Thus the road to science was doubly barred :
first, by the belief in the real world; and secondly,
by the opponents of this belief.
first, by the belief in the real world; and secondly,
by the opponents of this belief.
Nietzsche - v15 - Will to Power - b
a modus of the subject.
(k) THE METAPHYSICAL NEED.
570.
If one resembles all the philosophers that have
gone before, one can have no eyes for what has
existed and what will exist-one sees only what
is. But as there is no such thing as Being; all
that the philosophers had to deal with was a host
of fancies, this was their "world. "
571.
To assert the existence as a whole of things con-
cerning which we know nothing, simply because
there is an advantage in not being able to know
anything of them, was a piece of artlessness on
Kant's part, and the result of the recoil-stroke of
certain needs—especially in the realm of morals
and metaphysics.
572.
An artist cannot endure reality; he turns away
or back from it: his earnest opinion is that the
worth of a thing consists in that nebulous residue
of it which one derives from colour, form, sound,
and thought; he believes that the more subtle, at-
tenuated, and volatile, a thing or a man becomes,
the more valuable he becomes: the less real, the
greater the worth. This is Platonism: but Plato
was guilty of yet further audacity in the matter of
## p. 75 (#105) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
75
-
turning tables-he measured the degree of reality
according to the degree of value, and said: The
more there is of “idea ” the more there is of Being.
He twisted the concept "reality” round and said:
What ye regard as real is an error, and the nearer
we get to the idea 'the nearer we are to‘truth. '
Is this understood ? It was the greatest of all re-
christenings : and because Christianity adopted it,
we are blind to its astounding features. At botton,
Plato, like the artist he was, placed appearance before
Being! and therefore lies and fiction before truth!
unreality before actuality ! -He was, however, so
convinced of the value of appearance, that he
granted it the attributes of " Being," "causality,”
goodness,” and “truth," and, in short, all those
things which are associated with value.
The concept value itself regarded as a cause:
first standpoint.
The ideal granted all attributes, conferring
honour: second standpoint.
5
573.
")
ay
che
Aue
nd,
The idea of the “true world” or of “God” as
absolutely spiritual, intellectual, and good, is an
emergency measure to the extent to which the
antagonistic instincts are all-powerful.
Moderation and existing humanity is reflected
exactly in the humanisation of the gods. The
Greeks of the strongest period, who entertained no
fear whatever of themselves, but on the contrary
were pleased with themselves, brought down their
gods to all their emotions.
at-
mes,
the
Plato
ter of
i
## p. 76 (#106) #############################################
76
THE WILL TO POWER.
The spiritualisation of the idea of God is thus
very far from being a sign of progress : one is
heartily conscious of this when one reads Goethe
-in his works the vaporisation of God into virtue
and spirit is felt as being upon a lower plane.
574.
The nonsense of all metaphysics shown to reside
in the derivation of the conditioned out of the
unconditioned.
It belongs to the nature of thinking that it adds
the unconditioned to the conditioned, that it invents
it-just as it thought of and invented the "ego” to
cover the multifariousness of its processes : it meas-
ures the world according to a host of self-devised
measurements - according to its fundamental
-
fictions “the unconditioned," "end and means,"
,
"things," "substances,” and according to logical
laws, figures, and forms.
There would be nothing which could be called
knowledge, if thought did not first so re-create the
world into "things" which are in its own image.
It is only through thought that there is untruth.
The origin of thought, like that of feelings,
cannot be traced: but that is no proof of its
primordiality or absoluteness ! It simply shows
that we cannot get behind it, because we have
nothing else save thought and feeling.
575.
To know is to point to past experience: in its
nature it is a regressus in infinitum. That which
## p. 77 (#107) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
77
halts (in the face of a so-called causa prima or the
unconditioned, etc. ) is laziness, weariness-
576.
Concerning the psychology of metaphysics—the
influence of fear. That which has been most
feared, the cause of the greatest suffering (lust of
power, voluptuousness, etc. ), has been treated with
the greatest amount of hostility by men, and
eliminated from the “real” world. Thus the
passions have been step by step struck out, God
posited as the opposite of evil—that is to say, reality
is conceived to be the negation of the passions and
the emotions (i. e. nonentity).
Irrationality, impulsive action, accidental action,
is, moreover, hated by them (as the cause of incal-
culable suffering). Consequently they denied this ele-
ment in the absolute, and interpreted it as absolute
“rationality” and “conformity of means to ends. "
Change and perishability were also feared ; and
by this fear an oppressed soul is revealed, full of
distrust and painful experiences (the case with
Spinoza : a man differently constituted would have
regarded this change as a charm).
A nature overflowing and playing with energy,
would call precisely the passions, irrationality and
change, good in a eudemonistic sense, together
with their consequences : danger, contrast, ruin, etc.
.
e
e.
gs,
its
WS
ave
577.
Against the value of that which always remains
the same (remember Spinoza's artlessness and
mits
which
## p. 78 (#108) #############################################
78
THE WILL TO POWER.
Descartes' likewise), the value of the shortest and
of the most perishable, the seductive flash of gold
on the belly of the serpent vita-
)
578.
Moral values in epistemology itself :-
The faith in reason-why not mistrust?
The "real world” is the good world-why?
Appearance, change, contradiction, struggle,
regarded as immoral: the desire for a
world which knows nothing of these things.
The transcendental world discovered, so that
a place may be kept for “moral freedom"
(as in Kant).
Dialectics as the road to virtue (in Plato and
Socrates : probably because sophistry was
held to be the road to immorality).
Time and space are ideal : consequently
there is unity in the essence of things ;
consequently no "sin," no evil, no imper-
fection,-a justification of God.
Epicurus denied the possibility of knowledge,
in order to keep the moral (particularly the
hedonistic) values as the highest.
Augustine does the same, and later Pascal
("corrupted reason"), in favour of Christian
values.
Descartes' contempt for everything variable;
likewise Spinoza's.
579.
Concerning the psychology of metaphysics. This
world is only apparent: therefore there must be a
## p. 79 (#109) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
79
real world ;-this world is conditioned: conse-
quently there must be an unconditioned world ;-
this world is contradictory : consequently there is
a world free from contradiction ;-this world is
evolving: consequently there is somewhere a static
world :-a host of false conclusions (blind faith in
reason : if A exists, then its opposite B must also
exist). Pain inspires these conclusions: at bottom
they are wishes that such a world might exist; the
hatred of a world which leads to suffering is like-
wise revealed by the fact that another and better
world is imagined: the resentment of the meta-
physician against reality is creative here.
The second series of questions : wherefore suffer?
and from this a conclusion is derived con-
cerning the relation of the real world to our
apparent, changing, suffering, and contradictory
world : (1) Suffering as the consequence of error:
:
how is error possible ? (2) Suffering as the conse-
quence of guilt: how is guilt possible? (A host
of experiences drawn from the sphere of nature or
society, universalised and made absolute. ) But if
the conditioned world be causally determined by
the unconditioned, then the freedom to err, to be
sinful, must also be derived from the same quarter :
and once more the question arises, to what purpose ?
. . The world of appearance, of Becoming, of
contradiction, of suffering, is therefore willed; to
what purpose ?
The error of these conclusions: two contradictory
concepts are formed-because one of them corre-
sponds to a reality, the other "must" also corre-
spond to a reality. “Whence" would one otherwise
.
:
1
in
.
.
le;
This
be a
## p. 80 (#110) #############################################
80
THE WILL TO POWER.
C
derive its contradictory concept? Reason is thus
a source of revelation concerning the absolute.
But the origin of the above contradictions need
not necessarily be a supernatural source of reason:
it is sufficient to oppose the real genesis of the
concepts:—this springs from practical spheres, from
utilitarian spheres, hence the strong faith it com-
mands (one is threatened with ruin if one's con-
clusions are not in conformity with this reason; but
this fact is no "proof” of what the latter asserts).
The preoccupation of metaphysicians with pain,
is quite artless. “ Eternal blessedness”: psycho-
logical nonsense. Brave and creative men never
make pleasure and pain ultimate questions—they
are incidental conditions: both of them must be
desired when one will attain to something. It
is a sign of fatigue and illness in these meta-
physicians and religious men, that they should
press questions of pleasure and pain into the
foreground. Even morality in their eyes derives
its great importance only from the fact that it is
regarded as an essential condition for abolishing
pain.
The same holds good of the preoccupation with
appearance and error: the cause of pain. A
superstition that happiness and truth are related
(confusion : happiness in “certainty,” in “faith").
580.
To what extent are the various epistemological
positions (materialism, sensualism, idealism) conse-
quences of valuations ? The source of the highest
## p. 81 (#111) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE
81
feelings of pleasure (“ feelings of value”) may also
judge concerning the problem of reality!
The measure of positive knowledge is quite a
matter of indifference and beside the point : as
witness the development of India.
The Buddhistic negation of reality in general
(appearance = pain) is perfectly consistent: un-
demonstrability, inaccessibility, lack of categories,
not only for an “absolute world,” but a recogni-
tion of the erroneous procedures by means of which
the whole concept has been reached. “ Absolute
reality,” “ Being in itself,” a contradiction. In a
world of Becoming, reality is merely a simplification
for the purpose of practical ends, or a deception
resulting from the coarseness of certain organs, or
à variation in the tempo of Becoming.
The logical denial of the world and Nihilism is
a consequence of the fact that we must oppose
nonentity with Being, and that “ Becoming” is
denied. (“Something” becomes. )
i
S
th'
ط ق
ted
581.
Being and Becoming. -" Reason a developed
-"
upon a sensualistic basis upon the prejudices of
the senses-that is to say, with the belief in the
truth of the judgment of the senses.
“ Being," as the generalisation of the concept
“ Life" (breath), “to be animate," “ to will,” “ to act
i upon," " become. ”
.
The opposite is : "to be inanimate," " not to
become," " not to will. " Thus: “ Being” is not
opposed to “not-Being," to " appearance," nor is
"
>
gical
onse.
ghest
VOL. II.
F
## p. 82 (#112) #############################################
82
THE WILL TO POWER.
it opposed to death (for only that can be dead
which can also live).
The “soul,” the "ego," posited as primeval
facts; and introduced wherever there is Becoming.
582.
Being—we have no other idea of it than that
which we derive from "living. ”—How then can
“
everything “be” dead ?
583.
A.
I see with astonishment that science resigns
itself to-day to the fate of being reduced to the
world of appearance: we certainly have no organ
of knowledge for the real world-be it what it
may.
At this point we may well ask: With what
organ of knowledge is this contradiction estab-
lished ? . . .
The fact that a world which is accessible to
our organs is also understood to be dependent
upon these organs, and the fact that we should
understand a world as subjectively conditioned,
are no proofs of the actual possibility of an
objective world. Who urges us to believe that
subjectivity is real or essential?
· The absolute is even an absurd concept: an
“absolute mode of existence" is nonsense, the
concept "being," " thing,” is always relative to us.
)
## p. 83 (#113) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE
83
<0
a
.
The trouble is that, owing to the old antithesis
apparent" and "real,” the correlative valuations
" of little value” and “absolutely valuable” have
been spread abroad.
The world of appearance does not strike us as
“valuable” world; appearance is on a lower
plane than the highest value. Only a “real”
world can be absolutely "valuable. "
Prejudice of prejudices! It is perfectly possible
in itself that the real nature of things would be
so unfriendly, so opposed to the first conditions of
life, that appearance is necessary in order to make
life possible. . . . This is certainly the case in
a large number of situations—for instance, mar-
riage.
Our empirical world would thus be conditioned,
even in its limits to knowledge, by the instinct of
self-preservation : we regard that as good, valu-
able, and true, which favours the preservation of
the species. .
(a) We have no categories which allow us to
distinguish between a real and an apparent world.
(At the most, there could exist a world of appear-
ance, but not our world of appearance. )
.
(6) Taking the real world for granted, it might
still be the less valuable to us: for the quantum
of illusion might be of the highest order, owing to
its value to us as preservative measure. (Unless
appearance in itself were sufficient to condemn
anything ? )
(c) That there exists a correlation between the
degrees of value and the degrees of reality (so that
the highest values also possessed the greatest
2
it
at
b-
to
ent
ould
ned,
an
that
:: an
, the
to us.
## p. 84 (#114) #############################################
84
THE WILL TO POWER.
degree of reality), is a metaphysical postulate
which starts out with the hypothesis that we know
the order of rank among values; and that this
order is a inoral one. . . It is only on this
hypothesis that truth is necessary as a definition
of all that is of a superior value.
B.
It is of cardinal importance that the real world
should be suppressed. It is the most formidable
inspirer of doubts, and depreciator of values,
concerning the world which we are: it was our
most dangerous attempt heretofore on the life of Life.
War against all the hypotheses upon which a
real world has been imagined. The notion that
moral values are the highest values, belongs to
this hypothesis.
The superiority of the moral valuation would
be refuted, if it could be shown to be the result
of an immoral valuation—a specific case of real
immorality: it would thus reduce itself to an
appearance, and as an appearance it would cease
from having any right to condemn appearance.
:
C.
»
Then the “Will to Truth would have to be
examined psychologically: it is not a moral
power, but a form of the Will to Power. This
would have to be proved by the fact that it avails
itself of every immoral means there is; above all,
of the metaphysicians.
## p. 85 (#115) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
85
2
At the present moment we are face to face
with the necessity of testing the assumption that
moral values are the highest values. Method in
research is attained caly when all moral prejudices
have been overcome: it represents a conquest
over morality. ,
584.
The aberrations of philosophy are the outcome
of the fact that, instead of recognising in logic
and the categories of reason merely a means to
the adjustment of the world for utilitarian ends
(that is to say, “especially," a useful falsification),
they were taken to be the criterion of truth-
particularly of reality. The “criterion of truth
was, as a matter of fact, merely the biological utility
of a systematic falsification of this sort, on principle:
and, since a species of animals knows nothing
more important than its own preservation, it was
indeed allowable here to speak of“ truth. ” Where
the artlessness came in, however, was in taking
this anthropocentric idiosyncrasy as the measure
of things, as the canon for recognising the “real”
and the “unreal”: in short, in making a relative
thing absolute. And behold, all at once, the
world fell into the two halves, "real" and
apparent"; and precisely that world which
:
man's reason had arranged for him to live and
to settle in, was discredited. Instead of using
.
the forms as mere instruments for making the
world manageable and calculable, the mad fancy
of philosophers intervened, and saw that in these
categories the concept of that world is given which
2
be
I
oral
Chis
rails
= all
,
## p. 86 (#116) #############################################
86
THE WILL TO POWER.
does not correspond to the concept of the world
in which man lives. . . . The means were mis-
understood as measures of value, and even used
as a condemnation of their original purpose. . . .
The purpose was, to deceive one's self in a use-
ful way: the means thereto was the invention of
forms and signs, with the help of which the
confusing multifariousness of life could be reduced
to ą useful and wieldy scheme.
But woe! a moral category was now brought
into the game: no creature would deceive itself,
no creature may deceive itself-consequently there
is only a will to truth. What is “ truth”?
The principle of contradiction provided the
scheme: the real world to which the way is
being sought cannot be in contradiction with
itself, cannot change, cannot evolve, has
beginning and no end.
That is the greatest error which has ever been
committed, the really fatal error of the world: it
was believed that in the forms of reason a criterion
of reality had been found—whereas their only
no
1
7
و مدل
## p. 87 (#117) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
87
as possible from the world of appearance? (the
concept of the perfect being as a contrast to the
real being; or, more correctly still, as the contra-
diction of life. . . . ).
The whole direction of values was towards the
slander of life; people deliberately confounded
ideal dogmatism with knowledge in general: so
that the opposing parties also began to reject
science with horror.
Thus the road to science was doubly barred :
first, by the belief in the real world; and secondly,
by the opponents of this belief. Natural science
and psychology were (1) condemned in their
objects, (2) deprived of their artlessness.
Everything is so absolutely bound and related
to everything else in the real world, that to
condemn, or to think away anything, means to
condemn and think away the whole. The words
“this should not be," "this ought not to be," are
a farce. . . . If one imagines the consequences,
one would ruin the very source of Life by sup-
Dressing everything which is in any sense what-
Physiology proves
## p. 88 (#118) #############################################
88
THE WILL TO POWER.
585.
The awful recovery of our consciousness: not
of the individual, but of the human species. Let
us reflect; let us think backwards ; let us follow
the narrow and broad highway.
A.
Man seeks “the truth": a world that does not
contradict itself, that does not deceive, that does
not change, a real world—a world in which there
is no suffering : contradiction, deception, varia-
bility—the causes of suffering! He does not
doubt that there is such a thing as a world as it
ought to be; he would fain find a read to it. (Indian
criticism : even the ego is apparent and not real. )
Whence does man derive the concept of reality?
-Why does he make variability, deception, con-
tradiction, the origin of suffering; why not rather
of his happiness? .
The contempt and hatred of all that perishes,
changes, and varies: whence comes this valuation
of stability? Obviously, the will to truth is
merely the longing for a stable world,
The senses deceive; reason corrects the errors:
therefore, it was concluded, reason is the road to
a static state; the most spiritual ideas must be
nearest to the “real world. ”—It is from the
senses that the greatest number of misfortunes
come-they are cheats, deluders, and destroyers.
Happiness can be promised only by Being :
change and happiness exclude each other. The
>
## p. 89 (#119) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
89
.
loftiest desire is thus to be one with Being. That
is the formula for the way to happiness.
In summa: The world as it ought to be exists;
this world in which we live is an error—this our
world should not exist.
The belief in Reing shows itself only as a result:
the real primum mobile is the disbelief in Becom-
ing, the mistrust of Becoming, the scorn of all
Becoming
What kind of a man reflects in this way? An
unfruitful, suffering kind, a world - weary kind.
If we try and fancy what the opposite kind of man
would be like, we have a picture of a creature
who would not require the belief in Being; he
would rather despise it as dead, tedious, and in-
different.
The belief that the world which ought to be, is,
really exists, is a belief proper to the unfruitful,
who do not wish to create a world as it should be.
They take it for granted, they seek for means and
1
tavs
## p. 90 (#120) #############################################
90
THE WILL TO POWER.
The same species of men, grown one degree
poorer, no longer possessed of the power to inter-
pret and to create fictions, produces the Nihilists.
A Nihilist is the man who says of the world as it
is, that it ought not to exist, and of the world as
it ought to be, that it does not exist. According
to this, existence (action, suffering, willing, and
feeling) has no sense: the pathos of the “in vain ”
is the Nihilist's pathos—and as pathos it is more-
over an inconsistency on the part of the Nihilist.
He who is not able to introduce his will into
things, the man without either will or energy, at
least invests them with some meaning, i. e. he
believes that a will is already in them.
The degree of a man's will-power may be
measured from the extent to which he can dis-
pense with the meaning in things, from the extent
to which he is able to endure a world without
meaning: because he himself arranges a small
## p. 91 (#121) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
91
(they attribute the highest degree of reality to the
things which are valued highest).
The connection between philosophers and moral
men and their evaluations (the moral interpreta-
tion of the world as the sense of the world : after
the collapse of the religious sense).
The overcoming of philosophers by the annihila-
tion of the world of being : intermediary period of
Nihilism; before there is sufficient strength present
to transvalue values, and to make the world of
becoming, and of appearance, the only world to be
deified and called good.
B.
Nihilism as a normal phenomenon may be a
symptom of increasing strength or of increasing
weakness :
Partly owing to the fact that the strength to
create and to will has grown to such an extent,
## p. 92 (#122) #############################################
92
THE WILL TO POWER.
C.
The belief in truth, the need of holding to some-
thing which is believed to be true: psychological
reduction apart from the valuations that have
existed hitherto. Fear and laziness.
At the same time unbelief: Reduction. In
what way does it acquire a new value, if a real
world does not exist at all (by this means the
capacity of valuing, which hitherto has been
lavished upon the world of being, becomes free
once more)
586.
The real and the " apparent" world.
A.
-
. );
.
.
The erroneous concepts which proceed from this
concept are of three kinds :
(a) An unknown world :-we are adventurers,
we are inquisitive, that which is known to us
makes us weary (the danger of the concept lies
in the fact it suggests that “this " world is known
to us:
(6) Another world, where things are different:-
something in us draws comparisons, and thereby
our calm submission and our silence lose their
value-perhaps all will be for the best, we have
not hoped in vain. . . . The world where things
are different-who knows where we ourselves
will be different. . .
(c) A real world :—that is the most singular
.
## p. 93 (#123) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
93
1
a
blow and attack which we have ever received; so
many things have become encrusted in the word
"true," that we involuntarily give these to the
“ real world”: the real world must also be a truth-
ful world, such a one as would not deceive us or
make fools of us: to believe in it in this way is to
be almost forced to believe (from convention, as
is the case among people worthy of confidence).
The concept, “the unknown world,” suggests
that this world is known to us (is tedious);
The concept, “the other world," suggests that this
world might be different,-it suppresses necessity
and fate (it is useless to submit and to adapt
one's self);
The concept, the true world, suggests that this
world is untruthful, deceitful, dishonest, not
genuine, and not essential,--and consequently not
a world calculated to be useful to us (it is un-
advisable to become adapted to it; better resist it).
9
Thus we escape from “this" world in three
different ways >
(a) With our curiosity—as though the interest-
ing part was somewhere else;
(6) With our submission—as though it was not
necessary to submit, as though this world was
not an ultimate necessity;
(c) With our sympathy and respect—as though
this world did not deserve them, as though it was
mean and dishonest towards us.
In summa: we have become revolutionaries in
í
## p. 94 (#124) #############################################
94
THE WILL TO POWER.
made X our
three different ways; we
have
criticism of the “known world. "
B.
The first step to reason : to understand to what
extent we have been seduced,—for it might be
precisely the reverse :
(a) The unknown world could be so constituted
as to give us a liking for “this” world—it may
be a more stupid and meaner form of existence.
(6) The other world, very far from taking
account of our desires which were never realised
here, might be part of the mass of things which
this world makes possible for us; to learn to know
this world would be a means of satisfying us.
(C) The true world: but who actually says that
the apparent world must be of less value than the
true world? Do not our instincts contradict this
judgment ? Is not man eternally orror
moci
.
## p. 95 (#125) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
95
.
good as “knowing something about it,"—that is
the contrary of the assumption of an x-world.
In short, the world x might be in every way a
more tedious, a more inhuman, and a less dignified
world than this one.
It would be quite another matter if it were
assumed that there were several x-worlds—that
is to say, every possible kind of world besides our
own. But this has never been assumed. . .
C.
Problem: why has the image of the other world
always been to the disadvantage of “ this ” one-
that is to say, always stood as a criticism of it;
what does this point to?
A people that are proud of themselves, and
who are on the ascending path of Life, always
picture another existence as lower and less valu-
able than theirs; they regard the strange unknown
world as their enemy, as their opposite; they feel
no curiosity, but rather repugnance in regard to
what is strange to them. . . . Such a body of men
would never admit that another people were the
true people. "
The very fact that such a distinction is possible,
--that this world should be called the world of
appearance, and that the other should be called
the "true" world, is symptomatic.
The places of origin of the idea of “another
world":
The philosopher who invents a rational world
where reason and logical functions are
a
## p. 96 (#126) #############################################
96
THE WILL TO POWER.
G
adequate :—this is the root of the "true"
world.
The religious man who invents a "divine
world": this is the root of the “de-
naturalised” and the "anti-natural” world.
The moral man who invents a “ free world":
-this is the root of the good, the perfect,
the just, and the holy world.
The common factor in the three places of origin:
psychological error, physiological confusion.
With what attributes is the “other world," as
it actually appears in history, characterised?
With the stigmata of philosophical, religious, and
moral prejudices.
The "other world” as it appears in the light
of these facts, is synonymous with not-Being, with
not-living, with the will not to live. . .
General aspect: it was the instinct of the fatigue
of living, and not that of life, which created the
“ other world. "
Result: philosophy, religion, and morality are
symptoms of decadence.
»
( THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF KNOWLEDGE.
587.
It might seem as though I had evaded the
question concerning “certainty. " The reverse is
true: but while raising the question of the
criterion of certainty, I wished to discover the
weights and measures with which men had weighed
heretofore-and to show that the question con-
## p. 97 (#127) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
97
cerning certainty is already in itself a dependent
question, a question of the second rank.
588.
The question of values is more fundamental
than the question of certainty: the latter only
becomes serious once the question of values has
been answered.
Being and appearance, regarded psychologically,
yield no “Being-in-itself," no criterion for“ reality,"
but only degrees of appearance, measured accord-
ing to the strength of the sympathy which we
feel for appearance.
There is no struggle for existence between
ideas and observations, but only a struggle for
supremacy - the vanquished idea is not anni-
hilated, but only driven to the background or
subordinated. There is no such thing as annihila-
tion in intellectual spheres.
.
)
.
.
589.
As interpretations (not
as established facts)
“ End and means”
--and in what respect
« Cause and effect"
were they perhaps
Subject and object”
“ Action and suffering
necessary interpreta-
tions ? (as “preserva-
“Thing - in- itself and
tive measures ")-all
appearance"
in
the sense of a
Will to Power.
G
VOL. II.
## p. 98 (#128) #############################################
98
THE WILL TO POWER.
590.
Our values are interpreted into the heart of things.
Is there, then, any sense in the absolute ?
Is not sense necessarily relative-sense and per-
spective?
All sense is Will to Power (all relative senses
may be identified with it).
591.
The desire for “established facts”- Epistem-
ology: how much pessimism there is in it!
592.
"
The antagonism between the“ true world,” as
pessimism depicts it, and a world in which it
were possible to live-for this the rights of truth
must be tested. It is necessary to measure all
these “ideal forces” according to the standard of
life, in order to understand the nature of that
antagonism : the struggle of sickly, desperate life,
cleaving to a beyond, against healthier, more foolish,
more false, richer, and fresher life. Thus it is not
"truth" struggling with Life, but one kind of Life
with another kind. But the former would fain
be the higher kind ! -Here we must prove that
some order of rank is necessary,—that the first
problem is the order of rank among kinds of Life.
-
593.
The belief, “ It is thus and thus," must be altered
into the will, “ Thus and thus shall it be. "
## p. 99 (#129) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
99
(m) SCIENCE.
594.
Science hitherto has been a means of dis-
posing of the confusion of things by hypotheses
which "explain everything "—that is to say, it
.
has been the result of the intellect's repugnance
to chaos.
This same repugnance takes hold of
me when I contemplate myself; I should like to
form some kind of representation of my inner
world for myself by means of a scheme, and thus
overcome intellectual confusion. Morality was a
simplification of this sort : it taught man as
recognised, as known. --Now we have annihilated
morality~we have once more grown completely
obscure to ourselves! I know that I know nothing
about myself. Physics shows itself to be a boon
for the mind : science (as the road to knowledge)
acquires a new charm after morality has been laid
aside—and owing to the fact that we find consist-
ency here alone, we must order our lives in
accordance with it so that it may help us to
preserve it.
This results in a sort of practical
meditation concerning the conditions of our exist-
ence as investigators.
595
Our first principles: no God: no purpose :
limited energy.
We will take good care to
avoid thinking out and prescribing the necessary
lines of thought for the lower orders.
## p. 100 (#130) ############################################
100
THE WILL TO POWER.
596.
No "moral education" of humanity: but the
disciplinary school of scientific errors is necessary,
because truth disgusts and creates a dislike of
life, provided a man is not already irrevocably
launched upon
his
way,
and bears the con-
sequences of his honest standpoint with tragic
pride.
597
The first principle of scientific work: faith in
the union and continuance of scientific work, so
that the individual may undertake to work at any
point, however small, and feel sure that his efforts
will not be in vain.
There is a great paralysing force: to work in
vain, to struggle in vain.
The periods of hoarding, when energy and
power are stored, to be utilised later by sub-
sequent periods: Science as a half-way house,
at which the mediocre, more multifarious, and
more complicated beings find their most natural
gratification and means of expression: all those
who do well to avoid action.
598.
A philosopher recuperates his strength in a
way quite his own, and with other means: he
does it, for instance, with Nihilism. The belief
that there is no such thing as truth, the Nihilistic
belief, is a tremendous relaxation for one who, as
;
## p. 101 (#131) ############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
101
1
a warrior of knowledge, is unremittingly struggling
with a host of hateful truths. For truth is ugly.
599.
"
The “purposelessness of all phenomena”: the
belief in this is the result of the view that all
interpretations hitherto have been false, it is a
generalisation on the part of discouragement and
weakness—it is not a necessary belief.
The
arrogance
of
when he sees
purpose, he denies that there can be one!
man:
no
600.
The unlimited ways of interpreting the world :
every interpretation is a symptom of growth or
decline.
Unity (monism) is a need of inertia ; Plurality
in interpretation is a sign of strength. One
should not desire to deprive the world of its disquiet-
ing and enigmatical nature
601.
Against the desire for reconciliation and
peaceableness. To this also belongs every attempt
on the part of monism.
602.
This relative world, this world for the eye,
the touch, and the ear, is very false, even when
adjusted to a much more sensitive sensual ap-
## p. 102 (#132) ############################################
102
THE WILL TO POWER.
-
paratus. But its comprehensibility, its clearness,
its practicability, its beauty, will begin to near
their end if we refine our senses, just as beauty
ceases to exist when the processes of its history
are reflected upon : the arrangement of the end
is in itself an illusion. Let it suffice, that the
more coarsely and more superficially it is under-
stood, the more valuable, the more definite, the
more beautiful and important the world then
seems. The more deeply one looks into it, the
further our valuation retreats from our view,-
senselessness approaches ! We have created the world
that has any value! Knowing this, we also per-
ceive that the veneration of truth is already the
result of illusion — and that it is much more
necessary to esteem the formative, simplifying,
moulding, and romancing power.
“All is false-everything is allowed ! ”
!
Only as the result of a certain bluntness of
vision and the desire for simplicity does the
beautiful and the " valuable" make its appearance :
in itself it is purely fanciful.
603.
We know that the destruction of an illusion
does not necessarily produce a truth, but only
one more piece of ignorance ; it is the extension of
our “empty space," an increase in our waste. ”
604.
Of what alone knowledge consist ? -
Interpretation,” the introduction of a sense into
can
## p. 103 (#133) ############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
(k) THE METAPHYSICAL NEED.
570.
If one resembles all the philosophers that have
gone before, one can have no eyes for what has
existed and what will exist-one sees only what
is. But as there is no such thing as Being; all
that the philosophers had to deal with was a host
of fancies, this was their "world. "
571.
To assert the existence as a whole of things con-
cerning which we know nothing, simply because
there is an advantage in not being able to know
anything of them, was a piece of artlessness on
Kant's part, and the result of the recoil-stroke of
certain needs—especially in the realm of morals
and metaphysics.
572.
An artist cannot endure reality; he turns away
or back from it: his earnest opinion is that the
worth of a thing consists in that nebulous residue
of it which one derives from colour, form, sound,
and thought; he believes that the more subtle, at-
tenuated, and volatile, a thing or a man becomes,
the more valuable he becomes: the less real, the
greater the worth. This is Platonism: but Plato
was guilty of yet further audacity in the matter of
## p. 75 (#105) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
75
-
turning tables-he measured the degree of reality
according to the degree of value, and said: The
more there is of “idea ” the more there is of Being.
He twisted the concept "reality” round and said:
What ye regard as real is an error, and the nearer
we get to the idea 'the nearer we are to‘truth. '
Is this understood ? It was the greatest of all re-
christenings : and because Christianity adopted it,
we are blind to its astounding features. At botton,
Plato, like the artist he was, placed appearance before
Being! and therefore lies and fiction before truth!
unreality before actuality ! -He was, however, so
convinced of the value of appearance, that he
granted it the attributes of " Being," "causality,”
goodness,” and “truth," and, in short, all those
things which are associated with value.
The concept value itself regarded as a cause:
first standpoint.
The ideal granted all attributes, conferring
honour: second standpoint.
5
573.
")
ay
che
Aue
nd,
The idea of the “true world” or of “God” as
absolutely spiritual, intellectual, and good, is an
emergency measure to the extent to which the
antagonistic instincts are all-powerful.
Moderation and existing humanity is reflected
exactly in the humanisation of the gods. The
Greeks of the strongest period, who entertained no
fear whatever of themselves, but on the contrary
were pleased with themselves, brought down their
gods to all their emotions.
at-
mes,
the
Plato
ter of
i
## p. 76 (#106) #############################################
76
THE WILL TO POWER.
The spiritualisation of the idea of God is thus
very far from being a sign of progress : one is
heartily conscious of this when one reads Goethe
-in his works the vaporisation of God into virtue
and spirit is felt as being upon a lower plane.
574.
The nonsense of all metaphysics shown to reside
in the derivation of the conditioned out of the
unconditioned.
It belongs to the nature of thinking that it adds
the unconditioned to the conditioned, that it invents
it-just as it thought of and invented the "ego” to
cover the multifariousness of its processes : it meas-
ures the world according to a host of self-devised
measurements - according to its fundamental
-
fictions “the unconditioned," "end and means,"
,
"things," "substances,” and according to logical
laws, figures, and forms.
There would be nothing which could be called
knowledge, if thought did not first so re-create the
world into "things" which are in its own image.
It is only through thought that there is untruth.
The origin of thought, like that of feelings,
cannot be traced: but that is no proof of its
primordiality or absoluteness ! It simply shows
that we cannot get behind it, because we have
nothing else save thought and feeling.
575.
To know is to point to past experience: in its
nature it is a regressus in infinitum. That which
## p. 77 (#107) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
77
halts (in the face of a so-called causa prima or the
unconditioned, etc. ) is laziness, weariness-
576.
Concerning the psychology of metaphysics—the
influence of fear. That which has been most
feared, the cause of the greatest suffering (lust of
power, voluptuousness, etc. ), has been treated with
the greatest amount of hostility by men, and
eliminated from the “real” world. Thus the
passions have been step by step struck out, God
posited as the opposite of evil—that is to say, reality
is conceived to be the negation of the passions and
the emotions (i. e. nonentity).
Irrationality, impulsive action, accidental action,
is, moreover, hated by them (as the cause of incal-
culable suffering). Consequently they denied this ele-
ment in the absolute, and interpreted it as absolute
“rationality” and “conformity of means to ends. "
Change and perishability were also feared ; and
by this fear an oppressed soul is revealed, full of
distrust and painful experiences (the case with
Spinoza : a man differently constituted would have
regarded this change as a charm).
A nature overflowing and playing with energy,
would call precisely the passions, irrationality and
change, good in a eudemonistic sense, together
with their consequences : danger, contrast, ruin, etc.
.
e
e.
gs,
its
WS
ave
577.
Against the value of that which always remains
the same (remember Spinoza's artlessness and
mits
which
## p. 78 (#108) #############################################
78
THE WILL TO POWER.
Descartes' likewise), the value of the shortest and
of the most perishable, the seductive flash of gold
on the belly of the serpent vita-
)
578.
Moral values in epistemology itself :-
The faith in reason-why not mistrust?
The "real world” is the good world-why?
Appearance, change, contradiction, struggle,
regarded as immoral: the desire for a
world which knows nothing of these things.
The transcendental world discovered, so that
a place may be kept for “moral freedom"
(as in Kant).
Dialectics as the road to virtue (in Plato and
Socrates : probably because sophistry was
held to be the road to immorality).
Time and space are ideal : consequently
there is unity in the essence of things ;
consequently no "sin," no evil, no imper-
fection,-a justification of God.
Epicurus denied the possibility of knowledge,
in order to keep the moral (particularly the
hedonistic) values as the highest.
Augustine does the same, and later Pascal
("corrupted reason"), in favour of Christian
values.
Descartes' contempt for everything variable;
likewise Spinoza's.
579.
Concerning the psychology of metaphysics. This
world is only apparent: therefore there must be a
## p. 79 (#109) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
79
real world ;-this world is conditioned: conse-
quently there must be an unconditioned world ;-
this world is contradictory : consequently there is
a world free from contradiction ;-this world is
evolving: consequently there is somewhere a static
world :-a host of false conclusions (blind faith in
reason : if A exists, then its opposite B must also
exist). Pain inspires these conclusions: at bottom
they are wishes that such a world might exist; the
hatred of a world which leads to suffering is like-
wise revealed by the fact that another and better
world is imagined: the resentment of the meta-
physician against reality is creative here.
The second series of questions : wherefore suffer?
and from this a conclusion is derived con-
cerning the relation of the real world to our
apparent, changing, suffering, and contradictory
world : (1) Suffering as the consequence of error:
:
how is error possible ? (2) Suffering as the conse-
quence of guilt: how is guilt possible? (A host
of experiences drawn from the sphere of nature or
society, universalised and made absolute. ) But if
the conditioned world be causally determined by
the unconditioned, then the freedom to err, to be
sinful, must also be derived from the same quarter :
and once more the question arises, to what purpose ?
. . The world of appearance, of Becoming, of
contradiction, of suffering, is therefore willed; to
what purpose ?
The error of these conclusions: two contradictory
concepts are formed-because one of them corre-
sponds to a reality, the other "must" also corre-
spond to a reality. “Whence" would one otherwise
.
:
1
in
.
.
le;
This
be a
## p. 80 (#110) #############################################
80
THE WILL TO POWER.
C
derive its contradictory concept? Reason is thus
a source of revelation concerning the absolute.
But the origin of the above contradictions need
not necessarily be a supernatural source of reason:
it is sufficient to oppose the real genesis of the
concepts:—this springs from practical spheres, from
utilitarian spheres, hence the strong faith it com-
mands (one is threatened with ruin if one's con-
clusions are not in conformity with this reason; but
this fact is no "proof” of what the latter asserts).
The preoccupation of metaphysicians with pain,
is quite artless. “ Eternal blessedness”: psycho-
logical nonsense. Brave and creative men never
make pleasure and pain ultimate questions—they
are incidental conditions: both of them must be
desired when one will attain to something. It
is a sign of fatigue and illness in these meta-
physicians and religious men, that they should
press questions of pleasure and pain into the
foreground. Even morality in their eyes derives
its great importance only from the fact that it is
regarded as an essential condition for abolishing
pain.
The same holds good of the preoccupation with
appearance and error: the cause of pain. A
superstition that happiness and truth are related
(confusion : happiness in “certainty,” in “faith").
580.
To what extent are the various epistemological
positions (materialism, sensualism, idealism) conse-
quences of valuations ? The source of the highest
## p. 81 (#111) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE
81
feelings of pleasure (“ feelings of value”) may also
judge concerning the problem of reality!
The measure of positive knowledge is quite a
matter of indifference and beside the point : as
witness the development of India.
The Buddhistic negation of reality in general
(appearance = pain) is perfectly consistent: un-
demonstrability, inaccessibility, lack of categories,
not only for an “absolute world,” but a recogni-
tion of the erroneous procedures by means of which
the whole concept has been reached. “ Absolute
reality,” “ Being in itself,” a contradiction. In a
world of Becoming, reality is merely a simplification
for the purpose of practical ends, or a deception
resulting from the coarseness of certain organs, or
à variation in the tempo of Becoming.
The logical denial of the world and Nihilism is
a consequence of the fact that we must oppose
nonentity with Being, and that “ Becoming” is
denied. (“Something” becomes. )
i
S
th'
ط ق
ted
581.
Being and Becoming. -" Reason a developed
-"
upon a sensualistic basis upon the prejudices of
the senses-that is to say, with the belief in the
truth of the judgment of the senses.
“ Being," as the generalisation of the concept
“ Life" (breath), “to be animate," “ to will,” “ to act
i upon," " become. ”
.
The opposite is : "to be inanimate," " not to
become," " not to will. " Thus: “ Being” is not
opposed to “not-Being," to " appearance," nor is
"
>
gical
onse.
ghest
VOL. II.
F
## p. 82 (#112) #############################################
82
THE WILL TO POWER.
it opposed to death (for only that can be dead
which can also live).
The “soul,” the "ego," posited as primeval
facts; and introduced wherever there is Becoming.
582.
Being—we have no other idea of it than that
which we derive from "living. ”—How then can
“
everything “be” dead ?
583.
A.
I see with astonishment that science resigns
itself to-day to the fate of being reduced to the
world of appearance: we certainly have no organ
of knowledge for the real world-be it what it
may.
At this point we may well ask: With what
organ of knowledge is this contradiction estab-
lished ? . . .
The fact that a world which is accessible to
our organs is also understood to be dependent
upon these organs, and the fact that we should
understand a world as subjectively conditioned,
are no proofs of the actual possibility of an
objective world. Who urges us to believe that
subjectivity is real or essential?
· The absolute is even an absurd concept: an
“absolute mode of existence" is nonsense, the
concept "being," " thing,” is always relative to us.
)
## p. 83 (#113) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE
83
<0
a
.
The trouble is that, owing to the old antithesis
apparent" and "real,” the correlative valuations
" of little value” and “absolutely valuable” have
been spread abroad.
The world of appearance does not strike us as
“valuable” world; appearance is on a lower
plane than the highest value. Only a “real”
world can be absolutely "valuable. "
Prejudice of prejudices! It is perfectly possible
in itself that the real nature of things would be
so unfriendly, so opposed to the first conditions of
life, that appearance is necessary in order to make
life possible. . . . This is certainly the case in
a large number of situations—for instance, mar-
riage.
Our empirical world would thus be conditioned,
even in its limits to knowledge, by the instinct of
self-preservation : we regard that as good, valu-
able, and true, which favours the preservation of
the species. .
(a) We have no categories which allow us to
distinguish between a real and an apparent world.
(At the most, there could exist a world of appear-
ance, but not our world of appearance. )
.
(6) Taking the real world for granted, it might
still be the less valuable to us: for the quantum
of illusion might be of the highest order, owing to
its value to us as preservative measure. (Unless
appearance in itself were sufficient to condemn
anything ? )
(c) That there exists a correlation between the
degrees of value and the degrees of reality (so that
the highest values also possessed the greatest
2
it
at
b-
to
ent
ould
ned,
an
that
:: an
, the
to us.
## p. 84 (#114) #############################################
84
THE WILL TO POWER.
degree of reality), is a metaphysical postulate
which starts out with the hypothesis that we know
the order of rank among values; and that this
order is a inoral one. . . It is only on this
hypothesis that truth is necessary as a definition
of all that is of a superior value.
B.
It is of cardinal importance that the real world
should be suppressed. It is the most formidable
inspirer of doubts, and depreciator of values,
concerning the world which we are: it was our
most dangerous attempt heretofore on the life of Life.
War against all the hypotheses upon which a
real world has been imagined. The notion that
moral values are the highest values, belongs to
this hypothesis.
The superiority of the moral valuation would
be refuted, if it could be shown to be the result
of an immoral valuation—a specific case of real
immorality: it would thus reduce itself to an
appearance, and as an appearance it would cease
from having any right to condemn appearance.
:
C.
»
Then the “Will to Truth would have to be
examined psychologically: it is not a moral
power, but a form of the Will to Power. This
would have to be proved by the fact that it avails
itself of every immoral means there is; above all,
of the metaphysicians.
## p. 85 (#115) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
85
2
At the present moment we are face to face
with the necessity of testing the assumption that
moral values are the highest values. Method in
research is attained caly when all moral prejudices
have been overcome: it represents a conquest
over morality. ,
584.
The aberrations of philosophy are the outcome
of the fact that, instead of recognising in logic
and the categories of reason merely a means to
the adjustment of the world for utilitarian ends
(that is to say, “especially," a useful falsification),
they were taken to be the criterion of truth-
particularly of reality. The “criterion of truth
was, as a matter of fact, merely the biological utility
of a systematic falsification of this sort, on principle:
and, since a species of animals knows nothing
more important than its own preservation, it was
indeed allowable here to speak of“ truth. ” Where
the artlessness came in, however, was in taking
this anthropocentric idiosyncrasy as the measure
of things, as the canon for recognising the “real”
and the “unreal”: in short, in making a relative
thing absolute. And behold, all at once, the
world fell into the two halves, "real" and
apparent"; and precisely that world which
:
man's reason had arranged for him to live and
to settle in, was discredited. Instead of using
.
the forms as mere instruments for making the
world manageable and calculable, the mad fancy
of philosophers intervened, and saw that in these
categories the concept of that world is given which
2
be
I
oral
Chis
rails
= all
,
## p. 86 (#116) #############################################
86
THE WILL TO POWER.
does not correspond to the concept of the world
in which man lives. . . . The means were mis-
understood as measures of value, and even used
as a condemnation of their original purpose. . . .
The purpose was, to deceive one's self in a use-
ful way: the means thereto was the invention of
forms and signs, with the help of which the
confusing multifariousness of life could be reduced
to ą useful and wieldy scheme.
But woe! a moral category was now brought
into the game: no creature would deceive itself,
no creature may deceive itself-consequently there
is only a will to truth. What is “ truth”?
The principle of contradiction provided the
scheme: the real world to which the way is
being sought cannot be in contradiction with
itself, cannot change, cannot evolve, has
beginning and no end.
That is the greatest error which has ever been
committed, the really fatal error of the world: it
was believed that in the forms of reason a criterion
of reality had been found—whereas their only
no
1
7
و مدل
## p. 87 (#117) #############################################
THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
87
as possible from the world of appearance? (the
concept of the perfect being as a contrast to the
real being; or, more correctly still, as the contra-
diction of life. . . . ).
The whole direction of values was towards the
slander of life; people deliberately confounded
ideal dogmatism with knowledge in general: so
that the opposing parties also began to reject
science with horror.
Thus the road to science was doubly barred :
first, by the belief in the real world; and secondly,
by the opponents of this belief. Natural science
and psychology were (1) condemned in their
objects, (2) deprived of their artlessness.
Everything is so absolutely bound and related
to everything else in the real world, that to
condemn, or to think away anything, means to
condemn and think away the whole. The words
“this should not be," "this ought not to be," are
a farce. . . . If one imagines the consequences,
one would ruin the very source of Life by sup-
Dressing everything which is in any sense what-
Physiology proves
## p. 88 (#118) #############################################
88
THE WILL TO POWER.
585.
The awful recovery of our consciousness: not
of the individual, but of the human species. Let
us reflect; let us think backwards ; let us follow
the narrow and broad highway.
A.
Man seeks “the truth": a world that does not
contradict itself, that does not deceive, that does
not change, a real world—a world in which there
is no suffering : contradiction, deception, varia-
bility—the causes of suffering! He does not
doubt that there is such a thing as a world as it
ought to be; he would fain find a read to it. (Indian
criticism : even the ego is apparent and not real. )
Whence does man derive the concept of reality?
-Why does he make variability, deception, con-
tradiction, the origin of suffering; why not rather
of his happiness? .
The contempt and hatred of all that perishes,
changes, and varies: whence comes this valuation
of stability? Obviously, the will to truth is
merely the longing for a stable world,
The senses deceive; reason corrects the errors:
therefore, it was concluded, reason is the road to
a static state; the most spiritual ideas must be
nearest to the “real world. ”—It is from the
senses that the greatest number of misfortunes
come-they are cheats, deluders, and destroyers.
Happiness can be promised only by Being :
change and happiness exclude each other. The
>
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THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
89
.
loftiest desire is thus to be one with Being. That
is the formula for the way to happiness.
In summa: The world as it ought to be exists;
this world in which we live is an error—this our
world should not exist.
The belief in Reing shows itself only as a result:
the real primum mobile is the disbelief in Becom-
ing, the mistrust of Becoming, the scorn of all
Becoming
What kind of a man reflects in this way? An
unfruitful, suffering kind, a world - weary kind.
If we try and fancy what the opposite kind of man
would be like, we have a picture of a creature
who would not require the belief in Being; he
would rather despise it as dead, tedious, and in-
different.
The belief that the world which ought to be, is,
really exists, is a belief proper to the unfruitful,
who do not wish to create a world as it should be.
They take it for granted, they seek for means and
1
tavs
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THE WILL TO POWER.
The same species of men, grown one degree
poorer, no longer possessed of the power to inter-
pret and to create fictions, produces the Nihilists.
A Nihilist is the man who says of the world as it
is, that it ought not to exist, and of the world as
it ought to be, that it does not exist. According
to this, existence (action, suffering, willing, and
feeling) has no sense: the pathos of the “in vain ”
is the Nihilist's pathos—and as pathos it is more-
over an inconsistency on the part of the Nihilist.
He who is not able to introduce his will into
things, the man without either will or energy, at
least invests them with some meaning, i. e. he
believes that a will is already in them.
The degree of a man's will-power may be
measured from the extent to which he can dis-
pense with the meaning in things, from the extent
to which he is able to endure a world without
meaning: because he himself arranges a small
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THE WILL TO POWER IN SCIENCE.
91
(they attribute the highest degree of reality to the
things which are valued highest).
The connection between philosophers and moral
men and their evaluations (the moral interpreta-
tion of the world as the sense of the world : after
the collapse of the religious sense).
The overcoming of philosophers by the annihila-
tion of the world of being : intermediary period of
Nihilism; before there is sufficient strength present
to transvalue values, and to make the world of
becoming, and of appearance, the only world to be
deified and called good.
B.
Nihilism as a normal phenomenon may be a
symptom of increasing strength or of increasing
weakness :
Partly owing to the fact that the strength to
create and to will has grown to such an extent,
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THE WILL TO POWER.
C.
The belief in truth, the need of holding to some-
thing which is believed to be true: psychological
reduction apart from the valuations that have
existed hitherto. Fear and laziness.
At the same time unbelief: Reduction. In
what way does it acquire a new value, if a real
world does not exist at all (by this means the
capacity of valuing, which hitherto has been
lavished upon the world of being, becomes free
once more)
586.
The real and the " apparent" world.
A.
-
. );
.
.
The erroneous concepts which proceed from this
concept are of three kinds :
(a) An unknown world :-we are adventurers,
we are inquisitive, that which is known to us
makes us weary (the danger of the concept lies
in the fact it suggests that “this " world is known
to us:
(6) Another world, where things are different:-
something in us draws comparisons, and thereby
our calm submission and our silence lose their
value-perhaps all will be for the best, we have
not hoped in vain. . . . The world where things
are different-who knows where we ourselves
will be different. . .
(c) A real world :—that is the most singular
.
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1
a
blow and attack which we have ever received; so
many things have become encrusted in the word
"true," that we involuntarily give these to the
“ real world”: the real world must also be a truth-
ful world, such a one as would not deceive us or
make fools of us: to believe in it in this way is to
be almost forced to believe (from convention, as
is the case among people worthy of confidence).
The concept, “the unknown world,” suggests
that this world is known to us (is tedious);
The concept, “the other world," suggests that this
world might be different,-it suppresses necessity
and fate (it is useless to submit and to adapt
one's self);
The concept, the true world, suggests that this
world is untruthful, deceitful, dishonest, not
genuine, and not essential,--and consequently not
a world calculated to be useful to us (it is un-
advisable to become adapted to it; better resist it).
9
Thus we escape from “this" world in three
different ways >
(a) With our curiosity—as though the interest-
ing part was somewhere else;
(6) With our submission—as though it was not
necessary to submit, as though this world was
not an ultimate necessity;
(c) With our sympathy and respect—as though
this world did not deserve them, as though it was
mean and dishonest towards us.
In summa: we have become revolutionaries in
í
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THE WILL TO POWER.
made X our
three different ways; we
have
criticism of the “known world. "
B.
The first step to reason : to understand to what
extent we have been seduced,—for it might be
precisely the reverse :
(a) The unknown world could be so constituted
as to give us a liking for “this” world—it may
be a more stupid and meaner form of existence.
(6) The other world, very far from taking
account of our desires which were never realised
here, might be part of the mass of things which
this world makes possible for us; to learn to know
this world would be a means of satisfying us.
(C) The true world: but who actually says that
the apparent world must be of less value than the
true world? Do not our instincts contradict this
judgment ? Is not man eternally orror
moci
.
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95
.
good as “knowing something about it,"—that is
the contrary of the assumption of an x-world.
In short, the world x might be in every way a
more tedious, a more inhuman, and a less dignified
world than this one.
It would be quite another matter if it were
assumed that there were several x-worlds—that
is to say, every possible kind of world besides our
own. But this has never been assumed. . .
C.
Problem: why has the image of the other world
always been to the disadvantage of “ this ” one-
that is to say, always stood as a criticism of it;
what does this point to?
A people that are proud of themselves, and
who are on the ascending path of Life, always
picture another existence as lower and less valu-
able than theirs; they regard the strange unknown
world as their enemy, as their opposite; they feel
no curiosity, but rather repugnance in regard to
what is strange to them. . . . Such a body of men
would never admit that another people were the
true people. "
The very fact that such a distinction is possible,
--that this world should be called the world of
appearance, and that the other should be called
the "true" world, is symptomatic.
The places of origin of the idea of “another
world":
The philosopher who invents a rational world
where reason and logical functions are
a
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THE WILL TO POWER.
G
adequate :—this is the root of the "true"
world.
The religious man who invents a "divine
world": this is the root of the “de-
naturalised” and the "anti-natural” world.
The moral man who invents a “ free world":
-this is the root of the good, the perfect,
the just, and the holy world.
The common factor in the three places of origin:
psychological error, physiological confusion.
With what attributes is the “other world," as
it actually appears in history, characterised?
With the stigmata of philosophical, religious, and
moral prejudices.
The "other world” as it appears in the light
of these facts, is synonymous with not-Being, with
not-living, with the will not to live. . .
General aspect: it was the instinct of the fatigue
of living, and not that of life, which created the
“ other world. "
Result: philosophy, religion, and morality are
symptoms of decadence.
»
( THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF KNOWLEDGE.
587.
It might seem as though I had evaded the
question concerning “certainty. " The reverse is
true: but while raising the question of the
criterion of certainty, I wished to discover the
weights and measures with which men had weighed
heretofore-and to show that the question con-
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97
cerning certainty is already in itself a dependent
question, a question of the second rank.
588.
The question of values is more fundamental
than the question of certainty: the latter only
becomes serious once the question of values has
been answered.
Being and appearance, regarded psychologically,
yield no “Being-in-itself," no criterion for“ reality,"
but only degrees of appearance, measured accord-
ing to the strength of the sympathy which we
feel for appearance.
There is no struggle for existence between
ideas and observations, but only a struggle for
supremacy - the vanquished idea is not anni-
hilated, but only driven to the background or
subordinated. There is no such thing as annihila-
tion in intellectual spheres.
.
)
.
.
589.
As interpretations (not
as established facts)
“ End and means”
--and in what respect
« Cause and effect"
were they perhaps
Subject and object”
“ Action and suffering
necessary interpreta-
tions ? (as “preserva-
“Thing - in- itself and
tive measures ")-all
appearance"
in
the sense of a
Will to Power.
G
VOL. II.
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THE WILL TO POWER.
590.
Our values are interpreted into the heart of things.
Is there, then, any sense in the absolute ?
Is not sense necessarily relative-sense and per-
spective?
All sense is Will to Power (all relative senses
may be identified with it).
591.
The desire for “established facts”- Epistem-
ology: how much pessimism there is in it!
592.
"
The antagonism between the“ true world,” as
pessimism depicts it, and a world in which it
were possible to live-for this the rights of truth
must be tested. It is necessary to measure all
these “ideal forces” according to the standard of
life, in order to understand the nature of that
antagonism : the struggle of sickly, desperate life,
cleaving to a beyond, against healthier, more foolish,
more false, richer, and fresher life. Thus it is not
"truth" struggling with Life, but one kind of Life
with another kind. But the former would fain
be the higher kind ! -Here we must prove that
some order of rank is necessary,—that the first
problem is the order of rank among kinds of Life.
-
593.
The belief, “ It is thus and thus," must be altered
into the will, “ Thus and thus shall it be. "
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(m) SCIENCE.
594.
Science hitherto has been a means of dis-
posing of the confusion of things by hypotheses
which "explain everything "—that is to say, it
.
has been the result of the intellect's repugnance
to chaos.
This same repugnance takes hold of
me when I contemplate myself; I should like to
form some kind of representation of my inner
world for myself by means of a scheme, and thus
overcome intellectual confusion. Morality was a
simplification of this sort : it taught man as
recognised, as known. --Now we have annihilated
morality~we have once more grown completely
obscure to ourselves! I know that I know nothing
about myself. Physics shows itself to be a boon
for the mind : science (as the road to knowledge)
acquires a new charm after morality has been laid
aside—and owing to the fact that we find consist-
ency here alone, we must order our lives in
accordance with it so that it may help us to
preserve it.
This results in a sort of practical
meditation concerning the conditions of our exist-
ence as investigators.
595
Our first principles: no God: no purpose :
limited energy.
We will take good care to
avoid thinking out and prescribing the necessary
lines of thought for the lower orders.
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THE WILL TO POWER.
596.
No "moral education" of humanity: but the
disciplinary school of scientific errors is necessary,
because truth disgusts and creates a dislike of
life, provided a man is not already irrevocably
launched upon
his
way,
and bears the con-
sequences of his honest standpoint with tragic
pride.
597
The first principle of scientific work: faith in
the union and continuance of scientific work, so
that the individual may undertake to work at any
point, however small, and feel sure that his efforts
will not be in vain.
There is a great paralysing force: to work in
vain, to struggle in vain.
The periods of hoarding, when energy and
power are stored, to be utilised later by sub-
sequent periods: Science as a half-way house,
at which the mediocre, more multifarious, and
more complicated beings find their most natural
gratification and means of expression: all those
who do well to avoid action.
598.
A philosopher recuperates his strength in a
way quite his own, and with other means: he
does it, for instance, with Nihilism. The belief
that there is no such thing as truth, the Nihilistic
belief, is a tremendous relaxation for one who, as
;
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1
a warrior of knowledge, is unremittingly struggling
with a host of hateful truths. For truth is ugly.
599.
"
The “purposelessness of all phenomena”: the
belief in this is the result of the view that all
interpretations hitherto have been false, it is a
generalisation on the part of discouragement and
weakness—it is not a necessary belief.
The
arrogance
of
when he sees
purpose, he denies that there can be one!
man:
no
600.
The unlimited ways of interpreting the world :
every interpretation is a symptom of growth or
decline.
Unity (monism) is a need of inertia ; Plurality
in interpretation is a sign of strength. One
should not desire to deprive the world of its disquiet-
ing and enigmatical nature
601.
Against the desire for reconciliation and
peaceableness. To this also belongs every attempt
on the part of monism.
602.
This relative world, this world for the eye,
the touch, and the ear, is very false, even when
adjusted to a much more sensitive sensual ap-
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THE WILL TO POWER.
-
paratus. But its comprehensibility, its clearness,
its practicability, its beauty, will begin to near
their end if we refine our senses, just as beauty
ceases to exist when the processes of its history
are reflected upon : the arrangement of the end
is in itself an illusion. Let it suffice, that the
more coarsely and more superficially it is under-
stood, the more valuable, the more definite, the
more beautiful and important the world then
seems. The more deeply one looks into it, the
further our valuation retreats from our view,-
senselessness approaches ! We have created the world
that has any value! Knowing this, we also per-
ceive that the veneration of truth is already the
result of illusion — and that it is much more
necessary to esteem the formative, simplifying,
moulding, and romancing power.
“All is false-everything is allowed ! ”
!
Only as the result of a certain bluntness of
vision and the desire for simplicity does the
beautiful and the " valuable" make its appearance :
in itself it is purely fanciful.
603.
We know that the destruction of an illusion
does not necessarily produce a truth, but only
one more piece of ignorance ; it is the extension of
our “empty space," an increase in our waste. ”
604.
Of what alone knowledge consist ? -
Interpretation,” the introduction of a sense into
can
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