No More Learning

THE LIFE



OF



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON,

LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND,



AND



CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.



Ne quidfalsi dicere audeat, ne quid veri non audeat. CICKRO.



THE LIFE



OF



LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND,



CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD :



IN WHICH IS INCLUDED



A CONTINUATION



HISTORY OF THE GRAND REBELLION.



WRITTEN BY HIMSELF.



A NEW EDITION,

EXHIBITING A FAITHFUL COLLATION OF THE ORIGINAL MS. ,
WITH ALL THE SUPPRESSED PASSAGES.



VOL. I.



OXFORD,

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
MDCCCXXVII.



library

J7A



THE

PREFACE

TO

THE FIRST EDITION.



A HE reader can desire no better recommendation
of the History now published, than to be assured
that it is the genuine Work of the great Earl of
Clarendon. The Work itself bears plain charac-
teristics of its Author. The same dignity of sen-
timent and style which distinguishes the History
of the Rebellion, and all other the works of this
noble Writer, breathes through the whole of this
performance.

The reason why this History has lain so long con-
cealed will appear from the a title of it, which shews
that his lordship intended it only for the information
of his children. But the late lord Hyde, judging
that so faithful and authentic an account of this in-
teresting period of our history would be an useful
and acceptable present to the public, and bearing a
grateful remembrance of this place of his education,
left by his will this, and the other remains of his
great grandfather, in the hands of trustees, to be

a See Continuation, p. i.
VOL. I. a



ii THE PREFACE.

printed at our press, and directed that the profits
arising from the sale should be employed towards
the establishing a Riding-school in the University.
But lord Hyde dying before his father, the then
earl of Clarendon, the property of these papers
never became vested in him, and consequently this
bequest was void. However, the noble heiresses of
the earl of Clarendon, out of their regard to the
public, and to this seat of learning, have been
pleased to fulfil the kind intentions of lord Hyde,
and adopt a scheme recommended both by him b
and his great grandfather. To this end they have
sent to the University this History, to be printed at
our press, on condition that the profits arising from
the publication or sale of this Work be applied as
a beginning for a fund for supporting a Manege, or
Academy for Riding, and other useful exercises, in
Oxford.

The Work here offered to the public consists of
two parts. The second, which is the most import-
ant and interesting part of the Work, is the History
of the Earl of Clarendon's Life, from the year 1660
to 1667, from the restoration to the time of his
banishment, and includes in it the most memorable
transactions of those times. It may be therefore
considered in two views. It is a second part of
Lord Clarendon's Life ; and is also a Continuation
of his former History, entitled, The History of the

b See his Dialogue on Education, p. 325, &c.



THE PREFACE. iii

Rebellion, from the year 1660, where that ends, to
the year 1667. This is carefully printed, without
any material variations, from a manuscript, all of
lord Clarendon's own hand-writing, excepting some
few pages in the hand of his amanuensis, which are
only transcripts from two papers ; the one, a letter
from the Chancellor to the King on the subject of
his Majesty's declared displeasure ; the other, a pa-
per containing his reasons for withdrawing himself,
which he left behind him to be presented to the
House of Peers.

To this our noble benefactresses have thought fit
to prefix, as a first part, the History of the Earl of
Clarendon's Life, from his birth, to the year 1660,
extracted from another manuscript of Lord Claren-
don's own hand-writing. This other manuscript is
entitled by his Lordship, The History of his own
Life, and contains likewise the substance of the
History of the Rebellion. However, it is not the
manuscript from whence that History was printed,
but appears rather to be the rough draught from
whence that History, or, however, great part of it,
was afterwards compiled. For although he tells us,
towards the close of this Work, that he wrote the
first four books of the History of the Rebellion in
the island of Jersey, (many years before the date of
this History of his Life,) yet he likewise informs us,
that he did not proceed to complete that History till
after his banishment. It is therefore supposed by

a2



iv THE PREFACE.

the family, (and the supposition seems to carry
with it great probability,) that, seeing an unjust and
cruel persecution prevail against him, he was in-
duced at that time to extend the original plan of his
Work, by introducing the particular History of his
own Life, from his earliest days down to the time of
his disgrace, as the most effectual means of vindicat-
ing his character, wickedly traduced by his enemies,
and artfully misrepresented to a master, whom he
had long and faithfully served, whose countenance
and favour being transferred to the authors and
abettors of his ruin, might probably, in the eyes of
the world, give too much colour to their aspersions.
But afterwards, on more mature thoughts, his great
benevolence and public spirit prevailed on him to
drop the defence of his own private character, and
resume his original plan of the History of the Rebel-
lion. However, his noble descendants, willing to do
justice to the memory of their great grandfather,
and thinking it might be also of service to the pub-
lic to deliver his exemplary life as complete as they
could authentically collect it, have caused such parts
of this manuscript, as related to the Earl of Claren-
don's private life, to be extracted ; and according to
their directions it is printed.

The directions are as follows:

" The Life of Lord Chancellor Clarendon from
" his Birth to the Restoration of the Royal Family



THE PREFACE. v

" is extracted from a large manuscript in his own
" hand-writing, in which is contained what has al-
" ready been printed in the History of the Rebel-
" lion ; and therefore care has been taken to tran-
" scribe only what has never yet been published :
" but as those passages are often intermixed with
" the History already printed, it has been found
" necessary to preserve connection by giving ab-
" stracts c . of some parts of the printed history, with
" references to the pages, where the reader may be
" satisfied more at large. And, as great pains have
" been taken to put this first part in the order it
" now stands, it is desired that in this first edi-
*' tion it may be printed exactly after the copy to
" be sent.

" The original manuscript of the Continuation of
" Lord Chancellor Clarendon's Life from 1660 to
" 1667 inclusive is very incorrect, many words being
"'omitted, that must necessarily be supplied: but
" it is desired that no other alterations may be made,
" except in the orthography, or where literal or
" grammatical errors require it, or where little in-
" accuracies may have escaped the attention of the
" author. The work must be printed entire, as it
" now stands, no part of it left out, not an abstract,
" nor a reference omitted. "

These directions have been punctually observed.

c In the present edition all the passages here referred to are
printed in Italics.



vi THE PREFACE.

The second part is printed from his lordship's ma-
nuscript entire, without any omission or variation,
except as above ; and with regard to the first part,
the extract sent to us has been carefully compared
with the original manuscript itself, and found to
agree : so that the whole here offered to the public
is the genuine work of the Lord Chancellor Claren-
don. And both these valuable original manuscripts
are given to the University by our noble benefac-
tresses, to be deposited in the public library.



THE LIFE



OF



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON;



FROM HIS BIRTH TO THE RESTORATION OF THE
ROYAL FAMILY IN THE YEAR 1660.



THE LIFE



OF



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON;

FROM HIS BIRTH TO THE RESTORATION OF THE
ROYAL FAMILY IN THE YEAR 1660 .



PART I.



Montpelier, July 23, 1668.

JH. E was born in Dinton in the county of Wilts,
six miles from Salisbury, in the house of his father,



who was Henry Hyde, the third son of Laurence E. Hyde's
Hyde, of West-Hatch, esquire ; which Laurence was ""'



the younger son of Robert Hyde of Norbury in the His & ene -
county of Chester, esquire ; which estate of Norbury
had continued in that family, and descended from
father to son from before the Conquest, and con-
tinues to this day in Edward Hyde, who is pos-
sessed thereof: the other estate of Hyde having s. ome
ages since fallen into that of Norbury, by a mar-
riage, and continues still in that house.

Laurence, being, as was said, the younger son of ^ a e t *f~ his
Robert Hyde of Norbury, and the custom of that fami |y-
county of Chester being, to make small provisions graad-
for the younger sons of the best families, was, by a

a FROM YKAR 1660. ] Not in MS.
VOL. I. B



THE LIFE OF

PART the care and providence of his mother, well edu-
___! __ cated, and when his age was fit for it, was placed as
a clerk in one of the auditor's offices of the exche-
quer, where he gained great experience, and was
employed in the affairs and business of sir John
Thynne, who, under the protection and service of
the duke of Somerset, had in a short time raised a
very great estate, and was the first of that name
who was known, and left the house of Longleat to
his heir, with other lands to a great value. Lau-
rence Hyde continued not above a year (or very
little more) in that relation, and never gained any
thing by it ; but shortly after married Anne, the re-
lict and widow of Matthew Calthurst, esquire, of
Claverton near Bath in the county of Somerset, by
whom he had a fair fortune : and by her had four
sons and four daughters, that is to say, Robert,
Laurence, Henry, and Nicholas ; Joanna, married to
Edward Younge of Durnford near Salisbury, esquire ;
Alice, married to John St. Loe of Kingston in the
county of Wilts, esquire ; Anne, married to Thomas
Baynard of Wanstrow in the county of Somerset,
esquire ; and Susanna, married to sir George Fuy
of Kyneton in the county of Wilts, knight : and
these four sons and four daughters lived all above
forty years after the death of their father.

Laurence, shortly after his marriage with Anne,
purchased the manor of West-Hatch, where he died,
and several other lands ; and having taken care to
breed his sons at the university of Oxford, and inns
of court, leaving his wife, the mother of all his chil-
dren, possessed of the greatest part of his estate,
presuming that she would be careful and kind to all
their children, upon that account left the bulk of



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. tt

his estate to Robert his eldest son, who married PART
Anne the daughter of Castilian of Benham



in the county of Berks, esquire, who had many chil-
dren, and lived to the age of eighty, and left his
estate, a little impaired by the marriage of many
daughters, to his son. To Laurence his second son
(who was afterwards sir Laurence, and attorney ge-
neral to queen Anne, and a lawyer of great name
and practice) he left the impropriate rectory of Din-
ton, after the life of Anne his mother, charged with
an annuity of forty pounds per annum to his third
son Henry for his life ; and he charged some other
part of his estate with an annuity of thirty pounds
per annum to his youngest son Nicholas, for his life,
relying upon the goodness of his wife, who was left
very rich, as well by his donation, as from her hus-
band Calthurst, that she would provide for the better
support of the younger children ; two of which raised
their fortunes by the law, Laurence, as was said be-
fore, being attorney general to the queen, and Ni-
cholas, the youngest son, living to be lord chief jus-
tice of the king's bench, and dying in that office ;
both of them leaving behind them many sons and
daughters.

Henry, the third son, being of the Middle Temple or his r-
at his father's death, and being thought to be most
in the favour of his mother, and being ready to be
called to the bar, though he had studied the law
very well, and was a very good scholar, having pro-
ceeded master of arts in Oxford, had yet no mind
to the practice of the law, but had long had an in-
clination to travel beyond the seas, which in that
strict time of queen Elizabeth was not usual, except
to merchants, and such gentlemen who resolved to

B 2



4 THE LIFE OF

PART be soldiers; and at last prevailed with his mother to

'. give him leave to go to the Spa for his health, from

whence lie followed his former inclinations, and pass-
ing through Germany, he went into Italy, and from
Florence he went to Syena, and thence to Rome:
which was not only strictly inhibited to all the
queen's subjects, but was very dangerous to all the
English nation who did not profess themselves Ro-
man catholics; to which profession he was very
averse, in regard of the great animosity Sixtus
Quintus (who was then pope) had to the person of
queen Elizabeth : yet cardinal Allen, who was the
last English cardinal, being then in Rome, he re-
ceived so much protection from him, that during
the time he stayed there, which was some months,
he received no trouble, though many English priests
murmured very much, and said, " that my lord car-
" dinal was much to be blamed for protecting such
" men, who came to Rome, and so seeing the eccle-
'* siastical persons of that nation, discovered them
** afterwards when they came into England, and so
" they were put to death. "

After he was returned into England his mother
was very glad, and persuaded him very earnestly to
marry, offering him in that case, that whereas she
had the rectory of Din ton in jointure for her life,
upon which he had only an annuity of forty pounds
per annum, for his life, the remainder being to come
to Laurence the second brother and his heirs for
ever, she would immediately resign her term to him,
for his better support, and would likewise purchase
of Laurence the said rectory for the life of Henry,
and such a wife as he should marry ; upon which
encouragement, and depending still upon his mo-



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 5

ther's future bounty, about the thirtieth year of his PART

age, he married Mary, one of the daughters and !

heirs of Edward Langford of Trowbridge in the
county of Wilts, esquire, by whom in present, and
after her mother, he had a good fortune, in the ac-
count of. that age. From that time, he lived a pri-
vate life at Dinton aforesaid, with great cheerfulness
and content, and with a general reputation through-
out the whole country ; being a person of great
knowledge and reputation, and of so great esteem
for integrity, that most persons near him referred
all matters of contention and difference which did
arise amongst them to his determination ; by which,
that part of the country lived in more peace and
quietness than many of their neighbours. During
the time of queen Elizabeth he served as a burgess
for some neighbour boroughs in many parliaments ;
but from the death of queen Elizabeth, he never
was in London, though he lived above thirty years
after ; and his wife, who was married to him above
forty years, never was in London in her life ; the
wisdom and frugality of that time being such, that
few gentlemen made journeys to London, or any
other expensive journeys, but upon important busi-
ness, and their wives never; by which providence
they enjoyed and improved their estates in the coun-
try, and kept good hospitality in their houses, brought
up their children well, and were beloved by their
neighbours ; and in this rank, and with this reputa-
tion, this gentleman lived till he was seventy years
of age ; his younger brother the chief justice dying
some years before him, and his two elder brothers
outliving him. The great affection between the four
brothers, and towards their sisters, of whom all en-

B 3



6 THE LIFE OF

PART joyed plenty and contentedness, was very notorious
'. throughout the country, and of credit to them all.



Henry Hyde, the third son of Laurence, by his
intermarriage with Mary Langford, had four sons
and five daughters, and being by the kindness and
bounty of his mother, who lived long, and till he
had seven or eight children, possessed of such an
estate as made his condition easy to him, lived still
in the country, as was said before. Laurence his
eldest son died young; Henry his second son lived
till he was twenty-six or twenty-seven years of age ;
Edward his third son was he who came afterwards
to be earl of Clarendon, and lord high chancellor of
England; Nicholas died young; Henry and Ed-
ward were both in the university of Oxford toge-
ther ; Henry being master of arts the act before his
younger brother Edward came to the university,
who was designed b by his father to the clergy.
Time of the Ed ward Hyde, being the third son of his father,

author's J

birth, was born at Dinton upon the eighteenth day of
February in the year 1608, being the fifth year of
king James ; and was always bred in his father's
house under the care of a schoolmaster, to whom his
father had given the vicarage of that parish, who,
having been always a schoolmaster, had bred many
good scholars, and this person of whom we now
speak, principally by the care and conversation of
his father, (who was an excellent scholar, and took
pleasure in conferring with him, and contributed
much more to his education than the school did,)
was thought fit to be sent to the university soon

ft l> who was designed] who schoolmaster,] MS. adds :
was then but thirteen years of (though but of very indifferent
age, and designed parts)



His educa-
tion.



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 7

after he was thirteen years of age; and being a I'ART

younger son of a younger brother, was to expect a '

small patrimony from his father, but to make his
own fortune by his own industry ; and in order to
that, was sent by his father to Oxford at that time, He is sent

, . . . . . to Oxford.

being about Magdalen election time, in expectation 1022.
that he should have been chosen demy of Magdalen
college, the election being to be at that time, for
which he was recommended by a special letter from
king James to Dr. Langton then president of that
college ; but upon pretence that the letter came too
late, though the election was not then begun, he
was not chosen, and so remained in Magdalen hall
(where he was before admitted) under the tuition
of Mr. John Oliver, a fellow of that college, who
had been junior of the act a month before, and a
scholar of eminency d .

The year following, the president of the college 1623.
having received reprehension from the lord Conway
then secretary of state, for giving no more respect
to the king's letter, he was chosen the next election
in the first place, but that whole year passed with-
out any avoidance of a demy's place, which was
never known before in any man's memory, and that
year king James died, and shortly after, Henry his
elder brother, and thereupon his father having now
no other son, changed his former inclination, and
resolved to send his son Edward to the inns of
court : he was then entered in the Middle Temple Mr. Hyde

i i i TVT t i TT -i entered of

by his uncle Nicholas Hyde, who was then treasurer the Middle
of that society, and afterwards lord chief justice of
the king's bench ; but by reason of the great plague

d eminency. ] MS. adds : who was his tutor.
B 4



8 THE LIFE OF

PART then at London in the first year of king Charles,
. and the parliament being then adjourned to Oxford,



1625. wm 'ther the plague was likewise then brought by
sir James Hussy, one of the masters of the chan-
cery, who died in New college the first night after
his arrival at Oxford, and shortly after Dr. Chaloner,
principal of Alban hall, who had supped that night
with sir James Hussy, he did not go to the Middle
Temple till the Michaelmas term after the term at
Reading, but remained partly at his father's house,
and partly at the university, where he took the de-
gree of bachelor of arts, and then left it, rather with
the opinion of a young man of parts and pregnancy
of wit, than that he had improved it much by in-
dustry, the discipline of that time being not so strict
as it hath been since, and as it ought to be; and
the custom of drinking being too much introduced
and practised, his elder brother having been too much
corrupted in that kind, and so having at his first
coming given him some liberty, at least some ex-
ample towards that license, insomuch as he was
often heard to say, " that it was a very good for-
" tune to him that his father so soon removed him
" from the university," though he always reserved a
high esteem of it.

Before the beginning of Michaelmas term (which
was in the year 1625) the city being then clear
from the plague, he went from Marlborough after
the quarter sessions with his uncle Nicholas Hyde e
to London, and arrived there f the eve of the term &,

c Hyde] MS. adds : who was morning

afterwards chief justice f term] MS. adds: and dined

f arrived there] MS. adds : that day in the Middle Temple

about ten of the clock in the hall



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 9

being then between sixteen and seventeen years of PART
age. In the evening he went to prayers to the -
Temple church, and was there seized upon by a fit 1625>
of an ague very violently, which proved a quartan,
and brought him in a short time so weak, that his
friends much feared a consumption, so that his uncle
thought fit shortly after Alhollandtide to send him
into the country to Pirton in North Wiltshire, whi- llem vedto

Pirton.

ther his father had removed himself from Dinton ;
choosing rather to live upon his own land, the
which he had purchased many years before, and to
rent Dinton, which was but a lease for lives, to a
tenant. He came home to his father's house very
weak, his ague continuing so violently upon him
(though it sometimes changed its course from a
quartan to a tertian, and then to a quotidian, and
on new year's day he had two hot fits and two
cold fits) until Whitsunday following, that all men
thought him to be in a consumption ; it then left
him, and he grew quickly strong again. In this
time of his sickness his uncle was made chief jus-
tice : it was Michaelmas following before he returned Returns to
to the Middle Temple, having by his want of health Tempi*. *
lost a full year of study; and when he returned, it
was without great application to the study of the
law for some years, it being then a time when the
town was full of soldiers, the king having then a
war both with Spain and France, and the business
of the Isle of Ree shortly followed ; and he had got-
ten into the acquaintance of many of those officers,
which took up too much of his time for one year :
but as the war was quickly ended, so he had the
good fortune quickly to make a full retreat from
that company, and from any conversation with any



10 THE LIFE OF

PART of them, and without any hurt or prejudice 11 ; inso-

' much as he used often to say, " that since it pleased

1626. Q Q( J to p reserve him whilst he did keep that com-
" pany, (in which he wonderfully escaped from be-
" ing involved in many inconveniences,) and to
" withdraw him so soon from it, he was not sorry
" that he had some experience in the conversation
*' of such men, and of the license of those times,"
which was very exorbitant : yet when he did in-
dulge himself that liberty, it was without any signal
debauchery, arid not without some hours every day,
at least every night, spent amongst his books ; yet
he would not deny that more than to be able to an-
swer his uncle, who almost every night put a case
to him in law, he could not bring himself to an in-
dustrious pursuit of the law study, but rather loved
polite learning and history, in which, especially in
the Roman, he had been always conversant.
sets out on In the year 1628 his father gave him leave to

the Norfolk . . . . . . . . . . . , . ,

circuit. ride the circuit in the summer with his uncle the
1 628. c hj e f justice, who then rode the Norfolk circuit ;
and indeed desired it, both that he might see those
counties, and especially that he might be out of
London in that season when the small pox raged
very furiously, and many persons, some whereof
were much acquainted 1 with him, died of that dis-
ease in the Middle Temple itself. It was about the
middle of July when that circuit began, and Cam-
bridge was the first place the judges begun at ; Mr.
justice Harvey (one of the judges of the common
pleas) was in commission with the chief justice :
they both came into Cambridge on the Saturday

h prejudice] prejudice from ' much acquainted] very fa-

their conversation miliar



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 11

night, and the next day Mr. Edward Hyde fell sick, PART
which was imputed only to his journey the day be-.



fore in very hot weather; but he continued so ill
the day or two following, that it was apprehended of the small
that he might have the small pox ; whereupon he Ege. "
was removed out of Trinity college, where the
judges were lodged k , to the Sun inn, over against
the college gate, the judges being to go out of town
the next day ; but before they went, the small pox
appeared; whereupon his uncle put him under the
care of Mr. Crane an eminent apothecary, who had
been bred up under Dr. Butler, and was in much
greater practice than any physician in the univer-
sity ; and left with him Laurence St. Loe one of his
servants, who was likewise his nephew, to assist
and comfort him. It pleased God to preserve him
from that devouring disease, which was spread all
over him very furiously, and had so far prevailed
over him, that for some hours both his friends and
physician consulted of nothing but of the place and
manner of his burial ; but as I said, by God's good-
ness he escaped that sickness, and within few days
more than a month after his first indisposition, he
passed in moderate journeys to his father's house at Returns

again to

Firton, where he arrived a day or two before Bar- pirton after

. , i , bis reco-

tholomew day. very .

He was often wont to say, that he was reading
to his father in Camden's Annals, and that particu-
lar place, in which it is said, " Johannes Feltonus,
" qui bullam pontificiam valvis palatii episcopi
" Londinensis affixerat jam deprehensus, cumfu-
" gere nollet,Jhctum confessus quod tamen crimen

k lodged] MS. adds: and where he had a chamber



12 THE LIFE OF

PART " agnoscere noluit"&ic. when a person of the neigh-
. bourhood knocked at the door, and being called in,



1628> told his father that a post was then passed through
the village to Charleton, the house of the earl of
Berkshire, to inform the earl of Berkshire that the
duke of Buckingham was killed the day before (be-
ing the 24th of August, Bartholomew day, in the
year 1628) by one John Felton*, which dismal ac-
cident happening in the court, made a great change
in the state, produced a sudden disbanding of all
armies, and a due observation of, and obedience to
the laws ; so that there being no more mutations in
view (which usually affect the spirits of young men,
And from at least hold them some time at gaze) Mr. Hyde re-
the Middle turned again to his studies at the Middle Temple,
Temple. nav j n g ft s ^{\\ j n n j s resolution to dedicate him-
self to the profession of the law, without declin-
ing the politer learning, to which his humour and
his conversation kept him always very indulgent ;
and to lay some obligation upon himself to be fixed
to that course of life, he inclined to a proposition of
marriage, which, having no other passion in it than
an appetite to a convenient estate, succeeded not, yet
produced new acquaintance, and continued the same
inclinations.

Death and About this time his uncle sir Nicholas Hyde, lord
his^nde chief justice of the king's bench, died of a malig-
Hyde. cb ' las nan t fever, gotten from the infection of some gaol
in his summer circuit. He was a man of excellent
learning for that province he was to govern, of un-
suspected and unblemished integrity, of an exemplar

* For the particulars of the duced at court and in public
duke of Buckingham's death, affairs, vid. Hist, of the Rebel-
and of the alterations it pro- lion, vol. i. p. 47, &c.



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 13

gravity and austerity, which was necessary for the PART
manners of that time, corrupted by the marching of



armies, and by the license after the disbanding
them ; and though upon his promotion some years
before, from a private practiser of the law to the
supreme judicatory in it, by the power and recom-
mendation of the great favourite, of whose council
he had been, he was exposed to much envy and
some prejudice ; yet his behaviour was so grateful to
all the judges, who had an entire confidence in him,
his service so useful to the king in his government,
his justice and sincerity so conspicuous throughout
the kingdom, that the death of no judge had in any
time been more lamented.

The loss of so beneficial an encouragement and
support in that profession did not at all discourage
his nephew in his purpose ; rather added new reso-
lution to him ; and to call home all straggling and
wandering appetites, which naturally produce irre-
solution and inconstancy in the mind, with his fa-
ther's consent and approbation he married a young Mr. Hyde's
lady very fair and beautiful, the daughter of sir 1529.
George Ayliffe, a gentleman of a good name and
fortune in the county of Wilts, where his own ex-
pectations lay, and by her mother (a St. John) nearly
allied to many noble families in England. He en-
joyed this comfort and composure of mind a very
short time, for within less than six months after he
was married, being upon the way from London to-
wards his father's house, she fell sick at Reading,
and being removed to a friend's house near that
town, the small pox discovered themselves, and (she
being with child) forced her to miscarry ; and she D . eatl | of
died within two days. He bore her loss with so



14 THE LIFE OF

PART great passion and confusion of spirit, that it shook
. all the frame of his resolutions, and nothing but his



1629. en tire duty and reverence to his father kept him
from giving over all thoughts of books, and trans-
porting himself beyond the seas to enjoy his own
melancholy ; nor could any persuasion or importu-
nity from his friends prevail with him in some years
to think of another marriage. There was an ill ac-
cident in the court befell a lady of a family nearly
allied to his wife, whose memory was very dear to
him, and there always continued a firm friendship
in him to all her alliance, which likewise ever ma-
nifested an equal affection to him ; amongst those
was William viscount Grandison, a young man of
extraordinary hope, between whom and the other
there was an entire confidence. The injury was of
that nature, that the young lord thought of nothing
but repairing it his own way; but those imagina-
tions were quickly at an end, by the king's rigor-
ous and just proceeding against the persons offend-
ing, in committing them both to the Tower, and
declaring that " since he was satisfied that there
" was a promise of marriage in the case, the gentle-
" man should make good his promise by marrying
" the lady ; or be kept in prison, and for ever ba-
" nished from all pretence or relation to the court,"
where he had a very great credit and interest. This
declaration by the king made the nearest friends of
the lady pursue the design of this reparation more
solicitously, in which they had all access to the
king, who continued still in his declared judgment
in the matter. In this pursuit Mr. Hyde's passion-
ate affection to the family embarked him, and they
were all as willing to be guided by his conduct;



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 15

the business was to be followed by frequent in- PART
stances at court, and conferences with those who '



had most power and opportunity to confirm the 1629<
king in the sense he had entertained ; and those con-
ferences were wholly managed by him, who thereby
had all admission to the persons of alliance to the
lady, and so concerned in the dishonour, which was
a great body of lords and ladies of principal rela- The occa-
tions in court, with whom in a short time he was of Hide's fn-
great credit and esteem ; of which the marquis of [0^".
Hamilton was one, who having married an excellent c ' uis of Ha -

t * milton.

lady, cousin-german to the injured person, seemed
the most concerned and most zealous for her vindi-
cation, and who had at that time the most credit of
any man about the court, and 1 upon that occasion
entered into a familiarity with him, and made as
great professions of kindness to him as could pass to
a person at that distance from him, which continued
till the end and conclusion of that affair, when the
marquis believed that Mr. Hyde had discovered
some want of sincerity in him in that prosecution,
which he pretended so much to assert.

The mention of this particular little story, in it-
self of no seeming consequence, is not inserted here
only as it made some alterations, and accidentally
introduced him into another way of conversation
than he had formerly been accustomed to, and
which in truth by the acquaintance, by the friends
and enemies he then made, had an influence upon
the whole course of his life afterwards ; but as m it
made such impressions upon the whole court, by di-
viding the lords and ladies both in their wishes and

1 and] and who ra as] that



16 THE LIFE OF

PART appearances, that much of that faction grew out of
it, which survived the memory of the original ; and



from this occasion (to shew us from how small
springs great rivers may arise) the women, who till
then had not appeared concerned in public affairs,
began to have some part in all business ; and hav-
ing shewn themselves warm upon this amour, as
their passions or affections carried them, and there-
by entered into new affections, and formed new in-
terests ; the activity in their spirits remained still
vigorous when the object which first inspired it was
vanished and put in oblivion. Nor were the very
ministers of state vacant upon this occasion ; they
who for their own sakes, or, as they pretended, for
the king's dignity, and honour of the court, desired
the ruin of the gentleman, pressed the magnitude
of the crime, in bringing so great a scandal upon
the king's family, which would hinder persons of
honour from sending their children to the court ;
and that there could be no reparation without the
marriage, which they therefore only insisted upon,
because they believed he would prefer banishment
before it; others who had friendship for him and
believed that he had an interest in the court, which
might accommodate himself and them if this breach
were closed any way, therefore if the king's severity
could not be prevailed upon, wished it concluded by
the marriage ; which neither himself nor they upon
whom he most depended would ever be brought to
consent to ; so that all the jealousies and animo-
sities in the court or state came to play their own
prizes in the widening or accommodating this con-
tention. In the conclusion, on a sudden, contrary
to the expectation of any man of either party, the



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 17

gentleman was immediately sent out of the king- PART
dom, under the formality of a temporary and short



banishment, and the lady commended to her friends, ! 629 -
to be taken care of till her delivery ; and from that
time never word more spoken of the business, nor
shall their names ever come upon the stage by any
record of mine. It was only observed, that at this
time there was a great change in the friendships of
the court, and in those of the marquis of Hamilton,
who came now into the queen's confidence, towards
whom he had always been in great jealousy ; and
another lady more appeared in view, who had for
the most part before continued behind the curtain ;
and who in few years after came to a very unhappy 1632.
and untimely end.

Now after a widowhood of near three years, Mr.
Hyde inclined" again to marry, which he knew
would be the most grateful thing to his father (for
whom he had always a profound reverence) he
could do ; and though he needed no other motive
to it, he would often say, that though he was now
called to the bar, and entered into the profession of
the law, he was not so confident of himself that he
should not start aside if his father should die, who
was then near seventy years of age, having long en-
tertained thoughts of travels, but that he thought
it necessary to lay some obligation upon himself,
which would suppress and restrain all those appe-
tites ; and thereupon resolved to marry, and so, be-
ing about the age of twenty-four years, in the year
of our Lord 1632, he married the daughter of sir His second

marriage.

Thomas Aylesbury, baronet, master of requests to

" inclined] was inclined a profound] an infinite

VOL. I. C



18 THE LIFE OF

PART the king; by whom he had many children of both
sexes, with whom he lived very comfortably in the



1632. mos t uncomfortable times, and very joyfully in those
times when matter of joy was administered, for the
space of five or six and thirty years ; what befell
him after her death will be recounted in its place.
From the time of his marriage he laid aside all
other thoughts but of his profession, to the which
he betook himself very seriously; but in the very
entrance into it, he met with a great mortification :
some months after he was married, he went with
his wife to wait upon his father and mother at his
house at Pirton, to make them sharers in that satis-
faction which they had so long desired to see, and
in which they took great delight.

His father had long suffered under an indisposi-
tion (even before the time his son could remember)
which gave him rather frequent pains than sick-
ness; and gave him cause to be terrified with the
expectation of the stone, without being exercised
with the present sense of it : but from the time he
was sixty years of age it increased very much, and
four or five years before his death, with circum-
stances scarce heard of before, and the causes where-
of are not yet understood by any physician : he was
very often, both in the day and the night, forced to
make water, seldom in any quantity, because he
could not retain it long enough ; and in the close of
that work, without any sharp pain in those parts,
he was still and constantly seized on by so sharp a
pain in the left arm for half a quarter of an hour, or
near so much, that the torment made him as pale
(whereas he was otherwise of a very sanguine com-
plexion) as if he were dead; and he used to say,



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 19

" that he had passed the pangs of death, and he PART
" should die in one of those fits. " As soon as it was -__! __



over, which was quickly, he was the cheerfullest 1632 -
man living ; eat well such things as he could fancy,
walked, slept, digested, conversed with such a
promptness and vivacity upon all arguments (for
he was omnifariam doctus) as hath been seldom
known in a man of his age : but he had the image
of death so constantly before him in those continual
torments, that for many years before his death he
always parted with his son as to see him no more ;
and at parting still shewed him his will, discoursing
very particularly and very cheerfully of all things he
would have performed after his death.

He had for some time before resolved to leave the Hi* father'*
country, and to spend the remainder of his time
Salisbury, where he had caused a house to be pro-
vided for him, both for the neighbourhood of the
cathedral church, where he could perform his devo-
tions every day, and for the conversation of many
of his family who lived there, and not far from it ;
and especially that he might be buried there, where
many of his family and friends lay ; and he obliged
his son to accompany him thither before his return
to London ; and he came to Salisbury on the Friday
before Michaelmas day in the year 1632, and lodged
in his own house that night. The next day he was
so wholly taken up in receiving visits from his many
friends, being a person wonderfully reverenced in
those parts, that he walked very little out of his
house. The next morning, being Sunday, lie rose
very early, and went to two or three churches ; and
when he returned, which was by eight of the clock,
he told his wife and his son, " that he had been to

c 2



20 THE LIFE OF

PART i 00 k out a place to be buried in, but found none

" against which he had not some exception, the ca-

* " thedral only excepted : where he had made a choice
" of a place near a kinsman of his own name, and had
" shewed it to the sexton, whom he had sent for to
" that purpose; and wished them to see him buried
" there ;" and this with as much composedness of
mind as if it had made no impression on him P ; then
went to the cathedral to sermon, and spent the
whole day in as cheerful conversation with his
friends, (saving only the frequent interruptions his
infirmity gave him once in two or three hours,
sometimes more, sometimes less,) as the man in the
most confirmed health could do. Monday was Mi-
chaelmas day, when in the morning he went to visit
his brother sir Laurence Hyde, who was then mak-
ing a journey in the service of the king, and from
him went to the church to a sermon, where he
found himself a little pressed as he used to be, and
therefore thought fit to make what haste he could
to his house, and was no sooner come thither into a
lower room, than having made water, and the pain
And death, in his arm seizing upon him, he fell down dead,
without the least motion of any limb. The sudden-
ness of it made it apprehended to be an apoplexy ;
but there being nothing like convulsions, or the
least distortion or alteration in the visage, it is not
like to be from that cause ; nor could the physicians
make any reasonable guess from whence that mor-
tal blow proceeded. He wanted about six weeks of
attaining the age of seventy, and was the greatest
instance of the felicity of a country life that was

p impression on him] impression of mind



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON.
The second part is printed from his lordship's ma-
nuscript entire, without any omission or variation,
except as above ; and with regard to the first part,
the extract sent to us has been carefully compared
with the original manuscript itself, and found to
agree : so that the whole here offered to the public
is the genuine work of the Lord Chancellor Claren-
don. And both these valuable original manuscripts
are given to the University by our noble benefac-
tresses, to be deposited in the public library.



THE LIFE



OF



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON;



FROM HIS BIRTH TO THE RESTORATION OF THE
ROYAL FAMILY IN THE YEAR 1660.



THE LIFE



OF



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON;

FROM HIS BIRTH TO THE RESTORATION OF THE
ROYAL FAMILY IN THE YEAR 1660 .



PART I.



Montpelier, July 23, 1668.

JH. E was born in Dinton in the county of Wilts,
six miles from Salisbury, in the house of his father,



who was Henry Hyde, the third son of Laurence E. Hyde's
Hyde, of West-Hatch, esquire ; which Laurence was ""'



the younger son of Robert Hyde of Norbury in the His & ene -
county of Chester, esquire ; which estate of Norbury
had continued in that family, and descended from
father to son from before the Conquest, and con-
tinues to this day in Edward Hyde, who is pos-
sessed thereof: the other estate of Hyde having s. ome
ages since fallen into that of Norbury, by a mar-
riage, and continues still in that house.

Laurence, being, as was said, the younger son of ^ a e t *f~ his
Robert Hyde of Norbury, and the custom of that fami |y-
county of Chester being, to make small provisions graad-
for the younger sons of the best families, was, by a

a FROM YKAR 1660. ] Not in MS.
VOL. I. B



THE LIFE OF

PART the care and providence of his mother, well edu-
___! __ cated, and when his age was fit for it, was placed as
a clerk in one of the auditor's offices of the exche-
quer, where he gained great experience, and was
employed in the affairs and business of sir John
Thynne, who, under the protection and service of
the duke of Somerset, had in a short time raised a
very great estate, and was the first of that name
who was known, and left the house of Longleat to
his heir, with other lands to a great value. Lau-
rence Hyde continued not above a year (or very
little more) in that relation, and never gained any
thing by it ; but shortly after married Anne, the re-
lict and widow of Matthew Calthurst, esquire, of
Claverton near Bath in the county of Somerset, by
whom he had a fair fortune : and by her had four
sons and four daughters, that is to say, Robert,
Laurence, Henry, and Nicholas ; Joanna, married to
Edward Younge of Durnford near Salisbury, esquire ;
Alice, married to John St. Loe of Kingston in the
county of Wilts, esquire ; Anne, married to Thomas
Baynard of Wanstrow in the county of Somerset,
esquire ; and Susanna, married to sir George Fuy
of Kyneton in the county of Wilts, knight : and
these four sons and four daughters lived all above
forty years after the death of their father.

Laurence, shortly after his marriage with Anne,
purchased the manor of West-Hatch, where he died,
and several other lands ; and having taken care to
breed his sons at the university of Oxford, and inns
of court, leaving his wife, the mother of all his chil-
dren, possessed of the greatest part of his estate,
presuming that she would be careful and kind to all
their children, upon that account left the bulk of



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. tt

his estate to Robert his eldest son, who married PART
Anne the daughter of Castilian of Benham



in the county of Berks, esquire, who had many chil-
dren, and lived to the age of eighty, and left his
estate, a little impaired by the marriage of many
daughters, to his son. To Laurence his second son
(who was afterwards sir Laurence, and attorney ge-
neral to queen Anne, and a lawyer of great name
and practice) he left the impropriate rectory of Din-
ton, after the life of Anne his mother, charged with
an annuity of forty pounds per annum to his third
son Henry for his life ; and he charged some other
part of his estate with an annuity of thirty pounds
per annum to his youngest son Nicholas, for his life,
relying upon the goodness of his wife, who was left
very rich, as well by his donation, as from her hus-
band Calthurst, that she would provide for the better
support of the younger children ; two of which raised
their fortunes by the law, Laurence, as was said be-
fore, being attorney general to the queen, and Ni-
cholas, the youngest son, living to be lord chief jus-
tice of the king's bench, and dying in that office ;
both of them leaving behind them many sons and
daughters.

Henry, the third son, being of the Middle Temple or his r-
at his father's death, and being thought to be most
in the favour of his mother, and being ready to be
called to the bar, though he had studied the law
very well, and was a very good scholar, having pro-
ceeded master of arts in Oxford, had yet no mind
to the practice of the law, but had long had an in-
clination to travel beyond the seas, which in that
strict time of queen Elizabeth was not usual, except
to merchants, and such gentlemen who resolved to

B 2



4 THE LIFE OF

PART be soldiers; and at last prevailed with his mother to

'. give him leave to go to the Spa for his health, from

whence lie followed his former inclinations, and pass-
ing through Germany, he went into Italy, and from
Florence he went to Syena, and thence to Rome:
which was not only strictly inhibited to all the
queen's subjects, but was very dangerous to all the
English nation who did not profess themselves Ro-
man catholics; to which profession he was very
averse, in regard of the great animosity Sixtus
Quintus (who was then pope) had to the person of
queen Elizabeth : yet cardinal Allen, who was the
last English cardinal, being then in Rome, he re-
ceived so much protection from him, that during
the time he stayed there, which was some months,
he received no trouble, though many English priests
murmured very much, and said, " that my lord car-
" dinal was much to be blamed for protecting such
" men, who came to Rome, and so seeing the eccle-
'* siastical persons of that nation, discovered them
** afterwards when they came into England, and so
" they were put to death. "

After he was returned into England his mother
was very glad, and persuaded him very earnestly to
marry, offering him in that case, that whereas she
had the rectory of Din ton in jointure for her life,
upon which he had only an annuity of forty pounds
per annum, for his life, the remainder being to come
to Laurence the second brother and his heirs for
ever, she would immediately resign her term to him,
for his better support, and would likewise purchase
of Laurence the said rectory for the life of Henry,
and such a wife as he should marry ; upon which
encouragement, and depending still upon his mo-



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 5

ther's future bounty, about the thirtieth year of his PART

age, he married Mary, one of the daughters and !

heirs of Edward Langford of Trowbridge in the
county of Wilts, esquire, by whom in present, and
after her mother, he had a good fortune, in the ac-
count of. that age. From that time, he lived a pri-
vate life at Dinton aforesaid, with great cheerfulness
and content, and with a general reputation through-
out the whole country ; being a person of great
knowledge and reputation, and of so great esteem
for integrity, that most persons near him referred
all matters of contention and difference which did
arise amongst them to his determination ; by which,
that part of the country lived in more peace and
quietness than many of their neighbours. During
the time of queen Elizabeth he served as a burgess
for some neighbour boroughs in many parliaments ;
but from the death of queen Elizabeth, he never
was in London, though he lived above thirty years
after ; and his wife, who was married to him above
forty years, never was in London in her life ; the
wisdom and frugality of that time being such, that
few gentlemen made journeys to London, or any
other expensive journeys, but upon important busi-
ness, and their wives never; by which providence
they enjoyed and improved their estates in the coun-
try, and kept good hospitality in their houses, brought
up their children well, and were beloved by their
neighbours ; and in this rank, and with this reputa-
tion, this gentleman lived till he was seventy years
of age ; his younger brother the chief justice dying
some years before him, and his two elder brothers
outliving him. The great affection between the four
brothers, and towards their sisters, of whom all en-

B 3



6 THE LIFE OF

PART joyed plenty and contentedness, was very notorious
'. throughout the country, and of credit to them all.



Henry Hyde, the third son of Laurence, by his
intermarriage with Mary Langford, had four sons
and five daughters, and being by the kindness and
bounty of his mother, who lived long, and till he
had seven or eight children, possessed of such an
estate as made his condition easy to him, lived still
in the country, as was said before. Laurence his
eldest son died young; Henry his second son lived
till he was twenty-six or twenty-seven years of age ;
Edward his third son was he who came afterwards
to be earl of Clarendon, and lord high chancellor of
England; Nicholas died young; Henry and Ed-
ward were both in the university of Oxford toge-
ther ; Henry being master of arts the act before his
younger brother Edward came to the university,
who was designed b by his father to the clergy.
Time of the Ed ward Hyde, being the third son of his father,

author's J

birth, was born at Dinton upon the eighteenth day of
February in the year 1608, being the fifth year of
king James ; and was always bred in his father's
house under the care of a schoolmaster, to whom his
father had given the vicarage of that parish, who,
having been always a schoolmaster, had bred many
good scholars, and this person of whom we now
speak, principally by the care and conversation of
his father, (who was an excellent scholar, and took
pleasure in conferring with him, and contributed
much more to his education than the school did,)
was thought fit to be sent to the university soon

ft l> who was designed] who schoolmaster,] MS. adds :
was then but thirteen years of (though but of very indifferent
age, and designed parts)



His educa-
tion.



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 7

after he was thirteen years of age; and being a I'ART

younger son of a younger brother, was to expect a '

small patrimony from his father, but to make his
own fortune by his own industry ; and in order to
that, was sent by his father to Oxford at that time, He is sent

, . . . . . to Oxford.

being about Magdalen election time, in expectation 1022.
that he should have been chosen demy of Magdalen
college, the election being to be at that time, for
which he was recommended by a special letter from
king James to Dr. Langton then president of that
college ; but upon pretence that the letter came too
late, though the election was not then begun, he
was not chosen, and so remained in Magdalen hall
(where he was before admitted) under the tuition
of Mr. John Oliver, a fellow of that college, who
had been junior of the act a month before, and a
scholar of eminency d .

The year following, the president of the college 1623.
having received reprehension from the lord Conway
then secretary of state, for giving no more respect
to the king's letter, he was chosen the next election
in the first place, but that whole year passed with-
out any avoidance of a demy's place, which was
never known before in any man's memory, and that
year king James died, and shortly after, Henry his
elder brother, and thereupon his father having now
no other son, changed his former inclination, and
resolved to send his son Edward to the inns of
court : he was then entered in the Middle Temple Mr. Hyde

i i i TVT t i TT -i entered of

by his uncle Nicholas Hyde, who was then treasurer the Middle
of that society, and afterwards lord chief justice of
the king's bench ; but by reason of the great plague

d eminency. ] MS. adds : who was his tutor.
B 4



8 THE LIFE OF

PART then at London in the first year of king Charles,
. and the parliament being then adjourned to Oxford,



1625. wm 'ther the plague was likewise then brought by
sir James Hussy, one of the masters of the chan-
cery, who died in New college the first night after
his arrival at Oxford, and shortly after Dr. Chaloner,
principal of Alban hall, who had supped that night
with sir James Hussy, he did not go to the Middle
Temple till the Michaelmas term after the term at
Reading, but remained partly at his father's house,
and partly at the university, where he took the de-
gree of bachelor of arts, and then left it, rather with
the opinion of a young man of parts and pregnancy
of wit, than that he had improved it much by in-
dustry, the discipline of that time being not so strict
as it hath been since, and as it ought to be; and
the custom of drinking being too much introduced
and practised, his elder brother having been too much
corrupted in that kind, and so having at his first
coming given him some liberty, at least some ex-
ample towards that license, insomuch as he was
often heard to say, " that it was a very good for-
" tune to him that his father so soon removed him
" from the university," though he always reserved a
high esteem of it.

Before the beginning of Michaelmas term (which
was in the year 1625) the city being then clear
from the plague, he went from Marlborough after
the quarter sessions with his uncle Nicholas Hyde e
to London, and arrived there f the eve of the term &,

c Hyde] MS. adds : who was morning

afterwards chief justice f term] MS. adds: and dined

f arrived there] MS. adds : that day in the Middle Temple

about ten of the clock in the hall



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 9

being then between sixteen and seventeen years of PART
age. In the evening he went to prayers to the -
Temple church, and was there seized upon by a fit 1625>
of an ague very violently, which proved a quartan,
and brought him in a short time so weak, that his
friends much feared a consumption, so that his uncle
thought fit shortly after Alhollandtide to send him
into the country to Pirton in North Wiltshire, whi- llem vedto

Pirton.

ther his father had removed himself from Dinton ;
choosing rather to live upon his own land, the
which he had purchased many years before, and to
rent Dinton, which was but a lease for lives, to a
tenant. He came home to his father's house very
weak, his ague continuing so violently upon him
(though it sometimes changed its course from a
quartan to a tertian, and then to a quotidian, and
on new year's day he had two hot fits and two
cold fits) until Whitsunday following, that all men
thought him to be in a consumption ; it then left
him, and he grew quickly strong again. In this
time of his sickness his uncle was made chief jus-
tice : it was Michaelmas following before he returned Returns to
to the Middle Temple, having by his want of health Tempi*. *
lost a full year of study; and when he returned, it
was without great application to the study of the
law for some years, it being then a time when the
town was full of soldiers, the king having then a
war both with Spain and France, and the business
of the Isle of Ree shortly followed ; and he had got-
ten into the acquaintance of many of those officers,
which took up too much of his time for one year :
but as the war was quickly ended, so he had the
good fortune quickly to make a full retreat from
that company, and from any conversation with any



10 THE LIFE OF

PART of them, and without any hurt or prejudice 11 ; inso-

' much as he used often to say, " that since it pleased

1626. Q Q( J to p reserve him whilst he did keep that com-
" pany, (in which he wonderfully escaped from be-
" ing involved in many inconveniences,) and to
" withdraw him so soon from it, he was not sorry
" that he had some experience in the conversation
*' of such men, and of the license of those times,"
which was very exorbitant : yet when he did in-
dulge himself that liberty, it was without any signal
debauchery, arid not without some hours every day,
at least every night, spent amongst his books ; yet
he would not deny that more than to be able to an-
swer his uncle, who almost every night put a case
to him in law, he could not bring himself to an in-
dustrious pursuit of the law study, but rather loved
polite learning and history, in which, especially in
the Roman, he had been always conversant.
sets out on In the year 1628 his father gave him leave to

the Norfolk . . . . . . . . . . . , . ,

circuit. ride the circuit in the summer with his uncle the
1 628. c hj e f justice, who then rode the Norfolk circuit ;
and indeed desired it, both that he might see those
counties, and especially that he might be out of
London in that season when the small pox raged
very furiously, and many persons, some whereof
were much acquainted 1 with him, died of that dis-
ease in the Middle Temple itself. It was about the
middle of July when that circuit began, and Cam-
bridge was the first place the judges begun at ; Mr.
justice Harvey (one of the judges of the common
pleas) was in commission with the chief justice :
they both came into Cambridge on the Saturday

h prejudice] prejudice from ' much acquainted] very fa-

their conversation miliar



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 11

night, and the next day Mr. Edward Hyde fell sick, PART
which was imputed only to his journey the day be-.



fore in very hot weather; but he continued so ill
the day or two following, that it was apprehended of the small
that he might have the small pox ; whereupon he Ege. "
was removed out of Trinity college, where the
judges were lodged k , to the Sun inn, over against
the college gate, the judges being to go out of town
the next day ; but before they went, the small pox
appeared; whereupon his uncle put him under the
care of Mr. Crane an eminent apothecary, who had
been bred up under Dr. Butler, and was in much
greater practice than any physician in the univer-
sity ; and left with him Laurence St. Loe one of his
servants, who was likewise his nephew, to assist
and comfort him. It pleased God to preserve him
from that devouring disease, which was spread all
over him very furiously, and had so far prevailed
over him, that for some hours both his friends and
physician consulted of nothing but of the place and
manner of his burial ; but as I said, by God's good-
ness he escaped that sickness, and within few days
more than a month after his first indisposition, he
passed in moderate journeys to his father's house at Returns

again to

Firton, where he arrived a day or two before Bar- pirton after

. , i , bis reco-

tholomew day. very .

He was often wont to say, that he was reading
to his father in Camden's Annals, and that particu-
lar place, in which it is said, " Johannes Feltonus,
" qui bullam pontificiam valvis palatii episcopi
" Londinensis affixerat jam deprehensus, cumfu-
" gere nollet,Jhctum confessus quod tamen crimen

k lodged] MS. adds: and where he had a chamber



12 THE LIFE OF

PART " agnoscere noluit"&ic. when a person of the neigh-
. bourhood knocked at the door, and being called in,



1628> told his father that a post was then passed through
the village to Charleton, the house of the earl of
Berkshire, to inform the earl of Berkshire that the
duke of Buckingham was killed the day before (be-
ing the 24th of August, Bartholomew day, in the
year 1628) by one John Felton*, which dismal ac-
cident happening in the court, made a great change
in the state, produced a sudden disbanding of all
armies, and a due observation of, and obedience to
the laws ; so that there being no more mutations in
view (which usually affect the spirits of young men,
And from at least hold them some time at gaze) Mr. Hyde re-
the Middle turned again to his studies at the Middle Temple,
Temple. nav j n g ft s ^{\\ j n n j s resolution to dedicate him-
self to the profession of the law, without declin-
ing the politer learning, to which his humour and
his conversation kept him always very indulgent ;
and to lay some obligation upon himself to be fixed
to that course of life, he inclined to a proposition of
marriage, which, having no other passion in it than
an appetite to a convenient estate, succeeded not, yet
produced new acquaintance, and continued the same
inclinations.

Death and About this time his uncle sir Nicholas Hyde, lord
his^nde chief justice of the king's bench, died of a malig-
Hyde. cb ' las nan t fever, gotten from the infection of some gaol
in his summer circuit. He was a man of excellent
learning for that province he was to govern, of un-
suspected and unblemished integrity, of an exemplar

* For the particulars of the duced at court and in public
duke of Buckingham's death, affairs, vid. Hist, of the Rebel-
and of the alterations it pro- lion, vol. i. p. 47, &c.



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 13

gravity and austerity, which was necessary for the PART
manners of that time, corrupted by the marching of



armies, and by the license after the disbanding
them ; and though upon his promotion some years
before, from a private practiser of the law to the
supreme judicatory in it, by the power and recom-
mendation of the great favourite, of whose council
he had been, he was exposed to much envy and
some prejudice ; yet his behaviour was so grateful to
all the judges, who had an entire confidence in him,
his service so useful to the king in his government,
his justice and sincerity so conspicuous throughout
the kingdom, that the death of no judge had in any
time been more lamented.

The loss of so beneficial an encouragement and
support in that profession did not at all discourage
his nephew in his purpose ; rather added new reso-
lution to him ; and to call home all straggling and
wandering appetites, which naturally produce irre-
solution and inconstancy in the mind, with his fa-
ther's consent and approbation he married a young Mr. Hyde's
lady very fair and beautiful, the daughter of sir 1529.
George Ayliffe, a gentleman of a good name and
fortune in the county of Wilts, where his own ex-
pectations lay, and by her mother (a St. John) nearly
allied to many noble families in England. He en-
joyed this comfort and composure of mind a very
short time, for within less than six months after he
was married, being upon the way from London to-
wards his father's house, she fell sick at Reading,
and being removed to a friend's house near that
town, the small pox discovered themselves, and (she
being with child) forced her to miscarry ; and she D . eatl | of
died within two days. He bore her loss with so



14 THE LIFE OF

PART great passion and confusion of spirit, that it shook
. all the frame of his resolutions, and nothing but his



1629. en tire duty and reverence to his father kept him
from giving over all thoughts of books, and trans-
porting himself beyond the seas to enjoy his own
melancholy ; nor could any persuasion or importu-
nity from his friends prevail with him in some years
to think of another marriage. There was an ill ac-
cident in the court befell a lady of a family nearly
allied to his wife, whose memory was very dear to
him, and there always continued a firm friendship
in him to all her alliance, which likewise ever ma-
nifested an equal affection to him ; amongst those
was William viscount Grandison, a young man of
extraordinary hope, between whom and the other
there was an entire confidence. The injury was of
that nature, that the young lord thought of nothing
but repairing it his own way; but those imagina-
tions were quickly at an end, by the king's rigor-
ous and just proceeding against the persons offend-
ing, in committing them both to the Tower, and
declaring that " since he was satisfied that there
" was a promise of marriage in the case, the gentle-
" man should make good his promise by marrying
" the lady ; or be kept in prison, and for ever ba-
" nished from all pretence or relation to the court,"
where he had a very great credit and interest. This
declaration by the king made the nearest friends of
the lady pursue the design of this reparation more
solicitously, in which they had all access to the
king, who continued still in his declared judgment
in the matter. In this pursuit Mr. Hyde's passion-
ate affection to the family embarked him, and they
were all as willing to be guided by his conduct;



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 15

the business was to be followed by frequent in- PART
stances at court, and conferences with those who '



had most power and opportunity to confirm the 1629<
king in the sense he had entertained ; and those con-
ferences were wholly managed by him, who thereby
had all admission to the persons of alliance to the
lady, and so concerned in the dishonour, which was
a great body of lords and ladies of principal rela- The occa-
tions in court, with whom in a short time he was of Hide's fn-
great credit and esteem ; of which the marquis of [0^".
Hamilton was one, who having married an excellent c ' uis of Ha -

t * milton.

lady, cousin-german to the injured person, seemed
the most concerned and most zealous for her vindi-
cation, and who had at that time the most credit of
any man about the court, and 1 upon that occasion
entered into a familiarity with him, and made as
great professions of kindness to him as could pass to
a person at that distance from him, which continued
till the end and conclusion of that affair, when the
marquis believed that Mr. Hyde had discovered
some want of sincerity in him in that prosecution,
which he pretended so much to assert.

The mention of this particular little story, in it-
self of no seeming consequence, is not inserted here
only as it made some alterations, and accidentally
introduced him into another way of conversation
than he had formerly been accustomed to, and
which in truth by the acquaintance, by the friends
and enemies he then made, had an influence upon
the whole course of his life afterwards ; but as m it
made such impressions upon the whole court, by di-
viding the lords and ladies both in their wishes and

1 and] and who ra as] that



16 THE LIFE OF

PART appearances, that much of that faction grew out of
it, which survived the memory of the original ; and



from this occasion (to shew us from how small
springs great rivers may arise) the women, who till
then had not appeared concerned in public affairs,
began to have some part in all business ; and hav-
ing shewn themselves warm upon this amour, as
their passions or affections carried them, and there-
by entered into new affections, and formed new in-
terests ; the activity in their spirits remained still
vigorous when the object which first inspired it was
vanished and put in oblivion. Nor were the very
ministers of state vacant upon this occasion ; they
who for their own sakes, or, as they pretended, for
the king's dignity, and honour of the court, desired
the ruin of the gentleman, pressed the magnitude
of the crime, in bringing so great a scandal upon
the king's family, which would hinder persons of
honour from sending their children to the court ;
and that there could be no reparation without the
marriage, which they therefore only insisted upon,
because they believed he would prefer banishment
before it; others who had friendship for him and
believed that he had an interest in the court, which
might accommodate himself and them if this breach
were closed any way, therefore if the king's severity
could not be prevailed upon, wished it concluded by
the marriage ; which neither himself nor they upon
whom he most depended would ever be brought to
consent to ; so that all the jealousies and animo-
sities in the court or state came to play their own
prizes in the widening or accommodating this con-
tention. In the conclusion, on a sudden, contrary
to the expectation of any man of either party, the



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 17

gentleman was immediately sent out of the king- PART
dom, under the formality of a temporary and short



banishment, and the lady commended to her friends, ! 629 -
to be taken care of till her delivery ; and from that
time never word more spoken of the business, nor
shall their names ever come upon the stage by any
record of mine. It was only observed, that at this
time there was a great change in the friendships of
the court, and in those of the marquis of Hamilton,
who came now into the queen's confidence, towards
whom he had always been in great jealousy ; and
another lady more appeared in view, who had for
the most part before continued behind the curtain ;
and who in few years after came to a very unhappy 1632.
and untimely end.

Now after a widowhood of near three years, Mr.
Hyde inclined" again to marry, which he knew
would be the most grateful thing to his father (for
whom he had always a profound reverence) he
could do ; and though he needed no other motive
to it, he would often say, that though he was now
called to the bar, and entered into the profession of
the law, he was not so confident of himself that he
should not start aside if his father should die, who
was then near seventy years of age, having long en-
tertained thoughts of travels, but that he thought
it necessary to lay some obligation upon himself,
which would suppress and restrain all those appe-
tites ; and thereupon resolved to marry, and so, be-
ing about the age of twenty-four years, in the year
of our Lord 1632, he married the daughter of sir His second

marriage.

Thomas Aylesbury, baronet, master of requests to

" inclined] was inclined a profound] an infinite

VOL. I. C



18 THE LIFE OF

PART the king; by whom he had many children of both
sexes, with whom he lived very comfortably in the



1632. mos t uncomfortable times, and very joyfully in those
times when matter of joy was administered, for the
space of five or six and thirty years ; what befell
him after her death will be recounted in its place.
From the time of his marriage he laid aside all
other thoughts but of his profession, to the which
he betook himself very seriously; but in the very
entrance into it, he met with a great mortification :
some months after he was married, he went with
his wife to wait upon his father and mother at his
house at Pirton, to make them sharers in that satis-
faction which they had so long desired to see, and
in which they took great delight.

His father had long suffered under an indisposi-
tion (even before the time his son could remember)
which gave him rather frequent pains than sick-
ness; and gave him cause to be terrified with the
expectation of the stone, without being exercised
with the present sense of it : but from the time he
was sixty years of age it increased very much, and
four or five years before his death, with circum-
stances scarce heard of before, and the causes where-
of are not yet understood by any physician : he was
very often, both in the day and the night, forced to
make water, seldom in any quantity, because he
could not retain it long enough ; and in the close of
that work, without any sharp pain in those parts,
he was still and constantly seized on by so sharp a
pain in the left arm for half a quarter of an hour, or
near so much, that the torment made him as pale
(whereas he was otherwise of a very sanguine com-
plexion) as if he were dead; and he used to say,



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 19

" that he had passed the pangs of death, and he PART
" should die in one of those fits. " As soon as it was -__! __



over, which was quickly, he was the cheerfullest 1632 -
man living ; eat well such things as he could fancy,
walked, slept, digested, conversed with such a
promptness and vivacity upon all arguments (for
he was omnifariam doctus) as hath been seldom
known in a man of his age : but he had the image
of death so constantly before him in those continual
torments, that for many years before his death he
always parted with his son as to see him no more ;
and at parting still shewed him his will, discoursing
very particularly and very cheerfully of all things he
would have performed after his death.

He had for some time before resolved to leave the Hi* father'*
country, and to spend the remainder of his time
Salisbury, where he had caused a house to be pro-
vided for him, both for the neighbourhood of the
cathedral church, where he could perform his devo-
tions every day, and for the conversation of many
of his family who lived there, and not far from it ;
and especially that he might be buried there, where
many of his family and friends lay ; and he obliged
his son to accompany him thither before his return
to London ; and he came to Salisbury on the Friday
before Michaelmas day in the year 1632, and lodged
in his own house that night. The next day he was
so wholly taken up in receiving visits from his many
friends, being a person wonderfully reverenced in
those parts, that he walked very little out of his
house. The next morning, being Sunday, lie rose
very early, and went to two or three churches ; and
when he returned, which was by eight of the clock,
he told his wife and his son, " that he had been to

c 2



20 THE LIFE OF

PART i 00 k out a place to be buried in, but found none

" against which he had not some exception, the ca-

* " thedral only excepted : where he had made a choice
" of a place near a kinsman of his own name, and had
" shewed it to the sexton, whom he had sent for to
" that purpose; and wished them to see him buried
" there ;" and this with as much composedness of
mind as if it had made no impression on him P ; then
went to the cathedral to sermon, and spent the
whole day in as cheerful conversation with his
friends, (saving only the frequent interruptions his
infirmity gave him once in two or three hours,
sometimes more, sometimes less,) as the man in the
most confirmed health could do. Monday was Mi-
chaelmas day, when in the morning he went to visit
his brother sir Laurence Hyde, who was then mak-
ing a journey in the service of the king, and from
him went to the church to a sermon, where he
found himself a little pressed as he used to be, and
therefore thought fit to make what haste he could
to his house, and was no sooner come thither into a
lower room, than having made water, and the pain
And death, in his arm seizing upon him, he fell down dead,
without the least motion of any limb. The sudden-
ness of it made it apprehended to be an apoplexy ;
but there being nothing like convulsions, or the
least distortion or alteration in the visage, it is not
like to be from that cause ; nor could the physicians
make any reasonable guess from whence that mor-
tal blow proceeded. He wanted about six weeks of
attaining the age of seventy, and was the greatest
instance of the felicity of a country life that was

p impression on him] impression of mind



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 21

seen in that age; having enjoyed a competent, and PART

to him a plentiful fortune, a very great reputation L_

of piety and virtue, and his death being attended 1632 -
with universal lamentation. It cannot be expressed
with what agony his son bore this loss, having, as
he was used to say, " not only lost the best father,
" but the best friend and the best companion he
" ever had or could have ;" and he was never so
well pleased, as when he had fit occasions given him
to mention his father, whom he did in truth believe '
to be the wisest man he had ever known ; and he
was often heard to say, in the time when his condi-
tion was at highest, " that though God Almighty
" had been very propitious to him, in raising him to
" great honours and preferments, he did not value
" any honour he had so much as the being the son
" of such a father and mother, for whose sakes prin-
" cipally he thought God had conferred those bless-
" ings upon him. "

There fell out at this time, or thereabouts, a great 1635.
alteration in the court and state, by the death of
the earl of Portland, lord high treasurer of Eng-
land 1. The king from the death of the duke of
Buckingham had not only been very reserved in his
bounty, but so frugal in his own expense, that he
had retrenched much of what had formerly issued
out for his household, in so much as every year
somewhat had been paid of his debts. He resolved
now to govern his treasury by commission, and to
take a constant account of it ; and thereby to dis-
cover what had been of late done amiss. The com-

i lord high treasurer of Eng- to the character of the earl
land] MS. adds. -of whom enough inserted in the History, vol. i.
hath been said before ; alluding p. 84.

c 3



32 THE LIFE OF

PART missioners he appointed were, the lord archbishop

! of Canterbury, Dr. Laud, (formerly bishop of Lon-

Thl nla* don ') tne lord kee P er Coventry, and other principal
urer's of- officers of state, who, together with the lord Cot-
to comniis- tington, (who was chancellor of the exchequer, and
ofwhom by his office of the quorum in that commission,)
La C d ifone. were to su ppty tne ffi ce of treasurer in all particu-
lars. The archbishop of Canterbury, who till now
had only intended the good government of the
church, without intermeddling in secular affairs,
otherwise than when the discipline of the church
was coricerned, in which he was very strict, both in
the high commission, and in all other places, where
he sat as a privy counsellor, well foreseeing, as he
made manifest upon several occasions, the growth
of the schismatics, and that if they were not w r ith
rigour suppressed, they would put the whole king-
dom into a flame, which shortly after fell out to be
{ too confessed a truth ; though for the present his
providence only served to increase the number of
his enemies, who had from that his zeal contracted
all the malice against him that can be imagined,
and which he, out of the conscience of his duty,
and the purity of his intentions, and his knowledge
of the king's full approbation of his vigilance and
ardour, too much undervalued ; I say, as soon as
he was made commissioner of the treasury, he
thought himself obliged to take all the pains he
could to understand that employment, and the na-
ture of the revenue, and to find out all possible ways
for the improvement thereof, and for the present
managery of the expense. Many were of opinion
that he was the more solicitous in that disquisition,
and the more inquisitive into what had been done,



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 23

that he might make some discovery of past actions, PART
which might reflect upon the memory of the late,



treasurer, the earl of Portland, and call his wisdom 1635 -
and integrity in question, who had been so far from
being his friend, that he had always laboured to do
him all the mischief he could ; and it was no small
grief of heart to him, and much occasion of his ill
humour, to find that the archbishop had too much
credit with the king, to be shaken by him : and the
archbishop was not in his affections behindhand '
with him, looking always upon him as a Roman ca-
tholic, though he dissembled it by going to church ;
and as the great countenancer and support of that
religion ; all his family being of that profession, and
very few resorting to it, or having any credit with
him but such. It is very true, the archbishop had
no great regard for his memory, or for his friends,
and was willing enough to make any discovery of
his miscarriages, and to inform his majesty of them,
who he believed had too good an opinion of him
and his integrity.

The truth is, the archbishop had laid down one
principle to himself, which he believed would much
advance the king's service, and was without doubt
very prudent ; that the king's duties being provided
for, and cheerfully paid, the merchants should re-
ceive all the countenance and protection from the
king that they could expect, and not be liable to
the vexation particular men gave them for their
private advantage ; being forward enough to re-
ceive propositions which tended to the king's profit,
but careful that what accrued of burden to the sub-
ject should redound entirely to the benefit of the

c 4



24 THE LIFE OF

PART crown, and not enrich projectors at the charge of

'. the people : and there is reason to believe that if

J635> this measure had been well observed, much of that
murmur had been prevented, which contributed to
that jealousy and discontent which soon after brake
out. This vigilance and inclination in the arch-
bishop opened a door to the admission of any mer-
chants or others to him, who gave him information
of this kind ; and who being ready to pay any thing
to the king, desired only to be protected from pri-
vate oppressions. The archbishop used to spend as
much time as he could get at Ms country house at
Croydon ; and then his mind being unbent from bu-
siness, he delighted in the conversation of his neigh-
bours, and treated them with great urbanity.

There was a merchant of the greatest reputa-
tion, (Daniel Harvey,) who, having a country house
within the distance of a few miles r from Croydon,
and understanding the whole business of trade
more exactly than most men, was always very wel-
come to the archbishop, who used to ask him many
questions upon such matters as he desired to be in-
formed in ; and received much satisfaction from
him. Upon an accidental discourse between them,
what encouragement merchants ought to receive,
who brought a great trade into the kingdom, and
paid thereupon great sums of money to the king,
Mr. Har. Mr. Harvey mentioned the discouragements they

vey'g cdm- . *

plaint to had received in the late times, by the rigour of
bishop of the earl of Portland, in matters that related nothing
P e rt e i*nd! f to the king's service, but to the profit of private

' the distance of a few miles] a few miles



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 25

men ; and thereupon remembered a particular, that, PART

after the dissolution of the parliament s in the fourth '.

year of the king, and the combination amongst l635 '
many merchants to pay no more customs or impo-
sitions to the king, because they had not been
granted in parliament, which produced those suits
and decrees in the exchequer, which are generally
understood, and a general distraction in trade;
many merchants of the greatest wealth and reputa-
tion resolved to continue the trade ; and in a short
time reduced it into so good order, and by, their ad-
vice and example disposed others to make a punc-
tual entry of their goods, and to pay their duties to
the king, that the trade seemed to be restored to
the nation, and the customs to rise above the value
they had ever yielded to the crown : which was no
sooner brought to pass, than the earl of Portland
(who endeavoured to ^ persuade the king that this
great work was entirely compassed by his wisdom,
interest, and dexterity) disobliged the merchants in
a very sensible degree, in requiring them to unlade
their ships at the custom-house quay, and at no
other quay or wharf, upon pretence that thereby
the king would have his customs well paid, of which
otherwise he would be in danger to be cozened ;
and alleged an order that had been formerly made
in the court of the exchequer, that fine goods which
were portable, (as silks and fine linens,) and might
easily be stolen, should always be landed at the
custom-house quay. The merchants looked upon
this constraint and restraint as a great oppression,
and applied themselves to him for reparation and

8 parliament] Originally in viour of the house of eom-
MS. upon the mutinous beha- mons.



26 THE LIFE OF

PART redress: they undertook to make it evident to him,
. that it was merely a matter which concerned the



1635. private benefit of the particular wharfingers, and
not l in the least degree the king's profit ; that the
custom-house quay was of great value to the owner
of it, who had a very great rent for it, but that it
yielded the king nothing, nor would in fifty years
or thereabouts, there being a lease yet to come for
that term ; that the mention of fine goods, and the
order of the exchequer, was not applicable to the
question ; that they disputed not the landing of fine
goods, but that the pretence was to compel them to
bring their grossest, and their merchandise of the
greatest bulk to that quay, whereas they had been
always free to ship or unship such goods at what
wharf they would choose for their conveniences ;
there being the sworn waiters of the custom-house
attending in the one, as well as the other ; that the
restraining them to one wharf, and obliging all the
ships to be brought thither, must prove much to
their prejudice, and make them depend upon the
good-will of the wharfinger for their despatch ; who
in truth, let his desire be never so good, could not
be able to perform the service, without obliging
them to wait very long, and thereby to lose their
markets. All this discourse, how reasonable soever,
made no impression upon the treasurer, but he dis-
missed them with his usual roughness, and re-
proached them that they desired all occasions to
cozen the king of his customs ; which they looked
upon as an ill reward for the service they had done,
and a great discouragement to trade. The archbi-
shop heard this discourse with great trouble and in-

' not] Omitted in MS.



EDWARD EARL OF CLARENDON. 27

dignation, and being then interrupted by the com- PART
ing of persons of quality, told him, he would some



other time run over all these particulars again, and 1635>
that he -should recollect himself for other instances
of that strange nature.

The next time the archbishop returned to Croy-
don, which he usually did once in the week during
the summer, and stayed a day or two, impatient to
understand more of the matter, he sent for Mr.
Harvey, and told him, " that his last discourse had
" given him much cause of sorrow, in finding how
" the king had been used, and that he knew his na-
" ture so well, that he could confidently say, that he
" never knew of that kind of proceeding, and that
" he wondered that the merchants had not then pe-
" titioned the king to hear the matter himself. " He
answered, " that they had left no way unattempted
" for their ease, having no fear of displeasing the
" treasurer ; that they had caused a petition to be
" drawn by their council, which was signed by all
" the principal merchants in the city, wherein (to
" obviate the calumny concerning refusing to pay,
" or stealing customs) they declared, that they were
" all very willing to pay all duties to his majesty,
" and would never refuse the same, (which was
*' a declaration would have been much valued a
" year or two before, and ought to have been so
" then,) only desired to be left at liberty to ship
^* and land their goods as they had been accustomed
" to ; that they had given this petition to a secre-
" tary of state to present it to the king, who re-
" ferred it to the consideration of the treasurer ; and
" thereupon they pursued it no further, knowing
" how he stood resolved, and the cause of it, which



28 THE LIFE OF

PART " troubled them most, viz. that that custom-house
_ " quay did, though not in his own name, in truth



1635. belong to sir Abraham Dawes, one of the farmers
" of the customs, and the only favourite u of the lord
" treasurer, all the other farmers being offended
" with the order, which they saw would offend the
" merchants. " The archbishop asked " where that
" petition was ; that he thought it still of that mo-
" ment, that he would be glad to see it. " He an-
swered, " he knew not where it was ; but he be-
" lieved it to remain in the hands of Mr. Hyde,
" who had drawn it, and was of council with the
" merchants throughout the whole proceedings ;
" and was so warm in it, that he had exceedingly
" provoked the lord treasurer, who would have
Mr. Harvey " ruined him if he could.