No More Learning

If so, he was attached to
league among the aerarians, and Livius, besides, the doctrines of the Neo-Platonists.
left as aerarians the citizens of all the tribes, with There are various editions of the above-men-
the exception of the Maecian, because they had tioned treatise. It is incorporated in Gale's Opus-
condemned him, and had after his condemnation cula Mythologica. There is also an edition by
elected him to the consulship and censorship. The Orellius, with the version of Leo Allatius, the notes
indignation of the people at the proceedings of the of Lucas Holstenius and Gale, with some by the
censors led Cn. Baebius, the tribune of the plebs, editor himself (Turici, 1821). There are transla-
to bring an accusation against them both ; but the tions of the work in German by J. C. Arnold and G.
prosecution was dropt through the influence of the Schulthess ; in French by Formey, in his edition
senate, who thought it more advisable to uphold of the work_(Berlin, A. D. 1748); and in English
the principle of the irresponsibility of the censor- by Thomas Taylor. (Schöll, Gesch. der Griech. Lit-
ship than to inflict upon the delinquents the punish- teratur, vol. iii. p. 357. )
ment they deserved. Livius, in his censorship, 2. A Cynic philosopher of some note, who lived
imposed a tax upon salt, in consequence of which in the latter part of the fifth century after Christ.
he received the surname of Salinator, which seems His father Basilides was a Syrian; his mother
to have been given him in derision, but which Theoclea a native of Emesa, where probably Sal-
became, notwithstanding, hereditary in his family. lustius was born, and where he lived during the
(Liv. xxix, 37 ; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. II. 50 ; Val. earlier part of his life. He applied himself first to
Max. ii. 9. § 6, vii. 2. § 6. )
the study of jurisprudence, and cultivated the art
2. C. Livius SALINATOR, curule aedile B. c. of oratory with considerable diligence under the
203, and praetor B. C. 202, in which year he ob- tuition of Eunoius at Emesa. He subsequently
tained Bruttii as his province. In B. c. 193 he abandoned his forensic studies, and took up the
fought under the consul against the Boii, and in profession of a sophist. He directed his attention
the same year was an unsuccessful candidate for especially to the Attic orators, and learnt all the
the consulship (Liv. xxix. 38, xxx. 26, 27, xxxv. orations of Demosthenes by heart. His own coin-
5, 10). He was elected pontifex in B. c. 211, in positions were deemed not unworthy of the great
the place of M. Pomponius Matho, and died in models whom he imitated. Finding the instructions
B. c. 170. (Liv. xxvi. 23, xliii. 11. )
of Eunoius no longer of service to him, Sallustius
3. C. Livius SaliNATOR, was pretor B. c. 191, betook himself to Alexandria, and studied under
and had the command of the fleet in the war against the best masters of eloquence that the city afforded.
Antiochus. He defeated Polyxenidas, the king's Here 00 he probably imbibed a aste for phi-
admiral, off Corycus, and in the following year losophy; and, attracted by the fame of the Athenian
prosecuted the war with activity till he was suc- school, removed to Athens, and attended the lec-
ceeded by L. Aemilius Regillus (POLYXENIDAS). tures of Proclus. He soon left the Neo-Platonists
He was not, however, left unemployed, for in the however, and took up with the doctrines of the
same year, B. c. 190, he was sent to Lycia, and Cynics, which he maintained thenceforward with
also to Prusias, king of Bithynia. He was consul great ardour. Some curious stories are told of the
B. c. 188, with M. Valerius Messalla, and obtained experiments which he made upon himself to display
Gaul as his province, but performed nothing worthy or increase bis power of enduring pain, and his
of note. (Liv. xxxv. 24, xxxvi. 2, 42—44, xxxvii
. disregard of the ordinary enjoyments of life (Sui-
9—14, 16, 25, xxxviii. 35; Appian, Syr. 22–25. ) das s. v. XUTpórovs; Simplic. in Epict. p. m. 63).
SALINA'TOR, OʻPPIUS. (OPPIUS, No. 6. ] He assailed the philosophers of his time with con-
SALLU'STIUS or SALU'STIUS, the name siderable vehemence, to which his powers of ridi-
of two or three persons mentioned in Cicero's cule gave additional effect. He pronounced phi-
correspondence.
losophy to be an impossibility, and dissuaded the
1. CN. SALLUSTIUS, whose name frequently young men from resorting to the teachers of it
occurs, appears to have been a client of Cicero, and (Suidas, l. c. s. v. 'Aonvoowpos). Leaving Athens
was a person of considerable literary attainments he returned to Alexandria, where he employed his
(Cic. ad Att. i. 3, 11, xi. 11, 17, ad Fam. xiv. 4. eloquence and wit in attacking the follies or vices
$ 6, xiv. 1), ad Q. Fr. iii. 4. & 2, iii. 5. § 1). of his contemporaries. According to Photius (Cod.
2. CANINIUS SALLUSTIUS, the quaestor of Bi- ccxlii. p. 342, ed. Bekker), he pretended to a sort
bulus, proconsul of Syria, to whom one of Cicero's of divination or fortune-telling, professing to be
letters is addressed (uud Fam. ii. 17). The name able to tell from the appearance of a person's eyes
Y Y 4


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6. 96
SALLUSTIUS.
SALLUSTIUS.
a
what kind of death he would die. Sallustius was for the scandalous tales against Sallustius (Sue-
Bllspected of holding somewhat impious opinions ton. De Ilust. Grammat. 15); but it is not the
regarding the gods. He seems at least to have only authority. Sallustius retired into privacy
been unsparing in his attacks upon the fanatical after he returned from Africa, and he passed
theology of the Neo-Platonists. The treatise Tepl quietly through the troublesome period after
Sew kal kóruov has sometimes, without sufficient Caesar's death. He died & C. 34, about four
reason, been attributed to this Sallustius. (Suidas, years before the battle of Actium. The story of
l. c. ; Phot. I. c. ; Brucker, Hist. Crit. Philosoph. his marrying Cicero's wife, Terentia, is improbable.
vol. ii. p. 528, &c. )
(C. P. M. ) (Drunann, Geschichte Roms, vol. vi. p. 693. )
C. SALLU'STÍUS CRISPUS, or SALU'S. The character of Sallustius has been the subject
TIUS, belonged to a plebeian family, and was of much discussion among scholars, some of whom
born B. C. 86, the year in which C. Marius attempt to clear him of the scandalous imputations
died, at Amiternum, in the country of the upon his memory. That a partizan, like Sallustius,
Sabini. About the age of twenty-seven, as and a rich man too, must have had many enemies
some say, though the time is uncertain, he ob- is agreeable to all experience ; and of course he
tained the quaestorship, and in B. C. 52 he was may have had detractors. But to attempt to
elected tribunus plebis, in the year in which decide on the real merits of his character, or the
Clodius was killed by Milo in a brawl. In B. degree of his demerits, with such evidence as we
50 the censors Appius Claudius Pulcher and have, is puerile industry. It is enough to remark
L. Calpurnius Piso ejected Sallustius from the that Dion Cassius always makes a man as bad as
benate (Dion Cass. xl. 63, and the note of he can. That he devoted himself so busily to
Reimarus), on the ground, as some say, of his literature in his retirement is an argument in
having been caught in the act of adultery with favour of the latter part of his life at least.
Fausta, the daughter of the dictator Sulla, and the It was probably not till after his return from
wife of T. Annius Milo. It is said that the Africa that Sallustius wrote his historical works.
husband soundly whipped Sallustius, and only let | The Catilina, or Bellum Catilinarium, is a history
him off on payment of a sum of money (Varro, of the conspiracy of Catilina during the consulship
quoted by Gellius, xvii. 18). Sallustius belonged of Cicero, B. c. 63. The introduction to this
to the faction of Caesar, and party spirit may history, which some critics admire, is only a feeble
have had some effect with the censors, for the im- and rhetorical attempt to act the philosopher and
putation of an adulterous commerce, even if true, moralist. The history, however, is valuable ; and
would hardly have been a sufficient ground at that the charge that the historian has underrated the
time for a Nota Censoria. Sallustius, in his tri-services of Cicero, is not maintainable. He would
bunate, made a violent attack upon Milo as to the have damaged Cicero more in the opinion of the
affair of Clodius, but there may have been other admirers of Cicero, at least, by not writing the
grounds for his enmity, besides the supposed history at all. Sallustius was a living spectator of
thrashing that he had received from Milo. The the events which he describes, and considering
adulterous act, of course, was committed before that he was not a friend of Cicero, and was a
B. C. 52 ; and Sallustius was elected a tribune after partizan of Caesar, he wrote with fairness. The
the affair.
However this may be, upon his ejection speeches which he has inserted in his history are
from the senate, we hear no more of him for some certainly his own composition ; but we may as-
time. The unknown author of the Declamatio in sume that Caesar's speech was extant, and that he
Sallustium (c. 5, 6) merely hints that he may gave the substance of it. If he wrote the history
have gone to Caesar, who was then in Gallia ; but after Caesar's death, which is probable, that may
such a hint from an unknown person is worth explain why he had the bad taste to put his own
nothing.
composition in the place of Caesar's genuine
In B. C. 47 Sallustius was praetor elect, and oration. Cato's speech on the same occasion was
was thus restored to his rank. (Dion. Cass. xlii. taken down by short-hand writers (Plut. Cato
32. ) He nearly lost his life in a mutiny of some Minor, c. 23); and Sallustius of course had it in
of Caesar's troops in Campania, who had been led his hands ; but still he wrote one himself (Dru-
thither to pass over into Africa. (Appian, Bell. mann, Geschichte Roms, vol. iii. p. 174). He showed
Civ. ii. 92. ) Sallustius carried the news of the his ignorance of the true value of history, and his
uproar to Caesar at Rome, and was followed vanity too in pot recording a speech of Cato.
thither by the mutinous soldiers, whom Caesar Constantius Felicius Durantinus, in his Historia
pacified. Sallustius accompanied Caesar in his Comjurationis Catilinariae, has stated the facts
African war, B. c. 46 (Bell
. Afric. c. 8, 34), and which Sallustius either purposely or carelessly
he was sent to the island Cercina (the Karkenna omitted in his history.
islands, on the coast of Tunis), to get supplies for The Jugurtha, or Bellum Jugurthinum, contains
Caesar, which he accomplished. Caesar left him the history of the war of the Romans against Ju-
in Africa as the governor of Numidia, in which gurtha, king of Numidia, which began B. c. 111,
capacity he is charged with having oppressed the and continued until B. c. 106. It is likely enough
people, and enriched himself by unjust means that Sallustius was led to write this work from
(Dion Cass. xliii. 9, and the note of Reimarus. ) having resided in Africa, and that he collected
He was accused of maladministration before some materials there. He cites the Punic Books
Caesar, but it does not appear that he was of King Hiempsal, as authority for his general
brought to trial. The charge is somewhat con- geographical description (Jug. c. 17). The Ju.
firmed by the fact of his becoming immensely rich, gurthine war has a philosophical introduction of
as was shown by the expensive gardens which he the same stamp as that to the Catilina. As a
formed (horti Sallustiani) on the Quirinalis. It history of the campaign, the Jugurthine war is of
is conjectured that the abusive attack of Lenaeus. no value : there is a total neglect of geographical
a freedman of Pompeius Magnus, is the authority precision, and apparently not a very strict regard


## p. 697 (#713) ############################################

SALLUSTIUS.
697
SALLUSTIUS.
to chronology. There is an oration in the Jugur- early period. Plutarch (Lucullus, 10, 33) twice
thine war ( 30) of C. Memmius, tribunus plebis, refers to Sallustius in his history of the campaigns
against L. Calpurnius Bestia, which Sallustius of Lucullus in Asia. A passage in the Pompeius
declares to be the genuine speech of Memmius ; of Plutarch (c. 2) is apparently founded on a
and it is, in fact, very different from those which fragment, which is arranged in the third book.
he composed bimself.
The fragments themselves are too mengre to allow
Sallustius, also, is said to have written Histo- the plan of the supposed history of Sallust to be
riarum Libri Quinque, which were dedicated to reconstructed, though this bas been attempted
Lucullus, a son of L. Licinius Lucullus. The work several times. But the more probable conclusion
is supposed to have comprised the period from the is that he did not write one history, but wrote
consulship of M. Aemilius Lepidus and Q. Lutatius several histories, all of which, except the Catilina
Catulus, B. C. 78, the year of Sulla's death, to and Jugurtha, were arranged either by himself or
the consulship of L. Vulcatius Tullus and M. Ae others, under the title of Histories. Gellius fre-
milius Lepidus, B. C. 66, the year in which Cicero quently quotes the Histories of Sallustius.
was practor. If this is so, Sallust began his Duao Epistolae de Re Publica ordinanda, which
history where that of Sisenna on the Civil Wars of appear to be addressed to Chegar at the time when
Sulla ended. This work is lost, with the excep he was engaged in his Spanish campaign (1. C. 49)
tion of fragments which have been collected and agninst Petreius and Afranius, and are attributed to
arranged. The fragments contain, among other Sallustius; but the opinions of critics on their
things, several orations and letters. Some frag- authenticity are divided. The rhetorical character
ments belonging to the third book, and relating to of them is in itself no ground for supposing that
the war with Spartacus, have been published from they are not by Sallustius.
a Vatican MS. in the present century. (C. Sul- The Declamatio in Sallustium, which is attri-
lustii Cr. Histor. lib. iii. Fragmenta e Cod. Vat. buted to Cicero, is generally admitted to be the
ed. ab Angelo Maio ; edit. auctior et emendatior, work of some rhetorician, the matter of which is
curante J. Th. Kreysig, Misen. 1830, 8vo. ) the well-known hostility between the orator and
The ground for stating that the history of Sal- the historian. The same opinion is generally
lustius began with B. c. 78, is the authority of the maintained as to the Declamatio in Ciceronem,
fragment in Donatus. (Res Populi Romani, gc). which is attributed to Sallustius ; but Quinti-
But Ausonius (Id. iv. ad Nepotem), seems to speak lianus (Inst. Or. iv. 1. 68) quotes the very words
of some historical work which, as Le Clerc sup- of the commencement of this declamatio ; and (ix.
poses, comprised a period of twelve years before 3, 89) the words “O Romule Arpinas. " (De-
the T'umulius Lepidi in B. c. 78. The commence- clam. in Cic. c. 4. )
ment of such a work would coincide with B. c. 90, Some of the Roman writers considered that Sal.
or the outbreak of the Social War, but the twelve lustius imitated the style of Thucydides. (Vell. Pat.
years may be referred with equal probability to ii. 36. ) His language is generally concise and perspi-
the period from B. c. 78 to B. C. 66. However, cuous: perhaps his love of brevity may have caused
Sallust seems to have treated of the period of the ambiguity that is sometimes found in his sen-
Sulla (Plutarch, Comparison of Sulla and Ly tences. He also affected archaic words. Though
sander, c. 3); though it is possible that this he has considerable merit as a writer, his art is
done only by way of introduction to always apparent. The terms in which some critics
his historical work. The opusculum of Julius speak of him as a writer seem to be very extra-
Exsuperantius may, with great probability, be vagant. Sallustius had no pretensions to great
assumed to be an epitome from the works of research or precision about facts ; and probably
Sallustius. It cominences with speaking of Me- the grammarian Atteius Philologus (Sueton. de
tellus, the proconsul, taking C. Marius with him Ilust. Gram. 10) may have helped his indolence
to the Jugurthine war; and it terminates with by collecting materials for him. His reflections
the capture of Calagurris in Spain (Calahorra) have often something of the same artificial and
by Pompeius, the erection of his trophies on the constrained character as his expressions. One may
Pyrenees, and his return to Rome from Spain, judge that his object was to obtain distinction as
B. c. 72. It does not, therefore, comprise the a writer ; that style was what he thought of more
whole of the period comprehended in the historical than matter. We have no means of judging how
works of Sallustius ; but Exsuperantius certainly far Sallustius was superior as a writer to Sulla,
followed some work which treated of the wars of L. Lucullus, and Sisenna ; but he has probably
Marius and Sulla.
the merit of being the first Roman who wrote
It is, then, a probable conjecture that Sallustius what is usually called history. He was not
treated the following subjects in their chronological above his contemporaries as a politician: he was
order, which may not have been the order in a party man, and there are no indications of any
which they were written :- the war of Jugurtha ; comprehensive views, which had a whole nation
the period from the commencement of the Marsic for their object. He hated the nobility, as a man
war, B. C. 90, to the death of Sulla, B. c. 78; the may do, without loving the people.
tumults caused by the consul M. Aemilius Le The editions of Sallustius are very numerous.
pidus upon the death of Sulla ; the war of Ser- The Editio Princeps was that of Rome, 1470, fol.
torius, which ended B. c. 72; the Mithridatic The edition of G. Corte, Leipzig, 1724, 4:0 ; of
war, which ended B. C. 63 ; and the conspiracy of Haverkamp, Haag, 1742, 4to, and of F. D. Ger.
Catiline. It was the fashion of Sallust to choose lach, Basel, 1823—1831, 3 vols. 4to. ; and of Kritz,
striking periods and events, and to write in piece- Leipzig, 1828—1834, 2 vols. 8vo. , are the principal.
meal. Some grammarian probably arranged into an edition of the text was published by Orelli,
the form of a history the works which com- Zürich, 1840. The translations are very nume-
prised the period from B. c. 90 to B. c. 66, and rous. The Italian version of Alfieri is as close
chis arrangereut may have been made at a very and compact as the original. There are many
was


## p. 698 (#714) ############################################

698
SALOME.
SALOME
English versions. The oldest is Barclay's trans- | been identified with Alexandra, the wife of Aler-
lation of the Jugurtha. The latest are by H. ander Jannaeus, who, according to this hypothesis,
Stewart, London, 1806, 2 vols. 4to. and by married her, in obedience to the Jewish law, to
Arthur Murphy, London, 1807. The Index raise up seed to his brother. Such a conjecture,
Editionum Sallustii and Index Versionum, pre- however, is disproved by the fact, that Hyrca-
fixed to Frotscher's edition, show the prodigious nus II. , son of Alexander Jannaeus and Aler-
labour that has been expended on the works of andra, was past 80 when he died, in B. C. 30, and
Sallustius.
(G. L. ] therefore must have been born several years before
C. SALLU'STIUS CRISPUS, the grandson the death of Aristobulus I. (See Joseph. Ant. xv.
of the sister of the historian, was adopted by the 6.