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In words of Latin origin the increment in o of the
third declension is, for the most part, long ; as, sol, sblis ;
vox, vbcis ; victor, victoris, and other verbal nouns in or ;
-- in lepor, lepor is ;* ros, roris, &c, &c. ; statio, statibn'/s,
and other verbals in io ; -- in Cato, Catonis, and other
Latin proper names in o.
Excep. 1. Nouns in o or on from the Greek w, pre-
serve the quantity of the Greek increment. If that incre-
ment be formed with omicron, it is short ; as, sindon,
sindonis ; Agamemnon, Agamemnbnis ; -- if formed with
omega, it is long; as, Simon, [or Simo], Simonis ; Plato,
[or Platon], Platonis, &c.
Observ. 1. Sidon, Orion, JEgeon, and Britto have
the increment common ; while Sazo, Seno, and most
other gentile nouns -- or the names of nations and people
-- increase short.
Excep. 2. Genitives in oris]' from Latin nouns of the
neuter gender, have a short increment ; as, marmor,
marmbris ; corpus, corporis, &c, -- with Greek proper
names in or; as, Hector, Hectbris ; Nestor, Nest&ris,
&c, and also Latin appellations ; as, rhetor, rhetoris, &c.
Excep. 3. Os, oris, and adjectives of the comp. de-
gree, have long increments; as, melior, melioris ; major,
major is, &c.
Excep. 4. Arbos, compounds of novc [as tripus, polypus^
* Lepus -- oris "a hare. " has the increment short.
t Ador, adoris of the masculine gen. is common. %
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 31
(Edipus], lepus, memor, and other words specified, in-
crease short.
Excep. 5. Cappadox, Allobrox, prcecox, and bther
words having a consonant before s in the nominative ;
as, scobs, inops, Cecrops, Dolops, have the increments
short. Observ. 2. Cyclops, Cercops, and hydrops have
long increments.
examples by single words.
Rule. Sermonis, timoris, floris, rationis, Ciceronis.
Excep. 1. jEdon, aedonis, halcyon, halcyonis ; Solon,
Solonis, agon, agonis. Observ. 1. Orionis, Saxona.
Excep. 2. Memoris, eboris ; Castoris, rhetoris. Excep. 3.
Oris, pejoris. Excep. 4. Bovis, Melampodis [fr. Melam-
pus]. Excep. 5. Cappadocis, inopis. Observ. 2. Cyclo-
pis, Cercopis.
Promiscuous Examples. Solem [20], Allobroges [3,
4, 20], fornice [3, 19], hymene [17], plebi [17], vervecem
[3, 17], dogmata [3, 16], Sirenis [Gr. 17], Solona [Gr.
20], robora [20].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Regia solis erat sublimibus alta columnis. Ovid.
Nee victor is heri tetegit captiva cubile. Virg.
Ire vet at, cursusque vagus statione moratur. Lucan.
Exc 1. Pulsant, et pictis bellantur Amazones armis. Virg.
Credit, et excludit sanos Helicone poetas. Hor.
Observ. 1. Mgceona suis immania terga lacertis. Ovid.
Audierat duros laxantem JEgceona nexus. Statius.
Exc. 2. Gratior etpulchro veniens in corpore virtus. Virg.
Exc. 3. Componens manibusque manus, atque oribus ora. Id.
Exc. 4. Propter aqua rivum sub ramis arbor is alt a.
Lucan.
4#
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? 32 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Exc. 5. Mancipiis locuples, eget ceris Cappadocum rex.
Hor.
Ob. 2. Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. Ov.
RULE XXI.
U brevia incrementa feret. -- Genitivus in -iiris,
-udis et utis ab -us producitur ; adjice fur, frux,
Lux, Pollux; breYia. intercusque, per cusque, Ligusque.
The increment in u of the third declension is generally-
short; as, murmur, murmuris ; dux, duds ; turtur,tur-
tarts, &c, &c.
Excep. 1. Genitives in udis, uris, and utis, from nomi-
natives in us, have the penultima long; as, palus, paludis :
tellus, telluris ; incus, incudis ; virtus, virtutis, &c. ; with
fur,furis; lux, I uc is; Pollux, Pollucis ; and frugis from
the obsolete nominative frux.
Excep. 2. Intercut, pecus, and Ligus have short incre-
ments.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Crucis, furfure, conjiigis. Excep. 1. Incude,
furis, salutem. Excep. 2. Intercutis, peciide, Liguris.
Promiscuous Examples. Vulturis [3, 21],decoris [20],
salutem [21], nuces [21], nivis [17], vertici [3, 18], call-
cem [19], Nestora [3, 20], laqueare [1, 15], duodeni [13].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Consule nos, dace nos, dace jam victor e, car emus.
Pedo.
Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmliris aurce. Virg.
Exc. 1. Vixe conspectu Siculce telluris in altum. Id.
Exc. 2. Quid domini faciant, audent cum talia fares. Id.
INCREMENTS OF THE OTHER DECLENSIONS. 77
The other declensions, like the first declension, have,
properly speaking, no increment, unless in the plural
cases.
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? PLURAL INCREMENT OF NOUNS. 33
INCREMENTS OF THE PLURAL.
When the genitive or dative case plural contains a
syllable more than the nominative plural, the penultima
of such genitive or dative, is called the plural increment ;
as, sa in musarum, bo in amborum and ambobus, bi in
nubium and nubibus, quo in quorum, qui in quibus, re in
rerum and rebus, &c.
RULE XXII.
Plural Increments in A, E, 1, O, U.
Pluralis casus si crescit, protrahit a, e,
Atque o ; corripies i, u ; verum excipe bubus.
The plural increments in a, e, and o, are long ; as,
quartern, rerum, horum, dominorum ; the increments in
i and u are short ; as, quibus, montibus ; lacubus, verubus,
-- except the u in bubus.
EXAMPLES EY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Sylvarum, rerum, puerorum ; lapidlbus, artu-
bus : -- bubus.
Promiscuous Examples. Virorum [14, 22], filiarum
[1, 22], parietibus [1, 17, 22], Araris [15], paribus [15,
22],vadibus [15, 22], epTgrammate [4, 3, 16], Palladis
[3, Gr. 16],gregibus [17,22].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Appia, long drum, teritur, regina, vidrum. Statius.
Arreptaque manu, " Quid agis, dulcissime rerum? "
Hor.
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti. Virg.
Vivite felices, quibus est for tuna per acta. Id.
Exc. Consimili ratione venit bubus quoque sape. Lucret.
INCREMENTS OF VERBS. '?
A verb is said to increase, when any of its tenses has
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? 34 INCREMENT OF VERBS IN A.
a syllable more in its termination?
than the second per-
son singular of the present tense indicative active. ! This
additional syllable is the first increment -- the penultima :
the final syllable being never called the increment.
When the increasing part has another syllable added to
it in the course of formation, the part so formed is the
second increment, and so of the rest. Thus from amas --
the standard or regulator -- comes fl-ma-n, with one incre-
ment ; from amavi comes a-ma-ve-ra? ? z, with two incre-
ments ; from amaveram, comes a-ma-ve-ra-w^s, with
three ; and in like manner a^-di-e-ba-mi-TM from its
regular formation with four increments. Any verb not
exhibiting in any of its tenses or persons, a greater
number of syllables than the regulator, is said to have no
increment ; thus, amat, amant, ama, amem, having no
more syllables than amas, have no increment.
RULE XXIII.
Of the Increments of Verbs in A.
A crescens produc -- Do incremento excipe primo.
In the increments of verbs of every conjugation, the
vowel a is long ; as, amdbam, stares, proper amus, audie-
bdmini, &c.
Excep. The first increment (only) of the verb do is
short ; as, damns, ddbam, dare : hence also the short
increment in the compounds circumdamus, circumdabant,
venumddbis, venumddre, &c.
* Without the words " in its termination, 1 ' the expression would not be either
sufficiently limited or perspicuous ; because the student might otherwise be
induced to rank reduplicating verbs among these increments, which would be
erroneous ; whereas the increment in reduplicating verbs takes place at the
beginning, by a prefix or argument ; as, cucurri, letendi. Tnomordi, &c.
t The second person singular indicative active is the rule or measure, by which
the increment is regulated.
CtC? " For deponent verbs, we may either suppose an active voice whence to
procure a standard or regulator to determine the increments: or they can be
regulated by other verbs of the same conjugation having an active voice. Thus
for the deponent verb gradior, we may either suppose a fictitious active gradio,
gradis, or be guided by rapior, which has a real active.
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? INCREMENT OF VERBS IN E. 35
Obser. The second increment of do, not being an ex-
ception, follows the genera] rule; as, dabdmus, ddbdtis,
dabdtnini, &c.
examples by single words.
Rule. Amamus, laudabamus, docueramus. Excep.
Diimus, date, circumdamus. Observ. Dabamus, dabamini,
dabatur.
Promiscuous Examples. Chorea [Gr. 1], pronuntiant
[11, 3, 1, 3], alterius [3, 1], labatur [23], pectore [3, 20],
priorem [1, 20], cujus [3], Cyclopas [4, 20], sanguine
[3, IS], fatidicum [12, 6], a~uditus [2, 10].
EXAMPLES IN COBIPOSITION.
Rule. Et cantdre pares, et respondere pardti. Virg.
Pugnabant armis, qua post fabr leaver at usus. Hor.
Exc. Multa rogant utenda ddri, data redder e nolunt. Ov.
Ob. Nam quod consilium, aut quce jam fortuna dabatur.
Virg.
RULE XXIV.
Increments of Verbs in E.
E quoque producunt verba increscentia. Verum
Prima e corripiunt ante r duo tempora ternae;
\)\c-beris atque-Z>? re, nX-reris producito-rere.
Sit brevis e quando-? vz? tt, -rim, -ro, adjuncta sequuntur.
Corripit interdum steterunt dederuntque poeta.
In the increments of verbs, e is long ; as, amemus,
amavissttis, doccbam, legeris and legcre (both fut. pass. ),
audicmus, &c.
Excep. 1. E is short in the first increment of the first
two tenses (pres. and imperf. ) of the third conjugation ;
and nlso in the future terminations beris and bere ; as,
cognoscere, legere, legerem, legcremus ; celebraberis, cele-
Lrabere, &c.
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? 36
INCREMENT OF VERBS IN E.
Obser. 1. But in the second increment when the wora
terminates in reris or rere, the e is long ; as, diripereris,
loquereris, prosequerere, &c.
Obser. 2. Velim, velis, velit, &c, have the e short.
Excep. 2. The vowel e is short before ram, rim, ro of
every conjugation ; as, amaveram, amaverim, amavero,
feceram, fecerim, fecero, &c. The persons formed from
them, retain the same quantity ; as, amaveris, amaverit,
fecerimus, feceritis, &c.
Obser. 3. The foregoing exception however does not
apply to those syncopated tenses which have lost the
syllable ve ; as, jleram, flerim, flero ; because in these
contracted forms, the e retains the quantity of the origi-
nal form : viz. -- Jle(ve)ram, fle(ve)rim, &c.
Excep. 3 The poets sometimes shorten e before runt,
in the third pers. plur. of the perf. indie, active ; as,
steterunt, tvlerunt, &c, &c.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Arnemus, doceremus, legeretis. Excep. 1. Le-
geret, legere ; amaberis, docebere. Observ. 1. Amarens,
docerere, Observ. 2. Velitis, velint. Excep. 2. Amave-
rat, docueris, legero. Observ. 3 Flero, fleris. Excep.
3. Dederunt, terruerunt.
Promiscuous Examples. Amaveramus [23, 24, 23], da-
batis [7, 23], legetis [24], doceto [24], datum [9], stete-
runt [7, 24], tulerunt [7, 24], peperat [8], patrlzo [4, 3].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Sicequidemducebamanimo,rebarquefuturum. Virg.
Exc. 1. Jam legere, et qua sitpoteris cognoscere virtus. Id.
Semper honor e meo, semper celebrabere donis. Id.
Ob. 1. JungebamPhrygios,cumturaperere,leones. Clau.
Ob. 2. Musa, velim memores ; et quo patre natus uterque.
Hor.
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? INCREMEN1 OF VERBS IN I. 37
Exc. 2. Fecerat exiguas, jam Sol altissimus umbras. Ov.
Ob. 3. Implerunt montes,jl~erunt Rhodope'ice arces. Virg.
Exc. 3. Di tibi divitias dederunt artemque fruendi. Hor.
rule xxv.
Increment of Verbs in I.
Corripit I crescens verbum. Sed deme velimus,
Nolimus, simus, quaeque hinc composta dabuntur ;
-tot praeteritum, praesens quartae -imus, et -itis.
-ri conjunctivum possunt variare poetae.
In the increment of verbs -- whether first, second, third,
or fourth increment -- i is generally short ; as, linquimus,
amabimus, docebimiai, audiebammi, &c, with vemmus,
reperimus, &c, of the perfect tense.
Excep. 1. The i is long in velimus, velitis ; nollmus,
volltis, nollto ; simus, sitis, &c, with their compounds,
possimus, adsimus, prosimus, &c.
Excep. 2. The penultima of the preterite in ivi of any
conjugation, is long ; as, petivi, audivi, &c. ; and also the
first increment of the fourth conjugation, when followed
by a consonant; as, audimus, audirem, audirer, &c, and
venimus, comperimus, &c, of the present tense ; with the
contracted form of the imperfect audibam, and the obso-
lete audibo ; also found in ibam and ibo from eo ; and in
quibam and quibo from queo.
Excep. 3. In the penultima of the first and second pers.
plur. of the indicative fut. perf. [or second future] and
the perfect of the subjunctive, the i is common in poetry:
-- but in prose, it is usually long.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Amavimus, vivimus, iterabltis. Excep. 1. No lite, no-
lltote, sitis, possitis. Excep. 2. Petivi, qaeslvi; audltis,
* When the i is followed immediately by a vowel, it is of course short [by the
Rule Vocalem breviant, &c -- j ; as, aiulAunt, audiens, Sec.
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? 38 INCREMENT OF VERBS IN AND U.
audiri ; reperimus (pres. ) ; audlbam, Ibo, quibam. Excep.
3. Dederitis, dixerltis, contigeritis.
Promiscuous Examples.