" After
be had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attend-
ants thrice every time dinner was set before him, to
exclaim, "Master!
be had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attend-
ants thrice every time dinner was set before him, to
exclaim, "Master!
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Keightley's Mythol-
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? BAR
ontaining a 'emple sacred to Apollo and Diana. The
? ? hole was surrounded with a thick grove of cypresses
and bay-trees (dutpvai), from the latter of which the
place derived its name. Numerous fountains, too,
imparted continual freshness to- the grove and cool-
ness to the surrounding atmosphere. The luxurious
c'tizeus of Ar. tioch made this a favourite place of re-
feat, and even the Roman governors often forgot
amid the enjoyments of Daphne the cares of office.
Pompey is said to have been so charmed by the place,
and by the united beauties of nature and art with
which it was adorned, that he considerably enlarged
the limits of the grove, by the addition of many of the
surrounding fields. The modern name of the place
is Beit-el-Mar, "the house of water. " (Avimian.
MarcelL, 19. 2. --Id. , 22, 31. --Sozomen, 5, 19. --En-
trap. , 6, 11. )
DaphnkphorIa. a festival in honour of Apollo, cele-
brated every ninth year by the Boeotians. It was then
usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of bay and
flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, from which
were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were a
number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size ; and the
bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment.
The globe on the top represented the Sun or Apollo;
that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and
the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 365
in number, represented the sun's annual revolution.
This bough was carried in solemn procession by a
beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and whose pa-
rents were both living. (Patuan. , 9, 10, 4. )
Daphnis, a celebrated herdsman of Sicily, the son
of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was found by
the shepherds, when an infant, lying among the bay-
trees (diiovat), and from this circumstance obtained his
name. Pan taught him to sing, and play upon the
pipe, the nymphs were his foster-parents, and the Muses
inspired him with the love of song. According to
Thodorus, he was the inventor of pastoral poetry. He
also accompanied Diana in the chase, and, when the
labours of the day were ended, was wont to delight the
goddess with the sweet notes of his syrinx. Daphnis
'<<jiue eventually attached to a Naiad, who forbade
mm holding communion with any other female, under
pain of loss of sight ; and she bound him by an oath
to that effect. A princess, however, contrived to in-
toxicate him: he broke his vow, and the threatened
penalty was inflicted. According to Diodorus, how-
ever, ihe Naiad merely predicted that I093 of sight
would be the consequence of his proving unfaithful to
her. Theocritus, in his first Idyl, represents him as
pining awav in death, and refusing to be comforted.
(Scrv. ad Vtrg. , Eclog. , 5, 20-- Diod. Sic. , 4, 84.
--SchU. ad Theocr. , Idyll. , 1, 66. --Parthen. , Erot. ,
29. --JElian, V. H. , 10,18. ) Ovid says, that the Nai-
ad turned him into a rock. (Met. , 4, 276, seqq. --
Keightley's Mythology, p. 240. )
Daph. nus (gen. -xmtis: in Greek, Awftwnr, -owtoc).
a town of the Locri Opuntii, situate on the seacoast, at
the mouth of a river of the same name, near the frontiers
of the Epicnemidian Locri. Strabo (424) places it
twenty stadia from Cnemidcs. Into the river Daphnus
the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. (Vid
Hesiodus. )
Dap. adi s ^called also Daras, gen. -atis), a river of
Africa, rising to the northwest of the Palus Nigrites,
n Mount Mandras, and falling into the Atlantic to
the north of the promontory Arsinarium. It is sup-
? ? posed to be the same with the Senegal. (Bischoffund
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? "DAR
DAR
(fcr. ras from Assaracus. (Cramer'* Asia Minor, vol.
I, p. 76, scqq. --Kcightley's Mythology, p. 483. )--
II. An ancient city of Troas, founded by Dardanus.
According to Homer, who calls it Dardania, it was
situated at the foot of Mount Ida. (11. , 20, 215. --
Xtrah. , 592. )--III. Another city of Troas, not to be
confounded with the preceding. By whom it was
built is uncertain. We know, however, that it existed
in the time of Herodotus (5, 117), who mentions its
capture by the Persians, in the reign of Darius. In
the narrative of Xcrxes's march, he describes it as
close to the sea, and conterminous with Abydus (7,43).
Strabo reports, that the inhabitants were often com-
pelled to change their abode by the successors of Al-
exander: he reports also, that peace was concluded
here between Sylla and Mithradatcs. (Strab. , 695. --
PliU. , Vit. Syli, c. 24. ) The ruins of Dardanus are
to be found between Kepos Burun and Dcrvend
Tehemch Burun. The name Dardanelles, which was
in the first instance applied to the Turkish castles erect-
ed to defend the passage of the straits, and next to the
straits themselves, is confessedly derived from this an-
cient city. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 82. )
Darks, I. a Trojan priest, mentioned by Homer(/i! . ,
5, 9). It is absurdly pretended, by some of the ancient
writers, that he wrote an Iliad, or history of the Trojan
war, in prose; and . -Elian (Var. Hist. , 11,8) assures
us that it still existed in his day, without telling us,
however, whether he himself had read it or not. There
can be no doubt that -Elian was deceived, and that
the work which he look for the production of Dares
was the composition of some sophist of a much later
age However this may be, the Iliad of which . Elian
speaks no longer exists; but we have a Latin work
remaining, written in prose, which was for some time
regarded as a translation from the Greek original, and
wis ascribed to Cornelius Nepos, though abounding
w'lh solecisms. The truth is, that this work is the
production of an English poet, who flourished at the
rlose of the 12th century. His name was Joseph, to
nhicli was sometimes added Davonius, from his hav-
ing been born at Exeter in Devnrshirc, and at other
times Iscanus, from the ancient name of Exeter, Isca.
This Iliad, thus falsely ascribed to Dares, is not even
translated from any Greek writer: it is merely the
plan or prose outline of a Latin poem in six cantos,
which Joseph Iscanus composed under the title Dc
Bello Trojano--The work just mentioned, as well as
that of Dictys Cretcnsis, forms the original source of
a famous romance of chivalry, which met with ex-
traordinary success during the middle ages, and in the
centuries immediately subsequent to the invention of
printing. These works of Dares and Dictys having
fallen into the hands of a Sicilian named Guiila dalle
Colonne, a native of Messina, and a celebrated lawyer
and poet of the 13lh century, he conceived the idea
of giving them that romantic air which would harmo-
nize with the spirit of the age, when chivalry had now
acquired its greatest lustre. He consequently inter-
calated '. he narratives of the pretended poets of Phry-
jia and Crete with various adventures, suited to the
taste of he age, such as tournaments, challenges, sin-
gle combats, iVc. His work having met with consid-
erable success, he composed, in Latin prose, a romance
>>. f I he war of Troy, in which he also introduced the
war of the Seven against Thebes, and the expedition
of the Argonauts. He confounds together history and
? ? mythology, Greek and Arabian manners; his heroes
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? D AR
Ar/andes. the Persian governor of Egypt, under Cam-
jyses, in imitation of the Danes. He was put to death
by Darius for his presumption. The coining of these
Danes or Aryandics in silver, however, must have been
continued after the time of the Persian governor. No
fewer than eight specimens of this description are in
the cabinets of the British Museum. One, formerly
Mr. K P. Knight's, bears the name of Pythagoras, a
king or governor of Cypnis, as Mr. Knight conjectured.
Others, which have the figure of the archer crowned
041 one side, have a mounted horseman on the other.
They are generally considered as ancient Persian coins,
and are commonly, though without any assignable rea-
son, except as bearing the impress ol an archer, call-
ed Danes. In the silver Daric, a drawing of which is
given by Landon (Numirmaliqwc du Voyage d'An-
aeharn*, p. 48), a kneeling archer appears on both
sides of the coin. --Prideaux observes, that in those
parts of Scripture which were written after the Baby-
lonian captivity (he refers to Chron. , 29, 7, and Ezra,
8, 27). the gold Darics are mentioned by the name of
Adarkonim; and in the Talmuilists by the name of
Darkonoth (Buxtorf, Lex. Rabbin. , p. 577), both from
the Greek Aapeixof. (Pridtaux's Connexion; vol.
I. p. 183, ed. 1725. )
Dabius, I. sumamed Hystaspis(or son of Hyataspes),
a satrap of Persia, belonging to the royal line of the
Achamenides, and whose father Hystaspes had been
governor of the province of Persia. Seven noblemen of
the highest rank, in the number of whom was Darius,
conspired to dethrone the Magian Smerdis, who had
usurped the crown after the death of Cambyses, and,
having accomplished their object, resolved that one of
their number should reign in Ins stead. According to
Herodotus (3, 84). they agreed to meet at early dawn
in the suburbs of the capital, and that lie of their num-
ber whose horse should first neigh at ihe rising of the
sun, should possess the kingdom. If wc believe the
histohsn, who gives two accounts of the matter, Da-
rns obtained the crown through an artful contrivance
? 3 the part of his groom. It is more probable, how-
ever, that, in consequence of his relationship to the
royal line, his election to the throne was the unani-
mous act of the other conspirators. It is certain, in-
deed, that they reserved for themselves privileges
which tended at least to make them independent of the
monarch, and even to keep him dependant upon them.
One of their number is even said to have formally stip-
ulated for absolute exemption from the royal authority,
as the condition on which he withdrew his claim to the
crown: and the rest acquired the right of access to
the king's person at all seasons, without asking his
leave, and bound him to select his wives exclusively
rrom their families. How far the power of Darius,
though nominally despotic, was really limited by there
privileges of his grandees, may be seen from an oc-
currence which took place in the early part of his reign,
in the case of Intaphernes, who had been one of the
farmers in the conspiracy. He revenged himself, it
it true, for an outrage committed by this individual,
by putting him to death. But, before he ventured to
bike this step, he thought it necessary to sound the
rest of the six, and to ascertain whether they would
raake common cause with the offender. Ho was prob-
ably glad to remove men so formidable to distant gov-
ernments; and it may easily be conceived, that, if their
power was so great at court, it was still less restrained
in the provinces that were subjected to their authority.
? ? Nevertheless, Darius was the greatest and most power-
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? DARIUS.
DARIUS.
he Tyr>>s, in ;he present Bessarabia, where, in after
days, Antigonus was taken prisoner by the Scythians,
with his whole army. (Uteri, Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 69. )
-To wipe away the disgrace of this unfortunate en-
terprise, we find the Persian monarch shortly after un-
dertaking an expedition against India. In this he was
more successful, and conquered a part of the Pendjab;
not, however, the whole country, as some modern wri-
ters erroneously represent. Some time after thia,
Miletus having revolted, and Aristagoras, its ruler,
having solicited aid from the Athenians for the purpose
of enabling it to maintain its independence, they sent
twenty ships, to which the Eretrians added five more,
in order to requite a kindness previously received from
the Milesians. Aristagoras, upon this succour's arri-
ving, resolved to make an expedition against Sardis, the
residence of the Persian satrap. Accordingly, landing
at Ephesus, the confederates marched inland, took Sar-
dis, and drove the governor into the citadel. Most of
the houses in Sardis were made of reeds, and even
those which were built of brick were roofed with
reeds. One of these was set on fire by a soldier, and
immediately the (lames spread from house to house,
and consumed the whole city. The light of the con-
flagration showing to the Greeks the great numbers of
their opponents, who were beginning to rally, being
constrained by necessity to defend themselves, as their
retreat was cut off by the river Pactolus, the former
retired through fear, and regained their ships. Upon
the receipt of this intelligence, Darius, having called
"or a how, put an arrow into it, and shot it into the
air, with theae words: " Grant, oh Jupiter, that I may
3e able to revenge myself upon the Athenians.
" After
be had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attend-
ants thrice every time dinner was set before him, to
exclaim, "Master! remember the Athenians. " Mar-
donius, the king's son-in-law, was intrusted with the
care of the war. After crossing the Hellespont, he
marched down through Thrace, but, in endeavouring
to double Mount Athos, he lost 300 vessels, and, it is
said, more than 20,000 men. After this he was at-
tacked in the night by the Brygi, who killed many of
his men, and wounded Mardonius himself. He suc-
ceeded, however, in defeating and reducing them un-
der his power, but his army was so weakened by these
circumstances that he was compelled to return inglo-
riously to Asia. Darius, only animated by thia loas,
sent a more considerable force, under the command of
Datis and Artapherncs, with orders to sack the cities
of Athens and Eretria, and to send to him all the sur-
viving inhabitants in fetters. The Persians took the
isle of Naxos and the city of Eretria in Eubcea, but
were defeated with great slaughter by the Athenians
and Platxans under the celebrated Miltiades at Mara-
thon. Their fleet was also completely unsuccessful in
an attempt to surprise Athens after the battle. (Vid.
Miltiades and Marathon. ) The anger of Darius was
doubly inflamed against Athens by the event of Mara-
thon; and he resolved that the insolent people, who
had invaded his territories, violated the persons of his
messengers, and driven his generals to a shameful
flight, should feel the whole weight of his arm. The
preparations he now set on foot were on a vast scale,
and demanded a longer time. For three years all Asia
was kept in a continual stir: in the fourth, however,
Darius was distracted by other causes; by a quarrel
tetween his two sons respecting the succession to the
? ? throne, and by an insurrection in Egypt. In the fol-
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? DAT
UN tone. Darius expired before Alexander saw him.
The conqueror threw his cloak over the corpse. --Al-
tiioder ordered his body to be buried in the sepulchre
of his ancestors with roya! magnificence, took charge
of the education of hia children, and married his daugh-
ter. (Plut. , Vit. Alex. --Arrian,Ezp. Al. --Thirlwall'i
Hulory of Greece, vol. 6, p. 237, scyq. )--IV. Eldest
ion of Artaxerxes Mnemon, put to death for conspi-
mg against his father. (Plot. , Vit. Artax. )
DiM YLICM. a city of Bithynia, in the district Olym-
pena, placed by D'Anville on a lake at the mouth of
the (mall river Horisius; which runs, according to
aim, into the Propontis. Mannert, however, makes it
to have been situated to the west of the mouth of the
river Gebcs or Gelbcs. and gives the Horisius as flow-
jij; to the west towards the Khyndacus. (Gcogr. ,
vol. 6, pi. 3, p. 559. ) This city is named by Strabo
ind Ptolemy Dascylium, as it it here given, but by
Mela and Pliny, Dascyloa. (Strata, 575. --Plin. , 5,
33. --Jtf<</a, 1, 19. ) During the continuance of the
Persian empire, it was the residence of the satrap of
Mnii and Phrygia Minor; hence, immediately after
the battle of the Granicuc, Alexander despatched Par-
nenio to take possession of it. (Arrian, Exp. Alex. ,
1,18. ) The modern name, according to D'Anville, is
Dvuhtta. -
DiTiMEs, a satrap of Cappadocia, in the reign of
Aruienes Mnemon. He was a man of extraordinary
ibiliues, had served the king with the utmost loyalty,
and might have proved the firmest bulwark of his
throne. Bui the calumnies of some envious courtiers
bid excited the suspicious of Artaxerxcs against him,
udDaUmes saw himself obliged to revolt, to escape
disgrace and ruin. He long maintained his independ-
ence, but waa at length entrapped and slain by Mith-
radates, a son of Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia.
Tk<< event took place after the death of Artaxerxes,
and when Ochushad succeeded to the throne. Ncpos
las written the life of Datames. (Nep. , Vit. J)iU. --
Compare Pol-yon. , 7, 29, 1. )
DATIS, a general of Darius Hystaspis, sent, in run -
y r. ction with Artaphemes, to punish Eretria and Ath-
ens. Datis was a Mode, and Artapherncs son of the
satrap of I. ydia, and nephew of Darius. He was hence
superior in rank, but inferior probably to Datis both in
agt and military experience. The latter, therefore,
would seem to be the real leader of the expedition.
The whole armament consisted of 600 ships, accord-
ing to Herodotus; this, on the footing which he fixes
tJsxwhere, of 200 men to each trireme, would give
130,000 men as the strength of the Persian land
force transported in the fleet. After accomplishing
one object of the expedition in the capture of Eretria,
Datis and Artaphemes then invaded Attica, but were
defeated in the memorable battle of Marathon. Ac-
cording to Ctesias (Per*. , c. 18), Datis fell on the
field of battle; bat Herodotus (6, 119) makes him to
have returned to Asia. Larcher sides with the latter
(Hut. f Herod. , TO! . 9, p. 272), and Bihr with the
former (. (// Cla. , p. 148). This commander, in the
exultation which he felt on occasion of his first suc-
cess in reducing Naxos (fid. Darius), exclaimed, <jf
ttoptu KOI ripnopiu xal ^otoo/iai! The word xa'P? -
uai is a barbarism, for the Greeks always said VCI'/JM.
These kinds of barbarisms were afterward called Da-
H*mi. (Compare Aristoph. , Pac. , v 290, and the
remarks of the scholiast on v. 288. )
D*Tos,a town of Europe, which, after having belong-
? ? ed to Thrace, was transferred to Macedonia when the
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? DEC
DECEMVIRI
yjosepnus. Ant. , 17, 12. --Id. , Bell. Jud. , 2 4. ) The
inhabitants were for the most part of Grecian origin.
These ten cities, according to Ptolemy, were Scy-
tbopolis, Hippos, Gadara, Dion, Pella, Geraaa, Philadel-
phia, Canatha, Capitolias, and Gadora. Pliny, instead
of the last two, gives Damascus and Kaphana; in the
rest his account agrees with that of Ptolemy, who
seems more worthy of reliance in this instance than
the Roman writer. (PUn. , 6, 18. )
Decebalus, a warlike and enterprising monarch of
the Dacians, who prosecuted a successful war against
Domitian, and drove him to a disgraceful peace. He
was unable, however, to cope with Trajan, and de-
stroyed himself when all was lost. His head was sent
by t'. e emperor to Rome, and his treasures were found
by the Romans, on the information of one of his confi-
dants, in the bed of the river Sargetia (now the Istrig),
and in various secret caverns. (Dio Cass. ,67,6. --Id ,
68,6, seqq. ) Lazius, cited by Pabretli, says, that some
Wallachian fishermen, in the middle of the sixteenth
century, found a part of these treasures, which had es-
caped thesearch of Trajan. (Fabr. ,deCol. Traj. ,c. 8. )
Decelea, a borough and fortress of Attica, about
135 stadia from Athens, and the same distance from
the Boeotian frontier. This town was always consid-
ered of great importance, from its situation on the road
to Euboea, whence the Athenians derived most of their
supplies; when, therefore, by the advice of Alcibia-
des, it was seized and garrisoned by a Lacedaimonian
force, they became exposed to great loss and inconve-
nience. (Thucyd. , 6, 91. --Id. , 7, 19. --Slrabo, 396. )
Thucydides reports, that Decelea was visible from Ath-
ens; and Xenophon observes that the sea and Piraeus
could be seen from it. (Hist. Gr. , 1, 1,25. ) Herodo-
tus states, that the lands of the Deceleans were always
spared by the Peloponnesian army in their invasions of
Attica, because they had pointed out to the Tyndaridae
the place were Helen was secreted by Theseus, when
they came to Attica in search of her. (Herodot. , 9,
73--Alex. ,op. Aiken , 2,76. ) Sir W. Gelldescribes
Decelea as situate on a round detached hill, connected
by a sort of isthmus with Mount Parnes. From the
lop is an extensive view of the plains of both Athens
and Eleusis. The fortress is at the mouth of a pass
through Parnes to Oropus. The nearest place is Va-
ribobi. (Ilin. , p. 106. ) Mr. Hawkins gives the mod-
ern name of the spot on which the ruins of Decelea
stand as XupionXciiia. (Walpolc's Collection, vol.
I, p. 338, in notis. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2,
p. 403. )
Decemviri, I. ten commissioners appointed to frame
a code of laws for the Roman stale. --The history of
this affair is as follows: The intestine feuds between
the patricians and plebeians were continuing with un-
abated animosity. Occasionally one of the consuls
favoured the plebeians, and proposed some mitigation
of the hardships under which they were labouring, or
some increase of their privileges, but generally with
little success. The Agrarian law, brought forward by
Spurius Cassius, continued to be the main demand
of the commons and their supporters, but its passage
was, on every occasion, either directly or indirectly
prevented. At last the commons became convinced,
that they need hope for no complete redress of griev-
ances, until they should have previously secured the es-
tablishment of some constitutional principle, from which
equal justice would, of necessity and from its very na-
? ? ture, emanate. Accordingly, CaiuaTerentillus Harsa,
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? OECEMVIRI.
by the gradual encroachments of the commons, and
was only frustrated by the selfish and inordinate am-
bition of the leading agents. The people had been
clamorous for a code of laws, a demand which the
patneians, in whom the whole judiciary power was
rested, and to whom the knowledge of the few laws
which then existed was confined, had always very
strenuously opposed. After violent altercations be-
tween the two orders, the patneians on a sudden yield-
ed to the popular wish, and became apparently as de-
sirous of a code of laws as the people themselves were:
when, however, it came to the choice of commissioners,
who should be sent abroad for the purpose of inspecting
foreign codes, the nobility insisted that all three depu-
ties should be of patrician rank. They gained their
point, and three of their own order were sent. That
these deputies actually went to Greece is a point far
from being well established; indeed, the contrary would
seem much nearer the truth. We have, it is true, the
authority of Floras, Orosius, and Aurelius Victor, in
favour of the Roman laws having been compiled from
the code of Solon; but, on the other hand, Diodorus
Siculus (12, 23), who makes mention of the Decem-
viri, and of the laws compiled by them, says nothing
of the Romans having sent to Athens for that purpose;
<<nd in none of the works of Cicero is any account
given of this deputation. It must not be denied,
oowever, that Dio Cassius (44, 26) makes Cicero
remark, a little after the death of Caesar, that their
forefathers had not disdained to borrow some laws
from Athens; and Cicero himself, in his treatise Dc
hrgibus (2, 23), speaking of a funeral law of the
twelve tables, states that it was nearly all borrowed
from one of the laws of Solon. In opposition to this,
however, it may be urged, that a comparison of the
fragments we possess of the decemviral laws with the
cede of Solon, shows so striking a discrepance in gen-
eral, as to lead at once to the belief that the coinci-
dences mentioned by Cicero are to be explained on
wher and different grounds. Why, it may bo asked,
if the Roman code were borrowed from the Greek, did
u breathe so little of the spirit of Grecian legislation,
and contain so many things peculiar to the Romans
and foreign to the Greeks 1 How came it that Her-
modoros of Kphesus, who is reported to have inter-
preted and explained the Attic laws to the Roman
commissioners, used many Latin terms, such as auc-
torites, libripcns, assiduus proletarius, and many
others, for which there were no equivalent expressions
among the Greeks'--But the authority of Cicero him-
self is conclusive on this point. He hesitates not to
rank the laws of the twelve tables far abate those of
Greece. "It is easy," he observes, "to perceive how
much the wisdom and prudence of our forefathers sur-
passed that of other nations, if you compare our laws
with those of Lycurgus. Draco, and Solon. It is in-
credible how ill digested and almost ridiculous every
system of civil law is excepting our own. This I
repeat every day, when in my discourses I prefer the
wisdom of our Romans to that of other men, and in
particular of the Greeks. " (Cic ,de Oral, 1, 44. ) Is
this the language of a man who believed that the De-
cemviri had been indebted to the legislators of Greece
ibr the code which they promulgated 1--The truth ap-
pears to be, that whatever admixture of Grecian laws
there was in the Roman code, was derived from Gre-
cian customs and usages prevalent at the time both
in the vicinity of Rome and in the city itself. To
? ? hese Grecian customs were added others peculiar to
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? BAR
ontaining a 'emple sacred to Apollo and Diana. The
? ? hole was surrounded with a thick grove of cypresses
and bay-trees (dutpvai), from the latter of which the
place derived its name. Numerous fountains, too,
imparted continual freshness to- the grove and cool-
ness to the surrounding atmosphere. The luxurious
c'tizeus of Ar. tioch made this a favourite place of re-
feat, and even the Roman governors often forgot
amid the enjoyments of Daphne the cares of office.
Pompey is said to have been so charmed by the place,
and by the united beauties of nature and art with
which it was adorned, that he considerably enlarged
the limits of the grove, by the addition of many of the
surrounding fields. The modern name of the place
is Beit-el-Mar, "the house of water. " (Avimian.
MarcelL, 19. 2. --Id. , 22, 31. --Sozomen, 5, 19. --En-
trap. , 6, 11. )
DaphnkphorIa. a festival in honour of Apollo, cele-
brated every ninth year by the Boeotians. It was then
usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of bay and
flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, from which
were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were a
number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size ; and the
bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment.
The globe on the top represented the Sun or Apollo;
that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and
the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 365
in number, represented the sun's annual revolution.
This bough was carried in solemn procession by a
beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and whose pa-
rents were both living. (Patuan. , 9, 10, 4. )
Daphnis, a celebrated herdsman of Sicily, the son
of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was found by
the shepherds, when an infant, lying among the bay-
trees (diiovat), and from this circumstance obtained his
name. Pan taught him to sing, and play upon the
pipe, the nymphs were his foster-parents, and the Muses
inspired him with the love of song. According to
Thodorus, he was the inventor of pastoral poetry. He
also accompanied Diana in the chase, and, when the
labours of the day were ended, was wont to delight the
goddess with the sweet notes of his syrinx. Daphnis
'<<jiue eventually attached to a Naiad, who forbade
mm holding communion with any other female, under
pain of loss of sight ; and she bound him by an oath
to that effect. A princess, however, contrived to in-
toxicate him: he broke his vow, and the threatened
penalty was inflicted. According to Diodorus, how-
ever, ihe Naiad merely predicted that I093 of sight
would be the consequence of his proving unfaithful to
her. Theocritus, in his first Idyl, represents him as
pining awav in death, and refusing to be comforted.
(Scrv. ad Vtrg. , Eclog. , 5, 20-- Diod. Sic. , 4, 84.
--SchU. ad Theocr. , Idyll. , 1, 66. --Parthen. , Erot. ,
29. --JElian, V. H. , 10,18. ) Ovid says, that the Nai-
ad turned him into a rock. (Met. , 4, 276, seqq. --
Keightley's Mythology, p. 240. )
Daph. nus (gen. -xmtis: in Greek, Awftwnr, -owtoc).
a town of the Locri Opuntii, situate on the seacoast, at
the mouth of a river of the same name, near the frontiers
of the Epicnemidian Locri. Strabo (424) places it
twenty stadia from Cnemidcs. Into the river Daphnus
the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. (Vid
Hesiodus. )
Dap. adi s ^called also Daras, gen. -atis), a river of
Africa, rising to the northwest of the Palus Nigrites,
n Mount Mandras, and falling into the Atlantic to
the north of the promontory Arsinarium. It is sup-
? ? posed to be the same with the Senegal. (Bischoffund
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? "DAR
DAR
(fcr. ras from Assaracus. (Cramer'* Asia Minor, vol.
I, p. 76, scqq. --Kcightley's Mythology, p. 483. )--
II. An ancient city of Troas, founded by Dardanus.
According to Homer, who calls it Dardania, it was
situated at the foot of Mount Ida. (11. , 20, 215. --
Xtrah. , 592. )--III. Another city of Troas, not to be
confounded with the preceding. By whom it was
built is uncertain. We know, however, that it existed
in the time of Herodotus (5, 117), who mentions its
capture by the Persians, in the reign of Darius. In
the narrative of Xcrxes's march, he describes it as
close to the sea, and conterminous with Abydus (7,43).
Strabo reports, that the inhabitants were often com-
pelled to change their abode by the successors of Al-
exander: he reports also, that peace was concluded
here between Sylla and Mithradatcs. (Strab. , 695. --
PliU. , Vit. Syli, c. 24. ) The ruins of Dardanus are
to be found between Kepos Burun and Dcrvend
Tehemch Burun. The name Dardanelles, which was
in the first instance applied to the Turkish castles erect-
ed to defend the passage of the straits, and next to the
straits themselves, is confessedly derived from this an-
cient city. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 82. )
Darks, I. a Trojan priest, mentioned by Homer(/i! . ,
5, 9). It is absurdly pretended, by some of the ancient
writers, that he wrote an Iliad, or history of the Trojan
war, in prose; and . -Elian (Var. Hist. , 11,8) assures
us that it still existed in his day, without telling us,
however, whether he himself had read it or not. There
can be no doubt that -Elian was deceived, and that
the work which he look for the production of Dares
was the composition of some sophist of a much later
age However this may be, the Iliad of which . Elian
speaks no longer exists; but we have a Latin work
remaining, written in prose, which was for some time
regarded as a translation from the Greek original, and
wis ascribed to Cornelius Nepos, though abounding
w'lh solecisms. The truth is, that this work is the
production of an English poet, who flourished at the
rlose of the 12th century. His name was Joseph, to
nhicli was sometimes added Davonius, from his hav-
ing been born at Exeter in Devnrshirc, and at other
times Iscanus, from the ancient name of Exeter, Isca.
This Iliad, thus falsely ascribed to Dares, is not even
translated from any Greek writer: it is merely the
plan or prose outline of a Latin poem in six cantos,
which Joseph Iscanus composed under the title Dc
Bello Trojano--The work just mentioned, as well as
that of Dictys Cretcnsis, forms the original source of
a famous romance of chivalry, which met with ex-
traordinary success during the middle ages, and in the
centuries immediately subsequent to the invention of
printing. These works of Dares and Dictys having
fallen into the hands of a Sicilian named Guiila dalle
Colonne, a native of Messina, and a celebrated lawyer
and poet of the 13lh century, he conceived the idea
of giving them that romantic air which would harmo-
nize with the spirit of the age, when chivalry had now
acquired its greatest lustre. He consequently inter-
calated '. he narratives of the pretended poets of Phry-
jia and Crete with various adventures, suited to the
taste of he age, such as tournaments, challenges, sin-
gle combats, iVc. His work having met with consid-
erable success, he composed, in Latin prose, a romance
>>. f I he war of Troy, in which he also introduced the
war of the Seven against Thebes, and the expedition
of the Argonauts. He confounds together history and
? ? mythology, Greek and Arabian manners; his heroes
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? D AR
Ar/andes. the Persian governor of Egypt, under Cam-
jyses, in imitation of the Danes. He was put to death
by Darius for his presumption. The coining of these
Danes or Aryandics in silver, however, must have been
continued after the time of the Persian governor. No
fewer than eight specimens of this description are in
the cabinets of the British Museum. One, formerly
Mr. K P. Knight's, bears the name of Pythagoras, a
king or governor of Cypnis, as Mr. Knight conjectured.
Others, which have the figure of the archer crowned
041 one side, have a mounted horseman on the other.
They are generally considered as ancient Persian coins,
and are commonly, though without any assignable rea-
son, except as bearing the impress ol an archer, call-
ed Danes. In the silver Daric, a drawing of which is
given by Landon (Numirmaliqwc du Voyage d'An-
aeharn*, p. 48), a kneeling archer appears on both
sides of the coin. --Prideaux observes, that in those
parts of Scripture which were written after the Baby-
lonian captivity (he refers to Chron. , 29, 7, and Ezra,
8, 27). the gold Darics are mentioned by the name of
Adarkonim; and in the Talmuilists by the name of
Darkonoth (Buxtorf, Lex. Rabbin. , p. 577), both from
the Greek Aapeixof. (Pridtaux's Connexion; vol.
I. p. 183, ed. 1725. )
Dabius, I. sumamed Hystaspis(or son of Hyataspes),
a satrap of Persia, belonging to the royal line of the
Achamenides, and whose father Hystaspes had been
governor of the province of Persia. Seven noblemen of
the highest rank, in the number of whom was Darius,
conspired to dethrone the Magian Smerdis, who had
usurped the crown after the death of Cambyses, and,
having accomplished their object, resolved that one of
their number should reign in Ins stead. According to
Herodotus (3, 84). they agreed to meet at early dawn
in the suburbs of the capital, and that lie of their num-
ber whose horse should first neigh at ihe rising of the
sun, should possess the kingdom. If wc believe the
histohsn, who gives two accounts of the matter, Da-
rns obtained the crown through an artful contrivance
? 3 the part of his groom. It is more probable, how-
ever, that, in consequence of his relationship to the
royal line, his election to the throne was the unani-
mous act of the other conspirators. It is certain, in-
deed, that they reserved for themselves privileges
which tended at least to make them independent of the
monarch, and even to keep him dependant upon them.
One of their number is even said to have formally stip-
ulated for absolute exemption from the royal authority,
as the condition on which he withdrew his claim to the
crown: and the rest acquired the right of access to
the king's person at all seasons, without asking his
leave, and bound him to select his wives exclusively
rrom their families. How far the power of Darius,
though nominally despotic, was really limited by there
privileges of his grandees, may be seen from an oc-
currence which took place in the early part of his reign,
in the case of Intaphernes, who had been one of the
farmers in the conspiracy. He revenged himself, it
it true, for an outrage committed by this individual,
by putting him to death. But, before he ventured to
bike this step, he thought it necessary to sound the
rest of the six, and to ascertain whether they would
raake common cause with the offender. Ho was prob-
ably glad to remove men so formidable to distant gov-
ernments; and it may easily be conceived, that, if their
power was so great at court, it was still less restrained
in the provinces that were subjected to their authority.
? ? Nevertheless, Darius was the greatest and most power-
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? DARIUS.
DARIUS.
he Tyr>>s, in ;he present Bessarabia, where, in after
days, Antigonus was taken prisoner by the Scythians,
with his whole army. (Uteri, Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 69. )
-To wipe away the disgrace of this unfortunate en-
terprise, we find the Persian monarch shortly after un-
dertaking an expedition against India. In this he was
more successful, and conquered a part of the Pendjab;
not, however, the whole country, as some modern wri-
ters erroneously represent. Some time after thia,
Miletus having revolted, and Aristagoras, its ruler,
having solicited aid from the Athenians for the purpose
of enabling it to maintain its independence, they sent
twenty ships, to which the Eretrians added five more,
in order to requite a kindness previously received from
the Milesians. Aristagoras, upon this succour's arri-
ving, resolved to make an expedition against Sardis, the
residence of the Persian satrap. Accordingly, landing
at Ephesus, the confederates marched inland, took Sar-
dis, and drove the governor into the citadel. Most of
the houses in Sardis were made of reeds, and even
those which were built of brick were roofed with
reeds. One of these was set on fire by a soldier, and
immediately the (lames spread from house to house,
and consumed the whole city. The light of the con-
flagration showing to the Greeks the great numbers of
their opponents, who were beginning to rally, being
constrained by necessity to defend themselves, as their
retreat was cut off by the river Pactolus, the former
retired through fear, and regained their ships. Upon
the receipt of this intelligence, Darius, having called
"or a how, put an arrow into it, and shot it into the
air, with theae words: " Grant, oh Jupiter, that I may
3e able to revenge myself upon the Athenians.
" After
be had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attend-
ants thrice every time dinner was set before him, to
exclaim, "Master! remember the Athenians. " Mar-
donius, the king's son-in-law, was intrusted with the
care of the war. After crossing the Hellespont, he
marched down through Thrace, but, in endeavouring
to double Mount Athos, he lost 300 vessels, and, it is
said, more than 20,000 men. After this he was at-
tacked in the night by the Brygi, who killed many of
his men, and wounded Mardonius himself. He suc-
ceeded, however, in defeating and reducing them un-
der his power, but his army was so weakened by these
circumstances that he was compelled to return inglo-
riously to Asia. Darius, only animated by thia loas,
sent a more considerable force, under the command of
Datis and Artapherncs, with orders to sack the cities
of Athens and Eretria, and to send to him all the sur-
viving inhabitants in fetters. The Persians took the
isle of Naxos and the city of Eretria in Eubcea, but
were defeated with great slaughter by the Athenians
and Platxans under the celebrated Miltiades at Mara-
thon. Their fleet was also completely unsuccessful in
an attempt to surprise Athens after the battle. (Vid.
Miltiades and Marathon. ) The anger of Darius was
doubly inflamed against Athens by the event of Mara-
thon; and he resolved that the insolent people, who
had invaded his territories, violated the persons of his
messengers, and driven his generals to a shameful
flight, should feel the whole weight of his arm. The
preparations he now set on foot were on a vast scale,
and demanded a longer time. For three years all Asia
was kept in a continual stir: in the fourth, however,
Darius was distracted by other causes; by a quarrel
tetween his two sons respecting the succession to the
? ? throne, and by an insurrection in Egypt. In the fol-
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? DAT
UN tone. Darius expired before Alexander saw him.
The conqueror threw his cloak over the corpse. --Al-
tiioder ordered his body to be buried in the sepulchre
of his ancestors with roya! magnificence, took charge
of the education of hia children, and married his daugh-
ter. (Plut. , Vit. Alex. --Arrian,Ezp. Al. --Thirlwall'i
Hulory of Greece, vol. 6, p. 237, scyq. )--IV. Eldest
ion of Artaxerxes Mnemon, put to death for conspi-
mg against his father. (Plot. , Vit. Artax. )
DiM YLICM. a city of Bithynia, in the district Olym-
pena, placed by D'Anville on a lake at the mouth of
the (mall river Horisius; which runs, according to
aim, into the Propontis. Mannert, however, makes it
to have been situated to the west of the mouth of the
river Gebcs or Gelbcs. and gives the Horisius as flow-
jij; to the west towards the Khyndacus. (Gcogr. ,
vol. 6, pi. 3, p. 559. ) This city is named by Strabo
ind Ptolemy Dascylium, as it it here given, but by
Mela and Pliny, Dascyloa. (Strata, 575. --Plin. , 5,
33. --Jtf<</a, 1, 19. ) During the continuance of the
Persian empire, it was the residence of the satrap of
Mnii and Phrygia Minor; hence, immediately after
the battle of the Granicuc, Alexander despatched Par-
nenio to take possession of it. (Arrian, Exp. Alex. ,
1,18. ) The modern name, according to D'Anville, is
Dvuhtta. -
DiTiMEs, a satrap of Cappadocia, in the reign of
Aruienes Mnemon. He was a man of extraordinary
ibiliues, had served the king with the utmost loyalty,
and might have proved the firmest bulwark of his
throne. Bui the calumnies of some envious courtiers
bid excited the suspicious of Artaxerxcs against him,
udDaUmes saw himself obliged to revolt, to escape
disgrace and ruin. He long maintained his independ-
ence, but waa at length entrapped and slain by Mith-
radates, a son of Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia.
Tk<< event took place after the death of Artaxerxes,
and when Ochushad succeeded to the throne. Ncpos
las written the life of Datames. (Nep. , Vit. J)iU. --
Compare Pol-yon. , 7, 29, 1. )
DATIS, a general of Darius Hystaspis, sent, in run -
y r. ction with Artaphemes, to punish Eretria and Ath-
ens. Datis was a Mode, and Artapherncs son of the
satrap of I. ydia, and nephew of Darius. He was hence
superior in rank, but inferior probably to Datis both in
agt and military experience. The latter, therefore,
would seem to be the real leader of the expedition.
The whole armament consisted of 600 ships, accord-
ing to Herodotus; this, on the footing which he fixes
tJsxwhere, of 200 men to each trireme, would give
130,000 men as the strength of the Persian land
force transported in the fleet. After accomplishing
one object of the expedition in the capture of Eretria,
Datis and Artaphemes then invaded Attica, but were
defeated in the memorable battle of Marathon. Ac-
cording to Ctesias (Per*. , c. 18), Datis fell on the
field of battle; bat Herodotus (6, 119) makes him to
have returned to Asia. Larcher sides with the latter
(Hut. f Herod. , TO! . 9, p. 272), and Bihr with the
former (. (// Cla. , p. 148). This commander, in the
exultation which he felt on occasion of his first suc-
cess in reducing Naxos (fid. Darius), exclaimed, <jf
ttoptu KOI ripnopiu xal ^otoo/iai! The word xa'P? -
uai is a barbarism, for the Greeks always said VCI'/JM.
These kinds of barbarisms were afterward called Da-
H*mi. (Compare Aristoph. , Pac. , v 290, and the
remarks of the scholiast on v. 288. )
D*Tos,a town of Europe, which, after having belong-
? ? ed to Thrace, was transferred to Macedonia when the
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? DEC
DECEMVIRI
yjosepnus. Ant. , 17, 12. --Id. , Bell. Jud. , 2 4. ) The
inhabitants were for the most part of Grecian origin.
These ten cities, according to Ptolemy, were Scy-
tbopolis, Hippos, Gadara, Dion, Pella, Geraaa, Philadel-
phia, Canatha, Capitolias, and Gadora. Pliny, instead
of the last two, gives Damascus and Kaphana; in the
rest his account agrees with that of Ptolemy, who
seems more worthy of reliance in this instance than
the Roman writer. (PUn. , 6, 18. )
Decebalus, a warlike and enterprising monarch of
the Dacians, who prosecuted a successful war against
Domitian, and drove him to a disgraceful peace. He
was unable, however, to cope with Trajan, and de-
stroyed himself when all was lost. His head was sent
by t'. e emperor to Rome, and his treasures were found
by the Romans, on the information of one of his confi-
dants, in the bed of the river Sargetia (now the Istrig),
and in various secret caverns. (Dio Cass. ,67,6. --Id ,
68,6, seqq. ) Lazius, cited by Pabretli, says, that some
Wallachian fishermen, in the middle of the sixteenth
century, found a part of these treasures, which had es-
caped thesearch of Trajan. (Fabr. ,deCol. Traj. ,c. 8. )
Decelea, a borough and fortress of Attica, about
135 stadia from Athens, and the same distance from
the Boeotian frontier. This town was always consid-
ered of great importance, from its situation on the road
to Euboea, whence the Athenians derived most of their
supplies; when, therefore, by the advice of Alcibia-
des, it was seized and garrisoned by a Lacedaimonian
force, they became exposed to great loss and inconve-
nience. (Thucyd. , 6, 91. --Id. , 7, 19. --Slrabo, 396. )
Thucydides reports, that Decelea was visible from Ath-
ens; and Xenophon observes that the sea and Piraeus
could be seen from it. (Hist. Gr. , 1, 1,25. ) Herodo-
tus states, that the lands of the Deceleans were always
spared by the Peloponnesian army in their invasions of
Attica, because they had pointed out to the Tyndaridae
the place were Helen was secreted by Theseus, when
they came to Attica in search of her. (Herodot. , 9,
73--Alex. ,op. Aiken , 2,76. ) Sir W. Gelldescribes
Decelea as situate on a round detached hill, connected
by a sort of isthmus with Mount Parnes. From the
lop is an extensive view of the plains of both Athens
and Eleusis. The fortress is at the mouth of a pass
through Parnes to Oropus. The nearest place is Va-
ribobi. (Ilin. , p. 106. ) Mr. Hawkins gives the mod-
ern name of the spot on which the ruins of Decelea
stand as XupionXciiia. (Walpolc's Collection, vol.
I, p. 338, in notis. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2,
p. 403. )
Decemviri, I. ten commissioners appointed to frame
a code of laws for the Roman stale. --The history of
this affair is as follows: The intestine feuds between
the patricians and plebeians were continuing with un-
abated animosity. Occasionally one of the consuls
favoured the plebeians, and proposed some mitigation
of the hardships under which they were labouring, or
some increase of their privileges, but generally with
little success. The Agrarian law, brought forward by
Spurius Cassius, continued to be the main demand
of the commons and their supporters, but its passage
was, on every occasion, either directly or indirectly
prevented. At last the commons became convinced,
that they need hope for no complete redress of griev-
ances, until they should have previously secured the es-
tablishment of some constitutional principle, from which
equal justice would, of necessity and from its very na-
? ? ture, emanate. Accordingly, CaiuaTerentillus Harsa,
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? OECEMVIRI.
by the gradual encroachments of the commons, and
was only frustrated by the selfish and inordinate am-
bition of the leading agents. The people had been
clamorous for a code of laws, a demand which the
patneians, in whom the whole judiciary power was
rested, and to whom the knowledge of the few laws
which then existed was confined, had always very
strenuously opposed. After violent altercations be-
tween the two orders, the patneians on a sudden yield-
ed to the popular wish, and became apparently as de-
sirous of a code of laws as the people themselves were:
when, however, it came to the choice of commissioners,
who should be sent abroad for the purpose of inspecting
foreign codes, the nobility insisted that all three depu-
ties should be of patrician rank. They gained their
point, and three of their own order were sent. That
these deputies actually went to Greece is a point far
from being well established; indeed, the contrary would
seem much nearer the truth. We have, it is true, the
authority of Floras, Orosius, and Aurelius Victor, in
favour of the Roman laws having been compiled from
the code of Solon; but, on the other hand, Diodorus
Siculus (12, 23), who makes mention of the Decem-
viri, and of the laws compiled by them, says nothing
of the Romans having sent to Athens for that purpose;
<<nd in none of the works of Cicero is any account
given of this deputation. It must not be denied,
oowever, that Dio Cassius (44, 26) makes Cicero
remark, a little after the death of Caesar, that their
forefathers had not disdained to borrow some laws
from Athens; and Cicero himself, in his treatise Dc
hrgibus (2, 23), speaking of a funeral law of the
twelve tables, states that it was nearly all borrowed
from one of the laws of Solon. In opposition to this,
however, it may be urged, that a comparison of the
fragments we possess of the decemviral laws with the
cede of Solon, shows so striking a discrepance in gen-
eral, as to lead at once to the belief that the coinci-
dences mentioned by Cicero are to be explained on
wher and different grounds. Why, it may bo asked,
if the Roman code were borrowed from the Greek, did
u breathe so little of the spirit of Grecian legislation,
and contain so many things peculiar to the Romans
and foreign to the Greeks 1 How came it that Her-
modoros of Kphesus, who is reported to have inter-
preted and explained the Attic laws to the Roman
commissioners, used many Latin terms, such as auc-
torites, libripcns, assiduus proletarius, and many
others, for which there were no equivalent expressions
among the Greeks'--But the authority of Cicero him-
self is conclusive on this point. He hesitates not to
rank the laws of the twelve tables far abate those of
Greece. "It is easy," he observes, "to perceive how
much the wisdom and prudence of our forefathers sur-
passed that of other nations, if you compare our laws
with those of Lycurgus. Draco, and Solon. It is in-
credible how ill digested and almost ridiculous every
system of civil law is excepting our own. This I
repeat every day, when in my discourses I prefer the
wisdom of our Romans to that of other men, and in
particular of the Greeks. " (Cic ,de Oral, 1, 44. ) Is
this the language of a man who believed that the De-
cemviri had been indebted to the legislators of Greece
ibr the code which they promulgated 1--The truth ap-
pears to be, that whatever admixture of Grecian laws
there was in the Roman code, was derived from Gre-
cian customs and usages prevalent at the time both
in the vicinity of Rome and in the city itself. To
? ? hese Grecian customs were added others peculiar to
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