Dakota)
(1857); Practical Treatise on the Revenue
Laws of the United States) (1858); ( History
of the Campaign of Mobile (1867); Brazil, its
Condition and Prospects' (1887).
Andrews, Elisha Benjamin. An American
historical and economical writer; born at Hins-
daie, N. H. , Jan. 10, 1844. After serving in the
Civil War, finishing his college and theological
education, preaching about a year at Beverly,
Mass. , being president of a university in Ohio,
professor in Newton Theological Institute and
Brown and Cornell Universities, he became
president of Brown University (1889). He went
as one of the United States commissioners to
the monetary conference at Brussels in 1892.
He has written : (Institutes of our Constitutional
History, English and American' (1887); (Insti-
tutes of General History) (1889); (Institutes of
Economics) (1889); History of the United
States); (History of the Last Quarter-Century
in the United States. )
Andrews, Ethan Allen. An American ed-
ucator and lexicographer; born at New Britain,
Conn. , April 7, 1787; died there, March 24,
1858. He was professor of ancient languages
at the University of North Carolina, 1822-28;
edited the Religious Magazine with Jacob Ab-
bott, whom he succeeded as principal of the
Young Ladies' School in Boston; but his chief
work was compiling classical text-books. He
edited the well-known (Latin-English Lexicon
(1850), based on Freund; and Andrews and
Stoddard's Latin Grammar) (with Solomon
Stoddard ; 65th ed. 1857) was for many years
the leading one in America.
Andrews, James Pettit. An English his.
torian and antiquary; born near Newbury,
Berkshire, about 1737; died in London, Aug.
6, 1797. His principal works were : (A Collec-
tion of Anecdotes, etc. , Ancient and Modern)
(1789); History of Great Britain, etc. ) (1794-
95); Henry's History of Britain, Continued)
(1796); etc.
Andrews, Jane, An American juvenile-story
writer; born in Massachusetts in 1833; died in
1887. Among her stories for children, which
have enjoyed great popularity, are: (Seven
Little Sisters who Live on the Round Ball
that Floats in the Air (1876); (The Stories
Mother Nature Told); (The Seven Little
Sisters Prove their Sisterhood) (1878); (Ten
Boys on the Road from Long Ago to Now)
(1885); (Only a Year and What it Brought)
(1887).
Andrews, Stephen Pearl. An American
miscellaneous writer; born at Templeton,
Mass. , March 22, 1812; died at New York,
May 21, 1886. He was a prominent abolition-
ist, practiced law in the South, and settled
in New York in 1847. He paid much atten-
tion to phonographic reporting, and also to
the development of a universal philosophy
which he called "Integralism, and of a uni-
versal language, “Alwato. Besides numerous
works relating to these subjects, he wrote:
"Comparison of the Common Law with the
Roman, French, or Spanish Civil Law on
Entails, etc. ? ; Love, Marriage, and Divorce);
(French, with or without a Master); (The
Labor Dollar) (1881); (Transactions of the
Colloquium) (a society founded by himself
and his friends for philosophical discussion,
1882-83). He contributed to the London Times
and other papers, and was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and
the American Ethnological Society.
Andrieux, François Jean Stanislas (on-
dre-ė). A French poet and dramatist ; born in
Strasbourg, May 6, 1759 ; died in Paris, May
9, 1833. Pr: icing law in Paris at the out.
break of the Revolution, he became a zealous
## p. 20 (#36) ##############################################
ANDRONICUS - ANSTEY
20
adherent of the latter, and in 1798 was elected
to the Council of the Five Hundred. In 1795
he was elected a member, and in 1823 secre-
tary for life, of the Academy. His forte is
the poetical tale, in which aims at classical
purity of language and prosody. The most
noted are: (The Miller of Sanssouci) (1797);
(Fenelon's Walk); and (The Trial of the Senate
of Capua. Of his dramatic work may be men-
tioned the comedies (The Heedless) (1787);
(Molière with his Friends) (1804); (The Come-
dian) (1816); and the tragedy Junius Brutus)
(1794).
Andronicus, Livius (an-dro-ni'cus). An early
Roman dramatic poet and actor; born at Ta-
rentum, about 284 B. C. ; died about 204. A
Greek by birth, captured in war and sold as a
slave in Rome, he was afterward freed, and
became a teacher of Latin and Greek. His
plays, mostly tragedies, with a few comedies,
were translated from the Greek. They were
first played in Rome, 240 B. C.
Aneurin. A famous Welsh bard of the 6th
century. Of his epic and songs we possess the
(Godolin,' which is believed to be a descrip-
tion of one of the last great battles of the
native Britons with the Saxon invaders. The
poem as it has come down to us contains
nearly 1,000 lines, but it is not complete and
lacks unity. The sense is obscure, and sev-
eral passages are capable of various interpreta-
tions. *
Angell, James Burrill. An American edu-
cator, diplomatist, and writer ; born at Scituate,
R. I. , Jan. 7, 1829. He was graduated from
Brown University in 1849, and professor of mod-
ern languages there from 1853 to 1860. From
1860 to 1866 he was editor of the Providence
Journal. He was president of the University
of Vermont from 1866 to 1871. In 1871 he be-
came president of the University of Michigan.
He was minister to China from 1880 to 1881,
and is now minister to Turkey. Among his
works are : (Manual of French Literature)
(1857); Progress of International Law) (1875).
Angelo, Michel. See Michel Angelo.
Angelus Silesius (än'je-lus si-lē'shi-us), pseu-
donym of Johannes Scheffler. A German mystic
and sacred poet (1624-77), brought up in the
Lutheran faith, but in 1653 embraced Catholi-
cism, in 1661 was ordained priest, and in 1664
became councilor of the Prince-Bishop of
Breslau. His poems, some of which are ex-
quisite sacred lyrics, appeared collected as
(Spiritual Joys) (1657) and (Cherubic Wan-
derer) (1675).
Angely, Louis (än'je-li). A German dram-
atist (1787–1835). He was for several years a
favorite comic actor in Berlin, and skillfully
adapted to local conditions a number of French
comedies, among which the most popular were:
(Schoolboy Pranks); (The Journey at Com-
mon Expense); (Of Seven the Ugliest); (The
Artisans' Festival); (Seven Girls in Uniform.
Anicet-Bourgeois, Auguste (ä-nē-sā' bör-
zhwa'). A French dramatist; born in Paris,
Dec. 25, 1806; died there, Jan. 12, 1871. He
wrote about 200 comedies, vaudevilles, melo-
ramas, often in collaboration with Barbier,
Ducange, Féval, Labiche, and others; while on
the other hand he is the real and sole author
of some of the best plays ascribed to the elder
Dumas (for instance (Térésa,'(Angèle, Cathe-
rine Howard). Among his own productions
the following deserve mention : (The Venetian
(1834); (The Poor Girl' (1838); (Stella (1843).
Annunzio, Gabriele d' (än-nön'tsē-7). An
Italian novelist and poet; born on the yacht
Irene in the Adriatic, near Pescara, in 1864
Educated at Prato; went to Rome in 1880;
and is one of the most conspicuous Italian
writers of the day. He abandoned Italian
traditions for the modern French realism.
His poems and novels are brilliant but
sensual, the later works pessimistic. They
include: Pleasure) (1889); (The Triumph of
Death) (1894); and (Maidens of the Crag!
(1895). Among his poems are: (The New
Song) (Rome, 1882); (Interludes of Verse)
(1883); and Marine Odes' (1893). *
Ansbach, Elizabeth, Margravine of. See
Craven, Lady.
Anslo, Reimér (äns'lo). A Dutch poet;
born at Amsterdam, 1622 or 1626; died at
Perugia, May 16, 1669. He is an imitator of
Vondel, and one of the foremost Dutch poets
of his time. He went to Italy and lived for
many years in Rome, where he wrote his finest
poems. His most famous work is “The Plague
at Naples, and the next in importance (The
Eve of St. Bartholomew,' both epics.
Anspach, Frederick Rinehart. An Amer-
ican clergyman and religious writer; born in
central Pennsylvania, Jan. 1815; died in Balti-
more, Md. , Sept. 16, 1867. He was educated
at Pennsylvania College and the Lutheran Theo-
logical Seminary. His works include: (Sons
of the Sires) (1854); (Sepulchres of the De-
parted? (1854); (The Two Pilgrims) (1857).
Anstey, Christopher. An English poet
(1724-1805). He was a gentleman of fortune,
and wrote (The New Bath Guide) (1766), hu-
morous letters in rhyme describing life at that
fashionable watering-place. These became fa-
mous, and Smollett borrowed largely from the
work for (Humphrey Clinker. He also wrote
(An Election Ball and Other Verses) (1776).
Anstey, F. , pseudonym of Thomas Anstey
Guthrie. An English humorist; born in Ken-
sington in 1856. He graduated from Cam-
bridge in 1875, was called to the bar in 1880,
and joined Punch staff in 1887. He is the
author of : (Vice Versâ) (1882); (The Giant's
Robe) (1883); (The Black Poodle) (1884);
(The Tinted Venus) (1885); (The Pariah)
(1889); (Voces Populi) (1890); Mr. Punch's
Pocket Ibsen (1893); and Puppets at Large)
(1897).
## p. 21 (#37) ##############################################
ANTAR- APULEIUS
21
Anton Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfen-
büttel (än'ton öl'rich). A German novelist and
poet (1633-1714), a zealous patron of art and
science, author of two voluminous novels, highly
famed in their time. They were (The Serene
Syrian Aramena) (1669–73) and (The Roman
Octavia) (1677). He also composed numerous
sacred poems.
Antar (än'tär) or Antarah, ben Shedad el
Absi. A famous Arab poet; born about the
middle of the sixth century A. D. , died about
615 A. D. He is the author of one of the seven
celebrated (suspended poems. He lauds the
beauty of his mistress, and rehearses the story
of his adventures in Arabia. Portions were
translated into English verse by Terrick Ham-
ilton (1820. ) *
Antheunis, Gentil Theodoor (än'tė-nes). A
Flemish poet; born at Oudenaarde, Sept. 9,
1840. At first a teacher in his native place
and at Dendermonde, he afterwards became a
justice of the peace in Brussels. His lyrics,
excelling in euphony and tender sentiment,
have frequently been set to music. They ap-
peared in collections : From the Heart' (1875);
(Songs and Poems) (1874); Life, Love, and
Song) (1879).
Anthon, Charles.
A celebrated American
classical scholar; born in New York city, Nov.
19, 1797; died July 29, 1867. He was for many
years professor of ancient languages at Colum-
bia College. A beautiful edition of Horace
first made him famous among scholars. His
best known work was an edition of Lem-
prière's 'Classical Dictionary) (1841). He was
also the editor of over fifty classical text-books.
Antimachus (an-tim'a-kus). A Greek epic
and elegiac poet; fourished about 400 B. C.
He was called “The Colophonian, from
Colophon, his native place. His chief works
were the epic (Thebais, and an elegy on
his dead love Lyde. The Alexandrine critics
greatly admired him, esteeming him next to
Homer.
Antipater of Sidon (an-tip'a-ter). A Greek
poet; lived about 100 B. C. Famous during
his life as an improvisator, he is best known
by a collection of witty epigrams, which may
be found in the Greek Anthology. ?
Antona-Traversi, Camillo (än-to'nä trä-
ver'si). An Italian literary historian and dram-
atist; born in Milan, Nov. 27, 1857. Besides
numerous essays and studies on Boccaccio,
Ugo Foscolo, and Leopardi, he produced sev-
eral comedies, including (George's Sacrifice);
(Albert's Marriage); “Stop and Recommence.
Antonides van der Goes, Joannes (än-to-
ne’des vän der gös). A Dutch poet; born at
Goes, May 3, 1647; died at Rotterdam, Sept. 18,
1684. The most distinguished disciple of Von:
del, and a violent opponent of the one-sided
French classicism, he exercised a wholesome
influence upon his native literature. When
only nineteen, his tragedy, (Trazil, or the Con-
quest of China) (1664), attracted universal at-
tention and won him the lifelong friendship
of Vondel. His most famous work is De
Y-Stroom) (1671), an epic on the river Y,
glorifying the great international commerce of
Amsterdam, and is a masterly delineation of the
life in that city.
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. See Aure-
lius.
Anzengruber, Ludwig (än'tsen-grö-ber). An
Austrian dramatist and novelist; born in Vi-
enna, Nov. 29, 1839; died there, Dec. 10, 1889.
His great merit lies in the creation of a gen-
uine Austrian national drama, by which he
sprang at once into fame in his native country ;
afterwards he wrote stories of village life with
equal success. Of his dramatic works the most
noteworthy are: (The Parson of Kirchfeld
(1870); (The Perjured Peasant' (1871). Of his
narrative productions, (The Stigma,' a novel
(1876); (The Sternstein Farm, a village story
(1885), deserve particular mention.
Apel, Johann August (ä'ple). A German
novelist and poet (1771-1816) chiefly known by
his tales, collected as (Ghost-Book) (4 vols. ,
1810-14) and (Wonder-Book) (4 vols. , 1815-17).
He also wrote several dramas. His son Guido
Theodor (1811-67) attempted dramatic and epic
poetry.
Apollonius of Rhodes (ap-o-lo'ni-us). A
Greek grammarian and poet; born 280 B. C.
His one poetic composition, Argonautics,
gives but scant proof of its author's poetic in-
spiration, though it has a few passages of high
artistic beauty. It was widely read by the
Romans; both Virgil and Ovid borrowed a
little from Apollonius.
Appleton, Thomas Gold. An American
writer; born in Boston, March 31, 1812; died
in New York, April 17, 1884. He was a patron
of art, and an amateur painter of merit; he
aided libraries and museums of Boston. Author
of Nile Journal» (Boston, 1876); “Syrian Sun-
shine) (1877); and a volume of poems, Faded
Leaves.
Apthorp, William Foster. An American
musical and dramatic critic; born in Massa-
chusetts in 1848. He is on the staff of the
Boston Evening Transcript. His chief work
is Musicians and Music Lovers, and Other
Essays. He is also the translator of Zola's
Jacques Damour,' and of Hector Berlioz)
(1879).
Apuleius, Lucius (ap-ū-lē'us). A famous
Latin satirist and writer of fiction; lived in
the ad century, and was a native of northern
Africa. Having inherited an ample fortune,
he devoted himself to study and travel; at-
tending first the schools of Carthage, then the
Athenian schools of philosophy. His principal
work is (Metamorphosis) or (The Golden Ass,
which includes the charming epilogue of 'Cupid
and Pysche); well known also is his witty
(Apology,' a defense against a charge of sor-
cery brought by the sons of a widow twice
his age whom he had married. *
:
(
## p. 22 (#38) ##############################################
22
AQUINAS – ARBOLEDA
Aquinas, Thomas, St. See Thomas.
Arago, Dominique François (är-ä-go'). An
eminent French astronomer and physicist; born
near Perpignan, Feb. 26, 1786; died in Paris,
Oct. 2, 1853. His biographical notices of dis-
tinguished men of science hold a high place
in literature for clearness of thought and
beauty of style. Elected to the Chamber of
Deputies after the revolution of 1830, he elo-
quently took part with the advanced repub-
licans. After the fall of Louis Philippe in 1848,
he effected as Minister of War and of Marine
many salutary reforms, such as the abolition
of flogging in the navy and of negro slavery
in the colonies. His scientific observations
and discoveries were numerous and important.
English translations of separate portions of his
works have been published, notably his (Auto-
biography); (Popular Lectures on Astronomy);
(Meteorological Essays); and Biographies of
Scientific Men. *
Arago, Étienne Vincent. A French poet,
journalist, and playwright; born at Perpignan,
Feb. 9, 1802; died in Paris, March 5, 1892.
Brother of the preceding. He wrote, mostly
in collaboration with others, a number of com-
edies, vaudevilles, and melodramas; and under
the pseudonym of Jules Ferney, made himself
known through his feuilletons in the Siècle.
By far his best production, however, is (Spa,
its Origin, History, Waters, etc. ? (1851), an
epic in seven cantos. Besides this, (A Voice
from Exile) (1860) and (The Blue and the
White) (1862), a historical romance of the
wars in the Vendée, deserve mention.
Arago, Jacques Étienne. A French writer
of travels; born at Estagel, March 10, 1790;
died in Brazil, January 1855. Brother of the
preceding. Till 1837 his literary work con-
sisted in the production of light theatrical
pieces. He then lost his sight and made a
voyage around the globe, which afforded ma
terial for two charming books: Promenade
around the World) (1838) and A Blind Man's
Voyage round the World. He had some pain-
ful experiences on this side of the globe, which
are detailed in the ( Travels of a Blind Man
in California (1851).
Arany, János (or'ony). An eminent Hun-
garian poet; born at Nagy-Szalonta, March 1,
1817; died in Buda-Pesth, Oct. 22, 1882. Edu-
cated in the college at Debreczin, 1832-36, he
was employed as a teacher in his native place;
in 18. 10 was appointed notary there; and won
immediate success with his first epical produc-
tion in 1845. During the Hungarian revolution
he held a government position; then lived in
needy circumstances in his native town until
1854, when he obtained a professorship at
Nagy-Körös. Thence he was called to Buda-
Pesth in 1860 as director of the Kisfaludy
Society; founded the literary weekly Koszorú
(The Wreath); and in 1865 was appointed sec-
retary of the Hungarian Academy, of which
he had been a member since 1859. Owing to
his feeble health he resigned in 1878. As a
national poet he ranks immediately after Petöfi
and Vörösmarty, his epical creations deserving
to be acknowledged as ornaments not only of
Hungarian but of modern poetry in general.
He is a master of the ballad and a translator of
highest merit, as proven by his versions of Tasso,
Goethe, Shakespeare, and above all, his trans-
lation of Aristophanes (3 vols. , 1880). Works:
( The Lost Constitution,' a humorous epic
(1845, prize of Kisfaludy Society), depicting
the doings at the county elections ; (The Taking
of Murány) (1848, prize); Katalin (1850);
(Toldi, an epical trilogy (1851-54-80), exalting
the deeds of the Hungarian Samson; (The
Gipsies of Nagy-Ida) (1852); (Buda's Death)
(1864, prize), Prose Writings) (1879).
Arany, László. A Hungarian poet; born
at Nagy-Szalonta, March 24, 1844. Son of the
preceding; member of the Academy since
1872; author of "Elfrida,' a poetical tale (1868,
prize); (The Battle of the Huns) (1874); “The
Hero of Disenchantment,' a humorous epic
(1873), which won a prize and ranks among
the best productions of Hungarian literature.
Aratus (a-rå'tus). A Greek poet and as-
tronomer; born at Soli, Cilicia, fourishing
about 290-260 B. C. His chief work was an
astronomical poem entitled "Phænomena' (As.
pects of the Heavens), in 1,154 verses; the
plan being in imitation of Hesiod, while the
style is borrowed from Homer. Greatly ad-
mired in antiquity, it was translated into Latin
by Cicero and others. He was a friend of
the poets Theocritus and Callimachus.
Araujo Porto-Alegre, Manoel de (ä-rouʼzhö
põr'tö ä-lā'gre). A Brazilian poet; born at Rio
Pardo, Nov. 29, 1806; died in Lisbon, Portugal,
Dec. 30, 1879. He frequented the Academy of
Arts in Rio de Janeiro, 1826-28; studied paint-
ing in Paris and architecture there and in
Italy until 1837, when he returned to Rio and
was made professor at the Academy of Arts,
later at the Military Academy. He was Bra-
zilian consul-general at Stettin in 1859-65, but
lived mostly in Berlin, afterwards at Lisbon.
His principal works are: (Colombo, an epic,
celebrating the discovery of America; and (Bra-
silianas,' a lyric cycle, abounding in splendid
descriptions of nature.
Arblay, Madame d'. See Burney.
Arbois de Jubainville, Henri d'(är-bwä'
dė zhuban'vēl). A distinguished French archæ-
ologist; born at Nancy, Dec. 5, 1827. He is
the most eminent authority in France on Gal.
lic antiquity and the Celtic languages. Of his
works the most noteworthy are: (History of
the Dukes and Counts of Champagne) (1859-
69); “The First Inhabitants of Europe) (1877);
(A Course of Celtic Literature) (5 vols. , 1883).
Arboleda, Julio (är-bo-lā'tuä). A South
American poet, orator, journalist, and revolu-
tionist; born in Colombia, June 9, 1817; died
about 1872. Having assumed the supreme
power in New Granada, he was assassinated.
He was of the best-known poets of
one
## p. 23 (#39) ##############################################
ARBUTHNOT - ARGYLE
23
Spanish America. Of his principal work,
Gonzalo of Oyón,' only such parts as hap-
pened to exist in duplicate were published, the
manuscript having been destroyed by a bitter
personal enemy.
Arbuthnot, John. A Scottish humorist;
born near Arbuthnot Castle, Kincardineshire,
Scotland, April 29, 1667; died in London, Feb.
27, 1735. He was physician to Queen Anne.
His literary fame rests mainly on (The His.
tory of John Bull (1712), at first attributed to
Swift, but proved to have been the work of
Arbuthnot. Primarily designed to satirize the
Duke of Marlborough, and to oppose the con-
tinuance of the War of the Spanish Succession,
this work was the means of fastening the so-
briquet and the typical character of John Bull
upon the English nation; but owing to its
ardent and extreme Toryism it is now little
read, and known chiefly by brilliant extracts.
It is said to have suggested to Swift the com-
position of (Gulliver's Travels. He also wrote
a number of serious works which have been
highly valued. *
Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von (är'chen-
hõlts). A German historian (1743-1812). He
took part in the closing campaigns of the
Seven Years' War and retired as captain, 1763;
traveled extensively in Europe, lived in Eng-
land the greater part of 1769-79, and settled
in Hamburg in 1792. His book on England
and Italy) (1785), extensively translated, ob-
tained a phenomenal success. A sequel to it
was Annals of British History) (1789-98, 20
vols. ). His History of the Seven Years' War)
(1789, augmented 1793, 13th ed. 1892) is still the
most popular account of that war.
Archer, Thomas. An English novelist and
essayist. His works deal with the conditions
of the working classes and with social evils.
Among the best known are: (A Fool's Para.
dise (1870); Profitable Plants) (1874).
Archer, William. A Scottish critic; born
at Perth, Sept. 23, 1856. He graduated at
Edinburgh University, 1876, and was called to
the bar, 1883. He has long been dramatic
critic for various London papers, and has pub-
lished books on the drama, including : (Eng-
lish Dramatists of To-day) (1882); Masks or
Faces: a Study in the Psychology of Acting)
(1888); Henry Irving,' a critical study (1883);
(William Ch. Macready, a Biography) (1890).
He is the English translator of Ibsen's dramas
(1890-91).
Archilochus (är-kil'ō-kus). An eminent
Greek poet; flourished in the 7th century B. C.
Of his life nothing is definitely known. He
was classed by the ancients with the greatest
poets, Homer, Pindar, Sophocles; but of his
works only a few fragments have come down
His lyrics, in iambic verse, were often
pointed with the bitterest satire; besides satires
he wrote hymns, elegies, and epodes. *
Arène, Paul Auguste (ä-rån'). A French
writer of stories and travels; born at Sisteron,
June 26, 1843; died at Antibes, Dec. 16, 1896.
At first engaged in teaching at Marseilles and
in Paris; but from 1865 on he devoted himself
to literature, and became favorably known
through his brilliant descriptions of his Pro-
vençal home. Notable among various collec-
lections of stories are: (The Perfumed Beggar
Woman) (1876); “In the Kindly Sun' (1879);
(The True Temptation of St. Anthony);
(Christmas Stories. He also wrote two nov-
els --John of the Figs) (1868) and "The
Golden Goat' (1889); several comedies, partly
in conjunction with others, especially Alphonse
Daudet, whose collaborator he was in the
(Letters from my Mill. ? Equally charming as
his stories are the pictures of travel : (Twenty
Days in Tunis) (1884); From the Alps to the
Pyrenees) (1891).
Aretino, Pietro (ä-rā-tē'no). An Italian
satirical poet and dramatist; born at Arezzo,
April 20, 1492; died in Venice, Oct. 21, 1556.
He had already won some fame as a writer
of satires, when he settled in Rome in 1517,
where his bent for witty effusions led to his
banishment in 1524. Turning to Florence, he
won the favor of John de' Medici, and at
Milan ingratiated himself with Francis I. of
France, through whose intercession he was
allowed to return to Rome. Of his works only
his five comedies in prose, and (Orazia, a
tragedy in verse, numbering among the best
in Italian literature, are of lasting merit. His
(Letters) are a valuable contribution to the
history of the times.
Argensola, Bartolomeo Leonardo de (är-
Hen-sõ'lä). A Spanish poet and historian
(1565-1631). His verse lacks native force, but
shows considerable depth of sentiment, while
in form it displays exquisite finish. His history
of The Conquest of the Moluccas) is esteemed
a model of correct and idiomatic Spanish
prose.
Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de. A nota-
ble Spanish poet; born at Barbastro, Aragon,
Dec. 14, 1559 ; died at Naples in March 1613.
Brother of the preceding. His three tragedies,
(Isabella, (Alexandra,' and Phyllis' brought
him fame while still a young man; but his forte
was lyric poetry, in which he won distinction.
His ballads and songs are notable for vigor of
thought and richness of pictorial fancy. Some
of his (Sonnets) are masterpieces; and his
(Epistles, both in substance and form, are
models of that species of composition.
Argyle or Argyll, George Douglas Camp-
bell (är-gil'), eighth Duke of. An English
philosophical, scientific, and political writer, and
statesman; born in Ardencaple Castle, Dum-
bartonshire, April 30, 1823. He was Lord Privy
Seal (1860) and Postmaster-General (1855),
being reappointed to both offices in 1860, to
the former again in 1880; was Secretary for
India (1868–74). He wrote: (The Reign of
Law) (1866), a striking work upholding theism ;
(I'rimeval Man) (1869); (Ional (1870); (The
Eastern Question) (2 vols. , 1879); (The Unity
to us.
:
## p. 24 (#40) ##############################################
24
ARICI - ARMSTRONG
of Nature (2d ed. , 1884); (Geology and the
Deluge) (1885); (Scotland as It Was and as It
Is) (2 vols.
was probably a pupil of Anaximander. He
held that air is the original substance, from
which, by thickening and thinning, all other
elements, as fire, water, earth, are produced.
But little is known of him, there being extant
but a single fragment of his lost work (On
Nature.
Ancelot, Jacques Arsène Polycarpe (ons-
lõ'). A French dramatist (1794-1854), whose
first success the tragedy (Louis IX.
(1819). In 1841 he was elected a member
of the Academy. His works include: (Fiesco)
(1824), a successful imitation of Schiller's play;
(Maria Padilla) (1838); Marie of Brabant,
an epic (1825); (Six Months in Russia, a
medley of prose and verse (1827); (The Man
of the World,' a novel (1827); (Familiar Epis-
tles) (1842), satires of great elegance of style.
His wife Marguerite Louise Virginie, née Char-
don (1792–1875), was frequently his co-laborer
and also the author of plays and novels. Of
the former, Marie, or the Three Epochs)
(1836) is the best ; of the latter, (Renée de
Varville) (1853) and (The Banker's Niece)
(1853) found most favor.
Anczyc, Vladislav Ludvig (än'tsich). A
Polish dramatist (1823-83), who lived mostly at
Cracow, and wrote national plays which be-
came very popular. The best among them
are : (The Peasant-Aristocrats) (1851); (The
Inhabitants Lobsov) (1854); The Raftsmen'
(1875); “The Peasants' Emigration (1876); be-
sides which he wrote (Tyrtæus,' a poetical tale
(1883), and many juvenile works, partly under
the pseudonym “Kasimir Góralczyk. ”
Andersen, Hans Christian (än'der-sen). An
eminent Danish poet and story writer; born
at Odense, April 2, 1805; died Aug. 4, 1875.
Having lost his father early in childhood, the
boy received his elementary education in a
charity school. He traveled in Germany, 1828,
making the acquaintance of Chamisso and
Tieck; then he made tours in France, Italy,
and the East. His impressions of Italy are
embodied in “The Improvvisatore) (1835), the
work which first gave him fame at home and
abroad. In the same year appeared (O. T. ,' a
novel of life and nature in the North. Only
a Fiddler) (1837) is founded on the experi-
ences of the author's early life. (The Poet's
Bazar) (1842) is inspired by the impressions
of Oriental travel. He is seen at his very
best in (The Picture Book without Pictures.
Among his dramatic compositions are: (The
Mulatto, a romantic play which was received
with high popular favor; (The Flowers of
Happiness, a comedy; "Raphaella,' a roman-
tic drama; (Ahasuerus, designed to emphasize
certain problems of philosophy; (The Two
Baronesses, a comedy of Danish life. the
English-speaking world Andersen's great fame
will ever rest upon his stories for children,
the celebrated (Wonder Tales.
Andersen, Karl. A Danish poet; born in
Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1828; died there, Sept.
1, 1883. Among his epic and lyrical produc-
tions are : (Striſe and Peace) (1858); Pic-
tures of Travel (1864); (On the Arno and the
Ganges) (1865); Light and Shade) (1808);
(Romances and Songs) (1880). In the prose
tale, "Over Cliff and Surf) (1883), he de-
scribed admirably nature and life in Iceland,
where he spent his youth; but his most popu-
lar work is (Genre Pictures) (1876-81), seven
collections of scenes from daily life.
Anderson, Mary. See Navarro, Mary (An-
derson) de.
(
was
## p. 19 (#35) ##############################################
ANDERSON - ANDRIEUX
19
Anderson, Rasmus Björn. An American
author; born in Albion, Wis. , Jan. 12, 1846, of
Norwegian parents. He was educated at Nor-
wegian Lutheran College, Decorah, lowa; be-
coming professor of Scandinavian languages
in the University of Wisconsin in 1875-84, and
United States minister to Denmark in 1885.
His books include : (America not Discovered
by Christopher Columbus) (1874); (Norse My-
thology) (1875); "Viking Tales of the North)
(1877); (Translation of the Younger Edda)
(1880).
Anderson, Robert. An English dialect poet ;
born in Carlisle, Feb. I, 1770; died there, Sept.
26, 1833. He was a mill hand who produced
delightfully humorous and gracefully pathetic
verse in his native Cumbrian dialect ; typical
examples being (The Impatient Lass, (Lucy
Gray,' and (The Lass abuin Thirty. )
Andreä, Johann Valentin (än-dra'e). A
German theologian and satirist (1586-1654). He
traveled as the tutor of young noblemen through
France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1607-14; be-
came court preacher at Stuttgart in 1639, and
abbot of Adelberg in 1650. The chief among
his writings, partly in Latin, partly in German,
full of ingenious thought, are: (Turbo (1616),
a dramatic satire on the scholarship of his day;
Menippus) (1617), 100 satirical dialogues ;
(Spiritual Pastime) (1619).
Andreini, Giovanni Battista (än-dra-z'nē).
An Italian comedian and poet; born in Flor-
ence, 1578; died in Paris about 1650. From
his sacred drama (Adam) (1613), Milton is
by some supposed to have derived the idea of
Paradise Lost.
Andrews, Charles McLean. An American
historical and descriptive writer; born in Con-
necticut, 1863. He is professor at Bryn Mawr
College. He has written : Historical Develop-
ment of Modern Europe); River Towns of
Connecticut); (The Old English Manor. )
Andrews, Christopher Columbus. An Amer-
ican diplomat and writer; born at Hillsbor-
ough, N. H. , Oct. 27, 1829. He was brevetted
major-general in the Civil War, was minister
to Sweden from 1869 to 1877, and consul-gen-
eral to Brazil from 1882 to 1885. Among his
numerous works are : Minnesota and Dakota)
(1857); Practical Treatise on the Revenue
Laws of the United States) (1858); ( History
of the Campaign of Mobile (1867); Brazil, its
Condition and Prospects' (1887).
Andrews, Elisha Benjamin. An American
historical and economical writer; born at Hins-
daie, N. H. , Jan. 10, 1844. After serving in the
Civil War, finishing his college and theological
education, preaching about a year at Beverly,
Mass. , being president of a university in Ohio,
professor in Newton Theological Institute and
Brown and Cornell Universities, he became
president of Brown University (1889). He went
as one of the United States commissioners to
the monetary conference at Brussels in 1892.
He has written : (Institutes of our Constitutional
History, English and American' (1887); (Insti-
tutes of General History) (1889); (Institutes of
Economics) (1889); History of the United
States); (History of the Last Quarter-Century
in the United States. )
Andrews, Ethan Allen. An American ed-
ucator and lexicographer; born at New Britain,
Conn. , April 7, 1787; died there, March 24,
1858. He was professor of ancient languages
at the University of North Carolina, 1822-28;
edited the Religious Magazine with Jacob Ab-
bott, whom he succeeded as principal of the
Young Ladies' School in Boston; but his chief
work was compiling classical text-books. He
edited the well-known (Latin-English Lexicon
(1850), based on Freund; and Andrews and
Stoddard's Latin Grammar) (with Solomon
Stoddard ; 65th ed. 1857) was for many years
the leading one in America.
Andrews, James Pettit. An English his.
torian and antiquary; born near Newbury,
Berkshire, about 1737; died in London, Aug.
6, 1797. His principal works were : (A Collec-
tion of Anecdotes, etc. , Ancient and Modern)
(1789); History of Great Britain, etc. ) (1794-
95); Henry's History of Britain, Continued)
(1796); etc.
Andrews, Jane, An American juvenile-story
writer; born in Massachusetts in 1833; died in
1887. Among her stories for children, which
have enjoyed great popularity, are: (Seven
Little Sisters who Live on the Round Ball
that Floats in the Air (1876); (The Stories
Mother Nature Told); (The Seven Little
Sisters Prove their Sisterhood) (1878); (Ten
Boys on the Road from Long Ago to Now)
(1885); (Only a Year and What it Brought)
(1887).
Andrews, Stephen Pearl. An American
miscellaneous writer; born at Templeton,
Mass. , March 22, 1812; died at New York,
May 21, 1886. He was a prominent abolition-
ist, practiced law in the South, and settled
in New York in 1847. He paid much atten-
tion to phonographic reporting, and also to
the development of a universal philosophy
which he called "Integralism, and of a uni-
versal language, “Alwato. Besides numerous
works relating to these subjects, he wrote:
"Comparison of the Common Law with the
Roman, French, or Spanish Civil Law on
Entails, etc. ? ; Love, Marriage, and Divorce);
(French, with or without a Master); (The
Labor Dollar) (1881); (Transactions of the
Colloquium) (a society founded by himself
and his friends for philosophical discussion,
1882-83). He contributed to the London Times
and other papers, and was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and
the American Ethnological Society.
Andrieux, François Jean Stanislas (on-
dre-ė). A French poet and dramatist ; born in
Strasbourg, May 6, 1759 ; died in Paris, May
9, 1833. Pr: icing law in Paris at the out.
break of the Revolution, he became a zealous
## p. 20 (#36) ##############################################
ANDRONICUS - ANSTEY
20
adherent of the latter, and in 1798 was elected
to the Council of the Five Hundred. In 1795
he was elected a member, and in 1823 secre-
tary for life, of the Academy. His forte is
the poetical tale, in which aims at classical
purity of language and prosody. The most
noted are: (The Miller of Sanssouci) (1797);
(Fenelon's Walk); and (The Trial of the Senate
of Capua. Of his dramatic work may be men-
tioned the comedies (The Heedless) (1787);
(Molière with his Friends) (1804); (The Come-
dian) (1816); and the tragedy Junius Brutus)
(1794).
Andronicus, Livius (an-dro-ni'cus). An early
Roman dramatic poet and actor; born at Ta-
rentum, about 284 B. C. ; died about 204. A
Greek by birth, captured in war and sold as a
slave in Rome, he was afterward freed, and
became a teacher of Latin and Greek. His
plays, mostly tragedies, with a few comedies,
were translated from the Greek. They were
first played in Rome, 240 B. C.
Aneurin. A famous Welsh bard of the 6th
century. Of his epic and songs we possess the
(Godolin,' which is believed to be a descrip-
tion of one of the last great battles of the
native Britons with the Saxon invaders. The
poem as it has come down to us contains
nearly 1,000 lines, but it is not complete and
lacks unity. The sense is obscure, and sev-
eral passages are capable of various interpreta-
tions. *
Angell, James Burrill. An American edu-
cator, diplomatist, and writer ; born at Scituate,
R. I. , Jan. 7, 1829. He was graduated from
Brown University in 1849, and professor of mod-
ern languages there from 1853 to 1860. From
1860 to 1866 he was editor of the Providence
Journal. He was president of the University
of Vermont from 1866 to 1871. In 1871 he be-
came president of the University of Michigan.
He was minister to China from 1880 to 1881,
and is now minister to Turkey. Among his
works are : (Manual of French Literature)
(1857); Progress of International Law) (1875).
Angelo, Michel. See Michel Angelo.
Angelus Silesius (än'je-lus si-lē'shi-us), pseu-
donym of Johannes Scheffler. A German mystic
and sacred poet (1624-77), brought up in the
Lutheran faith, but in 1653 embraced Catholi-
cism, in 1661 was ordained priest, and in 1664
became councilor of the Prince-Bishop of
Breslau. His poems, some of which are ex-
quisite sacred lyrics, appeared collected as
(Spiritual Joys) (1657) and (Cherubic Wan-
derer) (1675).
Angely, Louis (än'je-li). A German dram-
atist (1787–1835). He was for several years a
favorite comic actor in Berlin, and skillfully
adapted to local conditions a number of French
comedies, among which the most popular were:
(Schoolboy Pranks); (The Journey at Com-
mon Expense); (Of Seven the Ugliest); (The
Artisans' Festival); (Seven Girls in Uniform.
Anicet-Bourgeois, Auguste (ä-nē-sā' bör-
zhwa'). A French dramatist; born in Paris,
Dec. 25, 1806; died there, Jan. 12, 1871. He
wrote about 200 comedies, vaudevilles, melo-
ramas, often in collaboration with Barbier,
Ducange, Féval, Labiche, and others; while on
the other hand he is the real and sole author
of some of the best plays ascribed to the elder
Dumas (for instance (Térésa,'(Angèle, Cathe-
rine Howard). Among his own productions
the following deserve mention : (The Venetian
(1834); (The Poor Girl' (1838); (Stella (1843).
Annunzio, Gabriele d' (än-nön'tsē-7). An
Italian novelist and poet; born on the yacht
Irene in the Adriatic, near Pescara, in 1864
Educated at Prato; went to Rome in 1880;
and is one of the most conspicuous Italian
writers of the day. He abandoned Italian
traditions for the modern French realism.
His poems and novels are brilliant but
sensual, the later works pessimistic. They
include: Pleasure) (1889); (The Triumph of
Death) (1894); and (Maidens of the Crag!
(1895). Among his poems are: (The New
Song) (Rome, 1882); (Interludes of Verse)
(1883); and Marine Odes' (1893). *
Ansbach, Elizabeth, Margravine of. See
Craven, Lady.
Anslo, Reimér (äns'lo). A Dutch poet;
born at Amsterdam, 1622 or 1626; died at
Perugia, May 16, 1669. He is an imitator of
Vondel, and one of the foremost Dutch poets
of his time. He went to Italy and lived for
many years in Rome, where he wrote his finest
poems. His most famous work is “The Plague
at Naples, and the next in importance (The
Eve of St. Bartholomew,' both epics.
Anspach, Frederick Rinehart. An Amer-
ican clergyman and religious writer; born in
central Pennsylvania, Jan. 1815; died in Balti-
more, Md. , Sept. 16, 1867. He was educated
at Pennsylvania College and the Lutheran Theo-
logical Seminary. His works include: (Sons
of the Sires) (1854); (Sepulchres of the De-
parted? (1854); (The Two Pilgrims) (1857).
Anstey, Christopher. An English poet
(1724-1805). He was a gentleman of fortune,
and wrote (The New Bath Guide) (1766), hu-
morous letters in rhyme describing life at that
fashionable watering-place. These became fa-
mous, and Smollett borrowed largely from the
work for (Humphrey Clinker. He also wrote
(An Election Ball and Other Verses) (1776).
Anstey, F. , pseudonym of Thomas Anstey
Guthrie. An English humorist; born in Ken-
sington in 1856. He graduated from Cam-
bridge in 1875, was called to the bar in 1880,
and joined Punch staff in 1887. He is the
author of : (Vice Versâ) (1882); (The Giant's
Robe) (1883); (The Black Poodle) (1884);
(The Tinted Venus) (1885); (The Pariah)
(1889); (Voces Populi) (1890); Mr. Punch's
Pocket Ibsen (1893); and Puppets at Large)
(1897).
## p. 21 (#37) ##############################################
ANTAR- APULEIUS
21
Anton Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfen-
büttel (än'ton öl'rich). A German novelist and
poet (1633-1714), a zealous patron of art and
science, author of two voluminous novels, highly
famed in their time. They were (The Serene
Syrian Aramena) (1669–73) and (The Roman
Octavia) (1677). He also composed numerous
sacred poems.
Antar (än'tär) or Antarah, ben Shedad el
Absi. A famous Arab poet; born about the
middle of the sixth century A. D. , died about
615 A. D. He is the author of one of the seven
celebrated (suspended poems. He lauds the
beauty of his mistress, and rehearses the story
of his adventures in Arabia. Portions were
translated into English verse by Terrick Ham-
ilton (1820. ) *
Antheunis, Gentil Theodoor (än'tė-nes). A
Flemish poet; born at Oudenaarde, Sept. 9,
1840. At first a teacher in his native place
and at Dendermonde, he afterwards became a
justice of the peace in Brussels. His lyrics,
excelling in euphony and tender sentiment,
have frequently been set to music. They ap-
peared in collections : From the Heart' (1875);
(Songs and Poems) (1874); Life, Love, and
Song) (1879).
Anthon, Charles.
A celebrated American
classical scholar; born in New York city, Nov.
19, 1797; died July 29, 1867. He was for many
years professor of ancient languages at Colum-
bia College. A beautiful edition of Horace
first made him famous among scholars. His
best known work was an edition of Lem-
prière's 'Classical Dictionary) (1841). He was
also the editor of over fifty classical text-books.
Antimachus (an-tim'a-kus). A Greek epic
and elegiac poet; fourished about 400 B. C.
He was called “The Colophonian, from
Colophon, his native place. His chief works
were the epic (Thebais, and an elegy on
his dead love Lyde. The Alexandrine critics
greatly admired him, esteeming him next to
Homer.
Antipater of Sidon (an-tip'a-ter). A Greek
poet; lived about 100 B. C. Famous during
his life as an improvisator, he is best known
by a collection of witty epigrams, which may
be found in the Greek Anthology. ?
Antona-Traversi, Camillo (än-to'nä trä-
ver'si). An Italian literary historian and dram-
atist; born in Milan, Nov. 27, 1857. Besides
numerous essays and studies on Boccaccio,
Ugo Foscolo, and Leopardi, he produced sev-
eral comedies, including (George's Sacrifice);
(Albert's Marriage); “Stop and Recommence.
Antonides van der Goes, Joannes (än-to-
ne’des vän der gös). A Dutch poet; born at
Goes, May 3, 1647; died at Rotterdam, Sept. 18,
1684. The most distinguished disciple of Von:
del, and a violent opponent of the one-sided
French classicism, he exercised a wholesome
influence upon his native literature. When
only nineteen, his tragedy, (Trazil, or the Con-
quest of China) (1664), attracted universal at-
tention and won him the lifelong friendship
of Vondel. His most famous work is De
Y-Stroom) (1671), an epic on the river Y,
glorifying the great international commerce of
Amsterdam, and is a masterly delineation of the
life in that city.
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. See Aure-
lius.
Anzengruber, Ludwig (än'tsen-grö-ber). An
Austrian dramatist and novelist; born in Vi-
enna, Nov. 29, 1839; died there, Dec. 10, 1889.
His great merit lies in the creation of a gen-
uine Austrian national drama, by which he
sprang at once into fame in his native country ;
afterwards he wrote stories of village life with
equal success. Of his dramatic works the most
noteworthy are: (The Parson of Kirchfeld
(1870); (The Perjured Peasant' (1871). Of his
narrative productions, (The Stigma,' a novel
(1876); (The Sternstein Farm, a village story
(1885), deserve particular mention.
Apel, Johann August (ä'ple). A German
novelist and poet (1771-1816) chiefly known by
his tales, collected as (Ghost-Book) (4 vols. ,
1810-14) and (Wonder-Book) (4 vols. , 1815-17).
He also wrote several dramas. His son Guido
Theodor (1811-67) attempted dramatic and epic
poetry.
Apollonius of Rhodes (ap-o-lo'ni-us). A
Greek grammarian and poet; born 280 B. C.
His one poetic composition, Argonautics,
gives but scant proof of its author's poetic in-
spiration, though it has a few passages of high
artistic beauty. It was widely read by the
Romans; both Virgil and Ovid borrowed a
little from Apollonius.
Appleton, Thomas Gold. An American
writer; born in Boston, March 31, 1812; died
in New York, April 17, 1884. He was a patron
of art, and an amateur painter of merit; he
aided libraries and museums of Boston. Author
of Nile Journal» (Boston, 1876); “Syrian Sun-
shine) (1877); and a volume of poems, Faded
Leaves.
Apthorp, William Foster. An American
musical and dramatic critic; born in Massa-
chusetts in 1848. He is on the staff of the
Boston Evening Transcript. His chief work
is Musicians and Music Lovers, and Other
Essays. He is also the translator of Zola's
Jacques Damour,' and of Hector Berlioz)
(1879).
Apuleius, Lucius (ap-ū-lē'us). A famous
Latin satirist and writer of fiction; lived in
the ad century, and was a native of northern
Africa. Having inherited an ample fortune,
he devoted himself to study and travel; at-
tending first the schools of Carthage, then the
Athenian schools of philosophy. His principal
work is (Metamorphosis) or (The Golden Ass,
which includes the charming epilogue of 'Cupid
and Pysche); well known also is his witty
(Apology,' a defense against a charge of sor-
cery brought by the sons of a widow twice
his age whom he had married. *
:
(
## p. 22 (#38) ##############################################
22
AQUINAS – ARBOLEDA
Aquinas, Thomas, St. See Thomas.
Arago, Dominique François (är-ä-go'). An
eminent French astronomer and physicist; born
near Perpignan, Feb. 26, 1786; died in Paris,
Oct. 2, 1853. His biographical notices of dis-
tinguished men of science hold a high place
in literature for clearness of thought and
beauty of style. Elected to the Chamber of
Deputies after the revolution of 1830, he elo-
quently took part with the advanced repub-
licans. After the fall of Louis Philippe in 1848,
he effected as Minister of War and of Marine
many salutary reforms, such as the abolition
of flogging in the navy and of negro slavery
in the colonies. His scientific observations
and discoveries were numerous and important.
English translations of separate portions of his
works have been published, notably his (Auto-
biography); (Popular Lectures on Astronomy);
(Meteorological Essays); and Biographies of
Scientific Men. *
Arago, Étienne Vincent. A French poet,
journalist, and playwright; born at Perpignan,
Feb. 9, 1802; died in Paris, March 5, 1892.
Brother of the preceding. He wrote, mostly
in collaboration with others, a number of com-
edies, vaudevilles, and melodramas; and under
the pseudonym of Jules Ferney, made himself
known through his feuilletons in the Siècle.
By far his best production, however, is (Spa,
its Origin, History, Waters, etc. ? (1851), an
epic in seven cantos. Besides this, (A Voice
from Exile) (1860) and (The Blue and the
White) (1862), a historical romance of the
wars in the Vendée, deserve mention.
Arago, Jacques Étienne. A French writer
of travels; born at Estagel, March 10, 1790;
died in Brazil, January 1855. Brother of the
preceding. Till 1837 his literary work con-
sisted in the production of light theatrical
pieces. He then lost his sight and made a
voyage around the globe, which afforded ma
terial for two charming books: Promenade
around the World) (1838) and A Blind Man's
Voyage round the World. He had some pain-
ful experiences on this side of the globe, which
are detailed in the ( Travels of a Blind Man
in California (1851).
Arany, János (or'ony). An eminent Hun-
garian poet; born at Nagy-Szalonta, March 1,
1817; died in Buda-Pesth, Oct. 22, 1882. Edu-
cated in the college at Debreczin, 1832-36, he
was employed as a teacher in his native place;
in 18. 10 was appointed notary there; and won
immediate success with his first epical produc-
tion in 1845. During the Hungarian revolution
he held a government position; then lived in
needy circumstances in his native town until
1854, when he obtained a professorship at
Nagy-Körös. Thence he was called to Buda-
Pesth in 1860 as director of the Kisfaludy
Society; founded the literary weekly Koszorú
(The Wreath); and in 1865 was appointed sec-
retary of the Hungarian Academy, of which
he had been a member since 1859. Owing to
his feeble health he resigned in 1878. As a
national poet he ranks immediately after Petöfi
and Vörösmarty, his epical creations deserving
to be acknowledged as ornaments not only of
Hungarian but of modern poetry in general.
He is a master of the ballad and a translator of
highest merit, as proven by his versions of Tasso,
Goethe, Shakespeare, and above all, his trans-
lation of Aristophanes (3 vols. , 1880). Works:
( The Lost Constitution,' a humorous epic
(1845, prize of Kisfaludy Society), depicting
the doings at the county elections ; (The Taking
of Murány) (1848, prize); Katalin (1850);
(Toldi, an epical trilogy (1851-54-80), exalting
the deeds of the Hungarian Samson; (The
Gipsies of Nagy-Ida) (1852); (Buda's Death)
(1864, prize), Prose Writings) (1879).
Arany, László. A Hungarian poet; born
at Nagy-Szalonta, March 24, 1844. Son of the
preceding; member of the Academy since
1872; author of "Elfrida,' a poetical tale (1868,
prize); (The Battle of the Huns) (1874); “The
Hero of Disenchantment,' a humorous epic
(1873), which won a prize and ranks among
the best productions of Hungarian literature.
Aratus (a-rå'tus). A Greek poet and as-
tronomer; born at Soli, Cilicia, fourishing
about 290-260 B. C. His chief work was an
astronomical poem entitled "Phænomena' (As.
pects of the Heavens), in 1,154 verses; the
plan being in imitation of Hesiod, while the
style is borrowed from Homer. Greatly ad-
mired in antiquity, it was translated into Latin
by Cicero and others. He was a friend of
the poets Theocritus and Callimachus.
Araujo Porto-Alegre, Manoel de (ä-rouʼzhö
põr'tö ä-lā'gre). A Brazilian poet; born at Rio
Pardo, Nov. 29, 1806; died in Lisbon, Portugal,
Dec. 30, 1879. He frequented the Academy of
Arts in Rio de Janeiro, 1826-28; studied paint-
ing in Paris and architecture there and in
Italy until 1837, when he returned to Rio and
was made professor at the Academy of Arts,
later at the Military Academy. He was Bra-
zilian consul-general at Stettin in 1859-65, but
lived mostly in Berlin, afterwards at Lisbon.
His principal works are: (Colombo, an epic,
celebrating the discovery of America; and (Bra-
silianas,' a lyric cycle, abounding in splendid
descriptions of nature.
Arblay, Madame d'. See Burney.
Arbois de Jubainville, Henri d'(är-bwä'
dė zhuban'vēl). A distinguished French archæ-
ologist; born at Nancy, Dec. 5, 1827. He is
the most eminent authority in France on Gal.
lic antiquity and the Celtic languages. Of his
works the most noteworthy are: (History of
the Dukes and Counts of Champagne) (1859-
69); “The First Inhabitants of Europe) (1877);
(A Course of Celtic Literature) (5 vols. , 1883).
Arboleda, Julio (är-bo-lā'tuä). A South
American poet, orator, journalist, and revolu-
tionist; born in Colombia, June 9, 1817; died
about 1872. Having assumed the supreme
power in New Granada, he was assassinated.
He was of the best-known poets of
one
## p. 23 (#39) ##############################################
ARBUTHNOT - ARGYLE
23
Spanish America. Of his principal work,
Gonzalo of Oyón,' only such parts as hap-
pened to exist in duplicate were published, the
manuscript having been destroyed by a bitter
personal enemy.
Arbuthnot, John. A Scottish humorist;
born near Arbuthnot Castle, Kincardineshire,
Scotland, April 29, 1667; died in London, Feb.
27, 1735. He was physician to Queen Anne.
His literary fame rests mainly on (The His.
tory of John Bull (1712), at first attributed to
Swift, but proved to have been the work of
Arbuthnot. Primarily designed to satirize the
Duke of Marlborough, and to oppose the con-
tinuance of the War of the Spanish Succession,
this work was the means of fastening the so-
briquet and the typical character of John Bull
upon the English nation; but owing to its
ardent and extreme Toryism it is now little
read, and known chiefly by brilliant extracts.
It is said to have suggested to Swift the com-
position of (Gulliver's Travels. He also wrote
a number of serious works which have been
highly valued. *
Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von (är'chen-
hõlts). A German historian (1743-1812). He
took part in the closing campaigns of the
Seven Years' War and retired as captain, 1763;
traveled extensively in Europe, lived in Eng-
land the greater part of 1769-79, and settled
in Hamburg in 1792. His book on England
and Italy) (1785), extensively translated, ob-
tained a phenomenal success. A sequel to it
was Annals of British History) (1789-98, 20
vols. ). His History of the Seven Years' War)
(1789, augmented 1793, 13th ed. 1892) is still the
most popular account of that war.
Archer, Thomas. An English novelist and
essayist. His works deal with the conditions
of the working classes and with social evils.
Among the best known are: (A Fool's Para.
dise (1870); Profitable Plants) (1874).
Archer, William. A Scottish critic; born
at Perth, Sept. 23, 1856. He graduated at
Edinburgh University, 1876, and was called to
the bar, 1883. He has long been dramatic
critic for various London papers, and has pub-
lished books on the drama, including : (Eng-
lish Dramatists of To-day) (1882); Masks or
Faces: a Study in the Psychology of Acting)
(1888); Henry Irving,' a critical study (1883);
(William Ch. Macready, a Biography) (1890).
He is the English translator of Ibsen's dramas
(1890-91).
Archilochus (är-kil'ō-kus). An eminent
Greek poet; flourished in the 7th century B. C.
Of his life nothing is definitely known. He
was classed by the ancients with the greatest
poets, Homer, Pindar, Sophocles; but of his
works only a few fragments have come down
His lyrics, in iambic verse, were often
pointed with the bitterest satire; besides satires
he wrote hymns, elegies, and epodes. *
Arène, Paul Auguste (ä-rån'). A French
writer of stories and travels; born at Sisteron,
June 26, 1843; died at Antibes, Dec. 16, 1896.
At first engaged in teaching at Marseilles and
in Paris; but from 1865 on he devoted himself
to literature, and became favorably known
through his brilliant descriptions of his Pro-
vençal home. Notable among various collec-
lections of stories are: (The Perfumed Beggar
Woman) (1876); “In the Kindly Sun' (1879);
(The True Temptation of St. Anthony);
(Christmas Stories. He also wrote two nov-
els --John of the Figs) (1868) and "The
Golden Goat' (1889); several comedies, partly
in conjunction with others, especially Alphonse
Daudet, whose collaborator he was in the
(Letters from my Mill. ? Equally charming as
his stories are the pictures of travel : (Twenty
Days in Tunis) (1884); From the Alps to the
Pyrenees) (1891).
Aretino, Pietro (ä-rā-tē'no). An Italian
satirical poet and dramatist; born at Arezzo,
April 20, 1492; died in Venice, Oct. 21, 1556.
He had already won some fame as a writer
of satires, when he settled in Rome in 1517,
where his bent for witty effusions led to his
banishment in 1524. Turning to Florence, he
won the favor of John de' Medici, and at
Milan ingratiated himself with Francis I. of
France, through whose intercession he was
allowed to return to Rome. Of his works only
his five comedies in prose, and (Orazia, a
tragedy in verse, numbering among the best
in Italian literature, are of lasting merit. His
(Letters) are a valuable contribution to the
history of the times.
Argensola, Bartolomeo Leonardo de (är-
Hen-sõ'lä). A Spanish poet and historian
(1565-1631). His verse lacks native force, but
shows considerable depth of sentiment, while
in form it displays exquisite finish. His history
of The Conquest of the Moluccas) is esteemed
a model of correct and idiomatic Spanish
prose.
Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de. A nota-
ble Spanish poet; born at Barbastro, Aragon,
Dec. 14, 1559 ; died at Naples in March 1613.
Brother of the preceding. His three tragedies,
(Isabella, (Alexandra,' and Phyllis' brought
him fame while still a young man; but his forte
was lyric poetry, in which he won distinction.
His ballads and songs are notable for vigor of
thought and richness of pictorial fancy. Some
of his (Sonnets) are masterpieces; and his
(Epistles, both in substance and form, are
models of that species of composition.
Argyle or Argyll, George Douglas Camp-
bell (är-gil'), eighth Duke of. An English
philosophical, scientific, and political writer, and
statesman; born in Ardencaple Castle, Dum-
bartonshire, April 30, 1823. He was Lord Privy
Seal (1860) and Postmaster-General (1855),
being reappointed to both offices in 1860, to
the former again in 1880; was Secretary for
India (1868–74). He wrote: (The Reign of
Law) (1866), a striking work upholding theism ;
(I'rimeval Man) (1869); (Ional (1870); (The
Eastern Question) (2 vols. , 1879); (The Unity
to us.
:
## p. 24 (#40) ##############################################
24
ARICI - ARMSTRONG
of Nature (2d ed. , 1884); (Geology and the
Deluge) (1885); (Scotland as It Was and as It
Is) (2 vols.
