The stag is common to
almost all the northern parts of Europe.
almost all the northern parts of Europe.
Childrens - The Creation
In spring, it is full of life; and seems
hardly to know how to contain its joy: but when summer comes, it
rarely shows itself. The nest of the squirrel manifests great inge-
nuity. Like most other animals in northern climates, they change
colour in the winter.
The Grey Squirrel. This animal is larger than the former; and the
fur is very beautiful. They are very fickle about their residence--
one year there may be tens and hundreds of thousands, and even more
than that, in the woods of a particular district; and the next year, not
one. Their mode of travelling by water is very curious. --When it
becomes necessary to cross a river or lake, they drag a piece of pine
to the water's edge; and then many of them together launch it, and
each one holds up its tail as a sail to the great vessel. If they have a
fair wind, they make a good voyage; but if the breeze is foul, or
increases, these little adventurous voyagers are wrecked; and the
Laplander, on whose shores they are washed, has a rich prize in their
skins. These animals also abound in the New World; and where
maize grows, of which they are immoderately fond, colonies of them
will destroy whole plantations. A price is therefore often put on
their heads; and in some years nearly a million have been taken.
The account given by Mr. Bingley, in his Animal Biography,
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is of great interest: indeed, there is a fund of information in those
volumes; and in forming this summary, I am greatly indebted to him.
The Black Squirrel. This family is nearly allied to the grey, in
everything but colour. Some have said, that none of this, nor any
other tribe of Squirrels, swim; but this is now quite disproved: short
distances they easily accomplish. When they migrate in large
numbers it is a sure sign of a severe winter,.
The Striped Squirrel. This animal is a native of America. Its tail
is long; but not bushy. It lives in caverns, like the marmot; but,
like all others of this family, is a terrible enemy to the farmer. The
Chinese purchase the skins of this animal in numbers.
The American Flying Squirrel. This animal, which is a native of
most parts of North America, has large black eyes, naked ears, and a
hairy membrane extending nearly round the whole body. On the
fore legs, it adheres as far as the toe>>; and on the hind leg it extends
to the ancles.
This beautiful little family seldom visit the ground; but live chiefly
in the trees; and by means of their wings they are enabled to leap ten
or twelve yards. Like the flying-fish, they do not flap their wings;
but extend them to the utmost, and the air underneath keeps them up.
They cannot skim upwards, but generally light on a tree lower than
that from which they spring.
These little animals are easily tamed; and love to creep into their
owner's sleeve for warmth.
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THE CREATION.
The European Flying Squirrel. This animal differs but little from
the kindred one of America. It is found principally in Siberia, Lap-
land, and the high northern regions; and feeds on the young branches
of the beech and pine.
The Dormouse. This little family sleep all the winter. When
they come out in the spring, they are full of life. They have two front
teeth and four grinders in each jaw.
The Common Dormouse. This pretty little animal is a little larger
than the common mouse, but more plump and rounded; its great dis-
tinctions are its full eyes and somewhat bushy tail.
The Jerboa. This animal approaches, on a diminutive scale, to
the kangaroo. They use their long hind legs in leaping like that
animal; and seldom go on all fours. They have two front teeth above
and two below.
The Siberian Jerboa. This little animal is found in the eastern
parts of Siberia, in Barbary, Syria, and some parts of Tartary. It is
about eight inches long, and the tail ten inches. There is one fact
connected with this animal which shows wonderful sagacity. They
have subterranean abodes, with one entrance; but then they work
up another road nearly to the surface; and when pursued in their
retreat, they make for their safety-valve, burst through the thin sur-
face covering, and so escape. The Arabs are very fond of them as food.
The Hare. The generic character of this tribe is as follows:--
two front teeth above and below, the upper pair duplicate; the fore-
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feet have five toes; the hinder four. The hare is a very timid animal;
and thus, to be " timid as a hare," is a common proverb.
The Common Hare. This little animal is known in all the kingdoms
of Europe; indeed, in all the northern parts of the world. It has no
weapons of defence; and therefore, as Mr. Bingley beautifully ob-
serves, it has been endowed by Providence to a high degree with the
sentiment of fear: he also most truly adds, "Dogs and foxes pursue
the animal by instinct; wild cats, weasels, and birds of prey devour
it; and man, far more powerful than all its other enemies, makes use
of every artifice to seize upon an animal which constitutes one of the
chief delicacies of his table; and even the poor defenceless animal is
made an object of amusement, in the chace. But wretchedly indeed
is man's reason and intellect perverted, when exercised in so cruel, so
unmanly a pursuit. " In India, the hare is also hunted for sport, not
only with dogs, but with hawks; but in India, beloved children, they
do not profess to be under the authority of that blessed word which
declares that the children of God are to be merciful, as their Father
in heaven is merciful. (Luke vi. 36. )
The Rabbit. This well-known animal is found in most parts of the
world, but abounds in England; and they are so prolific, that if they
had no enemies, a single pair, in four years, would produce, it is said,
a million--it seems incredible. The mother takes an especial care of
her young, and nurses them with great assiduity until they are able to
help themselves.
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? 308
THE CREATION.
The fur of the rabbit is useful for hats, and the flesh is delicate for
food.
The Coney, or Hyrax. This little animal abounds in the Holy-
Land and Arabia. Its front paws are very weak, so that it is unable
to burrow as the rabbit, but makes its home in the rocks. (Ps. civ. 18. )
Solomon, when speaking of the coney, says, " They are little upon
earth, but exceeding wise: (the margin reads "wise made wise:")
they are a feeble folk, yet make they their houses on the rock. "
(Prov. xxx. 24. ) There is great instruction to us in this scripture:
--The man that is wise builds his house upon a rock. (Matt. vi.
24--28. )
The Alpine Hare. This beautiful little creature is not more than
nine inches long; its fur is dusky at the roots, and bright bay at the
ends, and tipped with white. A fact of no common interest occurs in
the history of this animal, having man's welfare so visible in it, that
I will mention it:--Though they take refuge at times between the
rocks, yet, like the coney, they generally pitch their tents in the
crevices; and like the ant, they have the wisdom to provide for the
stormy time of winter; and to this I before alluded. Their plan is as
follows:--in autumn, they collect together vast heaps of their most
favourite herbs and grasses, and get them nicely dried; these they
place in some sheltered place, in ricks of six feet high, and four feet
in diameter, or through. If the animals employed in this labour are
few, then the ricks are smaller; they are quite conical on the top, like
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? LETTER XI.
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the bottom of a tea-cup turned upside down. To the sable hunter,
the spoil of these little ricks is invaluable. Thus, whichever way we
turn, my beloved children, the goodness of the Lord is manifest; for
" He opens his hand, and fills all things living with plenteousness. "
(Ps. cxlv. )
FIFTH ORDER. --PECORA.
EIGHT GENERA. --MANY SPECIES.
Comprising, principally, the Camel, the Llama, the Musk, the Stag, the Elk, the Cam-
elopard, the Antelope, the Goat, the Sheep, and the Ox.
The characteristics of this order are, that the animals have cutting
teeth in their under, but not in their upper jaw, and but five molar
teeth on each side in both.
The Camel. There are two varieties of this most useful animal,
both of which are invaluable to the Arab in his parched deserts, and
to the inhabitants of other tropical countries. The one is called the
camel, and has two hunches on his back; the other, the dromedary,
which has only one. The latter is by far the most numerous; the
former is scarce, except in Turkey and the Levant. The camel has a
small head, short ears, and a long bending neck. Its height, to the
top of the hunches, is about six feet and a half. It has a long tail, and
small hoofs; flat feet, divided above, and not beneath; on the legs
are six callosities; and besides the four stomachs, which all ruminating
animals have, it has a fifth storehouse, which is its reservoir for water.
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? 310
THE CREATION.
In every way the camel is beneficial to man; and if you look over
the whole family of the animal kingdom, not one could supply its
place: it is found in the very spot where it is needed. By means
of this docile creature, the trade of Turkey, Persia, and Arabia, is
principally carried on. But every part of it is useful: its milk, flesli,
hair, &c. , are all turned to advantage.
The Dromedary is seldom as large as the camel, or as strong; but
numbers amply make up the deficiency.
The Llama. This is the camel of the New World; but, like all the
other animals, it is much less than that of the Old. It is found, how-
ever, only in the mountains extending from New Spain to the Straits
of Magellan. In Peru it abounds. This invaluable animal is not
above four feet high; its colour, varied. Its precision of tread, in
ascending and descending dangerous precipices, with lOOlbs. weight on
its back, is marvellous. Its life appears limited to about twelve
years.
The Musk. This animal inhabits the kingdom of Thibet, Tonquin,
and Boutan. They delight in mountains. They are a timid animal,
and flee from man. In length they are about three feet. The
medicinal drug, which gives the name to this animal, is found in a
little bag in the belly of the male, about the size of a hen's egg.
The Brazilian, Indian, and Guinea Musks are all of this family:
the latter is not more than ten inches long.
The Camelopard. This beautiful and stately animal has partially
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? LETTER XI.
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the form of the camel, and the skin of the leopard; and thus its
name. It is rarely brought to Europe. In appearance it is like a
very tall animal sitting. Its height varies; but it has been seen
eighteen feet and more. It is found in the sequestered parts of
Africa. It feeds entirely on herbs.
The Moose Deer, or Elk. This animal cannot exist in temperate
climates, but delights in the cold of Norway, Russia, Siberia, and
Tartary : it is also found in America. One of its peculiarities is an
excrescence under the throat. The antlers also are of a great size.
The Rein Deer. When, but now, we were in the deserts of Arabia,
we found the camel just adapted for its place ; but how entirely it
would fail, if carried to the hyperborean regions, to fill the place of
the rein deer, and vice versa. The rein deer cannot be too highly
prized: take it from the Laplander, and his case would indeed be
dreadful. It supplies to him the place of the horse, cow, and sheep;
for it draws his sledge, affords him milk, gives him clothing, and even
the very tendons answer, when whole, for bow strings, and when split,
for threads. A Lapland man's riches consist, not in how many
thousand pounds he has in the stocks, but in how many head of deer
he has in his fold.
The Stag, or Red Deer. This animal, as well as the fallow deer,
was once well known in this country; and though much alike, the
varieties never associate with each other.
The stag is common to
almost all the northern parts of Europe.
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? 312
THE CREATION.
Like the rest of this family, the deer sheds its horns annually; and
thus we get that invaluable volatile spirit, called hartshorn, which
is procured from the shavings of the horn. The flesh of the stag
is esteemed above that of the fallow deer. They are very bold in
case of danger: there was an instance once, of a tiger cruelly let
into the same enclosure with a stag, but the latter made so stout a
resistance, that the tiger fled.
The Fallow Deer. This animal is now domesticated with us, and is
kept in the parks of the great. Their young are called fawns; and
the spots on their skins give them a beautiful appearance. The flesh
of the deer is called venison.
The Roebuck. This most beautiful little animal, the smallest of
this family known in England, once roamed through our woods, but is
now extinct in these kingdoms, except in the highlands of Scotland.
It is about three feet long, and two feet high. They have this
peculiarity: that they never herd together, except in domestic re-
lations. The roebuck is always faithful to its mate; and the family
live with them until they are old enough to go out into life, and
provide for themselves.
The Antelope or Gazelle. This singular animal is a kind of link
between the roebuck and the goat: like the goat, they never shed
their horns, and they have the form and motion of the roebuck.
The eyes are said to be very brilliant, and yet mild.
The Common Antelope. This animal is a native of Barbary, and is
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? LETTER XI.
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much like our fallow deer: its peculiarity is, that its horns are spirally
twisted, and encircled almost to the top with prominent rings. The
females are destitute of horns.
The White-footed Antelope. This beautiful species inhabits the
interior of Hindostan. Its horns are short, and project a little for-
ward. Its flesh is much esteemed in that country.
The Royal Antelope. This species is also called the Chevrotrin, and
is the smallest of all cloven-footed animals:--its height is about nine
inches, and length fourteen;--the shape is delicate beyond description,
like a beautiful stag in miniature. It is a native of Senegal, and the
hottest parts of Africa.
The Goat. This family is well known, and is a valuable animal
to us, especially on board ship, where it supplies, at least to a few,
milk for a long voyage. The goat is found in most parts of the world.
In several parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, goats are an invalu-
able boon to the poor. All parts of this animal are of use. The kids
are very playful. This was one of the animals used, by God's appoint-
ment, in sacrifice. Though goats are now met with in America, there
were none found there on its discovery.
The Ibex. This bold animal is found on the Alps and Pyrenees :
he has large knotted horns, sometimes three feet in length. If the
incautious hunter follow him to narrow places, he will turn round,
and endeavour to throw him off the precipice; and if he fails, he will
throw himself down an amazing height, and, falling on his horns,
P
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THE CREATION.
will escape unhurt. How wonderful this provision--how full of
mercy!
The Goat of Angora. This animal seems confined to the limited
space of a few hundred miles, about Angora and Congar, in Asiatic
Turkey. It is famous for its beautiful hair. The goatherds are
extremely careful of them, washing and combing their hair fre-
quently. This production is unrivalled, and of it is made our most
beautiful fabrics, &c.
The Moufflon. Some naturalists have supposed that this is the
original stock from whence all our present race of sheep have sprung;
but there is one great difficulty to this, as the covering of the moufflon
is hair, and that of sheep, wool. The horns of this animal are of
amazing length. It is a native of Greece, Sardinia, Corsica, and
some parts of Tartary.
The Sheep. Linnaeus enumerates three distinct species of this
invaluable animal:--the Ram, or common sheep, the Guinea Sheep, and
the Cretan Sheep; but as their general properties are the same, in
describing one, you describe all.
The Common Sheep. This animal, in its present state, is entirely
domesticated with us, and is of the utmost benefit, not only to us, but
to all the northern nations of Europe; for though cotton is admirably
adapted for the warmer regions of the south, yet, warm as it is com-
pared with linen, it is a poor substitute for the generous heat preserved
by wool. A few years since, an estimate was made of all the flocks
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? LETTER XI.
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of sheep in several of the European kingdoms, and the number reached
140,000,000 head; and they were subdivided as follows:--Great
Britain and Ireland, 44,000,000; France, 33,000,000; Prussia,
12,000,000; Austria, 11,000,000; Hungary, 8,000,000; Spain,
12,000,000; Provinces of Germany, 20,000,000.
The sheep is associated with the earliest history of the world; and
the first immediate sacrifice we read of was a lamb,--" Abel offered of
the firstlings of his flock. " Abel, of course, did this by direct revelation
from God-- he did it in faith : and as Jesus the Lord was the Lamb
slain before the foundation of the world, Abel, doubtless, saw his day
afar off, as Abraham did, and rejoiced, and was glad. But I will
enlarge on this in my next letter.
The sheep is an animal capable of the greatest affection. There is
a fact of great interest, mentioned by Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, in
support of this: he says, " the harder the times, the greater the kind-
ness of the eice to her young:" and he adds,--" Once I herded for two
years in a wild and bare farm, called ' Willinslee,' on the border of
Mid-Lothian; and of all the sheep I ever saw, these were the kindest
and most affectionate to their young. We had one very bad winter,
so that our sheep grew lean in the spring, and disease came in among
them, and carried off many;--often have I seen these victims, when
fallen down to rise no more, and even when unable to lift their heads
from the ground, holding up the leg to invite their starving lambs to
the miserable pittance that the udder could still supply. "
p2
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? 316 THE CREATION.
Now suppose, my dear children, you take a pen, and enumerate the
various qualities of the sheep; and begin with the wool;--I men-
tioned in the introduction of this letter, that so valuable an article was
wool considered to this nation, that, by some ancient* custom, the Lord
Chancellor's seat was made of wool;--after you have enumerated
the articles made of wool, think of the thousands and tens of thousands
of hands employed in its manufacture, from the costly cashmere of
the palace to the coarse worsted of the cottage, or from the delicate
German wool, softer than silk, to the rough horse cloth, harsh and
impervious to wet. I shall never forget the pleasure I had in Ireland,
when, after a good deal of perseverance, I saw some of my home-made
cloth spun and wove under my own eye. But pleasing as the flocks
are, we must pass on, and consider the next animal of such great
domestic comfort and blessing to us,
The Ox or Cow. The distinguishing character of this genus is,
eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, and none in the upper. Perhaps
of all the quadruped family, or, indeed, of all things living, the cow
is the most useful to man: though even this expression must be
* I have been endeavouring to ascertain the date of this for you, but have not
quite succeeded; though I think, in the absence of direct proof, the presumption
is, that it was in the reign of Edward III. ; for then these two things took place:
first, wool was especially encouraged, and statutes passed for its protection; and
second, in that reign the House of Lords was separated from the Commons, and
had meetings of its own peculiar order; and thus were constituted the two houses
of Parliament. But what may have been the date is not of so much importance;
the fact itself is of great interest.
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? LETTER XI.
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guarded; for the cow would make a poor substitute for the rein-deer
or camel; indeed, it would not exist in either of the two countries
where they abound; but to us in Europe the cow is an immense
blessing--of untold value. This animal is found in most of the
quarters of the globe; and in countries where the pastures abound,
it increases to an enormous size.
As the sheep seems to have been domesticated from the very earliest
times, so do cattle. Jabal, one of the descendants of Cain, was a
keeper of cattle: so, after the flood, we find them continually alluded
to. With the sheep and goat, they were the alone creatures offered
in sacrifice, excepting the turtle dove and pigeon.
The cow exhibits the most tender affection to her young; and
mourns its loss most bitterly; but after a little seems to forget it, and
yields her milk abundantly for man's benefit . I subjoin a little calcu-
lation that I know will interest you, showing the enormous quantity
of food they take, and which, by that wonderful mutation of nature,
goes largely to give us such stores of milk. --"A cow consumes, on
an average, one hundred pounds of green food in twenty-four hours.
This, for the hundred and eighty-five days she is grazing, is eighteen
thousand five hundred pounds. In winter, she consumes forty-five
pounds of root per day: or, for the remaining hundred and eighty
days of the year, eight thousand one hundred pounds: and in return
for this, if well fed, she yields two thousand quarts of milk. "--Allen's
Hints for Schools of Industry.
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? 318
THE CREATION.
Have you not frequently seen the ox ploughing? how patiently he
goes about it . Sometimes you see cruel men strike them over the
horns; but this is as unwise as it is barbarous. One well versed in
rural life strongly recommends that all violence and rough language
should be avoided. --" If the ox be ever so stubborn," he says, " there
should be no blows, no loud speaking, no scolding; but stop--pat
him, pat his companion, speak gently, and he will soon move on. "
How true this is; and not only with animals, but with man. My
dear children, you may one day have others under you : learn thus,
then, the way to get, and the way to keep authority is, "to do to
others as ye would they should do to you;" let there be nothing over-
bearing, nothing angry, no threatening; and you will get an
obedience of love, and not of fear.
The Bison. This singular animal is evidently of the Ox family.
Its chief peculiarity is the lump between its shoulders : it also has a
long shaggy mane, and a beard, and a very fierce and fiery eye. It is
found in most of the warm latitudes. This animal, though so furious,
is capable of being tamed and domesticated, and then it is said to be
even milder than the cow itself. The Hottentots train it to war.
The American Bison. This animal varies little from the former:
the skin is covered with a dark wool, which is much esteemed. Its
marked peculiarity is, the long hair, springing between the horns,
hanging over the eyes, which gives it a very formidable appearance.
The Buffalo. This animal and the ox are very much alike, yet they
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? LETTER XI.
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have a rooted aversion to each other, and are evidently different
species. It is found in Europe, and said to have been introduced into
Italy in the year 600. They also abound in America. Mr. Catlin,
in his animating and affecting picture of the North American Indians,
gives a striking description of this family, which I subjoin in a
note. *
SIXTH ORDER-BELLUjE.
THREE GENERA. --FEW SPECIES.
The distinguishing characteristics of this order are, that the fore
teeth are obtusely truncated, the feet hoofed, and the food vegetable;
comprising the Horse, the Ass, the Zebra, the Wild Boar, the
domestic Hog, and the Hippopotamus, t
The Horse. Of all the quadruped family, the horse may be reckoned
to reach the highest point of symmetry and proportion; and, when
kindly treated, may be brought to the greatest state of docility. The
value of this animal was very early known. We find them in the
armies of Pharaoh, when he pursued the children of Israel, and in
many other parts of Scripture they are continually alluded to; but of
all the parts of the world where they are in perfection, Arabia is pre-
eminent, so that the word Arabian and beautiful horse are almost
synonymous. How grievous to see this noble animal treated some-
? See Appendix,
t This animal we considered as part of the fifth day's creation.
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? 320
THE CREATION.
times so barbarously. I do not know what would be done in Arabia
to some of our countrymen, if the natives saw them ill-treat their horses
as they do. There, the horse is made almost one of the family. You
remember that anecdote in your book of British Quadrupeds:--" In
the time of Louis XIV. , King of France, the French Consul in one
part of Arabia offered to purchase a very beautiful mare of a poor
Arab. He was almost naked, and his wife and children starving; and
after a great deal of trouble, he consented to the purchase for a sum
that would have made him independent for life. He brought the
mare to the dwelling of the Consul, dismounted, and stood leaning
upon her. The gold, her purchase, was put before him; he first
looked at it, then at the favourite;--he sighed and wept:--' To whom,'
said he, * am I going to yield thee up ? To Europeans, who will tie
thee close; who will beat thee; who will render thee miserable; return
with me, my beauty, my jewel, and rejoice the hearts of my children. '
Saying this, he sprang on her back, and was out of sight in a
moment. "
I have before remarked, that the horse, if treated kindly, will do
anything: abundant facts confirm this statement. I will only mention
one:--Sharon Turner, in his book on Creation, in one of his valuable
notes, says, " An experienced cavalry officer once told me, that he did
not fear the most vicious horse, and would soon cure it. I asked him
his means.
hardly to know how to contain its joy: but when summer comes, it
rarely shows itself. The nest of the squirrel manifests great inge-
nuity. Like most other animals in northern climates, they change
colour in the winter.
The Grey Squirrel. This animal is larger than the former; and the
fur is very beautiful. They are very fickle about their residence--
one year there may be tens and hundreds of thousands, and even more
than that, in the woods of a particular district; and the next year, not
one. Their mode of travelling by water is very curious. --When it
becomes necessary to cross a river or lake, they drag a piece of pine
to the water's edge; and then many of them together launch it, and
each one holds up its tail as a sail to the great vessel. If they have a
fair wind, they make a good voyage; but if the breeze is foul, or
increases, these little adventurous voyagers are wrecked; and the
Laplander, on whose shores they are washed, has a rich prize in their
skins. These animals also abound in the New World; and where
maize grows, of which they are immoderately fond, colonies of them
will destroy whole plantations. A price is therefore often put on
their heads; and in some years nearly a million have been taken.
The account given by Mr. Bingley, in his Animal Biography,
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is of great interest: indeed, there is a fund of information in those
volumes; and in forming this summary, I am greatly indebted to him.
The Black Squirrel. This family is nearly allied to the grey, in
everything but colour. Some have said, that none of this, nor any
other tribe of Squirrels, swim; but this is now quite disproved: short
distances they easily accomplish. When they migrate in large
numbers it is a sure sign of a severe winter,.
The Striped Squirrel. This animal is a native of America. Its tail
is long; but not bushy. It lives in caverns, like the marmot; but,
like all others of this family, is a terrible enemy to the farmer. The
Chinese purchase the skins of this animal in numbers.
The American Flying Squirrel. This animal, which is a native of
most parts of North America, has large black eyes, naked ears, and a
hairy membrane extending nearly round the whole body. On the
fore legs, it adheres as far as the toe>>; and on the hind leg it extends
to the ancles.
This beautiful little family seldom visit the ground; but live chiefly
in the trees; and by means of their wings they are enabled to leap ten
or twelve yards. Like the flying-fish, they do not flap their wings;
but extend them to the utmost, and the air underneath keeps them up.
They cannot skim upwards, but generally light on a tree lower than
that from which they spring.
These little animals are easily tamed; and love to creep into their
owner's sleeve for warmth.
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THE CREATION.
The European Flying Squirrel. This animal differs but little from
the kindred one of America. It is found principally in Siberia, Lap-
land, and the high northern regions; and feeds on the young branches
of the beech and pine.
The Dormouse. This little family sleep all the winter. When
they come out in the spring, they are full of life. They have two front
teeth and four grinders in each jaw.
The Common Dormouse. This pretty little animal is a little larger
than the common mouse, but more plump and rounded; its great dis-
tinctions are its full eyes and somewhat bushy tail.
The Jerboa. This animal approaches, on a diminutive scale, to
the kangaroo. They use their long hind legs in leaping like that
animal; and seldom go on all fours. They have two front teeth above
and two below.
The Siberian Jerboa. This little animal is found in the eastern
parts of Siberia, in Barbary, Syria, and some parts of Tartary. It is
about eight inches long, and the tail ten inches. There is one fact
connected with this animal which shows wonderful sagacity. They
have subterranean abodes, with one entrance; but then they work
up another road nearly to the surface; and when pursued in their
retreat, they make for their safety-valve, burst through the thin sur-
face covering, and so escape. The Arabs are very fond of them as food.
The Hare. The generic character of this tribe is as follows:--
two front teeth above and below, the upper pair duplicate; the fore-
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feet have five toes; the hinder four. The hare is a very timid animal;
and thus, to be " timid as a hare," is a common proverb.
The Common Hare. This little animal is known in all the kingdoms
of Europe; indeed, in all the northern parts of the world. It has no
weapons of defence; and therefore, as Mr. Bingley beautifully ob-
serves, it has been endowed by Providence to a high degree with the
sentiment of fear: he also most truly adds, "Dogs and foxes pursue
the animal by instinct; wild cats, weasels, and birds of prey devour
it; and man, far more powerful than all its other enemies, makes use
of every artifice to seize upon an animal which constitutes one of the
chief delicacies of his table; and even the poor defenceless animal is
made an object of amusement, in the chace. But wretchedly indeed
is man's reason and intellect perverted, when exercised in so cruel, so
unmanly a pursuit. " In India, the hare is also hunted for sport, not
only with dogs, but with hawks; but in India, beloved children, they
do not profess to be under the authority of that blessed word which
declares that the children of God are to be merciful, as their Father
in heaven is merciful. (Luke vi. 36. )
The Rabbit. This well-known animal is found in most parts of the
world, but abounds in England; and they are so prolific, that if they
had no enemies, a single pair, in four years, would produce, it is said,
a million--it seems incredible. The mother takes an especial care of
her young, and nurses them with great assiduity until they are able to
help themselves.
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? 308
THE CREATION.
The fur of the rabbit is useful for hats, and the flesh is delicate for
food.
The Coney, or Hyrax. This little animal abounds in the Holy-
Land and Arabia. Its front paws are very weak, so that it is unable
to burrow as the rabbit, but makes its home in the rocks. (Ps. civ. 18. )
Solomon, when speaking of the coney, says, " They are little upon
earth, but exceeding wise: (the margin reads "wise made wise:")
they are a feeble folk, yet make they their houses on the rock. "
(Prov. xxx. 24. ) There is great instruction to us in this scripture:
--The man that is wise builds his house upon a rock. (Matt. vi.
24--28. )
The Alpine Hare. This beautiful little creature is not more than
nine inches long; its fur is dusky at the roots, and bright bay at the
ends, and tipped with white. A fact of no common interest occurs in
the history of this animal, having man's welfare so visible in it, that
I will mention it:--Though they take refuge at times between the
rocks, yet, like the coney, they generally pitch their tents in the
crevices; and like the ant, they have the wisdom to provide for the
stormy time of winter; and to this I before alluded. Their plan is as
follows:--in autumn, they collect together vast heaps of their most
favourite herbs and grasses, and get them nicely dried; these they
place in some sheltered place, in ricks of six feet high, and four feet
in diameter, or through. If the animals employed in this labour are
few, then the ricks are smaller; they are quite conical on the top, like
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? LETTER XI.
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the bottom of a tea-cup turned upside down. To the sable hunter,
the spoil of these little ricks is invaluable. Thus, whichever way we
turn, my beloved children, the goodness of the Lord is manifest; for
" He opens his hand, and fills all things living with plenteousness. "
(Ps. cxlv. )
FIFTH ORDER. --PECORA.
EIGHT GENERA. --MANY SPECIES.
Comprising, principally, the Camel, the Llama, the Musk, the Stag, the Elk, the Cam-
elopard, the Antelope, the Goat, the Sheep, and the Ox.
The characteristics of this order are, that the animals have cutting
teeth in their under, but not in their upper jaw, and but five molar
teeth on each side in both.
The Camel. There are two varieties of this most useful animal,
both of which are invaluable to the Arab in his parched deserts, and
to the inhabitants of other tropical countries. The one is called the
camel, and has two hunches on his back; the other, the dromedary,
which has only one. The latter is by far the most numerous; the
former is scarce, except in Turkey and the Levant. The camel has a
small head, short ears, and a long bending neck. Its height, to the
top of the hunches, is about six feet and a half. It has a long tail, and
small hoofs; flat feet, divided above, and not beneath; on the legs
are six callosities; and besides the four stomachs, which all ruminating
animals have, it has a fifth storehouse, which is its reservoir for water.
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? 310
THE CREATION.
In every way the camel is beneficial to man; and if you look over
the whole family of the animal kingdom, not one could supply its
place: it is found in the very spot where it is needed. By means
of this docile creature, the trade of Turkey, Persia, and Arabia, is
principally carried on. But every part of it is useful: its milk, flesli,
hair, &c. , are all turned to advantage.
The Dromedary is seldom as large as the camel, or as strong; but
numbers amply make up the deficiency.
The Llama. This is the camel of the New World; but, like all the
other animals, it is much less than that of the Old. It is found, how-
ever, only in the mountains extending from New Spain to the Straits
of Magellan. In Peru it abounds. This invaluable animal is not
above four feet high; its colour, varied. Its precision of tread, in
ascending and descending dangerous precipices, with lOOlbs. weight on
its back, is marvellous. Its life appears limited to about twelve
years.
The Musk. This animal inhabits the kingdom of Thibet, Tonquin,
and Boutan. They delight in mountains. They are a timid animal,
and flee from man. In length they are about three feet. The
medicinal drug, which gives the name to this animal, is found in a
little bag in the belly of the male, about the size of a hen's egg.
The Brazilian, Indian, and Guinea Musks are all of this family:
the latter is not more than ten inches long.
The Camelopard. This beautiful and stately animal has partially
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? LETTER XI.
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the form of the camel, and the skin of the leopard; and thus its
name. It is rarely brought to Europe. In appearance it is like a
very tall animal sitting. Its height varies; but it has been seen
eighteen feet and more. It is found in the sequestered parts of
Africa. It feeds entirely on herbs.
The Moose Deer, or Elk. This animal cannot exist in temperate
climates, but delights in the cold of Norway, Russia, Siberia, and
Tartary : it is also found in America. One of its peculiarities is an
excrescence under the throat. The antlers also are of a great size.
The Rein Deer. When, but now, we were in the deserts of Arabia,
we found the camel just adapted for its place ; but how entirely it
would fail, if carried to the hyperborean regions, to fill the place of
the rein deer, and vice versa. The rein deer cannot be too highly
prized: take it from the Laplander, and his case would indeed be
dreadful. It supplies to him the place of the horse, cow, and sheep;
for it draws his sledge, affords him milk, gives him clothing, and even
the very tendons answer, when whole, for bow strings, and when split,
for threads. A Lapland man's riches consist, not in how many
thousand pounds he has in the stocks, but in how many head of deer
he has in his fold.
The Stag, or Red Deer. This animal, as well as the fallow deer,
was once well known in this country; and though much alike, the
varieties never associate with each other.
The stag is common to
almost all the northern parts of Europe.
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? 312
THE CREATION.
Like the rest of this family, the deer sheds its horns annually; and
thus we get that invaluable volatile spirit, called hartshorn, which
is procured from the shavings of the horn. The flesh of the stag
is esteemed above that of the fallow deer. They are very bold in
case of danger: there was an instance once, of a tiger cruelly let
into the same enclosure with a stag, but the latter made so stout a
resistance, that the tiger fled.
The Fallow Deer. This animal is now domesticated with us, and is
kept in the parks of the great. Their young are called fawns; and
the spots on their skins give them a beautiful appearance. The flesh
of the deer is called venison.
The Roebuck. This most beautiful little animal, the smallest of
this family known in England, once roamed through our woods, but is
now extinct in these kingdoms, except in the highlands of Scotland.
It is about three feet long, and two feet high. They have this
peculiarity: that they never herd together, except in domestic re-
lations. The roebuck is always faithful to its mate; and the family
live with them until they are old enough to go out into life, and
provide for themselves.
The Antelope or Gazelle. This singular animal is a kind of link
between the roebuck and the goat: like the goat, they never shed
their horns, and they have the form and motion of the roebuck.
The eyes are said to be very brilliant, and yet mild.
The Common Antelope. This animal is a native of Barbary, and is
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? LETTER XI.
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much like our fallow deer: its peculiarity is, that its horns are spirally
twisted, and encircled almost to the top with prominent rings. The
females are destitute of horns.
The White-footed Antelope. This beautiful species inhabits the
interior of Hindostan. Its horns are short, and project a little for-
ward. Its flesh is much esteemed in that country.
The Royal Antelope. This species is also called the Chevrotrin, and
is the smallest of all cloven-footed animals:--its height is about nine
inches, and length fourteen;--the shape is delicate beyond description,
like a beautiful stag in miniature. It is a native of Senegal, and the
hottest parts of Africa.
The Goat. This family is well known, and is a valuable animal
to us, especially on board ship, where it supplies, at least to a few,
milk for a long voyage. The goat is found in most parts of the world.
In several parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, goats are an invalu-
able boon to the poor. All parts of this animal are of use. The kids
are very playful. This was one of the animals used, by God's appoint-
ment, in sacrifice. Though goats are now met with in America, there
were none found there on its discovery.
The Ibex. This bold animal is found on the Alps and Pyrenees :
he has large knotted horns, sometimes three feet in length. If the
incautious hunter follow him to narrow places, he will turn round,
and endeavour to throw him off the precipice; and if he fails, he will
throw himself down an amazing height, and, falling on his horns,
P
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? 314
THE CREATION.
will escape unhurt. How wonderful this provision--how full of
mercy!
The Goat of Angora. This animal seems confined to the limited
space of a few hundred miles, about Angora and Congar, in Asiatic
Turkey. It is famous for its beautiful hair. The goatherds are
extremely careful of them, washing and combing their hair fre-
quently. This production is unrivalled, and of it is made our most
beautiful fabrics, &c.
The Moufflon. Some naturalists have supposed that this is the
original stock from whence all our present race of sheep have sprung;
but there is one great difficulty to this, as the covering of the moufflon
is hair, and that of sheep, wool. The horns of this animal are of
amazing length. It is a native of Greece, Sardinia, Corsica, and
some parts of Tartary.
The Sheep. Linnaeus enumerates three distinct species of this
invaluable animal:--the Ram, or common sheep, the Guinea Sheep, and
the Cretan Sheep; but as their general properties are the same, in
describing one, you describe all.
The Common Sheep. This animal, in its present state, is entirely
domesticated with us, and is of the utmost benefit, not only to us, but
to all the northern nations of Europe; for though cotton is admirably
adapted for the warmer regions of the south, yet, warm as it is com-
pared with linen, it is a poor substitute for the generous heat preserved
by wool. A few years since, an estimate was made of all the flocks
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? LETTER XI.
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of sheep in several of the European kingdoms, and the number reached
140,000,000 head; and they were subdivided as follows:--Great
Britain and Ireland, 44,000,000; France, 33,000,000; Prussia,
12,000,000; Austria, 11,000,000; Hungary, 8,000,000; Spain,
12,000,000; Provinces of Germany, 20,000,000.
The sheep is associated with the earliest history of the world; and
the first immediate sacrifice we read of was a lamb,--" Abel offered of
the firstlings of his flock. " Abel, of course, did this by direct revelation
from God-- he did it in faith : and as Jesus the Lord was the Lamb
slain before the foundation of the world, Abel, doubtless, saw his day
afar off, as Abraham did, and rejoiced, and was glad. But I will
enlarge on this in my next letter.
The sheep is an animal capable of the greatest affection. There is
a fact of great interest, mentioned by Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, in
support of this: he says, " the harder the times, the greater the kind-
ness of the eice to her young:" and he adds,--" Once I herded for two
years in a wild and bare farm, called ' Willinslee,' on the border of
Mid-Lothian; and of all the sheep I ever saw, these were the kindest
and most affectionate to their young. We had one very bad winter,
so that our sheep grew lean in the spring, and disease came in among
them, and carried off many;--often have I seen these victims, when
fallen down to rise no more, and even when unable to lift their heads
from the ground, holding up the leg to invite their starving lambs to
the miserable pittance that the udder could still supply. "
p2
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? 316 THE CREATION.
Now suppose, my dear children, you take a pen, and enumerate the
various qualities of the sheep; and begin with the wool;--I men-
tioned in the introduction of this letter, that so valuable an article was
wool considered to this nation, that, by some ancient* custom, the Lord
Chancellor's seat was made of wool;--after you have enumerated
the articles made of wool, think of the thousands and tens of thousands
of hands employed in its manufacture, from the costly cashmere of
the palace to the coarse worsted of the cottage, or from the delicate
German wool, softer than silk, to the rough horse cloth, harsh and
impervious to wet. I shall never forget the pleasure I had in Ireland,
when, after a good deal of perseverance, I saw some of my home-made
cloth spun and wove under my own eye. But pleasing as the flocks
are, we must pass on, and consider the next animal of such great
domestic comfort and blessing to us,
The Ox or Cow. The distinguishing character of this genus is,
eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, and none in the upper. Perhaps
of all the quadruped family, or, indeed, of all things living, the cow
is the most useful to man: though even this expression must be
* I have been endeavouring to ascertain the date of this for you, but have not
quite succeeded; though I think, in the absence of direct proof, the presumption
is, that it was in the reign of Edward III. ; for then these two things took place:
first, wool was especially encouraged, and statutes passed for its protection; and
second, in that reign the House of Lords was separated from the Commons, and
had meetings of its own peculiar order; and thus were constituted the two houses
of Parliament. But what may have been the date is not of so much importance;
the fact itself is of great interest.
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? LETTER XI.
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guarded; for the cow would make a poor substitute for the rein-deer
or camel; indeed, it would not exist in either of the two countries
where they abound; but to us in Europe the cow is an immense
blessing--of untold value. This animal is found in most of the
quarters of the globe; and in countries where the pastures abound,
it increases to an enormous size.
As the sheep seems to have been domesticated from the very earliest
times, so do cattle. Jabal, one of the descendants of Cain, was a
keeper of cattle: so, after the flood, we find them continually alluded
to. With the sheep and goat, they were the alone creatures offered
in sacrifice, excepting the turtle dove and pigeon.
The cow exhibits the most tender affection to her young; and
mourns its loss most bitterly; but after a little seems to forget it, and
yields her milk abundantly for man's benefit . I subjoin a little calcu-
lation that I know will interest you, showing the enormous quantity
of food they take, and which, by that wonderful mutation of nature,
goes largely to give us such stores of milk. --"A cow consumes, on
an average, one hundred pounds of green food in twenty-four hours.
This, for the hundred and eighty-five days she is grazing, is eighteen
thousand five hundred pounds. In winter, she consumes forty-five
pounds of root per day: or, for the remaining hundred and eighty
days of the year, eight thousand one hundred pounds: and in return
for this, if well fed, she yields two thousand quarts of milk. "--Allen's
Hints for Schools of Industry.
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? 318
THE CREATION.
Have you not frequently seen the ox ploughing? how patiently he
goes about it . Sometimes you see cruel men strike them over the
horns; but this is as unwise as it is barbarous. One well versed in
rural life strongly recommends that all violence and rough language
should be avoided. --" If the ox be ever so stubborn," he says, " there
should be no blows, no loud speaking, no scolding; but stop--pat
him, pat his companion, speak gently, and he will soon move on. "
How true this is; and not only with animals, but with man. My
dear children, you may one day have others under you : learn thus,
then, the way to get, and the way to keep authority is, "to do to
others as ye would they should do to you;" let there be nothing over-
bearing, nothing angry, no threatening; and you will get an
obedience of love, and not of fear.
The Bison. This singular animal is evidently of the Ox family.
Its chief peculiarity is the lump between its shoulders : it also has a
long shaggy mane, and a beard, and a very fierce and fiery eye. It is
found in most of the warm latitudes. This animal, though so furious,
is capable of being tamed and domesticated, and then it is said to be
even milder than the cow itself. The Hottentots train it to war.
The American Bison. This animal varies little from the former:
the skin is covered with a dark wool, which is much esteemed. Its
marked peculiarity is, the long hair, springing between the horns,
hanging over the eyes, which gives it a very formidable appearance.
The Buffalo. This animal and the ox are very much alike, yet they
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? LETTER XI.
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have a rooted aversion to each other, and are evidently different
species. It is found in Europe, and said to have been introduced into
Italy in the year 600. They also abound in America. Mr. Catlin,
in his animating and affecting picture of the North American Indians,
gives a striking description of this family, which I subjoin in a
note. *
SIXTH ORDER-BELLUjE.
THREE GENERA. --FEW SPECIES.
The distinguishing characteristics of this order are, that the fore
teeth are obtusely truncated, the feet hoofed, and the food vegetable;
comprising the Horse, the Ass, the Zebra, the Wild Boar, the
domestic Hog, and the Hippopotamus, t
The Horse. Of all the quadruped family, the horse may be reckoned
to reach the highest point of symmetry and proportion; and, when
kindly treated, may be brought to the greatest state of docility. The
value of this animal was very early known. We find them in the
armies of Pharaoh, when he pursued the children of Israel, and in
many other parts of Scripture they are continually alluded to; but of
all the parts of the world where they are in perfection, Arabia is pre-
eminent, so that the word Arabian and beautiful horse are almost
synonymous. How grievous to see this noble animal treated some-
? See Appendix,
t This animal we considered as part of the fifth day's creation.
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? 320
THE CREATION.
times so barbarously. I do not know what would be done in Arabia
to some of our countrymen, if the natives saw them ill-treat their horses
as they do. There, the horse is made almost one of the family. You
remember that anecdote in your book of British Quadrupeds:--" In
the time of Louis XIV. , King of France, the French Consul in one
part of Arabia offered to purchase a very beautiful mare of a poor
Arab. He was almost naked, and his wife and children starving; and
after a great deal of trouble, he consented to the purchase for a sum
that would have made him independent for life. He brought the
mare to the dwelling of the Consul, dismounted, and stood leaning
upon her. The gold, her purchase, was put before him; he first
looked at it, then at the favourite;--he sighed and wept:--' To whom,'
said he, * am I going to yield thee up ? To Europeans, who will tie
thee close; who will beat thee; who will render thee miserable; return
with me, my beauty, my jewel, and rejoice the hearts of my children. '
Saying this, he sprang on her back, and was out of sight in a
moment. "
I have before remarked, that the horse, if treated kindly, will do
anything: abundant facts confirm this statement. I will only mention
one:--Sharon Turner, in his book on Creation, in one of his valuable
notes, says, " An experienced cavalry officer once told me, that he did
not fear the most vicious horse, and would soon cure it. I asked him
his means.
