It was
translated
into Eng-
lish by Redhouse in 1880.
lish by Redhouse in 1880.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
An American
lawyer and author; born in Savannah, Ga. ,
Oct. 28, 1831 ; died July 19, 1893. He was lieu-
tenant-colonel in the Confederate service dur-
ing the War, afterward removing to New York,
where he practiced law. Among his works
are : Antiquities of the Southern Indians)
(1873); (Siege of Savannah in 1779) (1874);
History of Georgia' (1883).
Jones, Ebenezer. An English poet; born in
Islington, Jan. 20, 1820; died in London (? ),
Sept. 14, 1860. His genius was of the erratic
sort, as ( Studies of Sensation and Event (1843),
a collection of miscellaneous poems, showed.
(Winter Hymn to the Snow, When the World
Is Burning, and (To Death,' are his best-
known pieces. Since his death there has been
a revival of interest in his poetry.
Jones, Ernest Charles. An English poet,
novelist, and agitator; born in Berlin, Jan. 25,
1819; died at Manchester, Jan. 26, 1868.
He
became a leader in the Chartist agitation, to
which he sacrificed a large fortune. His prose
and poetry were inspired by his political opin-
ions; (The Lass and the Lady) (1854) and
"Lord Lindsay) being his best fictions, and
{The Battle Day and Other Poems) (1855) con-
taining his most popular songs.
Jones, Evan. A Welsh poet; born at Bryn-
tynoriad, Sept. 5, 1820; died near Cardiff, Feb.
23, 1852. He was a clergyman, and best known
as leuan Gwynedd, over which name he pro-
duced in his native tongue poems on (The
Huts of Wales, Moses on Mount Pisgah,
(Peace,' and other themes; in addition to
which he edited many periodicals, including Yr
Adolygydd, or National Review.
Jones, John B. An American journalist and
novelist; born in Baltimore, Md. , in 1810; died
1866. He spent many years in journalism, and
is author of Books of Visions) (1847); Rural
Sports: a Poem (1848); "The Western Mer-
Jonge, Johan Karel Jacob đe (yống'ẻ). A
Dutch historian, son of Johannes; born at The
Hague, June 17, 1827; died there, March 15,
1880. He has studied the colonial history of
his country with effect, as (The Rise of Nether.
land Dominion in the East Indies) (1862-78),
and other works, demonstrate.
Jonge, Johannes Cornelis de. A Dutch
historian; born in Zierikzee, May 9, 1793; died
near Ryswick, June 12, 1853. He has quarried
indefatigably and with rich results in the Neth-
erland vein; "Studies in the History of the
Low Countries) (1825-27) and (The History of
the Dutch Navy) (1833-48) being the best
specimens.
Jonson, Ben A celebrated English dram-
atist; born in London in 1572 or 1573; died
there (? ), Aug. 6, 1637. He was about twenty-
three when he tried dramatic authorship, and
seems to have been only moderately successful
until “Every Man in his Humour) was written,
followed by (Every Man Out of his Humour,
both comedies being the fruit of a wit so clear
and fine that his epitaph “O Rare Ben Jon-
son » fits him well. His poetry is "excellently
bright, and impregnated with the Elizabethan
atmosphere and spirit. *
Jordan, Cornelia Jane Matthews. An Amer-
ican poet; born in Lynchburg, Va. , 1830. She
wrote her poem Corinth) in 1863; it was pub-
lished in 1865; by order of Gen. Alfred H.
Terry, it was seized and burned in the court-
house yard at Lynchburg as objectionable and
incendiary. Her publications include : Flowers
of Hope and Memory) (1861); (Corinth and
Other Poems of the War' (1865); "A Christ.
mas Poem for Children (1865); Richmond:
Her Glory and Her Graves) (1867); Useful
Maxims for a Noble Life (1884).
Jordan, David Starr. An eminent Ameri-
can naturalist; born in Gainesville, N. Y. , Jan.
19, 1851. He graduated from Cornell Univer-
sity in 1872, and has held professorships in
several universities in the West ; was president
of Indiana University from 1885 to 1891; was
elected the first president of Leland Stanford
University (California) in 1891, and is still at
its head. He wrote voluminously on ichthy-
ology. Among his works are: A Manual of
## p. 293 (#309) ############################################
JORDAN — JUAN MANUEL
293
the Vertebrates of the Northern United States)
(1876); A Synoposis of the Fishes of North
America) (1883); (Science Sketches) (1887).
Jordan, Wilhelm (yor'dän). A German poet
and story-writer, and an eminent publicist; born
in Insterburg, Feb. 8, 1819. His early poems
and sketches brought him into trouble with
the authorities; but he managed, notwithstand-
ing, to rise to a position of power in public
life, while as a literary man his eminence has
long been unquestioned. As a poet he voices
his liberal political aspirations through the
medium of a chaste but not severe Muse, Bells
and Cannon' and (Earthly Fantasies) being
characteristic. In fiction he strives to make
propaganda and to demonstrate the necessity
of a higher social state by exposing the evils
of the existing one, and yet he is neither a
revolutionist nor a socialist, as (The Sebalds)
and (Two Cradles) amply prove. Demiurgos,'
a philosophical poem, "The False Prince, a
comedy, and “The Widow of Agis,' a tragedy,
are also his.
Josephus, Flavius (jõ-se'fus). A Jewish his-
torian; born in Jerusalem, 37 A. D. ; died at
Rome about 100 A. D. He was of noble birth,
and bore a conspicuous part in the contests
of his people with the Romans and the imperial
government of Rome, rising finally to great
favor with the Emperor Vespasian and his two
immediate successors. He passed the years of
his literary activity at Rome, living in dignified
ease upon a royal pension and in a luxurious
residence, enjoying also the rights of citizenship.
The products of these favoring circumstances
are the History of the War of the Jews
against the Romans, and of the Fall of Jeru-
salem, the "Judaic Antiquities, and an (Auto-
biography. As an eye-witness of much that
he records, his work merits attention; but it is
the subject of much controversy and doubt. *
Jósika, Baron Nikolaus (yo'she-ko). A Hun-
garian novelist; born in Torda, Transylvania,
April 28, 1794; died at Dresden, Feb. 27, 1865.
The scion of a rich and noble family, he re-
ceived a finished education, entered the army,
and at last became a man of letters. His first
efforts were collected into a volume of Sketches,
and were greatly admired. As a writer of real-
istic and historic fiction he achieved fame with
( The Poet Zrinyi, (The Last of the Bathory,
(Abafi,' and 'A Hungarian Family during the
Period of the Revolution. A profound student
of the life, manners, legends, and antiquities of
his countrymen, gifted with a bewitching style,
rich in invention and perennially enticing in
his plots, he well merits the praises he has won
as the Sir Walter Scott) of the land that
gave him birth.
Joubert, Joseph (zhö-bâr'). A French mor-
alist and writer of aphorisms; born in Mon-
tignac, Périgord, 1754; died at Paris, 1824. The
bulk of his epigrammatic work was published
posthumously under the critical supervision of
Châteaubriand and Raynal, the titles of the
volumes being (Thoughts) and “Thoughts, Es-
says, Maxims, and Correspondence. *
Joubert, Léo. A French biographer and
historical writer; born in Bourdeilles, Dordogne,
Dec. 13, 1826. He is skillful, accurate, and read-
able, as a miscellaneous biographical writer;
and his best studies, Washington and the
Formation of the Republic of the United States
of America) (1888), Alexander the Great)
(1889), and (The Battle of Sedan) (1873), are
popular.
Jouy, Victor Joseph Étienne, called de
(zhö-e'). A French librettist, dramatist, and
descriptive writer; born in Jouy, near Versailles,
1764; died at Paris, Sept. 4, 1846. He entered
upon a military career in connection with the
Revolution and the restoration, and wrote an
opera libretto, (The Vestal,' which won him a
reputation. Ferdinand Cortez) and (William
Tell) came next, followed by "Sylla,' a tragedy.
(The Hermit of the Chaussée d'Antin) is his
best thing in prose. This, and other writings
in similar vein, had once a tremendous vogue
as witty and faithful portraiture of contempo-
rary folly.
Jovanovic, Jovan (yö-vän'-ā-vitch), surnamed
Zmaj. A Servian poet, journalist, humorist,
and dramatist; born in Neusatz, Nov. 24, 1833.
He qualified as a lawyer, but went into jour-
nalism, winning fame throughout Austria and
Hungary as editor and founder of influential
political and satirical sheets. He is called
« Zmaj" or the Dragon," from the name of his
most successful paper. The volume (Withered
Roses) contains the finest verse, and his farce
(Saran) is perennially popular on the Servian
stage.
Jovellanos (Jove-Llanos), Gaspar Melchor
de (HO-vel-ya’nôs). A Spanish dramatist,
prose-writer, and statesman; born in Gijon,
Asturia, Jan. 5, 1744; died at Viloga, Nov. 27,
1811. His political and official career was not
fortunate, although he filled high posts with dis-
tinction. As a writer he was happy; applause
greeting his tragedy of (Pelagius,' founded upon
the fortunes of the famed Asturian king. His
(Orations and Discourses) are the productions
of a finished and talented rhetorician.
Joyce, Robert Dwyer. An Irish poet ; born
in County Limerick, 1836; died in Dublin,
Oct. 23, 1883. In 1866 he came to the United
States. He was a versatile writer of ballads,
songs, and sketches; and contributed to the
Pilot and other Irish journals. His best-known
published works are: (Ballads, Romances, and
Songs) (1872); “Deirdré, an epic poem, which
appeared anonymously as one of the No
Name Series) (1876); Legends of the Wars
in Ireland (1868); (Fireside Stories of Ireland)
(1871); Blanid, a poem (1879); “The Squire
of Castleton.
Juana Inez de la Cruz (kröth). (See Mexi-
can Nun. See also *
Juan Manuel, Don (Hö-än'), Infant of Cas-
tile. A Spanish romancer and poet; born in
## p. 294 (#310) ############################################
294
JUDD- JUVENAL DES URSINS
Escalona, 1282; died 1347. He was a gallant
knight who lived for love and fought against
the Moors, varying these activities by the
gratification of his literary tastes. His best
work, (Count Lucanor,' is a collection of an-
ecdotes, apologues, and apostrophes to the
gods of love and war, all set down in flowery
style, the Oriental influence being readily dis-
cernible.
Judd, Sylvester. An American novelist,
poet, and theologian; born in Westhampton,
Mass. , July 23, 1813; died at Augusta, Me. ,
Jan. 20, 1853. His remarkable romance (Mar-
garet) will always be remembered. (Richard
Edney) is another romance; “Philo) is a strik-
ing poem; and his discourses on (The Church
were esteemed. *
Judson, Emily Chubbuck. [Fanny For-
rester. ”] An American missionary and writer
of prose and verse; born in Eaton, Madison
County, N. Y. , Aug. 22, 1817; died in Hamil-
ton, N. Y. , June 1, 1854. She wrote : "Charles
Linn) (1841); (The Great Secret! (1842); (Al-
len Lucas) (1843); Alderbrook' (2 vols. , 1846);
(The Kathayan Slave) (1853). Her poems ap-
peared as An Olio of Domestic Verses) (1852).
Among her other works are: (Trippings in
Author Land (1846); “My Two Sisters) (1854);
and a memoir of Mrs. Sarah B. Judson
(1850). She married Adoniram Judson, the mis-
sionary, in 1846.
Judson, Harry Pratt. An American scholar
and author; born in New York State in 1849.
He is a professor of political science in the
University of Chicago. His works include:
"Cæsar's Army, a Study of the Military Art of
the Romans) (1888); “Europe in the Nineteenth
Century); (The Growth of the American Na-
tion.
June, Jennie. See Croly.
Junghans, Sophie (yöng'häns). A German
novelist; born in Cassel, Dec. 3, 1845. Her
literary career began with the production of
short stories and verses; with the appearance
of "Käthe, the Story of a Modern Maid,' and
(The House of Eckberg,' a study of life dur-
ing the Thirty Years' War, she attracted at-
tention. Her novels, while analytical, and per-
spicuous where plot is concerned, are strong in
style and interesting in incident; (The Amer-
ican [Woman ], (A Riddle, (An Heiress
Against her Will,' and others, exemplifying
these qualities pre-eminently.
Jung-Stilling (yöng-stil'ing), called Johann
Heinrich Jung. A German writer of fiction
and autobiography; born in Grund, near Nas-
sau, Sept. 12, 1740; died at Karlsruhe, April 2,
1817. He was of very humble origin, reared
in a narrow and simply pious environment,
and sent out into the world for a livelihood;
but his eager mind turned thirstily to study,
and he worked his way to learning. The nov-
els with which he began his literary career,
(The Story of Florentin von Fahlendorn,' «The
Story of the Lord of Morgenthau,' and oth-
ers, are chronicles of his career at various
stages; but he worked the field at its richest
in the series of “Stilling ” autobiographies,
(Heinrich Stilling's Youth, Heinrich Stilling's
Wanderings, and the prolific cycle of their
successors. The author recounts the incidents
and the experiences of his life in these nomi-
nal fictions with a realistic power that has sel-
dom been surpassed.
Junius. See Francis.
Junot, Madame (zhö-no'), pseudonym of
Laurette de St. Martin-Permon, Duchess of
Abrantes; born in Montpellier, 1784; died at
Paris, June 6(? ), 1838. She married one of
Napoleon's generals, and after his death was
compelled, by tinancial embarrassments, to take
up literature. Recollections of Napoleon, the
Revolution, the Directory, the Consulate, the
Empire, and the Restoration,' is her most per-
manent work.
Junqueira Freire, Luiz José (Hön-kāyörä
frāy'rā). A Brazilian poet; born in Bahia,
Dec. 31, 1832; died there (? ), June 24, 1855.
He manifested a spiritual purity of mind and
heart that drew the attention of his religious
instructors while he was yet a boy; and at
nineteen years of age he took religious vows,
but almost immediately learned that he had
mistaken his vocation. He obtained a release
from his vows in three years' time, after a
period of such agony of soul that we owe to
it the most profoundly moving verses in which
the breaking of a human heart is recorded, -
his (Inspirations of the Cloister. ' He died at
twenty-three, the regret and the delight of his
country.
Jusserand, Jean Jules (zhüs-rän). A
French historian of literature, and diplomat;
born in Lyons, Feb. 18, 1855. He has made a
specialty of the Elizabethan age, and of the liter-
ature of England in the Middle Ages; his most
brilliant studies being "The English Theatre,
from the Conquest to the Immediate Predecessors
of Shakespeare, (The Novel in the Time of
Shakespeare,' and (The English Novel! !
Juvenal (jö'ven-al). (Decimus Junius Ju-
venalis. ) A Latin poet; born at Aquinum
about 60 A. D. ; died about 140 A. D. Sixteen
of his satires, in fi e books, are extant. *
Juvenal des Ursins, Jean See Ursins.
## p. 295 (#311) ############################################
KAALUND- KĀLIDÅSA
295
K
woman.
Kaalund, Hans Vilhelm (käʼlönd). A Dan.
ish poet ; born at Copenhagen, 1818; died 1885.
After making futile attempts at sculpture and
painting, a fortunate poem in honor of Thor-
waldsen (1838) turned him to literature. Though
he had published before, ' Et Foraar' (A Spring-
tide), a collection of his best poems old and
new, which, while not of great scope, were grace-
ful and musical, brought him his first success.
Fulvia) (1875), a fine drama depicting the
struggles of the early Christians, contained many
lyrics,- a fault in a play intended for the stage ;
though, altered, it was successfully acted in 1880.
"En Eftervaar) (Return of Spring : 1877) de-
serves mention. He excelled in satirical fables,
his being the best Denmark has produced.
Ka'b ibn Zahir (käb ibn zä'hér). A noted
Arabic poet ; contemporaneous with Mahomet.
His father was author of one of the famous
seven (Mu 'allakát' (prize poems). After lam-
pooning his own brother and Mahomet, and
being outlawed by the latter, Ka'b composed a
eulogy on him, (The Poem of the Mantle, his
best-known work.
It was translated into Eng-
lish by Redhouse in 1880.
Kacic-Miogic, Andrija (kä-chich-me-o-shich).
A Croatian poet; born at Brist, Dalmatia, 1690 ;
died at Zaostrog, 1760. He performed for his
country a service similar to that of Percy in
his ‘Reliques) to England, or of Allan Ramsay
in his Evergreen' or (Tea-Table Miscellany)
to Scotland, in publishing Recreations of the
Slavonic People' (1756). This was an anthol-
ogy of popular songs which he collected or
adapted, celebrating the exploits of South-Slavic
heroes from the earliest times. Many editions
have appeared, and it is popular to-day with the
Southern Slavs.
Kaden, Woldemar (kä'den). A German au-
thor and translator; born at Dresden, Feb. 9,
1838. He filled the chair of German language
and literature in the University of Naples, but
resigned in 1882. He has traveled extensively
in Italy, and his writings treat almost exclus-
ively of that country. Prominent among them
are : (Wanderings in Italy) (1874); (Under the
Olives) (1880); 'Pompeiian Tales) (1882); (Ital-
ian Sketches and Pictures of Civilization)
(1889); "Italian Plaster Casts) (1891).
Kaempfen, Albert (kem'pfen). A French
novelist and journalist; born at Versailles, April
15. 1826.
He wrote under the pseudonyms
"Feyrnet," (Henrys," "Henri Este. His ro-
mance (The Cup of Tea) (1866), and the humor-
ous work (Paris, the Capital of the World
(1877), may be mentioned.
Kaempfer, Engelbert. A German physician
and historian; born at Lemgo, Westphalia, in
1651; died there, Nov. 2, 1716. As secretary of
legation in the Swedish diplomatic service he
visited Russia and Tartary; and later, having
joined the Dutch East India Company, visited
Arabia, Siam, and Japan. In the latter country
he remained two years exploring it. The re-
sults of his investigations are given in his
accurate and reliable History of Japan and
Siam, published in English (1727), and after-
wards in Latin, Dutch, French, and German.
Kaiser, Friedrich (ki'zer). A German hu-
morous writer; born at Biberach, April 3, 1814;
died at Vienna, Nov. 7, 1874. He is best known
by his comedies, which were successfully per-
formed, and of which (Hans Hasenkopf? (1834)
is a good example.
Kajaani, Johan Fredrik (ka-yä'nē). A Fin-
nish writer; born at Sotkamo, 1815; died in 1887.
He was the author of the first history of Finland
written in Finnish.
Kalb, Charlotte von (kälb). A German
memoir-writer; born at Waltershausen, in Grab-
feld, July 25, 1761; died at Berlin, May 12, 1843.
Best known as the friend of Schiller, Goethe,
and Richter. She was a lovely and devoted
Schiller's poems (The Conflict) and
(Resignation) refer to her. The character of
Linda in Richter's (Titan' was drawn from her.
Her romance (Cornelia) is in places incompre-
hensible, which may be said also of "Charlotte)
(memoirs, 1879). "Letters to Richter and his
Wife) appeared in 1882. She wrote a (History
of the American War of Independence. )
Kalbeck, Max (käl’bek). A German author,
playwright, and journalist; born at Breslau,
Jan. 4, 1850. He has paid considerable atten.
tion to the stage, among other work altering
Mozart's (Don Juan) (1887) and writing for
Gluck's music a pastoral libretto, (The May
Queen) (1888). His discussions of Richard
Wagner's (Nibelungen' and Parsifal' ap-
peared in 1883; (Rhymed and Unrhymed,
satirical papers, in 1885; (Old and New,' col-
lected poems, in 1890. In some respects his
intellectual attitude is Greek.
Kaler, James Otis. An American journalist;
born in Winterport, Me. , March 19, 1848. Under
the pen-name of "James Otis ” he published
tales for the young, including: (Toby Tyler)
(1880); (Left Behind) (1882); (Mr. Stubbs's
Brother) (1883), a sequel to Toby Tyler; “Silent
Pete) (1885); and others.
Kālidāsa (kä-li-dä'sä). A celebrated Hindu
poet; his date is variously placed, but most
probably he lived about the sixth century A. D.
He was called one of the nine pearls," i. e. ,
one of the nine poets adorning the court of
## p. 296 (#312) ############################################
296
KALINA
KANE
King Vikramaditya. His most famous work,
and the one most attractive to modern readers,
and greatly admired by Goethe, is the drama
"Çakuntalā. It portrays a love affair that,
after surmounting manifold impediments, ends
at last happily, and brings home to us in a
wonderful way the essential unity of human
nature in all ages. It was translated into Eng-
lish by Sir William Jones in 1789, and by
Monier-Williams in 1885, and has been adapted
to the German stage. Kālidāsa wrote dramatic,
epic, and lyric poetry. *
Kalina, Jaroslav (ka-lē'nä). A Czech poet;
born at Hajda, in 1816; died at Prague, 1847.
His ballads are his best works. Ten thousand
copies of his poem Ksaft) (Last Will and
Testament) were sold. The latest complete edi.
tion of his verse appeared in 1874.
Kalinka, Valerian (ka-liníkä). A Polish his.
torian, political writer, and journalist; born in
1826; died in 1886. His masterwork, (The
Great Diet,' was intended to be a thorough
study of the political history of Poland; only
the first volume appeared (1880).
Kalir or Kaliri, Eleazar ben (kä'lēr or ka-
lē'rē). A Hebrew poet; born at Kiriat-Sefer,
in the eighth century. He wrote 150 liturgical
chants, of but slight literary value, for use in
the synagogue. His religious fame and influ-
ence in Italy, Germany, and France were great.
He is known as the creator of the Neo-Hebraic
poetry, so called; it imitated the Arabic in
having, for instance, verses of fixed length,
rhyme, and the acrostic.
Kalisch, David (kä'lish). A German comic
poet; born at Breslau, Feb. 23, 1820; died at
Berlin, Aug. 21, 1872. Of Jewish birth, and in-
tended originally for business, he devoted him-
self to journalism, beginning as Paris corre-
spondent for German newspapers. Returning
to Germany in 1846, he settled eventually in
Berlin, where he founded (1848) the Prussian
Punch, Kladderadatsch, with which he was suc-
cessful for many years.
He wrote a series of
successful farces.
Kalisch, Ludwig. A German miscellaneous
writer; born at Polnisch-Lissa, Sept. 7, 1814;
died at Paris, March 3, 1882. Among his earlier
works were : (The Book of Folly) (1845); “Shad-
ows) (1845); (Tales in Verse) (1845), which to
fit diction united vividness of portrayal ; (Shrap-
nels) (1849). Exiled by the revolution of 1848,
he described his new places of residence in
(Paris and London (2 vols. , 1851). His later
works were : Bright Hours) (2 vols. , 1872);
(Pictures from my Boyhood (1872); (Bound
and Unbound (1876); (Paris Life) (2d ed. 1882);
etc. He was the author also of humorous writ.
ings and romances.
Kall, Abraham (käl). A popular Danish
historian; born at Copenhagen, 1743; died there,
1821. He became university librarian in 1765,
professor of history 1780, councilor of State
1811. His chief work was a Universal History)
(1776).
Kalousek, Josef (kä-lö'sek). A Bohemian
historian; born at Vamberk, April 2, 1838. He
is professor of history at the University of
Prague, and an authority on Czech history and
literature. His publications include: “Bohemian
Constitutional Law) (1871); Review of the
Ethnographic Literature of the Czechs); De-
fense of Wenceslas); Biography of Emperor
Charles IV. of Bohemia (1878).
Kaltenbrunner, Karl Adam (käl'ten-brön-er).
A popular German poet and prose-writer ; born
at Enns, Dec. 30, 1804 ; died at Vienna, Jan.
6, 1867. He was author of a number of vol-
umes of poetry in Austrian dialects, his hand-
ling of which was masterly. Duke Maximilian
of Bavaria set a number of his songs to music.
His drama (The Three Firs) (1862) had a
stage success. He was for a large part of his
lifetime an official in the Vienna government
printing-house.
Kamaryt, Joseph Klastimil (kä’mä-rit). A
Czech poet ; born at Velesin, near Budejovice,
1797; died at Tabor, 1833. He entered the
church. His Parables in Verse) reached a
second edition in 1845.
Kames, Henry Home, Lord. A famous
Scottish author and jurist; born at Kames,
Berwickshire, in 1696; died at Edinburgh, Dec.
27, 1782. Educated at the University of Edin-
burgh, after nearly thirty years' practice as a
lawyer he became judge in 1752. Besides im-
portant legal works, he wrote on antiquities,
metaphysics, ethics, religion, æsthetics, educa-
tion, agriculture, etc. His chief literary pro-
duction, Elements of Criticism' (3 vols. , 1762),
forestalled, as regards works of the imagina-
tion, the modern psychological school. Of this
book, Goldsmith said it was easier to write
than to read. " Like his contemporary Lord
Chesterfield, he was a great social favorite.
Kampen, Nikolaas Godfried van (käm'-
pen). A distinguished Dutch historian; born
at Haarlem, May 15, 1776; died at Leyden,
March 15, 1839. The son of a gardener, hav-
ing laid the foundation of vast learning while
clerk in a book-store, he became editor and
finally professor of English and German in
the University of Leyden (1815). Many of his
historical and literary works were translated
into German, their reputation becoming Euro-
pean. History of the Literature of the Nether-
lands) (1812); (History of French Domination
in Europe) (8 vols. , 1815-23); (History of the
Influence of the Netherlands Outside of Europe)
(3 vols. , 1831-33), are among his finest works.
Kane, Elisha Kent. A celebrated American
Arctic explorer; born at Philadelphia, Feb. 3,
1820; died at Havana, Feb. 16, 1857.
Was a
surgeon in the United States navy. Having
previously visited practically every other quar-
ter of the globe, he accompanied the Grinnell
expedition in search of Sir John Franklin (1850
52). On his return, by contributing the pro-
ceeds of a series of lectures and his pay, he
shared in equipping a second expedition, under
>
## p. 297 (#313) ############################################
KANITZ-KARAVELOV
297
(
;
his own command (1853-55). These adventures
were in spite of feeble health and frail con-
stitution. He died young. His two works,
(The United States Grinnell Expedition in
Search of Sir John Franklin (1854) and (Sec-
ond Grinnell Expedition (1856), are very in-
teresting. He started northward the second
time so quickly that the first work went through
the press without his revision.
Kanitz, Philipp Felix (kä'nits). A Hunga-
rian explorer and writer on ethnography and
archæology; born at Buda-Pesth, Aug. 2, 1829.
His series of works on Servia, Bulgaria, Her-
zegovina, Montenegro, etc. , beginning in 1862,
gave him a brilliant reputation, and have
spread greatly the knowledge of Slavic coun-
tries. He was the first to draw correct maps
of Bulgaria and the Balkans.
Kannegiesser, Karl Ludwig (kän'ne-ge-ser).
A German writer; born at Wendemark, in Alt-
mark, May 9, 1781; died at Berlin, Sept. 14,
1861. He is best known as the translator into
German of Chaucer, Beaumont and Fletcher,
Byron, Scott, Dante, Madame de Staël, etc.
Kant, Immanuel (känt). An eminent Ger-
man philosopher; born at Königsberg, April 22,
1724; died there, Feb. 12, 1804. His three
great works were : Kritik der Reinen Ver-
nunft) (Critique of Pure Reason : 1781), which
attempts to define the nature of those of our
ideas which lie outside of experience, and to
establish the basis of valid knowledge; (Kritik
der Praktischen Vernunft! (Critique of the
Practical Reason: 1788), which bases the ideas
of God, freedom, and immortality on the ethi-
cal consciousness alone, denying that we have
any right to hold them otherwise ; (Kritik der
Urteilskraft (Critique of the Power of Judg-
ment: 1790). He wrote also on cosmic physics,
æsthetics, pedagogy, ethics, the metaphysical
basis of law, etc. He was professor of logic
and metaphysics at the University of Königs-
berg. *
Kantemir, Antiochus Dmitrievitch, Prince
(kan'te-mēr). A noted Russian author; born
at Constantinople, Sept. 21, 1709; died at Paris,
April II, 1744. His "Satires,' in the antique
form, written in rhyme and syllabic metre,
were his most important work, and are valuable
as describing Russian life and manners. Many
of their verses became proverbs with the Rus-
sian peasantry. They were the first fruits of
modern Russian literature. He may be called
the father of secular writing in Russia. (Works,
2 vols. , St. Petersburg, 1867. )
Kapnist, Vasili Vasilievitch (käp'nist).
A celebrated Russian poet and dramatist; born
at Oboukhovka, in 1757; died there, Nov. 9,
1824. His chief work, Chicanery) (1798), a
comedy in verse, forbidden by the censor, was
performed by express permission of the em
peror. It has been more than once reprinted
(last in 1888), was translated into French, and
has furnished several proverbs. It is an Aris-
tophanic satire on the old justice in Russia –
showing, as has been wittily said, “the Russian
Themis stark-naked. ” He wrote also many
exquisite lyrics. ((Works, St. Petersburg, 1849. )
Kapp, Friedrich (käp). A German bio-
grapher and historian; born at Hamm, West-
phalia, April 13, 1824; died at Berlin, Oct. 27,
1884. He left Germany at the outbreak of the
revolution of 1848, finally wandering as far as
New York (1850). He took active part in
American politics. Returning to Germany in
1870, he entered the Reichstag in 1872. Nearly
all his works refer to the United States, as
(American Soldier Traffic by German Princes)
(1864), “German Emigration to America) (1868),
and his Lives) of Kalb and Steuben. A
citizen of two hemispheres, he was a pioneer
in a style of literature that may be called inter-
national.
Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovotch (kä-rä'jitsh).
A famous Servian author; born at Trshitch,
Nov. 7, 1787; died at Vienna, Feb. 7, 1864.
The two great works of his life were the refor-
mation of the Servian literary language (which,
up to his time had been a very debased
medium, being either rude Slavonian or a hy-
brid jumble of Serb and Slavonian), and the
publication of the Popular Serb Songs) (4 vols. ,
1814-33; 3d ed. 1841-46). His epoch-making
Dictionary) appeared in 1818. The songs at-
tracted wide-spread attention, and were trans-
lated into every European tongue. He was
the founder of modern Servian literature.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovitch (kä-räm-
zin'). A celebrated Russian historian; born at
Mikhailovka, near Simbirsk, Dec. 12, 1765; died
near St.
lawyer and author; born in Savannah, Ga. ,
Oct. 28, 1831 ; died July 19, 1893. He was lieu-
tenant-colonel in the Confederate service dur-
ing the War, afterward removing to New York,
where he practiced law. Among his works
are : Antiquities of the Southern Indians)
(1873); (Siege of Savannah in 1779) (1874);
History of Georgia' (1883).
Jones, Ebenezer. An English poet; born in
Islington, Jan. 20, 1820; died in London (? ),
Sept. 14, 1860. His genius was of the erratic
sort, as ( Studies of Sensation and Event (1843),
a collection of miscellaneous poems, showed.
(Winter Hymn to the Snow, When the World
Is Burning, and (To Death,' are his best-
known pieces. Since his death there has been
a revival of interest in his poetry.
Jones, Ernest Charles. An English poet,
novelist, and agitator; born in Berlin, Jan. 25,
1819; died at Manchester, Jan. 26, 1868.
He
became a leader in the Chartist agitation, to
which he sacrificed a large fortune. His prose
and poetry were inspired by his political opin-
ions; (The Lass and the Lady) (1854) and
"Lord Lindsay) being his best fictions, and
{The Battle Day and Other Poems) (1855) con-
taining his most popular songs.
Jones, Evan. A Welsh poet; born at Bryn-
tynoriad, Sept. 5, 1820; died near Cardiff, Feb.
23, 1852. He was a clergyman, and best known
as leuan Gwynedd, over which name he pro-
duced in his native tongue poems on (The
Huts of Wales, Moses on Mount Pisgah,
(Peace,' and other themes; in addition to
which he edited many periodicals, including Yr
Adolygydd, or National Review.
Jones, John B. An American journalist and
novelist; born in Baltimore, Md. , in 1810; died
1866. He spent many years in journalism, and
is author of Books of Visions) (1847); Rural
Sports: a Poem (1848); "The Western Mer-
Jonge, Johan Karel Jacob đe (yống'ẻ). A
Dutch historian, son of Johannes; born at The
Hague, June 17, 1827; died there, March 15,
1880. He has studied the colonial history of
his country with effect, as (The Rise of Nether.
land Dominion in the East Indies) (1862-78),
and other works, demonstrate.
Jonge, Johannes Cornelis de. A Dutch
historian; born in Zierikzee, May 9, 1793; died
near Ryswick, June 12, 1853. He has quarried
indefatigably and with rich results in the Neth-
erland vein; "Studies in the History of the
Low Countries) (1825-27) and (The History of
the Dutch Navy) (1833-48) being the best
specimens.
Jonson, Ben A celebrated English dram-
atist; born in London in 1572 or 1573; died
there (? ), Aug. 6, 1637. He was about twenty-
three when he tried dramatic authorship, and
seems to have been only moderately successful
until “Every Man in his Humour) was written,
followed by (Every Man Out of his Humour,
both comedies being the fruit of a wit so clear
and fine that his epitaph “O Rare Ben Jon-
son » fits him well. His poetry is "excellently
bright, and impregnated with the Elizabethan
atmosphere and spirit. *
Jordan, Cornelia Jane Matthews. An Amer-
ican poet; born in Lynchburg, Va. , 1830. She
wrote her poem Corinth) in 1863; it was pub-
lished in 1865; by order of Gen. Alfred H.
Terry, it was seized and burned in the court-
house yard at Lynchburg as objectionable and
incendiary. Her publications include : Flowers
of Hope and Memory) (1861); (Corinth and
Other Poems of the War' (1865); "A Christ.
mas Poem for Children (1865); Richmond:
Her Glory and Her Graves) (1867); Useful
Maxims for a Noble Life (1884).
Jordan, David Starr. An eminent Ameri-
can naturalist; born in Gainesville, N. Y. , Jan.
19, 1851. He graduated from Cornell Univer-
sity in 1872, and has held professorships in
several universities in the West ; was president
of Indiana University from 1885 to 1891; was
elected the first president of Leland Stanford
University (California) in 1891, and is still at
its head. He wrote voluminously on ichthy-
ology. Among his works are: A Manual of
## p. 293 (#309) ############################################
JORDAN — JUAN MANUEL
293
the Vertebrates of the Northern United States)
(1876); A Synoposis of the Fishes of North
America) (1883); (Science Sketches) (1887).
Jordan, Wilhelm (yor'dän). A German poet
and story-writer, and an eminent publicist; born
in Insterburg, Feb. 8, 1819. His early poems
and sketches brought him into trouble with
the authorities; but he managed, notwithstand-
ing, to rise to a position of power in public
life, while as a literary man his eminence has
long been unquestioned. As a poet he voices
his liberal political aspirations through the
medium of a chaste but not severe Muse, Bells
and Cannon' and (Earthly Fantasies) being
characteristic. In fiction he strives to make
propaganda and to demonstrate the necessity
of a higher social state by exposing the evils
of the existing one, and yet he is neither a
revolutionist nor a socialist, as (The Sebalds)
and (Two Cradles) amply prove. Demiurgos,'
a philosophical poem, "The False Prince, a
comedy, and “The Widow of Agis,' a tragedy,
are also his.
Josephus, Flavius (jõ-se'fus). A Jewish his-
torian; born in Jerusalem, 37 A. D. ; died at
Rome about 100 A. D. He was of noble birth,
and bore a conspicuous part in the contests
of his people with the Romans and the imperial
government of Rome, rising finally to great
favor with the Emperor Vespasian and his two
immediate successors. He passed the years of
his literary activity at Rome, living in dignified
ease upon a royal pension and in a luxurious
residence, enjoying also the rights of citizenship.
The products of these favoring circumstances
are the History of the War of the Jews
against the Romans, and of the Fall of Jeru-
salem, the "Judaic Antiquities, and an (Auto-
biography. As an eye-witness of much that
he records, his work merits attention; but it is
the subject of much controversy and doubt. *
Jósika, Baron Nikolaus (yo'she-ko). A Hun-
garian novelist; born in Torda, Transylvania,
April 28, 1794; died at Dresden, Feb. 27, 1865.
The scion of a rich and noble family, he re-
ceived a finished education, entered the army,
and at last became a man of letters. His first
efforts were collected into a volume of Sketches,
and were greatly admired. As a writer of real-
istic and historic fiction he achieved fame with
( The Poet Zrinyi, (The Last of the Bathory,
(Abafi,' and 'A Hungarian Family during the
Period of the Revolution. A profound student
of the life, manners, legends, and antiquities of
his countrymen, gifted with a bewitching style,
rich in invention and perennially enticing in
his plots, he well merits the praises he has won
as the Sir Walter Scott) of the land that
gave him birth.
Joubert, Joseph (zhö-bâr'). A French mor-
alist and writer of aphorisms; born in Mon-
tignac, Périgord, 1754; died at Paris, 1824. The
bulk of his epigrammatic work was published
posthumously under the critical supervision of
Châteaubriand and Raynal, the titles of the
volumes being (Thoughts) and “Thoughts, Es-
says, Maxims, and Correspondence. *
Joubert, Léo. A French biographer and
historical writer; born in Bourdeilles, Dordogne,
Dec. 13, 1826. He is skillful, accurate, and read-
able, as a miscellaneous biographical writer;
and his best studies, Washington and the
Formation of the Republic of the United States
of America) (1888), Alexander the Great)
(1889), and (The Battle of Sedan) (1873), are
popular.
Jouy, Victor Joseph Étienne, called de
(zhö-e'). A French librettist, dramatist, and
descriptive writer; born in Jouy, near Versailles,
1764; died at Paris, Sept. 4, 1846. He entered
upon a military career in connection with the
Revolution and the restoration, and wrote an
opera libretto, (The Vestal,' which won him a
reputation. Ferdinand Cortez) and (William
Tell) came next, followed by "Sylla,' a tragedy.
(The Hermit of the Chaussée d'Antin) is his
best thing in prose. This, and other writings
in similar vein, had once a tremendous vogue
as witty and faithful portraiture of contempo-
rary folly.
Jovanovic, Jovan (yö-vän'-ā-vitch), surnamed
Zmaj. A Servian poet, journalist, humorist,
and dramatist; born in Neusatz, Nov. 24, 1833.
He qualified as a lawyer, but went into jour-
nalism, winning fame throughout Austria and
Hungary as editor and founder of influential
political and satirical sheets. He is called
« Zmaj" or the Dragon," from the name of his
most successful paper. The volume (Withered
Roses) contains the finest verse, and his farce
(Saran) is perennially popular on the Servian
stage.
Jovellanos (Jove-Llanos), Gaspar Melchor
de (HO-vel-ya’nôs). A Spanish dramatist,
prose-writer, and statesman; born in Gijon,
Asturia, Jan. 5, 1744; died at Viloga, Nov. 27,
1811. His political and official career was not
fortunate, although he filled high posts with dis-
tinction. As a writer he was happy; applause
greeting his tragedy of (Pelagius,' founded upon
the fortunes of the famed Asturian king. His
(Orations and Discourses) are the productions
of a finished and talented rhetorician.
Joyce, Robert Dwyer. An Irish poet ; born
in County Limerick, 1836; died in Dublin,
Oct. 23, 1883. In 1866 he came to the United
States. He was a versatile writer of ballads,
songs, and sketches; and contributed to the
Pilot and other Irish journals. His best-known
published works are: (Ballads, Romances, and
Songs) (1872); “Deirdré, an epic poem, which
appeared anonymously as one of the No
Name Series) (1876); Legends of the Wars
in Ireland (1868); (Fireside Stories of Ireland)
(1871); Blanid, a poem (1879); “The Squire
of Castleton.
Juana Inez de la Cruz (kröth). (See Mexi-
can Nun. See also *
Juan Manuel, Don (Hö-än'), Infant of Cas-
tile. A Spanish romancer and poet; born in
## p. 294 (#310) ############################################
294
JUDD- JUVENAL DES URSINS
Escalona, 1282; died 1347. He was a gallant
knight who lived for love and fought against
the Moors, varying these activities by the
gratification of his literary tastes. His best
work, (Count Lucanor,' is a collection of an-
ecdotes, apologues, and apostrophes to the
gods of love and war, all set down in flowery
style, the Oriental influence being readily dis-
cernible.
Judd, Sylvester. An American novelist,
poet, and theologian; born in Westhampton,
Mass. , July 23, 1813; died at Augusta, Me. ,
Jan. 20, 1853. His remarkable romance (Mar-
garet) will always be remembered. (Richard
Edney) is another romance; “Philo) is a strik-
ing poem; and his discourses on (The Church
were esteemed. *
Judson, Emily Chubbuck. [Fanny For-
rester. ”] An American missionary and writer
of prose and verse; born in Eaton, Madison
County, N. Y. , Aug. 22, 1817; died in Hamil-
ton, N. Y. , June 1, 1854. She wrote : "Charles
Linn) (1841); (The Great Secret! (1842); (Al-
len Lucas) (1843); Alderbrook' (2 vols. , 1846);
(The Kathayan Slave) (1853). Her poems ap-
peared as An Olio of Domestic Verses) (1852).
Among her other works are: (Trippings in
Author Land (1846); “My Two Sisters) (1854);
and a memoir of Mrs. Sarah B. Judson
(1850). She married Adoniram Judson, the mis-
sionary, in 1846.
Judson, Harry Pratt. An American scholar
and author; born in New York State in 1849.
He is a professor of political science in the
University of Chicago. His works include:
"Cæsar's Army, a Study of the Military Art of
the Romans) (1888); “Europe in the Nineteenth
Century); (The Growth of the American Na-
tion.
June, Jennie. See Croly.
Junghans, Sophie (yöng'häns). A German
novelist; born in Cassel, Dec. 3, 1845. Her
literary career began with the production of
short stories and verses; with the appearance
of "Käthe, the Story of a Modern Maid,' and
(The House of Eckberg,' a study of life dur-
ing the Thirty Years' War, she attracted at-
tention. Her novels, while analytical, and per-
spicuous where plot is concerned, are strong in
style and interesting in incident; (The Amer-
ican [Woman ], (A Riddle, (An Heiress
Against her Will,' and others, exemplifying
these qualities pre-eminently.
Jung-Stilling (yöng-stil'ing), called Johann
Heinrich Jung. A German writer of fiction
and autobiography; born in Grund, near Nas-
sau, Sept. 12, 1740; died at Karlsruhe, April 2,
1817. He was of very humble origin, reared
in a narrow and simply pious environment,
and sent out into the world for a livelihood;
but his eager mind turned thirstily to study,
and he worked his way to learning. The nov-
els with which he began his literary career,
(The Story of Florentin von Fahlendorn,' «The
Story of the Lord of Morgenthau,' and oth-
ers, are chronicles of his career at various
stages; but he worked the field at its richest
in the series of “Stilling ” autobiographies,
(Heinrich Stilling's Youth, Heinrich Stilling's
Wanderings, and the prolific cycle of their
successors. The author recounts the incidents
and the experiences of his life in these nomi-
nal fictions with a realistic power that has sel-
dom been surpassed.
Junius. See Francis.
Junot, Madame (zhö-no'), pseudonym of
Laurette de St. Martin-Permon, Duchess of
Abrantes; born in Montpellier, 1784; died at
Paris, June 6(? ), 1838. She married one of
Napoleon's generals, and after his death was
compelled, by tinancial embarrassments, to take
up literature. Recollections of Napoleon, the
Revolution, the Directory, the Consulate, the
Empire, and the Restoration,' is her most per-
manent work.
Junqueira Freire, Luiz José (Hön-kāyörä
frāy'rā). A Brazilian poet; born in Bahia,
Dec. 31, 1832; died there (? ), June 24, 1855.
He manifested a spiritual purity of mind and
heart that drew the attention of his religious
instructors while he was yet a boy; and at
nineteen years of age he took religious vows,
but almost immediately learned that he had
mistaken his vocation. He obtained a release
from his vows in three years' time, after a
period of such agony of soul that we owe to
it the most profoundly moving verses in which
the breaking of a human heart is recorded, -
his (Inspirations of the Cloister. ' He died at
twenty-three, the regret and the delight of his
country.
Jusserand, Jean Jules (zhüs-rän). A
French historian of literature, and diplomat;
born in Lyons, Feb. 18, 1855. He has made a
specialty of the Elizabethan age, and of the liter-
ature of England in the Middle Ages; his most
brilliant studies being "The English Theatre,
from the Conquest to the Immediate Predecessors
of Shakespeare, (The Novel in the Time of
Shakespeare,' and (The English Novel! !
Juvenal (jö'ven-al). (Decimus Junius Ju-
venalis. ) A Latin poet; born at Aquinum
about 60 A. D. ; died about 140 A. D. Sixteen
of his satires, in fi e books, are extant. *
Juvenal des Ursins, Jean See Ursins.
## p. 295 (#311) ############################################
KAALUND- KĀLIDÅSA
295
K
woman.
Kaalund, Hans Vilhelm (käʼlönd). A Dan.
ish poet ; born at Copenhagen, 1818; died 1885.
After making futile attempts at sculpture and
painting, a fortunate poem in honor of Thor-
waldsen (1838) turned him to literature. Though
he had published before, ' Et Foraar' (A Spring-
tide), a collection of his best poems old and
new, which, while not of great scope, were grace-
ful and musical, brought him his first success.
Fulvia) (1875), a fine drama depicting the
struggles of the early Christians, contained many
lyrics,- a fault in a play intended for the stage ;
though, altered, it was successfully acted in 1880.
"En Eftervaar) (Return of Spring : 1877) de-
serves mention. He excelled in satirical fables,
his being the best Denmark has produced.
Ka'b ibn Zahir (käb ibn zä'hér). A noted
Arabic poet ; contemporaneous with Mahomet.
His father was author of one of the famous
seven (Mu 'allakát' (prize poems). After lam-
pooning his own brother and Mahomet, and
being outlawed by the latter, Ka'b composed a
eulogy on him, (The Poem of the Mantle, his
best-known work.
It was translated into Eng-
lish by Redhouse in 1880.
Kacic-Miogic, Andrija (kä-chich-me-o-shich).
A Croatian poet; born at Brist, Dalmatia, 1690 ;
died at Zaostrog, 1760. He performed for his
country a service similar to that of Percy in
his ‘Reliques) to England, or of Allan Ramsay
in his Evergreen' or (Tea-Table Miscellany)
to Scotland, in publishing Recreations of the
Slavonic People' (1756). This was an anthol-
ogy of popular songs which he collected or
adapted, celebrating the exploits of South-Slavic
heroes from the earliest times. Many editions
have appeared, and it is popular to-day with the
Southern Slavs.
Kaden, Woldemar (kä'den). A German au-
thor and translator; born at Dresden, Feb. 9,
1838. He filled the chair of German language
and literature in the University of Naples, but
resigned in 1882. He has traveled extensively
in Italy, and his writings treat almost exclus-
ively of that country. Prominent among them
are : (Wanderings in Italy) (1874); (Under the
Olives) (1880); 'Pompeiian Tales) (1882); (Ital-
ian Sketches and Pictures of Civilization)
(1889); "Italian Plaster Casts) (1891).
Kaempfen, Albert (kem'pfen). A French
novelist and journalist; born at Versailles, April
15. 1826.
He wrote under the pseudonyms
"Feyrnet," (Henrys," "Henri Este. His ro-
mance (The Cup of Tea) (1866), and the humor-
ous work (Paris, the Capital of the World
(1877), may be mentioned.
Kaempfer, Engelbert. A German physician
and historian; born at Lemgo, Westphalia, in
1651; died there, Nov. 2, 1716. As secretary of
legation in the Swedish diplomatic service he
visited Russia and Tartary; and later, having
joined the Dutch East India Company, visited
Arabia, Siam, and Japan. In the latter country
he remained two years exploring it. The re-
sults of his investigations are given in his
accurate and reliable History of Japan and
Siam, published in English (1727), and after-
wards in Latin, Dutch, French, and German.
Kaiser, Friedrich (ki'zer). A German hu-
morous writer; born at Biberach, April 3, 1814;
died at Vienna, Nov. 7, 1874. He is best known
by his comedies, which were successfully per-
formed, and of which (Hans Hasenkopf? (1834)
is a good example.
Kajaani, Johan Fredrik (ka-yä'nē). A Fin-
nish writer; born at Sotkamo, 1815; died in 1887.
He was the author of the first history of Finland
written in Finnish.
Kalb, Charlotte von (kälb). A German
memoir-writer; born at Waltershausen, in Grab-
feld, July 25, 1761; died at Berlin, May 12, 1843.
Best known as the friend of Schiller, Goethe,
and Richter. She was a lovely and devoted
Schiller's poems (The Conflict) and
(Resignation) refer to her. The character of
Linda in Richter's (Titan' was drawn from her.
Her romance (Cornelia) is in places incompre-
hensible, which may be said also of "Charlotte)
(memoirs, 1879). "Letters to Richter and his
Wife) appeared in 1882. She wrote a (History
of the American War of Independence. )
Kalbeck, Max (käl’bek). A German author,
playwright, and journalist; born at Breslau,
Jan. 4, 1850. He has paid considerable atten.
tion to the stage, among other work altering
Mozart's (Don Juan) (1887) and writing for
Gluck's music a pastoral libretto, (The May
Queen) (1888). His discussions of Richard
Wagner's (Nibelungen' and Parsifal' ap-
peared in 1883; (Rhymed and Unrhymed,
satirical papers, in 1885; (Old and New,' col-
lected poems, in 1890. In some respects his
intellectual attitude is Greek.
Kaler, James Otis. An American journalist;
born in Winterport, Me. , March 19, 1848. Under
the pen-name of "James Otis ” he published
tales for the young, including: (Toby Tyler)
(1880); (Left Behind) (1882); (Mr. Stubbs's
Brother) (1883), a sequel to Toby Tyler; “Silent
Pete) (1885); and others.
Kālidāsa (kä-li-dä'sä). A celebrated Hindu
poet; his date is variously placed, but most
probably he lived about the sixth century A. D.
He was called one of the nine pearls," i. e. ,
one of the nine poets adorning the court of
## p. 296 (#312) ############################################
296
KALINA
KANE
King Vikramaditya. His most famous work,
and the one most attractive to modern readers,
and greatly admired by Goethe, is the drama
"Çakuntalā. It portrays a love affair that,
after surmounting manifold impediments, ends
at last happily, and brings home to us in a
wonderful way the essential unity of human
nature in all ages. It was translated into Eng-
lish by Sir William Jones in 1789, and by
Monier-Williams in 1885, and has been adapted
to the German stage. Kālidāsa wrote dramatic,
epic, and lyric poetry. *
Kalina, Jaroslav (ka-lē'nä). A Czech poet;
born at Hajda, in 1816; died at Prague, 1847.
His ballads are his best works. Ten thousand
copies of his poem Ksaft) (Last Will and
Testament) were sold. The latest complete edi.
tion of his verse appeared in 1874.
Kalinka, Valerian (ka-liníkä). A Polish his.
torian, political writer, and journalist; born in
1826; died in 1886. His masterwork, (The
Great Diet,' was intended to be a thorough
study of the political history of Poland; only
the first volume appeared (1880).
Kalir or Kaliri, Eleazar ben (kä'lēr or ka-
lē'rē). A Hebrew poet; born at Kiriat-Sefer,
in the eighth century. He wrote 150 liturgical
chants, of but slight literary value, for use in
the synagogue. His religious fame and influ-
ence in Italy, Germany, and France were great.
He is known as the creator of the Neo-Hebraic
poetry, so called; it imitated the Arabic in
having, for instance, verses of fixed length,
rhyme, and the acrostic.
Kalisch, David (kä'lish). A German comic
poet; born at Breslau, Feb. 23, 1820; died at
Berlin, Aug. 21, 1872. Of Jewish birth, and in-
tended originally for business, he devoted him-
self to journalism, beginning as Paris corre-
spondent for German newspapers. Returning
to Germany in 1846, he settled eventually in
Berlin, where he founded (1848) the Prussian
Punch, Kladderadatsch, with which he was suc-
cessful for many years.
He wrote a series of
successful farces.
Kalisch, Ludwig. A German miscellaneous
writer; born at Polnisch-Lissa, Sept. 7, 1814;
died at Paris, March 3, 1882. Among his earlier
works were : (The Book of Folly) (1845); “Shad-
ows) (1845); (Tales in Verse) (1845), which to
fit diction united vividness of portrayal ; (Shrap-
nels) (1849). Exiled by the revolution of 1848,
he described his new places of residence in
(Paris and London (2 vols. , 1851). His later
works were : Bright Hours) (2 vols. , 1872);
(Pictures from my Boyhood (1872); (Bound
and Unbound (1876); (Paris Life) (2d ed. 1882);
etc. He was the author also of humorous writ.
ings and romances.
Kall, Abraham (käl). A popular Danish
historian; born at Copenhagen, 1743; died there,
1821. He became university librarian in 1765,
professor of history 1780, councilor of State
1811. His chief work was a Universal History)
(1776).
Kalousek, Josef (kä-lö'sek). A Bohemian
historian; born at Vamberk, April 2, 1838. He
is professor of history at the University of
Prague, and an authority on Czech history and
literature. His publications include: “Bohemian
Constitutional Law) (1871); Review of the
Ethnographic Literature of the Czechs); De-
fense of Wenceslas); Biography of Emperor
Charles IV. of Bohemia (1878).
Kaltenbrunner, Karl Adam (käl'ten-brön-er).
A popular German poet and prose-writer ; born
at Enns, Dec. 30, 1804 ; died at Vienna, Jan.
6, 1867. He was author of a number of vol-
umes of poetry in Austrian dialects, his hand-
ling of which was masterly. Duke Maximilian
of Bavaria set a number of his songs to music.
His drama (The Three Firs) (1862) had a
stage success. He was for a large part of his
lifetime an official in the Vienna government
printing-house.
Kamaryt, Joseph Klastimil (kä’mä-rit). A
Czech poet ; born at Velesin, near Budejovice,
1797; died at Tabor, 1833. He entered the
church. His Parables in Verse) reached a
second edition in 1845.
Kames, Henry Home, Lord. A famous
Scottish author and jurist; born at Kames,
Berwickshire, in 1696; died at Edinburgh, Dec.
27, 1782. Educated at the University of Edin-
burgh, after nearly thirty years' practice as a
lawyer he became judge in 1752. Besides im-
portant legal works, he wrote on antiquities,
metaphysics, ethics, religion, æsthetics, educa-
tion, agriculture, etc. His chief literary pro-
duction, Elements of Criticism' (3 vols. , 1762),
forestalled, as regards works of the imagina-
tion, the modern psychological school. Of this
book, Goldsmith said it was easier to write
than to read. " Like his contemporary Lord
Chesterfield, he was a great social favorite.
Kampen, Nikolaas Godfried van (käm'-
pen). A distinguished Dutch historian; born
at Haarlem, May 15, 1776; died at Leyden,
March 15, 1839. The son of a gardener, hav-
ing laid the foundation of vast learning while
clerk in a book-store, he became editor and
finally professor of English and German in
the University of Leyden (1815). Many of his
historical and literary works were translated
into German, their reputation becoming Euro-
pean. History of the Literature of the Nether-
lands) (1812); (History of French Domination
in Europe) (8 vols. , 1815-23); (History of the
Influence of the Netherlands Outside of Europe)
(3 vols. , 1831-33), are among his finest works.
Kane, Elisha Kent. A celebrated American
Arctic explorer; born at Philadelphia, Feb. 3,
1820; died at Havana, Feb. 16, 1857.
Was a
surgeon in the United States navy. Having
previously visited practically every other quar-
ter of the globe, he accompanied the Grinnell
expedition in search of Sir John Franklin (1850
52). On his return, by contributing the pro-
ceeds of a series of lectures and his pay, he
shared in equipping a second expedition, under
>
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KANITZ-KARAVELOV
297
(
;
his own command (1853-55). These adventures
were in spite of feeble health and frail con-
stitution. He died young. His two works,
(The United States Grinnell Expedition in
Search of Sir John Franklin (1854) and (Sec-
ond Grinnell Expedition (1856), are very in-
teresting. He started northward the second
time so quickly that the first work went through
the press without his revision.
Kanitz, Philipp Felix (kä'nits). A Hunga-
rian explorer and writer on ethnography and
archæology; born at Buda-Pesth, Aug. 2, 1829.
His series of works on Servia, Bulgaria, Her-
zegovina, Montenegro, etc. , beginning in 1862,
gave him a brilliant reputation, and have
spread greatly the knowledge of Slavic coun-
tries. He was the first to draw correct maps
of Bulgaria and the Balkans.
Kannegiesser, Karl Ludwig (kän'ne-ge-ser).
A German writer; born at Wendemark, in Alt-
mark, May 9, 1781; died at Berlin, Sept. 14,
1861. He is best known as the translator into
German of Chaucer, Beaumont and Fletcher,
Byron, Scott, Dante, Madame de Staël, etc.
Kant, Immanuel (känt). An eminent Ger-
man philosopher; born at Königsberg, April 22,
1724; died there, Feb. 12, 1804. His three
great works were : Kritik der Reinen Ver-
nunft) (Critique of Pure Reason : 1781), which
attempts to define the nature of those of our
ideas which lie outside of experience, and to
establish the basis of valid knowledge; (Kritik
der Praktischen Vernunft! (Critique of the
Practical Reason: 1788), which bases the ideas
of God, freedom, and immortality on the ethi-
cal consciousness alone, denying that we have
any right to hold them otherwise ; (Kritik der
Urteilskraft (Critique of the Power of Judg-
ment: 1790). He wrote also on cosmic physics,
æsthetics, pedagogy, ethics, the metaphysical
basis of law, etc. He was professor of logic
and metaphysics at the University of Königs-
berg. *
Kantemir, Antiochus Dmitrievitch, Prince
(kan'te-mēr). A noted Russian author; born
at Constantinople, Sept. 21, 1709; died at Paris,
April II, 1744. His "Satires,' in the antique
form, written in rhyme and syllabic metre,
were his most important work, and are valuable
as describing Russian life and manners. Many
of their verses became proverbs with the Rus-
sian peasantry. They were the first fruits of
modern Russian literature. He may be called
the father of secular writing in Russia. (Works,
2 vols. , St. Petersburg, 1867. )
Kapnist, Vasili Vasilievitch (käp'nist).
A celebrated Russian poet and dramatist; born
at Oboukhovka, in 1757; died there, Nov. 9,
1824. His chief work, Chicanery) (1798), a
comedy in verse, forbidden by the censor, was
performed by express permission of the em
peror. It has been more than once reprinted
(last in 1888), was translated into French, and
has furnished several proverbs. It is an Aris-
tophanic satire on the old justice in Russia –
showing, as has been wittily said, “the Russian
Themis stark-naked. ” He wrote also many
exquisite lyrics. ((Works, St. Petersburg, 1849. )
Kapp, Friedrich (käp). A German bio-
grapher and historian; born at Hamm, West-
phalia, April 13, 1824; died at Berlin, Oct. 27,
1884. He left Germany at the outbreak of the
revolution of 1848, finally wandering as far as
New York (1850). He took active part in
American politics. Returning to Germany in
1870, he entered the Reichstag in 1872. Nearly
all his works refer to the United States, as
(American Soldier Traffic by German Princes)
(1864), “German Emigration to America) (1868),
and his Lives) of Kalb and Steuben. A
citizen of two hemispheres, he was a pioneer
in a style of literature that may be called inter-
national.
Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovotch (kä-rä'jitsh).
A famous Servian author; born at Trshitch,
Nov. 7, 1787; died at Vienna, Feb. 7, 1864.
The two great works of his life were the refor-
mation of the Servian literary language (which,
up to his time had been a very debased
medium, being either rude Slavonian or a hy-
brid jumble of Serb and Slavonian), and the
publication of the Popular Serb Songs) (4 vols. ,
1814-33; 3d ed. 1841-46). His epoch-making
Dictionary) appeared in 1818. The songs at-
tracted wide-spread attention, and were trans-
lated into every European tongue. He was
the founder of modern Servian literature.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovitch (kä-räm-
zin'). A celebrated Russian historian; born at
Mikhailovka, near Simbirsk, Dec. 12, 1765; died
near St.
