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All the buildings yet existing between Dendcrah and
Syenc arc constructed of a kind of sandstone, furnished
in abundance by the quarries of the adjacent country.
This stone is composed of quartzose grains, usually
united by a calcareous cement. Its colours arc gray-
ish, yellowish, or even almost white; some have a
slight tinge of rose colour, and others various veins of
different shades of yellow. But when forming a part
of the mass of a building, they produce an almost uni-
form effect of colour, namely, a light gray. One great
advantage connected with this species of stone is the
case with which it can be wrought; and the mode of
its aggregation, and the uniformity of its structure, so
far from resisting, offerthe greatest facilities for the ex-
ecution of hieroglyphic and symbolic sculptures. The
obelisks and statues, on the other hand, which adorned
the approaches and entrances of the sandstone struc-
tures, were made of a more costly and enduring sub-
stance, the granite of Syene, the Cataracts, and Ele-
phantine. The most important of the rocks of this
species is the rose-granite, remarkable for the beauty
of its colours, the largo size of its crystals, its hardness
and durability. A part of the monuments which have
been made of it have been preserved almost uninjured
for many centuries. The mode of building among the J
Egyptians was very peculiar. They placed in their I
columns rude stones upon each other, after merely
smoothing the surfaces of contact, and the figure of J
the column, with all its decorations, was finished after
? ? it was set up. In their walls, the outer and inner
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? nation. Its chief claim to attention rests on its having
ptwened from oblivion sonic fragments of authors, the
rest of whose works are lost. It is to be regretted
lint . Elian, instead of gi ving these extracts in the lan-
gaage of the writers themselves, has thought fit to ar-
ray them in a garb of his own. . Elian composed also
> pretended history of animals, Ilf/M fuuv (<J(oYi? ror,
ia seventeen book*, each of which is subdivided into
uaili chapters. This zoological compilation is full of
iburd uories, intermingled occasionally with inter-
esting notices. To this same writer are also ascribed
twenty epistles on rural affairs ('AypoMticai ImoTo'Aai)
whichpossess very little interest. . Elian led a life of
celibacy, and died at the age of 60 years or over. The
best editions of the Various History arc, that of Gro-
novms, Aoist. , 4to, 1731, 2 vols. , and thatof Kuhnius,
Lips. , 8ro, 1780, 2 vols. The best edition of the His-
tory of Animals is that of ! ? ". Jacobs, Lips. , 8vo, 1784.
--fit,IT. (Vie/. Supplement. )
Dili's, a name common to many Romans, and mark-
ing also the plebeian lion. se 'of the . tlii. ( Vt<l. . Klia
L) The most noted individuals that bore this name
were, I. Publius, a quaestor, A. U. C. 346, the first year
that the plebeians were admitted to this office. (Lir. ,
4, 54. )--II. C. Stalcnus, a. Judge, who suffered him-
self to be corrupted by Statius A linns. (Cic. pro Scxt. ,
81. )--III. Sextus -Elius Cains, an eminent Roman
Iwyer, who lived in the sixth century from the foun-
<Uuon of the city. Pie filled in succession the offices
of edile, consul, and censor, and gave his name to a
pat of the Roman law. "VV"hen Cncius Flavius, the
derk of ^ppius Claudius Csecus, had made known to
the people the forms to be observed in prosecuting
lawsiiiu. and the days upon which actions could be
brought, the patricians, irritated at this, contrived new
(mm of process, and, to prevent their being made pub-
fir, opnaied them in -writing by certain secret marks.
These forms, however, were subsequently published
br . ? /iu* Catus, and his book, was named Jus JElia-
IMW, as that of Flavius was styled Jtts Flatianum.
Ennuis calls him, on, account of his knowledge of the
ci>>U law, cgrcgic eordatus homo, "a remarkably wise
man. " (Cic. , de OrtU. , 1, 45. ) Notwithstanding live
opinions of Grotius and Bertrand, . Elius must be re-
garded as the author of the work entitled TripartUa
? lu, which is so styled from its containing, 1st. The
text of the law. 2d. Its interpretation. 3d. The le-
gii actto, or the forms to be observed in going to law.
-Elms Catus, on receiving the consulship, became re-
markable for the austere simplicity of his manners, eat-
ing from earthen vessels, and refusing the silver ones
which the . Etolian deputies offered him. When cen-
sor, with M. Cethegus, he assigned to the senate at
the public games separate seats from the people. --IV.
Lucius, surnameJ Lamia, the friend and defender of
Cicero, was driven out of the city by Piso and Ca-
bining. (Cic. in Pis. , 27. )--V. Gallus, a Roman
knight, and the friend of Strabo, to whom Virgil dedi-
cated his tenth eclogue. ( Vid. Gallus III. )--VI. Seja-
nus. (Yid. Sejanus. ) VII. An engraver on precious
(tones, who lived in the first century of our era. A
gem exhibiting the head of Tiberius, engraved by him,
is described by Bracci, tab. 2. --VIII. Promotus, an an-
cient physician. ( Vid. Supplement. )--IX. Gordianus,
an eminent lawyer, in the reign of Alexander Severus.
--X. Serenianus, a lawyer, and pupil of Papinian.
He flourished during the reign of Sevcrus, and is high-
ly praised by Lampridius. (Lamm. , Vit. Scv. )
ASLLO ('AePJUi), one of the Harpies. (Vid. Har-
? ? m'e ) Her name is derived from ue/Ua, a tempest,
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? . ENEAS.
^ENEAS.
the Roman people. It was this individual to whom a
civic crown was given when a youth of 15, for having
saved the life of a citizen, an allusion to which is made
on the medals of the . Emilian family. (Lit. , 41,42.
Epit. 48. )--VIII. Lepidus, the triumvir. (Vtd. Le-
pidus. )
yEmonia. Vid. Hffimonia.
tExabia, an island off the coast of Campania, at the
entrance of the Bay of Naples. Properly speaking,
thero are two islands, and hence the plural form of the
name which the Greeks applied to them, al Ri0tikov-
aai (Pithccusn). This latter appellation, according to
Pliny (3, G), was not derived from the number of apes
(mdi/KOi) which the islands were supposed to contain,
but from the earthen casks or barrels (ttiBukiov, dotio-
lum) which were made there. The Romans called
the largest of the two islands Mnaria, probably from
the copper which they found in it. . /Enaria was a
volcanic island, and Virgil (. En. , 9, 716) gives it the
name of Inarime, in accordance with the old traditions
which made the body of Typhoeus to have been placed
under this island and the Phlegreean plain. Homer,
however (77. , 2, 783), describes Typhocu-i as lying in
Arima (eiv 'Api/iotc). The modem name of . Enaria
is Isehia.
jEnea or yEneia, a town of Macedonia, on the
coast of the Sinus Thermaicus, northwest from Olyn-
thus, and almost due south from Thcssalonica. It
was founded by a colony of Corinthians and Potidaa-
ans. The inhabitants themselves, however, affected
to believe that /Eneas was its founder, and conse-
quently offered to him an annual sacrifice. yEnea
was a place of some importance in the war between
the Macedonians and Romans. Soon afterward, how-
ever, it disappeared from history. (Scymnus, v. 627.
--Lie. , 40, 4, and 44, 10. --Strabo, evil. 7. )
. EneaijvE, I. the companions of /Eneas, a name
given them in Virgil. (/En. , 1, 157, &c. )--II. The
descendants of . Eneas, an appellation given by the
poets to the whole Roman nation. Hence Venus is
called by Lucretius (1, 1), Mncadum genetrix.
. Eneas, a celebrated Trojan warrior, son of Anchi-
ses and Venus, whose wanderings and adventures form
the subject of Virgil's . Eneid, and from whose final
settlement in Italy the Romans traced their origin.
He was born, according to the poets, on Mount Ida,
or, as some legends stated, on the banks of the Simois,
and was nurtured by the Dryads until he had reached
his fifth year, when he was brought to Anchises. The
remainder of his early life was spent under the care of
his brother-in-law Alcathous, in the city of Dardanus,
his father's place of residence, at the foot of Ida. He
first took part in the Trojan war when Achilles had
despoiled him of his flocks and herds. Priam, how-
ever, gave him a cold reception, either because the
great Trojan families were at variance with each other,
from the influence of ambitious feelings, or, what is
more probable, because an oracle had declared that
/Eneas and his posterity should rule over the Trojans.
Hence, although he married Creusa, the daughter of
Priam, he never lived, according to Homer (/(. , 13,
460), on very friendly terms with that monarch. . Ene-
as was regarded as the bravest and boldest of the Tro-
jan leaders after Hector, and is even brought by Ho-
mer in contact with Achilles. (i7. ,20,175, scqq. ) He
was also conspicuous for his piety and justice, and was
therefore the only Trojan whom the otherwise angry
? ? Neptune protected in the fight. The posthomeric
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? ;,. -. -! ? ;] ol . X'lica -which .
/Eneas was reported to
Jan saved, Long a. ftcr the original natives of Italy
had overcome them. Tyrrhenians may have visited
SuMtlirace; Herodotus may there have heard Cres-
iffliijruaml llacianians conversing together; and La-
ml dergithiana may have met there, and ac-
for Iheir affinity by the story of . (Eneas.
"We hare," the Lavinians may have said, "the same
language and religion -witH you, and we have clay
images at home, just like these here. " "Then,"
raiy the oth? r>> have replied, "you must be descended
from . Eneas and his followers, who saved the relics in
Troy, and sailed, our fathers say, away to the west
with them. " And it requires but a small knowledge
of human nilute to perceive how easily such reason-
inj 9s tiiU would be embraced and propagated. (Nie-
tfk''t Rom. Hat. , ^d cd. , vol. 1, p. 150, scqq. , Cam-
bndgt Irani. --Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 4, p.
53J. )--II. Silvias, a son of . -Eneas and Lavinia, said
to have derived his name from the circumstance of his
hating been brought up in the woods (in si/rut),
whither his mother had retired on the death of-Eneas.
'V'nl Livinia. ) Virgil follows the account which
nukes him the founder of the Alban line of kings.
(JSo. , 6. 768. ) According to others, he was the son
anil successor of Ascanius. Others again give a dif-
fercot statement. (Compare J. ir , 1, 3. --Aurel. Viet. ,
16, n. --Dton. Hal. , 1, 7O. --Ovid, Fast, 4, 41, and
onsult Heyiu, ad Virff. , 1. a. )--III. An ancient writer,
turnained Taclicus. By some he is supposed to have
flxirUhed about 148 B. C. ; others, however, make
him anterior to Alexander the Great. Casaubon sus-
pects that he is the same wit li . /Eneas of Stymphalus,
who, according to Xenophon {Hist. Gr. , 7, 3), was
commander of the Arcadians at the time of the battle
of Mantinea, about 360 B. C. (Compare Saz. Onom. ,
\, p 73. ) Of his writings on the military art (Srpon? -
-,t<<l 3t6XJa) there remains to us a single book, enti-
tled Torrucdu re nai Ilol. iopKrjnKuv vnofivTifia, &c.
This work is not only of great value on account of the
namber of technical terms which it contains, but serves
al*o to elucidate various points of antiquity, and makes
u -nti. ni of facts which cannot elsewhere be found.
The best edition is that of Orellius, Lip. t. , 1818, 8vo,
;? ifi. i-ln' 1 as a supplement to Schweighasuscr's edition
of Polybiua. --IV. A native of Gaza, a disciple of
Hjeroclea, who flourished during the latter part of the
5c& century of our era, or about 480 A. C. Ho ab-
jureJ paganism, and waa an eyewitness of the pene-
cation which Huncric, king of the Vandals, instituted
a^unct the Christians, 484 A. C. Although a Oliris-
tjj>> he professed Platoiiism. We have a dialogue of
his remaining, entitled OeaQpaaroc, which treats of
the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the
body. The interlocutors are . Egyptus an Alcxui-
drcan, Axitbeua a Syrian, and Thcophrastua an Athc-
nraa. . Eneas exhibits and illustrates the Christian
dc ,~jiite>> in the person of Axitheus, and Theophras-
tu* conducts the argument fur the heathen schools,
white . Egvptua now and then interrupts the grave dis-
ouaon bv a specimen of Alexandrcan levity. . 'Eneas
iefeod* the immortality of the soul and the resurrec-
tion of the body against the philosophers who deny it.
He explains how the soul, although created, may be-
caoe immortal, and proves that the world, being ma-
toial, must perish. In conducting this chain of argu-
ranrt. he mingles the Platonic doctrine of the Logo*
:a-J Aituin mundi with that of the Christian Trinity.
He then refutes the objections urged against the res-
? ? urrection of tbe body : this leads him to speak of holy
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? /EOLES.
-EOLES.
Homer enumerates among the allies of the Trojans.
Virgil supposes . . Eneas to have landed on this coast af-
ter quitting Troy, and to have discovered here the tomb
of the murdered Polydorus (Jin. , 3, 22, seqa ): he
also intimates that he founded a city in this quarter,
which was named after himself. Pliny (4, 11) like-
wise states, that the tomb of Polydorus was at -Enos.
But it is certain, that, according to Homer (II. , 4,520),
the city was called /Enos before the siege of Troy.
jEnos first makes its appearance in history about the
time of the Persian war. It fell under the power of
Xerxes, and, after his expulsion from Greece, was al-
ways tributary to that state which chanced U> have the
ascendency by sea. The Romans declared it a free
city. This place is often mentioned by the Byzantine
writers. The modem town, or, rather, village of Eno
occupies the site of the ancient city, but the harbour is
now a mere marsh. The climate of /Enos, it seems,
was peculiarly ungenial, since it was observed by an
ancient writer, that it was cold there during eight
months of the year, and that a severe frost prevailed
for the other four. (Athenaus, 8, 44--vol. 3, p. 295,
ed. Schwctgh. )--II. A small town in Thessaly, near
Mount Ossa, situate on a river of the same name.
[Stcph. Bi/z. , s. v. Alvoc. )
/Enus. Vid. CEnus.
-K6i. es, or -Eolii, ono of the main branches of the
great Hellenic race (rid. Hellenes), who are said to
have derived their name from . Eolus, the eldest son
of Hcllen. The father reigned over Phthiotis, and
particularly over the city and district then called Hel-
las. To these dominions -Eolus succeeded, and his
brothers Dorus and Xuthus were compelled to look for
settlements elsewhere. (Strabo, 383. --Canon, Nar-
rat. , 27. --Pausan. ,7,1. --Herod. , 1,56. ) According to
Apollodorus (1, 7, 2), -Eolus ruled over all Thessaly;
this, however, is contradicted by the authority of He-
rodotus, from whom it appears (1, 56) that the Dori-
ans held Histiocotia under their sway. From -Eolus,
the Hellenes, in Hellas properly so called, and the
Phthiotic Pelasgi, who became blended with them into
one common race, received the appellation of . Eolians.
(Compare Herod. , 1, 57. --Id. , 7, 95. ) The sons and
later descendants of -Eolus spread the name of . Eo-
lia beyond these primitive scats of the -Eolic tribe.
Crctheus, the eldest son of . Ei >I us, reigned at first over
the territories of his parents, Phthiotis and Hellas;
subsequently, however, he led a colony to Iolcos
(Apollod. , 1, 9,11), and from this latter place, Phcrea,
his son, colonized Phcrm, on the Anaurus. (Apollod. ,
1, 9, 14. ) Magnes, the second son of. Eolus, found-
ed Magnesia (Apollod. , 1,9, C), and his own sons Poly-
dectes and Dictys led a colony to Scriphus. Another
son, Pierus, settled in Pieria. (Apollod. , I. c. ) Sisy-
phus, the third son of . lEolus, founded Corinth (Apol-
lod. , 1,9,13), whose . Eolic population, previous to the
irruption of the Dorians into the Peloponnesus, is ac-
knowledged even by Thucydides (4, 42). Athamas
led an -Eolic colony into Bccotiu (Apollod. , 1,9,1), and,
as Pausanias informs us, to Orchomenus, and to the
district where Haliartus ani Coronea were afterward
built. (Pausan. , 9,34. --Compare the scholiast on Apol-
lonius Rhodius, 2, 1190, who calls the Orchomemans
uiroiKoi tuv Otaaa'/jjv. ) Hence Apollodorus calls
Orchomenus an -Eolic city, although it existed long
before this, in the time of Ogyges, under the name of
Athena;. (Stcph. liijz. , s. v. 'AlK/vat. ) Thucydides
? ? mentions the /Eolic origin of the Bccotians (Thucyd. , 3,
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? JE. O I,
fA. lHOI. (Compare ftiirkh. Carp Inscript. Grttc. . ,
fu:. 1, p. 2S. ) Among- the sons of . Etolus was Lo-
rras {Eustath. ail Horn, fl. , z, Ml), from whom the
Lorn Owls, on the borders of vEtolia. arc supposed to
have derived their name. The . Eolic branch of Sisy-
phus, in Corinth, spread itself through Ornythion
(StleL ad Horn. , II , 2, 5IT, cd. Villois ), and his son
Phocus, over Phocis ( faitsan. . 2. 1), a name first ap-
plied to the country around Delphi and Tithorea. The
hlter of these places was the primitive settlement of
Phocm (Paiaan , 2, 4). while Hiampolis was the early
colony of Ornythion. <SrAo/.