We find him after-
side, but apparently a Carthaginian by birth.
side, but apparently a Carthaginian by birth.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
The outline
nibal. He is first mentioned as being entrusted by of the events which marked the Spanish war from
that general with the care of transporting his army this year until the departure of Hasdrubal the son
over the Po (Polyb. iii. 66); and we afterwards of Hamilcar to Italy, has been already given in
find him employed in preparing the arrangements the life of the latter (No. 6), and it seems un-
for the well-known stratagem by which Hannibal necessary to recapitulate it, in order to point out
eluded the vigilance of Fabius, and effected his the share which the son of Gisco took in the suc-
escape from Campania through the passes of the cesses or reverses of the Carthaginian arms. From
Apennines. (Id. iü. 93 ; Liv. xxi. 16. ) He at an early period of the war, dissensions arose be
this time held the chief direction of all military tween the three generals, which doubtless con-
works (o él lectoUPY V Tetayuéros); but there tributed not a little to the fluctuations of its
is little doubt that it is the same person whom we success, and which appear to have risen to a still
afterwards find in command of Hannibal's camp greater height after the defeat and death of the two
at Geronium on the occasion of his action with Mi- Scipios (B. C. 212) had left them apparently un-
nucius (Polyb. iii. 102), and who also commanded disputed masters of Spain. The particular part
the left wing of the Carthaginian army at the battle which the son of Gisco took in these is nowhere
of Cannae (B. c. 216). On that memorable day, mentioned, but it is difficult to avoid the conjecture
Hasdrubal rendered the most important services. that they were in great part owing to his jealousy
The Spanish and Gaulish horse under his command, of the sons of Hamilcar; and Polybius expressly
after an obstinate combat, obtained the victory over charges him (ix. 11, x. 35, 36) with alienating the
the Roman cavalry to which they were opposed, minds of the Spaniards by his arrogance and
cut to pieces the greater part of them, and dispersed rapacity, among others that of Indibilis, one of the
the rest. As soon as he saw his victory in this chiefs who had been most faithfully attached to
quarter complete, Hasdrubal hastened to recal his the Carthaginian cause. (INDIBILIS. )
troops from the pursuit, and led them to the sup- When Hasdrubal the son of Hamilcar, after his
'port of the Numidian cavalry of the right wing, defeat at Baecula by Scipio (B. C 209), moved
against whom the Roman allies had hitherto main-northwards across the Tagus, he was joined by his
tained their ground, but took to flight on perceiving two colleagues, and, at the council of war held by
the approach of Hasdrubal. He thereupon left it them, it was agreed, that while the son of Hamilcar
1
A A 3
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858
HASDRUBAL.
HASDRUBAL
:
should prosecute his march to Italy, the son of horrible scheme: the camp of Hasdrubal and that
Gisco should confine bimself to the defence of Lu- of Syphax were set on fire at the same time, while
sitania and the western provinces of Spain, taking they weré surrounded by the enemy's troops :
care to avoid a battle with Scipio. (Liv. xxvi. thousands of their men perished in the fames, ihe
20. ) This accounts for his inaction during the rest fell by the sword of the enemy in the darkness
following year. In the summer of 207 we hear of and confusion : out of 90,000 men, it is sid that
him in the extreme south, near Gades, where he a few fugitives alone escaped, to tell the tale of this
was joined by Mago with the remains of his army, fearful massacre. Among these, however, was
after his defeat by M. Silanus. (Mago. ) But Hasdrubal bimself, who hastened from the scene of
though Scipio followed Mago to the south, and en- the disaster to Carthage, where he succeeded in
deavoured to bring Hasdrubal to a batile, that persuading the senate once more to try the fortune
general evaded his designs, and the campaign came of war. Syphax hnd also escaped, and was soon
to a close without any decisive action. The next able to raise another army of Numidians, with
year (206) having greatly augmented his army by which he again joined Hasdrubal. But their
fresh Ievies, Hasdrubal found himself at the head united forces were a second time overthrown by
of a force of 70,000 foot and 4500 horse, with Scipio ; and while Syphax fled once more into
which he and Mago no longer hesitated to meet Numidia, Hasdrubal returned to Carthage, B. C.
the enemy in the field. They were attacked by 203. (Polyb. xiv. 1—8 ; Liv. xxix. 35, xxx. 3–
Scipio at a place called by Polybius Elinga, by 8 ; Appian, Pun. 13--23; Zonar. ir. 12. ) This
Livy Silpia, situated apparently in the mining dis is the last notice of himn that occurs in Polybius or
trict of Bactica, and, after a long and obstinate Livy, according to Appian, on the contrary, he
combat, totally defeated. This battle, which seems avoided returning to Carthage, from apprehension
to have been one of the most striking instances of of the popular fury, and assembled a force of mer-
Scipio's military genius, was decisive of the war in cenary and Numidian troops, with which he kept
Spain ; Hasdrubal and Mago, with the remains of the field on his own account, having been con-
their scattered army, took refuge within the walls demned to death for his ill success by the Car-
of Gades. (Polyb. xi. 20—24 ; Liv. xxviii. 1-3, thaginian government. Notwithstanding this, he
12-16 ; Appian, Hisp. 24—28. ) The former continued to concert measures, and co-operate with
appears to have henceforth abandoned all hopes of his successor, Hanno the son of Hamilcar; and on
prosecuting the war in Spain, and turned all his the arrival of Hannibal from Italy his sentence was
attention to Africa, where Scipio had already rerersed, and the troops he bad collected placed
entered into negotiations with Syphax, the power under the command of that general. But the po
ful king of the Massaesylians. Hasdrubal, alarmed pular feeling against him had not subsided : he was
at these overtures, hastened in person to the court compelled to conceal himself within the city, and,
of the Numidian king, where it is said he arrived on some occasion of a sudden outbreak of party
at the same time with Scipio hiniself, and spent violence, he was pursued by his enemies, and with
some days in friendly intercourse with his dreaded difficulty escaped to the tomb of his family, where
adversary. (Liv. xxviii. 17, 18 ; Appian, Hisp. he put an end to his life by poison. His head was
30. ) He was, however, successful in detaching cut off and paraded in triumph by the populace
Syphax from his meditated alliance with Rome, a through the city. (Appian, Pun. 24, 29, 30, 36,
success said to have been owing in great part to 38 ; Zonar. ix. 12, 13. )
the charms of his daughter Sophonisba, whom he Il. A Hasdrubal, who must be distinct from
gave in marriage to the Numidian prince ; but this the preceding, is mentioned by Livy and Appian as
same measure had the effect of completing the commanding the Carthaginian fleet in Africa in
alienation of Masinissa, prince of the Massylians, B. C. 203. According to the Roman accounts he
to whom Sophonisba had been previously promised. was guilty of a flagrant violation of the law of
Hasdrubal, however, did not regard his enmity in nations by attacking the quinquereme in which the
comparison with the friendship of Syphax, whom ambassadors sent by Scipio were returning to his
he not long after instigated to invade the territories camp: they, however, made their escape to the
of Masinise, and expel that prince from the whole land. He had previously been engaged in an
of his hereditary dominions. (Liv. xxix. 23, 31 ; attack upon the Roman squadron under Cn. Octa-
Appian, Pun. 10-12; Zonar. ix. 11, 12. ) vius, which, together with a large fleet of trans-
Such was the state of affairs when Scipio landed ports, had been wrecked on the coast near Car-
in Africa, in B. C. 204. Hasdrubal, who was at thage. (Liv. XIX. 24, 25 ; Appian, Pren. 34. ) It
this time regarded as one of the chief citizens in his is probable that he is the same who had been sent to
native state, was immediately placed at the head Italy, at an earlier period of the same year, to urge
of the Carthaginian land forces, and succeeded in the return of Hannibal to Africa (Id. Annib. 58. )
lerying an army of 30,000 foot and 3000 horse, 12. Surnamed the Kid (Haedus, Liv. xxx. 42,
which was quickly joined by Syphax with a force 'Epipos, Appian, Pun. 34), was one of the leaders
of 50,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The approach of the party at Carthage favourable to peace to-
of these two powerful armies compelled Scipio to wards the end of the Second Punic War. Hence
raise the siege of Utica, and establish his camp in when the envoys sent by Scipio were in danger
a strong position on a projecting headland, while of their lives from the fury of the populace at
Hasdrubal and Syphax formed two separate camps Carthage, it was this Hasdrubal, together with
to watch and, as it were, blockade him throughout Hanno, the leader of the anti-Barcine party, that
the winter. The Numidian king, however, allowed interposed to protect them, and sent them away
himself to be engaged in negotiations with Scipio, from the city under convoy of two Carthaginian
during the course of which the Roman general was triremes. (Liv. xxx. 25 ; Appian, Pun. 34. ) Ac-
led to form the dreadful project of burning both cording to Appian (15. 49), he was one of the am-
the hostile camps. With the assistance of Masi- bassadors sent to Scipio to sue for peace after the
nissa, he was enabled fully to accomplish this battle of Zama (B. C. 202). Livy also mentions
## p. 359 (#375) ############################################
HASDRUBAL.
359
HASDRUBAL.
him as one of the envoys (all men of the highest and suffered severely in his retreat (Appian, Pun.
rank at Carthage) deputed to Rome to fix the terms 74, 80, 93, 94, 97, 102—104 ; Liv. Epit. xlix. )
of the final treaty of peace on that occasion, and a second attempt on the part of Manilius having
attributes the success of the negotiation in great proved equally unsuccessful, Hasdrubal became so
measure to his personal influence and ability. (Liv. elated that he aspired to the sole command, and
XXX. 42). On his return to Carthage he is again procured the deposition of the other Hasdrubal, the
mentioned as taking part against Hannibal in the grandson of Masinissa (No. 14), who had hitherto
discussions concerning the peace. (Id. ib. 44. ) held the command within the city (Id. 108, 11l).
13. General of the Carthaginians in their last On the arrival of Scipio (B. c. 147) to carry on the
fatal struggle with Rome, known by the name of war, which had been so much mismanaged by his
the Third Punic War. He is first mentioned at predecessors, Hasdrubal advanced close to the
the time of the breaking out of the war with Ma- walls of Carthage, and encamped within five
sinissa, which immediately preceded that with stadia of the city, immediately opposite to the
Rome, B. c. 150. Hasdrubal at this time held the camp of the Roman general. But notwithstanding
office called by Appian boëtharch (Bondapxos), this proximity, he did not prevent Scipio from sur-
the nature of which is very uncertain ; but when prising by a night attack the quarter of the city
Masinissa, after the insult offered to his two sons, called Megara. By way of revenging himself for
Gulussa and Micipsa, whom he had sent to Car- this disaster, Hasdrubal, who had now withdrawn
thage as ambassadors, commenced open hostilities his forces within the walls of Carthage, put to
by the siege of Oroscopa, Hasdrubal was sent death all the Roman prisoners, having previously
against him at the head of 25,000 foot and 400 mutilated them in the most horrible manner, and
horse, which forces were quickly increased by the in this state exposed them on the walls to the eyes
accession of 6000 Numidian cavalry, who deserted of their countrymen. By this act of wanton bar-
from Masinissa. With this force he did not hesi- barity he alienated the minds of many of his
tate to give battle to the Numidian king: the fellow-citizens at the same time that he exasperated
action which ensued was fiercely contested from the enemy; and the clamour was loud against him
morning till night, without any decisive advantage in the senate of Carthage. But he now found him-
on either side ; negotiations were then commenced self in the uncontrolled direction of the military
by the intervention of Scipio, who was accidentally force within the city, a position of which he
present; but these proved abortive, and Masinissa availed himself to establish a despotic authority:
afterwards succeeded in shutting up Hasdrubal in he put to death many of the senators who were
such a position that he was able to cut off his sup- opposed to him, and assumed the garb and manners
plies, and finally compelled him by famine to capi- of royalty. When Scipio had at length succeeded
tulate. By the terms of the treaty, the Cartha- in completely investing the city, and famine began
ginians were allowed to depart in safety, Jeaving to make itself felt within the walls, Hasdrubal
their arms and baggage ; but these conditions were carefully reserved the supplies which from time to
shamefully violated : the Numidians attacked them time were introduced, and distributed them only
on their march in this defenceless state, and cut to among his soldiers and those of the citizens on
pieces by far the greater part of them; very few whom he mainly relied for the defence. At the
made their escape, together with Hasdrubal, to same time he opened negotiations with Scipio,
Carthage. (Appian, Pun. 70–73. ) After this throngh the medium of Gulussa ; but that general
disaster, the Carthaginians, apprehensive of the having offered him terms only for himself with his
danger that threatened them from Rome, sought to family and a few friends, he refused to purchase
avert it by casting the responsibility of the late his personal safety by the abandonment of his
events upon individuals, and accordingly passed sen- country. Meanwhile the siege of Carthage was
tence of banishment on Hasdrubal, together with all more and more closely pressed, and in the spring
the other leaders in the war against Masinissa. He of 146 Hasdrubal saw himself compelled to aban-
thereupon took refuge among the neighbouring don the defence of the port and other quarters of
Africans, and soon collected around his standard the city, and collect all his forces into the citadel
an army of 20,000 men, with which he awaited called Byrsa. Against this Scipio now concentra-
the issue of events. The Carthaginians found, ted all his attacks ; the ground was contested foot
when too late, that all concessions were unavailing by foot, but the Romans renewed their assaults
to conciliate their inexorable enemies; and while without ceasing, both by night and day, and gra-
they prepared for a desperate resistance within the dually advanced by burning and demolishing the
city, they hastened to recal the sentence of Has- houses along all the streets which led to the citadel
drubal, and appointed him to the chief command At length the mass of the inhabitants submitted to
without the walls, B. c. 149. His own army gave Scipio, and were received as prisoners ; the Roman
him the complete command of the open country, deserters alone, with a few others who despaired
and enabled him to secure abundant supplies to the of pardon, took refuge in the sacred precincts of the
city, while the Romans with difficulty drew their temple of Aesculapius, and still held out with the
provisions from a few detached towns on the coast. fury of desperation. Hasdrubal at first fled thither
Hovering in the neighbourhood of Carthage, with with his wife and children ; but afterwards made
out approaching close to the enemy, Hasdrubal his escape secretly to Scipio, who spared his life.
prevented them from regularly investing the city, It is said that his wife, after upbraiding him with
and, by means of his light cavalry, harassed and his weakness, threw herself and her children into
impeded all their movements. At length the Ro the flames of the burning temple. Scipio carried
man consul, Manilius, was induced to undertake him prisoner to Rome, where, after adorning the
an expedition against Nepheris, a stronghold in the triumph of his conqueror, he spent the rest of his
interior, where Hasdrubal had established his head-life in an honourable captivity in some one of the
quarters ; but far from succeeding in dislodging provincial towns of Italy. (Appian, Pun. 114, 118,
him from thence, he was repulsed with heavy loss, I 120, 126-131 ; Polyb. Exo. xxxix ; Zonar. ix.
a
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360
HATERIUS.
HATERIUS.
a
29, 30 ; Liv. Epit. li. ; Oros. iv. 22, 23 ; Flor. ii. | to be without a head ? "-An offensive question,
14. ) Polybius, from whom all our accounts of since it obliged Tiberius to declare his intentions,
this war are directly or indirectly derived, has and he gravely rebuked its author. (Suet. Tib.
drawn the character of Hasdrubal in the blackest | 29. ) When the senate broke up, Haterius repaired
colours, and probably not without prejudice : the to the palace to implore pardon. He found the
circumstances in which he was placed must have emperor walking, attended by a guard. Either to
palliated, if not excused, many arbitrary acts ; and escape his importunity (Suet. Tib. 27), or in anger
however justly he may be reproached with cruelty, at his presumption (Tac. ib. 13), Tiberius turned
there seems strong evidence of his being a man of away from Haterius who, in the energy of sup-
much greater ability than the historian is willing plication, had cast himself at his feet. Accident-
to allow. Nor must we forget that he refused to ally, or in struggling to be rid of the suppliant,
purchase his own personal safety so long as there Tiberius himself fell to the ground, and Haterius
remained even the slightest chance of obtaining narrowly avoided being slain by the guard. The
that of his country.
intercession of the empress-mother, Livia, at length
14. A grandson of Masinissa hy the mother's rescued laterius from peril.
We find him after-
side, but apparently a Carthaginian by birth. He wards, in A. D. 16, advocating a sumptuary law, to
was appointed to the chief command within the restrain the use of gold-plate and silk garments
walls of the city, when the Carthaginians, in B. c. (Tac. ib. ii. 33), and in 22 moving that a decree of
149, prepared for their last desperate resistance the senate, which conferred the Tribunicia Potestas
against the Roman consuls Censorinus and Mani- on Drusus, the emperor's son, be inscribed in letters
lius. How far we are to ascribe to his authority of gold, and affixed to the walls of the curia (Tac.
or directions the energetic measures adopted for the ib. iii. 57)—a useless piece of adulation, since the
defence of the city, or the successful resistance decree was little more than matter of course. If
opposed for more than a year to the Roman arms, the systematic legacy-hunter mentioned by Seneca
we know not, as his name is not again mentioned (de Ben. vi. 38) were the same Q. Haterius, it ac-
by Appian until after the defeat of Calpurnius cords well with his servility as a senator.
Piso at Hippo in the following year, B. C. 148. The reputation of Haterius was, however, higher
This success following the repeated repulses of in the rhetorical schools than in the senate. His
Manilius in his attacks on Nepheris, had greatly character as a declaimer is sketched by Seneca the
elated the Carthaginians ; and in this excitement rhetorician, who had heard him (Exrerpt. Contror.
of spirits, they seem to have been easily led to be- Proem. iv. p. 422, Bipont. ed. ), and by Seneca the
lieve a charge brought by his enemies against Has- philosopher (Ep. 40). Their accounts are confirmed
drubal of having betrayed their interests for the by Tacitus (Ann. iv. 61), and may be thus com-
sake of his brother-in-law, Gulussa. The accusa- pressed. His voice was sonorous, his lungs un-
tion was brought forward in the senate, and before wearied, his invention fertile, and his sophistical
Hasdrubal, astounded at the unexpected charge, ingenuity, though it sometimes betrayed him into
could utter a word in his defence, a tumult arose, ludicrous blunders, was extraordinary. There was
in the midst of which he was struck down, and much to applaud, more to excuse or condemn, in his -
despatched with blows from the benches of the declamation. Augustus said that his eloquence
senators used as clubs. According to Appian, his needed a drag-chain-“ Haterius poster sufflami-
destruction was caused by the intrigues of his rival nandus est”-it not only ran, but it ran down-
and namesake, No. 13. (Appian, Pun. 93, 111; hill. He had so little control over his volubility,
Oros. iv. 22. )
(E. H. B. ) that he employed a freedman to punctuate his dis-
HATERIA’NUS, the name of one of the course while speaking, and the partitions and tran-
early commentators on Virgil quoted in the sitions of his theme were regulated by this monitor.
Virgilii Maronis Interpretes Veteres, published Seneca, the philosopher (l. c. ), censures bim se
from a Verona Palimpsest, by Ang. Mai, Mediolan. verely. He began impetuously, he ceased abruptly.
1818.
(W. R. ] His manner was abhorrent from common sense,
HATE'RIUS. The name, like Adrian, Atria, good taste, and Roman usage. The evolutions of
&c. , is frequently written Aterius, but the aspirated Cicero were slow and decorous ; but the rapid
form is preferable. (Orelli, Inscr. n. 1825. ) verbiage of Haterius was suitable only to the hack-
1. HAterius, a jurist, contemporary with Cicero. nied demagogue, and excitable crowd of a Greek
[ATERIUS. )
agora. The elder Seneca frequently cites the de
2. HATERIUS was proscribed by Augustus, An- clamations of Haterius (Suas. 2, 3, 6, 7, Controv.
tony, and Lepidus, in B. C. 43, and betrayed by 6, 16, 17, 23, 27, 28, 29), but Tacitus says that
one of his slaves, who received his freedom in re his works were in his age nearly obsolete. (Ann.
compence. The sons of Haterius wished to purchase iv. 61. ) The best specimens of the rhetoric of Hate-
their father's confiscated estate, but were outbid rius are. —Sen. Suas. 6,7, and Controv. 6, Excerpt.
and insulted by his betrayer. His insolence, how- ex Controv. i. ; in the latter, Seneca praises the
ever, aroused the sympathy of the people, and the pathos of the declaimer. Haterius died at the end
triumvirs reduced him to his former servile con- of A. D. 26, in the cighty-ninth year of his age.
dition, and assigned him to the family of his late (Tac. Ann. iv. 61 ; Euseb. Chron. n. 2010, p. 157;
master. (Appian, B. C. iv. 29. )
Hieron. Ep. ad Pammach. adv. error. Joan. Hie-
3. Q. HATERIUS, a senator and rhetorician in rosol. ) His sons appear to have died before him.
the age of Augustus and Tiberius, and, in what (Sen. Excerpt. Controv. Proem. Bip. ed. p. 422. )
year is unknown, a supplementary consul. (Tac. It is worth noting, that Haterius is accused by
Ann. ii. 33. ) In the contest of mutual distrust Seneca (! . c. ) of archaisms, but those archaisms
and dissimulation between the senate and Tiberius were words or phrases from Cicero-so brief was
on his accession, A. D. 14 (Tac. Ann. i. 11-13), the meridian of Latin prose.
Haterius unguardedly asked the cautious emperor,
4. D. Haterius AGRIPPA, a son of the pre-
“ bow long he meant to suffer the commonwealth ceding. [AGRIPPA, p. 77 a. ]
a
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HECABE.
361
HECATAEUS.
5. Q. HATERIUS ANTONINUS, probably a son of Polymestor, who had murdered him, pretending
No. 4, was consul in A. D. 53. (Tac. Ann. xii. 58. ) that she was going to inform him of a treasure
He dissipated his patrimonial estate, and in his which was concealed at Ilium. When Polymestor
latter years was a pensionary of Nero. (Tac. ib. arrived with his two sons, Hecabe murdered the
xiii. 34. ). He is thought by some to be the pro children, and tore out the eyes of Polymestor.
fessional legacy-hunter mentioned by Seneca (de Agamemnon pardoned her for the crime, and Poly-
Ben, vi. 30).
mestor prophesied to her that she should be mein-
6. HATERIUS Rufus, a Roman eques, who morphosed into a she-dog, and should leap into the
perished in the theatre at Syracuse by the awk. sea at a place called Cynoseina. (Strab. p 595 ;
wardness of a gladiator, and thereby fulfilled his Thuc. viii. 104. ) According to Ovid (Met. xiii.
dream of the previous night, that the Retiarius slew 423—575), this prophecy was fulfilled in Thrace,
him. (Val. Max. i. 7. & 8. ) (W. B. D. ) the inhabitants of which stoned her; but she was
HEBDOMA'GETES ('Ebdouaréons), a surmetamorphosed into a dog, and in this form she
name of Apollo, which was derived, according to howled through the country for a long time. (Comp.
some, from the fact of sacrifices being offered to Hygin. Fab. lll; Serv. ad Virg. Acn. iii. . ; Cic.
him on the scventh of every month, the seventh Tusc. iii. 26. ). According to other accounts she was
of some month being looked upon as the god's given as a slave to Odysseus, and in despair she
birthday. Others connect the name with the fact leaped into the Hellespont (Dict. Cret. v. 13), or
that at the festivals of Apollo, the procession was being anxious to die, she uttered such inrectives
led by seven boys and seven maidens. (Aeschyl. against the Greeks, that the warriors put her to
Sept.
nibal. He is first mentioned as being entrusted by of the events which marked the Spanish war from
that general with the care of transporting his army this year until the departure of Hasdrubal the son
over the Po (Polyb. iii. 66); and we afterwards of Hamilcar to Italy, has been already given in
find him employed in preparing the arrangements the life of the latter (No. 6), and it seems un-
for the well-known stratagem by which Hannibal necessary to recapitulate it, in order to point out
eluded the vigilance of Fabius, and effected his the share which the son of Gisco took in the suc-
escape from Campania through the passes of the cesses or reverses of the Carthaginian arms. From
Apennines. (Id. iü. 93 ; Liv. xxi. 16. ) He at an early period of the war, dissensions arose be
this time held the chief direction of all military tween the three generals, which doubtless con-
works (o él lectoUPY V Tetayuéros); but there tributed not a little to the fluctuations of its
is little doubt that it is the same person whom we success, and which appear to have risen to a still
afterwards find in command of Hannibal's camp greater height after the defeat and death of the two
at Geronium on the occasion of his action with Mi- Scipios (B. C. 212) had left them apparently un-
nucius (Polyb. iii. 102), and who also commanded disputed masters of Spain. The particular part
the left wing of the Carthaginian army at the battle which the son of Gisco took in these is nowhere
of Cannae (B. c. 216). On that memorable day, mentioned, but it is difficult to avoid the conjecture
Hasdrubal rendered the most important services. that they were in great part owing to his jealousy
The Spanish and Gaulish horse under his command, of the sons of Hamilcar; and Polybius expressly
after an obstinate combat, obtained the victory over charges him (ix. 11, x. 35, 36) with alienating the
the Roman cavalry to which they were opposed, minds of the Spaniards by his arrogance and
cut to pieces the greater part of them, and dispersed rapacity, among others that of Indibilis, one of the
the rest. As soon as he saw his victory in this chiefs who had been most faithfully attached to
quarter complete, Hasdrubal hastened to recal his the Carthaginian cause. (INDIBILIS. )
troops from the pursuit, and led them to the sup- When Hasdrubal the son of Hamilcar, after his
'port of the Numidian cavalry of the right wing, defeat at Baecula by Scipio (B. C 209), moved
against whom the Roman allies had hitherto main-northwards across the Tagus, he was joined by his
tained their ground, but took to flight on perceiving two colleagues, and, at the council of war held by
the approach of Hasdrubal. He thereupon left it them, it was agreed, that while the son of Hamilcar
1
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858
HASDRUBAL.
HASDRUBAL
:
should prosecute his march to Italy, the son of horrible scheme: the camp of Hasdrubal and that
Gisco should confine bimself to the defence of Lu- of Syphax were set on fire at the same time, while
sitania and the western provinces of Spain, taking they weré surrounded by the enemy's troops :
care to avoid a battle with Scipio. (Liv. xxvi. thousands of their men perished in the fames, ihe
20. ) This accounts for his inaction during the rest fell by the sword of the enemy in the darkness
following year. In the summer of 207 we hear of and confusion : out of 90,000 men, it is sid that
him in the extreme south, near Gades, where he a few fugitives alone escaped, to tell the tale of this
was joined by Mago with the remains of his army, fearful massacre. Among these, however, was
after his defeat by M. Silanus. (Mago. ) But Hasdrubal bimself, who hastened from the scene of
though Scipio followed Mago to the south, and en- the disaster to Carthage, where he succeeded in
deavoured to bring Hasdrubal to a batile, that persuading the senate once more to try the fortune
general evaded his designs, and the campaign came of war. Syphax hnd also escaped, and was soon
to a close without any decisive action. The next able to raise another army of Numidians, with
year (206) having greatly augmented his army by which he again joined Hasdrubal. But their
fresh Ievies, Hasdrubal found himself at the head united forces were a second time overthrown by
of a force of 70,000 foot and 4500 horse, with Scipio ; and while Syphax fled once more into
which he and Mago no longer hesitated to meet Numidia, Hasdrubal returned to Carthage, B. C.
the enemy in the field. They were attacked by 203. (Polyb. xiv. 1—8 ; Liv. xxix. 35, xxx. 3–
Scipio at a place called by Polybius Elinga, by 8 ; Appian, Pun. 13--23; Zonar. ir. 12. ) This
Livy Silpia, situated apparently in the mining dis is the last notice of himn that occurs in Polybius or
trict of Bactica, and, after a long and obstinate Livy, according to Appian, on the contrary, he
combat, totally defeated. This battle, which seems avoided returning to Carthage, from apprehension
to have been one of the most striking instances of of the popular fury, and assembled a force of mer-
Scipio's military genius, was decisive of the war in cenary and Numidian troops, with which he kept
Spain ; Hasdrubal and Mago, with the remains of the field on his own account, having been con-
their scattered army, took refuge within the walls demned to death for his ill success by the Car-
of Gades. (Polyb. xi. 20—24 ; Liv. xxviii. 1-3, thaginian government. Notwithstanding this, he
12-16 ; Appian, Hisp. 24—28. ) The former continued to concert measures, and co-operate with
appears to have henceforth abandoned all hopes of his successor, Hanno the son of Hamilcar; and on
prosecuting the war in Spain, and turned all his the arrival of Hannibal from Italy his sentence was
attention to Africa, where Scipio had already rerersed, and the troops he bad collected placed
entered into negotiations with Syphax, the power under the command of that general. But the po
ful king of the Massaesylians. Hasdrubal, alarmed pular feeling against him had not subsided : he was
at these overtures, hastened in person to the court compelled to conceal himself within the city, and,
of the Numidian king, where it is said he arrived on some occasion of a sudden outbreak of party
at the same time with Scipio hiniself, and spent violence, he was pursued by his enemies, and with
some days in friendly intercourse with his dreaded difficulty escaped to the tomb of his family, where
adversary. (Liv. xxviii. 17, 18 ; Appian, Hisp. he put an end to his life by poison. His head was
30. ) He was, however, successful in detaching cut off and paraded in triumph by the populace
Syphax from his meditated alliance with Rome, a through the city. (Appian, Pun. 24, 29, 30, 36,
success said to have been owing in great part to 38 ; Zonar. ix. 12, 13. )
the charms of his daughter Sophonisba, whom he Il. A Hasdrubal, who must be distinct from
gave in marriage to the Numidian prince ; but this the preceding, is mentioned by Livy and Appian as
same measure had the effect of completing the commanding the Carthaginian fleet in Africa in
alienation of Masinissa, prince of the Massylians, B. C. 203. According to the Roman accounts he
to whom Sophonisba had been previously promised. was guilty of a flagrant violation of the law of
Hasdrubal, however, did not regard his enmity in nations by attacking the quinquereme in which the
comparison with the friendship of Syphax, whom ambassadors sent by Scipio were returning to his
he not long after instigated to invade the territories camp: they, however, made their escape to the
of Masinise, and expel that prince from the whole land. He had previously been engaged in an
of his hereditary dominions. (Liv. xxix. 23, 31 ; attack upon the Roman squadron under Cn. Octa-
Appian, Pun. 10-12; Zonar. ix. 11, 12. ) vius, which, together with a large fleet of trans-
Such was the state of affairs when Scipio landed ports, had been wrecked on the coast near Car-
in Africa, in B. C. 204. Hasdrubal, who was at thage. (Liv. XIX. 24, 25 ; Appian, Pren. 34. ) It
this time regarded as one of the chief citizens in his is probable that he is the same who had been sent to
native state, was immediately placed at the head Italy, at an earlier period of the same year, to urge
of the Carthaginian land forces, and succeeded in the return of Hannibal to Africa (Id. Annib. 58. )
lerying an army of 30,000 foot and 3000 horse, 12. Surnamed the Kid (Haedus, Liv. xxx. 42,
which was quickly joined by Syphax with a force 'Epipos, Appian, Pun. 34), was one of the leaders
of 50,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The approach of the party at Carthage favourable to peace to-
of these two powerful armies compelled Scipio to wards the end of the Second Punic War. Hence
raise the siege of Utica, and establish his camp in when the envoys sent by Scipio were in danger
a strong position on a projecting headland, while of their lives from the fury of the populace at
Hasdrubal and Syphax formed two separate camps Carthage, it was this Hasdrubal, together with
to watch and, as it were, blockade him throughout Hanno, the leader of the anti-Barcine party, that
the winter. The Numidian king, however, allowed interposed to protect them, and sent them away
himself to be engaged in negotiations with Scipio, from the city under convoy of two Carthaginian
during the course of which the Roman general was triremes. (Liv. xxx. 25 ; Appian, Pun. 34. ) Ac-
led to form the dreadful project of burning both cording to Appian (15. 49), he was one of the am-
the hostile camps. With the assistance of Masi- bassadors sent to Scipio to sue for peace after the
nissa, he was enabled fully to accomplish this battle of Zama (B. C. 202). Livy also mentions
## p. 359 (#375) ############################################
HASDRUBAL.
359
HASDRUBAL.
him as one of the envoys (all men of the highest and suffered severely in his retreat (Appian, Pun.
rank at Carthage) deputed to Rome to fix the terms 74, 80, 93, 94, 97, 102—104 ; Liv. Epit. xlix. )
of the final treaty of peace on that occasion, and a second attempt on the part of Manilius having
attributes the success of the negotiation in great proved equally unsuccessful, Hasdrubal became so
measure to his personal influence and ability. (Liv. elated that he aspired to the sole command, and
XXX. 42). On his return to Carthage he is again procured the deposition of the other Hasdrubal, the
mentioned as taking part against Hannibal in the grandson of Masinissa (No. 14), who had hitherto
discussions concerning the peace. (Id. ib. 44. ) held the command within the city (Id. 108, 11l).
13. General of the Carthaginians in their last On the arrival of Scipio (B. c. 147) to carry on the
fatal struggle with Rome, known by the name of war, which had been so much mismanaged by his
the Third Punic War. He is first mentioned at predecessors, Hasdrubal advanced close to the
the time of the breaking out of the war with Ma- walls of Carthage, and encamped within five
sinissa, which immediately preceded that with stadia of the city, immediately opposite to the
Rome, B. c. 150. Hasdrubal at this time held the camp of the Roman general. But notwithstanding
office called by Appian boëtharch (Bondapxos), this proximity, he did not prevent Scipio from sur-
the nature of which is very uncertain ; but when prising by a night attack the quarter of the city
Masinissa, after the insult offered to his two sons, called Megara. By way of revenging himself for
Gulussa and Micipsa, whom he had sent to Car- this disaster, Hasdrubal, who had now withdrawn
thage as ambassadors, commenced open hostilities his forces within the walls of Carthage, put to
by the siege of Oroscopa, Hasdrubal was sent death all the Roman prisoners, having previously
against him at the head of 25,000 foot and 400 mutilated them in the most horrible manner, and
horse, which forces were quickly increased by the in this state exposed them on the walls to the eyes
accession of 6000 Numidian cavalry, who deserted of their countrymen. By this act of wanton bar-
from Masinissa. With this force he did not hesi- barity he alienated the minds of many of his
tate to give battle to the Numidian king: the fellow-citizens at the same time that he exasperated
action which ensued was fiercely contested from the enemy; and the clamour was loud against him
morning till night, without any decisive advantage in the senate of Carthage. But he now found him-
on either side ; negotiations were then commenced self in the uncontrolled direction of the military
by the intervention of Scipio, who was accidentally force within the city, a position of which he
present; but these proved abortive, and Masinissa availed himself to establish a despotic authority:
afterwards succeeded in shutting up Hasdrubal in he put to death many of the senators who were
such a position that he was able to cut off his sup- opposed to him, and assumed the garb and manners
plies, and finally compelled him by famine to capi- of royalty. When Scipio had at length succeeded
tulate. By the terms of the treaty, the Cartha- in completely investing the city, and famine began
ginians were allowed to depart in safety, Jeaving to make itself felt within the walls, Hasdrubal
their arms and baggage ; but these conditions were carefully reserved the supplies which from time to
shamefully violated : the Numidians attacked them time were introduced, and distributed them only
on their march in this defenceless state, and cut to among his soldiers and those of the citizens on
pieces by far the greater part of them; very few whom he mainly relied for the defence. At the
made their escape, together with Hasdrubal, to same time he opened negotiations with Scipio,
Carthage. (Appian, Pun. 70–73. ) After this throngh the medium of Gulussa ; but that general
disaster, the Carthaginians, apprehensive of the having offered him terms only for himself with his
danger that threatened them from Rome, sought to family and a few friends, he refused to purchase
avert it by casting the responsibility of the late his personal safety by the abandonment of his
events upon individuals, and accordingly passed sen- country. Meanwhile the siege of Carthage was
tence of banishment on Hasdrubal, together with all more and more closely pressed, and in the spring
the other leaders in the war against Masinissa. He of 146 Hasdrubal saw himself compelled to aban-
thereupon took refuge among the neighbouring don the defence of the port and other quarters of
Africans, and soon collected around his standard the city, and collect all his forces into the citadel
an army of 20,000 men, with which he awaited called Byrsa. Against this Scipio now concentra-
the issue of events. The Carthaginians found, ted all his attacks ; the ground was contested foot
when too late, that all concessions were unavailing by foot, but the Romans renewed their assaults
to conciliate their inexorable enemies; and while without ceasing, both by night and day, and gra-
they prepared for a desperate resistance within the dually advanced by burning and demolishing the
city, they hastened to recal the sentence of Has- houses along all the streets which led to the citadel
drubal, and appointed him to the chief command At length the mass of the inhabitants submitted to
without the walls, B. c. 149. His own army gave Scipio, and were received as prisoners ; the Roman
him the complete command of the open country, deserters alone, with a few others who despaired
and enabled him to secure abundant supplies to the of pardon, took refuge in the sacred precincts of the
city, while the Romans with difficulty drew their temple of Aesculapius, and still held out with the
provisions from a few detached towns on the coast. fury of desperation. Hasdrubal at first fled thither
Hovering in the neighbourhood of Carthage, with with his wife and children ; but afterwards made
out approaching close to the enemy, Hasdrubal his escape secretly to Scipio, who spared his life.
prevented them from regularly investing the city, It is said that his wife, after upbraiding him with
and, by means of his light cavalry, harassed and his weakness, threw herself and her children into
impeded all their movements. At length the Ro the flames of the burning temple. Scipio carried
man consul, Manilius, was induced to undertake him prisoner to Rome, where, after adorning the
an expedition against Nepheris, a stronghold in the triumph of his conqueror, he spent the rest of his
interior, where Hasdrubal had established his head-life in an honourable captivity in some one of the
quarters ; but far from succeeding in dislodging provincial towns of Italy. (Appian, Pun. 114, 118,
him from thence, he was repulsed with heavy loss, I 120, 126-131 ; Polyb. Exo. xxxix ; Zonar. ix.
a
A A4
## p. 360 (#376) ############################################
360
HATERIUS.
HATERIUS.
a
29, 30 ; Liv. Epit. li. ; Oros. iv. 22, 23 ; Flor. ii. | to be without a head ? "-An offensive question,
14. ) Polybius, from whom all our accounts of since it obliged Tiberius to declare his intentions,
this war are directly or indirectly derived, has and he gravely rebuked its author. (Suet. Tib.
drawn the character of Hasdrubal in the blackest | 29. ) When the senate broke up, Haterius repaired
colours, and probably not without prejudice : the to the palace to implore pardon. He found the
circumstances in which he was placed must have emperor walking, attended by a guard. Either to
palliated, if not excused, many arbitrary acts ; and escape his importunity (Suet. Tib. 27), or in anger
however justly he may be reproached with cruelty, at his presumption (Tac. ib. 13), Tiberius turned
there seems strong evidence of his being a man of away from Haterius who, in the energy of sup-
much greater ability than the historian is willing plication, had cast himself at his feet. Accident-
to allow. Nor must we forget that he refused to ally, or in struggling to be rid of the suppliant,
purchase his own personal safety so long as there Tiberius himself fell to the ground, and Haterius
remained even the slightest chance of obtaining narrowly avoided being slain by the guard. The
that of his country.
intercession of the empress-mother, Livia, at length
14. A grandson of Masinissa hy the mother's rescued laterius from peril.
We find him after-
side, but apparently a Carthaginian by birth. He wards, in A. D. 16, advocating a sumptuary law, to
was appointed to the chief command within the restrain the use of gold-plate and silk garments
walls of the city, when the Carthaginians, in B. c. (Tac. ib. ii. 33), and in 22 moving that a decree of
149, prepared for their last desperate resistance the senate, which conferred the Tribunicia Potestas
against the Roman consuls Censorinus and Mani- on Drusus, the emperor's son, be inscribed in letters
lius. How far we are to ascribe to his authority of gold, and affixed to the walls of the curia (Tac.
or directions the energetic measures adopted for the ib. iii. 57)—a useless piece of adulation, since the
defence of the city, or the successful resistance decree was little more than matter of course. If
opposed for more than a year to the Roman arms, the systematic legacy-hunter mentioned by Seneca
we know not, as his name is not again mentioned (de Ben. vi. 38) were the same Q. Haterius, it ac-
by Appian until after the defeat of Calpurnius cords well with his servility as a senator.
Piso at Hippo in the following year, B. C. 148. The reputation of Haterius was, however, higher
This success following the repeated repulses of in the rhetorical schools than in the senate. His
Manilius in his attacks on Nepheris, had greatly character as a declaimer is sketched by Seneca the
elated the Carthaginians ; and in this excitement rhetorician, who had heard him (Exrerpt. Contror.
of spirits, they seem to have been easily led to be- Proem. iv. p. 422, Bipont. ed. ), and by Seneca the
lieve a charge brought by his enemies against Has- philosopher (Ep. 40). Their accounts are confirmed
drubal of having betrayed their interests for the by Tacitus (Ann. iv. 61), and may be thus com-
sake of his brother-in-law, Gulussa. The accusa- pressed. His voice was sonorous, his lungs un-
tion was brought forward in the senate, and before wearied, his invention fertile, and his sophistical
Hasdrubal, astounded at the unexpected charge, ingenuity, though it sometimes betrayed him into
could utter a word in his defence, a tumult arose, ludicrous blunders, was extraordinary. There was
in the midst of which he was struck down, and much to applaud, more to excuse or condemn, in his -
despatched with blows from the benches of the declamation. Augustus said that his eloquence
senators used as clubs. According to Appian, his needed a drag-chain-“ Haterius poster sufflami-
destruction was caused by the intrigues of his rival nandus est”-it not only ran, but it ran down-
and namesake, No. 13. (Appian, Pun. 93, 111; hill. He had so little control over his volubility,
Oros. iv. 22. )
(E. H. B. ) that he employed a freedman to punctuate his dis-
HATERIA’NUS, the name of one of the course while speaking, and the partitions and tran-
early commentators on Virgil quoted in the sitions of his theme were regulated by this monitor.
Virgilii Maronis Interpretes Veteres, published Seneca, the philosopher (l. c. ), censures bim se
from a Verona Palimpsest, by Ang. Mai, Mediolan. verely. He began impetuously, he ceased abruptly.
1818.
(W. R. ] His manner was abhorrent from common sense,
HATE'RIUS. The name, like Adrian, Atria, good taste, and Roman usage. The evolutions of
&c. , is frequently written Aterius, but the aspirated Cicero were slow and decorous ; but the rapid
form is preferable. (Orelli, Inscr. n. 1825. ) verbiage of Haterius was suitable only to the hack-
1. HAterius, a jurist, contemporary with Cicero. nied demagogue, and excitable crowd of a Greek
[ATERIUS. )
agora. The elder Seneca frequently cites the de
2. HATERIUS was proscribed by Augustus, An- clamations of Haterius (Suas. 2, 3, 6, 7, Controv.
tony, and Lepidus, in B. C. 43, and betrayed by 6, 16, 17, 23, 27, 28, 29), but Tacitus says that
one of his slaves, who received his freedom in re his works were in his age nearly obsolete. (Ann.
compence. The sons of Haterius wished to purchase iv. 61. ) The best specimens of the rhetoric of Hate-
their father's confiscated estate, but were outbid rius are. —Sen. Suas. 6,7, and Controv. 6, Excerpt.
and insulted by his betrayer. His insolence, how- ex Controv. i. ; in the latter, Seneca praises the
ever, aroused the sympathy of the people, and the pathos of the declaimer. Haterius died at the end
triumvirs reduced him to his former servile con- of A. D. 26, in the cighty-ninth year of his age.
dition, and assigned him to the family of his late (Tac. Ann. iv. 61 ; Euseb. Chron. n. 2010, p. 157;
master. (Appian, B. C. iv. 29. )
Hieron. Ep. ad Pammach. adv. error. Joan. Hie-
3. Q. HATERIUS, a senator and rhetorician in rosol. ) His sons appear to have died before him.
the age of Augustus and Tiberius, and, in what (Sen. Excerpt. Controv. Proem. Bip. ed. p. 422. )
year is unknown, a supplementary consul. (Tac. It is worth noting, that Haterius is accused by
Ann. ii. 33. ) In the contest of mutual distrust Seneca (! . c. ) of archaisms, but those archaisms
and dissimulation between the senate and Tiberius were words or phrases from Cicero-so brief was
on his accession, A. D. 14 (Tac. Ann. i. 11-13), the meridian of Latin prose.
Haterius unguardedly asked the cautious emperor,
4. D. Haterius AGRIPPA, a son of the pre-
“ bow long he meant to suffer the commonwealth ceding. [AGRIPPA, p. 77 a. ]
a
## p. 361 (#377) ############################################
HECABE.
361
HECATAEUS.
5. Q. HATERIUS ANTONINUS, probably a son of Polymestor, who had murdered him, pretending
No. 4, was consul in A. D. 53. (Tac. Ann. xii. 58. ) that she was going to inform him of a treasure
He dissipated his patrimonial estate, and in his which was concealed at Ilium. When Polymestor
latter years was a pensionary of Nero. (Tac. ib. arrived with his two sons, Hecabe murdered the
xiii. 34. ). He is thought by some to be the pro children, and tore out the eyes of Polymestor.
fessional legacy-hunter mentioned by Seneca (de Agamemnon pardoned her for the crime, and Poly-
Ben, vi. 30).
mestor prophesied to her that she should be mein-
6. HATERIUS Rufus, a Roman eques, who morphosed into a she-dog, and should leap into the
perished in the theatre at Syracuse by the awk. sea at a place called Cynoseina. (Strab. p 595 ;
wardness of a gladiator, and thereby fulfilled his Thuc. viii. 104. ) According to Ovid (Met. xiii.
dream of the previous night, that the Retiarius slew 423—575), this prophecy was fulfilled in Thrace,
him. (Val. Max. i. 7. & 8. ) (W. B. D. ) the inhabitants of which stoned her; but she was
HEBDOMA'GETES ('Ebdouaréons), a surmetamorphosed into a dog, and in this form she
name of Apollo, which was derived, according to howled through the country for a long time. (Comp.
some, from the fact of sacrifices being offered to Hygin. Fab. lll; Serv. ad Virg. Acn. iii. . ; Cic.
him on the scventh of every month, the seventh Tusc. iii. 26. ). According to other accounts she was
of some month being looked upon as the god's given as a slave to Odysseus, and in despair she
birthday. Others connect the name with the fact leaped into the Hellespont (Dict. Cret. v. 13), or
that at the festivals of Apollo, the procession was being anxious to die, she uttered such inrectives
led by seven boys and seven maidens. (Aeschyl. against the Greeks, that the warriors put her to
Sept.
