The oration delivered on
this occasion is still extant.
this occasion is still extant.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Compare Piin.
, 19, 1.
) Their cities were,
Civitas Morinorum, now Terouenne; and Castellum
Monnorum, now Montcasscl. (Cas. , B. G , 4, 21. )
Mokpheus (two syllables), the God of Sleep, and
also of dreams, and hence his name from the various
forms (papyri, ? 'form," "figure") to which he gives be-
ing in the imagination of the dreamer. Thus Ovid
(Met. , 11, 634) styles him "artificem, simulatoremquc
figura. " (Compare Gicrig, ad loc. ) Morpheus is
sometimes represented as a man advanced in years,
with two large wings on his shoulders, and two small-
er ones attached to his head. This is the more com-
mon way of representing him. ( Winckelmann, Werke,
vol. 2, p. 555. ) In the Museum Pio-Clemcnlinum, he
is sculptured in relief on a cippus, as a boy, treading
lightly on tiptoe: on his head he has two wings; in
his righ'. hand a horn, from which he appears to be
pouring something; in his left a poppy-stalk with
three poppy-heads. On a relief in the Villa Borghese,
the god of dreams is again represented as a boy with
wings, and holding the poppy-stalk, but without any
born. (Winckelmann, vol. 2, p. 713. )
Mors, one of the deities of the lower world, born
of Night without a sire. Nothing is particularly known
relative to the manner in which she was worshipped.
"The figures of Mors or Death," says Spence, " are
very uncommon, as indeed those of the evil and hurt-
ful beings generally are. They were banished from all
medals; on seals and rings they were probably con-
sidered as bad omens, and were, perhaps, never used.
? --Among the very few figures of Mors I hsve ever
? let with, that in the Florentine gallery is, I think, the
? ? most remarkable: it is a little figure in brass, of a
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? MOSCHUS,.
we single evidence of fnaidonius the Stoic, who lived
so many ages after the time of Moschus, to whom also
Cicero allows little credit, and of whose authority even
Strabo and Sextus Empiricus, who refer to him, inti-
-nate some suspicion, is too feeble to support the whole
. \iight of this opinion. But the circumstance which
moat of all invalidatea it is, that the method of philos-
ophizing by hypothesis or system, which was followed
by the Greek philosophers, was inconsistent with the
genius and character of the Barbaric philosophy, which
consisted in simple assertion, and relied entirely upon
traditional authority. The argument drawn from the
history and doctrines of Pythagoras is fully refuted,
by showing that this' part of the history of Pythagoras
has been involved in obscurity by the later Platonists,
and that neither the doctrine of Monads, nor any of
those systems which are said to have been derived from
Moschus, are the same with the Atomic doctrine of
Epicurus. We may therefore safely conclude, that,
whatever credit the corpuscular system may derive
from other sources, it has no claims to he considered
as the ancient doctrine of the Phoenicians. (Enfield's
History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 75. )--II. A Greek
pastoral poet, whoso era is not clearly ascertained.
Suidas (*. v. Mdagor) states positively that Moschus
was the friend or disciple of Aristarchus (for the word
yvupi/ioc, which he employs, may have either significa-
tion). If this be correct, the poet ought to have flour-
ished about the I56th Olympiad (B. C. 156). This
position, however, is very probably erroneous, since
Suidas is here in contradiction with a passage of Mos-
chus himself (Epitaph. Bion. , v. 102), in which the
aoet speaks of Theocritus as a contemporary. Now
Theocritus flourished B. C. 27U. --Moschus is said to
2uve been a native of Syracuse, though he spent the
greater part of his days at Alexandrea. He was the
trend, ai. l, according to some, the dsciple of Bion.
Wo have four idyls from him, and sonic other smaller
pieces. 1. 'Epoc SpaittTnc (" Cupid, a run-away"), a
poem of twenty-nine verses. Venus offers a reward
to any one who will bring him back to her; and draws
a picture of the young deity, so that no ono may inis-
tuko him. --3. 'Evouir? (" Euro/m"). The subject of
this poem, which consists of 101 verses, is the carry-
ing off of Europa from Phoenicia to Crete. It is a very
graceful and charming piece, and would be worthy of the
liest age of Grecian literature, were not the introduc-
tion rather too long. --'EkituQioc Biuvoc (" Elegy on
Bion"), a piece of 133 verses. The poet represents
all nature as mourning the death of Bion. It is a very
elegant production; but overloaded with imagery, and
open to the charge of what Valckenaer calls "elcgan-
tusimam luxuriem. "--4. Meydpa, yxivii 'HpanXiovc
(" Mcgara, spouse of Hercules"), a fragment, contain-
ing 125 verses. It is this fragment which some crit-
ics have sought to assign to Pisander, and others to
Panyasis. We have in it a dialogue between the
mother and the wife of Hercules. The Bcene is laid
at Tiryns, and the hero is supposed to be absent at
the time, accomplishing one of the labours imposed upon
him by Eurystheus. The two females deplore their
own bard lot and that of Hercules. This piece con-
tains less imagery and ornament than the other re-
mains which we possess cf Moschus. It is marked
by a simplicity of manner which recalls to mind the
ancient epopee, and is distinguished by tiaits of gen-
uine feeling. --"Moschus," observes Elton, "seems
to have token Bion for his model, and resembles him
? ? ni his turn for apologues, his delicate amenity of style,
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? MUM
MUlt
l, 91 - Diod. Sic, 4, 81. --Id. , 6 71. ) Almost ev-
ery volcanic situation, however, in tie ancient world,
seems to have had tins honour in s-jccession conferred
upon it. (Compare Bcrket, ad Sleph. Byz. , s. v.
tiaXXr/viy. )
Mo:-vn. *:i-i, a people t' Pontua in Asia Minor, on
the coast near Cerasus. (Xen. , Anab. , 5, 4, 2. ) The
10,>>il(l Greeks 'passed through their country in their
retieat. The name is one given them by the Greeks,
from Cie circumstance of their dwelling in wooden
tnccri cr forts (uoacvv, a wooden tower, and olntu, " to
itecll. '--Sturz, Lex. Xen. , vol. 3, p. 175. --Compare
JpolJ. Jihod. , 2, 1018. --Schneider, ad Xen. , I. c. ).
MiLeiHBR. a surname of Vulcan, from the verb
-oilceo, "to soften," and alluding to the softening in-
dtiencc of fire upon metals. (Aul. Gell. , 13, 22. --
Hacroh. , Sat. , 1, 12. -- Ovid, Jtfei, 2, 6. )
MuLiJcHt, a river of Alrica, the same, according to
ne common account, with the Molochath and Malva,
*nd which separated Mauritania from Nuinidia in the
lime of Hocchus, king of the former country. Hama-
<er, however (Miscellanea Phoenicia, p. 240, seuq. ),
lisputes the correctness of this, and makes distinct
rivers of the Molochath, Malva, and Mulucha. Ac-
cording to this writer, the Molochath was the bounda-
ry between the two countries above mentioned in the
lime of Bocchar (Liv. , 29, 30); at a subsequent pe-
riod. Mauritania was extended to the river Mulucha,
. li thi days of Bocchus: under Bogud, the sou of
Bacchus, it was farther extended to the Ampsagas ,
be* afterward, under Juba, was circumscribed by the
Nasava ? und finally, under the Emperor Claudius, the
Ampsagas wis again made the eastern limit, and
Mauritania, thus enlarged, was divided by that em-
peror into two provinces, which the third river, the
Malva, separated. (Hamaker, I. c. ) According to
the same Oriental scholar, the names Mulucha and
Molochath both signify "sail;" while Malva has the
meaning of "full," and indicates a large and copious
stream (Hamaker, p. 245. --Compare Gescnius,
Phan. Monument. , p. 425. )
MrjLTius Pons. Vid. Milvius Pons.
Mummiur, I. Lucius, a Roman of plebeian origin.
Having been sent (B. C. 153) into Farther Spain as
praetor, he experienced at first a considerable check;
but not long after retrieved his credit, and gained sev-
eral advantages, which, though not very decisive, yet
obtained for him the honours of a triumph. (Appian,
Bell. Hisp , 56 --Schwcigh. , ad loc. ) Having beon
elected consul B C. 146, and charged with the con
tinuance of the war against the Achxan league, he
received the command of the forces . from Metellus,
encamped under the walla of Corinth, and defeated
the enemy in a pitched battle. This victory put him
in possession of the city, which was plundered and
burned by his troops. The finest works of art be-
came the prey of the conquerors, and were either de-
itroyed in the conflagration or sent oil" to Rome. It
. s said that Muminius, in the true spirit of a rude and
unlettered soldier, made it an express condition with
those who had contracted to convey, on this occasion,
some ol the choicest works of art to Rome, that if
they lost any they must replace them by new ones!
(''si eas pcnlidissent, novas esse reddituros"--Veil.
I'atcrc. , I, 13). On his return, Mummius was hon-
tnred with another triumph, and obtained the surname
of Acha'icus. He was elected consul a second time,
? ? B. C. 141, during which year the Capitol was gilded.
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? MUS
MOS
? nolo port, is smaller than that of the Piraus. The
direction of the port is from south to north. If the
harbour once contained four hundred ships, each ves-
sel must have been a wherry. " (Vol. 1, p. 301, Am.
ed. ) See more on this subject in the remarks on the
articles Phalerus and Piraeus.
Mi-r^ena, I. L. Licinius, a Roman commander.
He had charge of Sylla's left wing in tho battle with
Arcbelaus, near Chzronea, and contributed powerfully
to the victory which Sylla gained on that occasion.
After the Utter had concluded a treaty of peace with
Mithradates, he left Murena in command of the Ro-
man forces in Asia, who, not long after, broke the
treaty and invaded Cappadocia, plundering tho treas-
ures of the temple at Comana. Mithradates, how-
ever, met and defeated him on the banks of the Halys.
Vii. Mithradates VI. )--II. The son of the prece-
ding, a consul, and colleague of D. Silanus, was ac-
? used by Scrvius Sulpicius and Cato of having been
guilty of bribery in suing for tho consulship, and was
ably defended by Cicero.
The oration delivered on
this occasion is still extant. Munena was acquitted.
Mursa, a city of Pannonia Inferior, on the Dravus,
a short distance to the west of its junction with the
Danube. It was founded by Hadrian, and in its vi-
cinity Magnentius was defeated by Conslamius. It
corresponds to the modem Essrk, the capital of Scla-
vonic. (Slcph. Byz. , p. 472. --Plol. )
Mortia or Murcia, a surname given to Venus by
the Romans. The more popular orthography with
the ancient writers was Myrtia, from myrtus, "the
myrtle," and various reasons are assigned for this
etymology. (Scrv. ad Eclog. , 7, 62. -- Ovid, Font. ,
4, 141. -- Srrv. ad Georg. , 2, 64. ) The other form
of the name, Murcia, is explained as follows by St.
Augustine (de Civ. Dei, 4, 16): "Dea Murcia, qua
prater modum non moverctur, ac faceret hominem, <<(
tit Pomponius, murcidum, id est, minis dcsiiliotum
tl inactuosum. " (Compare Arnobius, 1. 4, p. 132. )
She had a temple at the foot of the Aventine Hill,
and hence this bill was anciently called Murcius.
(Festus. --Liv-, 1, 33. )
Mist, Antonius, a celebrated physician, at Rome, in
the age of Augustus. He is commonly supposed to
have been a freedman of that emperor's. Some, how-
ever, make him to have been of Greek origin, and the
son of a parent named Iasus. Pliny speaks of a broth-
er of Musa's, named Euphorbus, who was physician to
luba II. , king of Mauritania; and he adds, that a cer-
tain plant, the virtues of which were discovered by him,
received from this prince the complimentary name of
Euphorbia. (Plin. , 25,7. ) Musa had received an ex-
cellent education. It appears that he took up the study
>( medicine merely with the view of relieving his own
father, who was weighed down with infirmities, and
his filial piety was richly rewarded by the distinguished
fro&ciency to which he attained in the healing art.
lis reputation became established by a successful cure
which he performed in the case of the emperor. Au-
gustus had been suffering for a long time under a com-
plaint about which the ancient writers give us no exact
information, but which the imperial physicians appear
only to have aggravated by the use of warm remedies.
Musa was at length called in, and the emperor placed
himself in his hands. Discarding all fomentations and
heating remedies, Musa prescribed ine cold bath and
refreshing drir. ks, and Augustus soon recovered the
? ? health to which he had long been a stranger. (Suc-
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? M US
ed. Ihe daughters of Jupiter and of Mnemosyne the
goddess of Memory. (Hes. , Theog. ,b3,seqq. --Id. ib. ,
76. )--The names of ihe Muses were Calliope, Clio,
Melpomene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsichore, Urania, Tha-
lia, and Polymnia, an account of each of whom will be
found under their respective names, as well as of the par-
ticular departments which later ages assigned to each.
--Pieria in Macedonia is said by Hesiod [Tktog. , 53)
to have been the birthplace of the Muses; and every-
thing relating to them proves the antiquity of the tra-
dition, that the knowledge and worship of these god-
desses came from the North into Hellas. (Buttmann,
Mythol. , vol. I, p. 293. -- Voss, Mythol. Briefe, vol.
4, p. 3. --Midler, Orchom. , p. 381. --Id. , Prolcgom. ,
p. 219. ) Almost all the mountains, grottoes, and
springs from which they have derived their appella-
tions, or which were sacred to them, were in Mace-
donia, Thessaly, Phocis, or Bceotia. Such arc the
mountains Pimpla, Pindus, Parnassus, Helicon; the
fountains Hippocrene, Aganippe, Castalia; and also
the Corycian Cave. --The Muses, as Homer informs us
(II. , 2, 594), met the Thracian Thamyris in Dorioa (in
the Peloponnesus) as he was returning from CEchalia.
Ho had boasted that he could excel them in singing;
and, enraged at his presumption, they struck him blind
and deprived him of his knowledge of music. Shortly
after the birth of these goddesses, the nine daughters
of Pierus, king of jEmathia, are said to have challenged
them to a contest of singing. The place of trial was
Mount Helicon. At the song of the daughters of Pi-
erus, the sky became dark, and all nature was put oot
of harmony; but at ths* of the Muses, the heavens
themselves, the 3tars, the sea, and the rivers, stood mo-
tionless, and Helicon swelled up with delight, so that
ais summit would have reached the sky had not Nep-
tune directed Pegasus to strike it with his hoof. The
Muses'then turned the presumptuous maidens into
Dine different kinds of birds. (Meander, ap. Anion.
Lib. , 9. ) Ovid, who relates the same legend (Met. , 5,
800, seqq. ), says they were turned into magpies, and
he is followed by Statius. (SUv. , 2, 4, 19. )--The
most probable derivation of the name Muse (Moiaa)
seems to be that which deduces it from the obsolete
verb piu, " to inquire" or " invent;" so that the Mu-
ses are nothing more than personifications of the in-
ventive powers of the mind as displayed in the several
arts. (Kcightley's Mythology, p. 185, seqq. )
Mus^us, I. an early Greek bard, of whom little
more is known than of Orpheus, the history of his life
being enveloped in mystery and encumbered with fa-
bles. Plato calls him the son of Selene, and, as if to
leave no doubt about the meaning of this latter name,
Hermcsianax, in a passage of his Leontion, preserved
by Athenasus, says that Mene, that is, the Moon, was
the mother of this poet, whom he styles the favourite
o i. G,race8- (Athen. , 13, p. 597, c. -Compare
S>chol. ad Anstoph. , Ran. , 1065. ) Others merely
make a nymph to have been his parent. Musasus was
born either at Athens or at Eleusis, for the ancient
writers are not agreed u,jon this point: he was origi-
nally, however, from Thrace, and descended from the
Illustrious family of the Eumolpidre, which owed its
origin to the Thracian Eumolpus. This family was
in possession of certain mysteries and peculiar rites of
initiation, and claimed from father to son the gift of
prophecy. Musaus was the fourth or fifth in descent
from Eumolpus: tradition named Antiphcnes for his
. ". of r> ? '? p,aced in the Arundelian marbles at
? ? 1426 B. C. , when his hymns are said to have been re-
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? MUS. KUS.
? icate i work of a mixed character, as the term ttparip j and 480 A. D.
iJ tunics a vessel :z which wine and water were mixed.
"? A. Hymn to Cures. Cited by Pausanias as the
only authentic production of Musajus. It was com-
posed for the family of the Lycomedse, who appear to
have cherished a particular veneration for Certs; for
they possessed a temple of this goddess, which was
destroyed by the Persians, and which Themislocles,
>>ho belonged to this same family, rebuilt. (Plut,
V>>/- Them. )--10. A Hymn in honour of Bacchus.
Cited by JFAius Aristides in his Eulogium on this di-
TiCHy. --11. n*pi OeonpuTuv ("Of the Thcsproli-
<<>>*"). Clemens Alexandrinus states, that Eugam-
nion of Cyrene, a poet who flourished about the 53d
Olympiad, claimed this as his own production, and
published it under his own name. To render such
am act of plagiarism at all possible, the poem of
Muscua must have previously fallen into complete
oblivion. It contained a description of the remark-
? bio things in Thesprolia. -- IS. Isthmian Songs.
Cued by the scholiasts on Euripides and on Apol-
lomus Khodius. These cannot, however, have been
productions of Musaus, as he lived before the es-
tablishment of the Isthmian games--The few scat-
tered remains that we possess of Musrus have been
reunited by H. Stephens, in his collection of the
philosophic poets, and, among others, by Passow,
in his "Musaus, Urschrift, Uebcrsctzung, Einlei-
tung, und Kritische Anmcrkungcn," Leipzig, 1810,
8vo- -- II. A native of Ephcsus, who resided at Per-
gamus. He was the author of an epic poem in ten
books, entitled Pcrscis, and also of other effusions
in honour of Eumenes and Attalus. Moreri thinks
that he wrote the Isthmian Songs, which the scho-
liasts on Euripides and on Apollonius Khodius cite
under the name of Musama. He does not appear to
have been the writer of whom Martial speaks (12,
**'? --"I- A grammarian, the author of a poem found-
ed on the story of Hero and Leandcr. Opinions have
orcatly varied relative to the age of this production.
Julius Cajsar Scaliger believed that it was the compo-
sition of the elder Musreus, the Athenian, and anterior,
consequently. , to the Iliad and Odyssey. (Ars Poet. ,
5, 2, 214. ) The poem in question is undoubtedly,
"i I . "* regards 'hc story itself and the diction in
MIT
, --TM -TM- . . . ~. A circumstance, moreover, unimpor-
tant in itself, comes in support of this calculation. All
. . . . C* J . . . . *. . . H. . V* tut, UH. LH.
winch it is arrayed, worthy of a place among the ear-
lier poems of the Greeks; and yet, at the same time,
it bears evident marks of a much more recent origin,
as well in the colouring of sentiment with which "the
author has softened down the plainer and less deli-
cate handing of such subjects as this, which mark-
ed the earlier writers, as in some of the images which
are occasionally introduced. For example, no poet of
the Homeric age would have indulged in such a senti-
ment as the following: "The ancients falsely asserted
that there were only three Graces: every laughing
glance of Hero's blooms with a hundred. " The opin-
ion therefore, of the elder Scaliger has been rejected
by Joseph his son, and by all subsequent critics,
boine have placed this poem in the 12th or 13th cen-
IH^f bccause thc first and only mention of it is made
PJ lzctxes, who speaks of it in his Chiliads (2, 435 ?
10 520 ; 13, 943). The purity of language, however]
aim l\io taste which distinguish this production of Mu-
? ? ssus, do not warrant the opinion of its having been so
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? MYC
m yu
ouch the lime as the Priapus of the Greeks. His
temple was at first in the city, but was afterward, in
the limn of Augustus, removed to the twenty-sixth
milestone. Fesius calls him Mutinus Titinus. (Con-
sult Lactant. , 1, 20. --Amob. , I.
Civitas Morinorum, now Terouenne; and Castellum
Monnorum, now Montcasscl. (Cas. , B. G , 4, 21. )
Mokpheus (two syllables), the God of Sleep, and
also of dreams, and hence his name from the various
forms (papyri, ? 'form," "figure") to which he gives be-
ing in the imagination of the dreamer. Thus Ovid
(Met. , 11, 634) styles him "artificem, simulatoremquc
figura. " (Compare Gicrig, ad loc. ) Morpheus is
sometimes represented as a man advanced in years,
with two large wings on his shoulders, and two small-
er ones attached to his head. This is the more com-
mon way of representing him. ( Winckelmann, Werke,
vol. 2, p. 555. ) In the Museum Pio-Clemcnlinum, he
is sculptured in relief on a cippus, as a boy, treading
lightly on tiptoe: on his head he has two wings; in
his righ'. hand a horn, from which he appears to be
pouring something; in his left a poppy-stalk with
three poppy-heads. On a relief in the Villa Borghese,
the god of dreams is again represented as a boy with
wings, and holding the poppy-stalk, but without any
born. (Winckelmann, vol. 2, p. 713. )
Mors, one of the deities of the lower world, born
of Night without a sire. Nothing is particularly known
relative to the manner in which she was worshipped.
"The figures of Mors or Death," says Spence, " are
very uncommon, as indeed those of the evil and hurt-
ful beings generally are. They were banished from all
medals; on seals and rings they were probably con-
sidered as bad omens, and were, perhaps, never used.
? --Among the very few figures of Mors I hsve ever
? let with, that in the Florentine gallery is, I think, the
? ? most remarkable: it is a little figure in brass, of a
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? MOSCHUS,.
we single evidence of fnaidonius the Stoic, who lived
so many ages after the time of Moschus, to whom also
Cicero allows little credit, and of whose authority even
Strabo and Sextus Empiricus, who refer to him, inti-
-nate some suspicion, is too feeble to support the whole
. \iight of this opinion. But the circumstance which
moat of all invalidatea it is, that the method of philos-
ophizing by hypothesis or system, which was followed
by the Greek philosophers, was inconsistent with the
genius and character of the Barbaric philosophy, which
consisted in simple assertion, and relied entirely upon
traditional authority. The argument drawn from the
history and doctrines of Pythagoras is fully refuted,
by showing that this' part of the history of Pythagoras
has been involved in obscurity by the later Platonists,
and that neither the doctrine of Monads, nor any of
those systems which are said to have been derived from
Moschus, are the same with the Atomic doctrine of
Epicurus. We may therefore safely conclude, that,
whatever credit the corpuscular system may derive
from other sources, it has no claims to he considered
as the ancient doctrine of the Phoenicians. (Enfield's
History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 75. )--II. A Greek
pastoral poet, whoso era is not clearly ascertained.
Suidas (*. v. Mdagor) states positively that Moschus
was the friend or disciple of Aristarchus (for the word
yvupi/ioc, which he employs, may have either significa-
tion). If this be correct, the poet ought to have flour-
ished about the I56th Olympiad (B. C. 156). This
position, however, is very probably erroneous, since
Suidas is here in contradiction with a passage of Mos-
chus himself (Epitaph. Bion. , v. 102), in which the
aoet speaks of Theocritus as a contemporary. Now
Theocritus flourished B. C. 27U. --Moschus is said to
2uve been a native of Syracuse, though he spent the
greater part of his days at Alexandrea. He was the
trend, ai. l, according to some, the dsciple of Bion.
Wo have four idyls from him, and sonic other smaller
pieces. 1. 'Epoc SpaittTnc (" Cupid, a run-away"), a
poem of twenty-nine verses. Venus offers a reward
to any one who will bring him back to her; and draws
a picture of the young deity, so that no ono may inis-
tuko him. --3. 'Evouir? (" Euro/m"). The subject of
this poem, which consists of 101 verses, is the carry-
ing off of Europa from Phoenicia to Crete. It is a very
graceful and charming piece, and would be worthy of the
liest age of Grecian literature, were not the introduc-
tion rather too long. --'EkituQioc Biuvoc (" Elegy on
Bion"), a piece of 133 verses. The poet represents
all nature as mourning the death of Bion. It is a very
elegant production; but overloaded with imagery, and
open to the charge of what Valckenaer calls "elcgan-
tusimam luxuriem. "--4. Meydpa, yxivii 'HpanXiovc
(" Mcgara, spouse of Hercules"), a fragment, contain-
ing 125 verses. It is this fragment which some crit-
ics have sought to assign to Pisander, and others to
Panyasis. We have in it a dialogue between the
mother and the wife of Hercules. The Bcene is laid
at Tiryns, and the hero is supposed to be absent at
the time, accomplishing one of the labours imposed upon
him by Eurystheus. The two females deplore their
own bard lot and that of Hercules. This piece con-
tains less imagery and ornament than the other re-
mains which we possess cf Moschus. It is marked
by a simplicity of manner which recalls to mind the
ancient epopee, and is distinguished by tiaits of gen-
uine feeling. --"Moschus," observes Elton, "seems
to have token Bion for his model, and resembles him
? ? ni his turn for apologues, his delicate amenity of style,
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? MUM
MUlt
l, 91 - Diod. Sic, 4, 81. --Id. , 6 71. ) Almost ev-
ery volcanic situation, however, in tie ancient world,
seems to have had tins honour in s-jccession conferred
upon it. (Compare Bcrket, ad Sleph. Byz. , s. v.
tiaXXr/viy. )
Mo:-vn. *:i-i, a people t' Pontua in Asia Minor, on
the coast near Cerasus. (Xen. , Anab. , 5, 4, 2. ) The
10,>>il(l Greeks 'passed through their country in their
retieat. The name is one given them by the Greeks,
from Cie circumstance of their dwelling in wooden
tnccri cr forts (uoacvv, a wooden tower, and olntu, " to
itecll. '--Sturz, Lex. Xen. , vol. 3, p. 175. --Compare
JpolJ. Jihod. , 2, 1018. --Schneider, ad Xen. , I. c. ).
MiLeiHBR. a surname of Vulcan, from the verb
-oilceo, "to soften," and alluding to the softening in-
dtiencc of fire upon metals. (Aul. Gell. , 13, 22. --
Hacroh. , Sat. , 1, 12. -- Ovid, Jtfei, 2, 6. )
MuLiJcHt, a river of Alrica, the same, according to
ne common account, with the Molochath and Malva,
*nd which separated Mauritania from Nuinidia in the
lime of Hocchus, king of the former country. Hama-
<er, however (Miscellanea Phoenicia, p. 240, seuq. ),
lisputes the correctness of this, and makes distinct
rivers of the Molochath, Malva, and Mulucha. Ac-
cording to this writer, the Molochath was the bounda-
ry between the two countries above mentioned in the
lime of Bocchar (Liv. , 29, 30); at a subsequent pe-
riod. Mauritania was extended to the river Mulucha,
. li thi days of Bocchus: under Bogud, the sou of
Bacchus, it was farther extended to the Ampsagas ,
be* afterward, under Juba, was circumscribed by the
Nasava ? und finally, under the Emperor Claudius, the
Ampsagas wis again made the eastern limit, and
Mauritania, thus enlarged, was divided by that em-
peror into two provinces, which the third river, the
Malva, separated. (Hamaker, I. c. ) According to
the same Oriental scholar, the names Mulucha and
Molochath both signify "sail;" while Malva has the
meaning of "full," and indicates a large and copious
stream (Hamaker, p. 245. --Compare Gescnius,
Phan. Monument. , p. 425. )
MrjLTius Pons. Vid. Milvius Pons.
Mummiur, I. Lucius, a Roman of plebeian origin.
Having been sent (B. C. 153) into Farther Spain as
praetor, he experienced at first a considerable check;
but not long after retrieved his credit, and gained sev-
eral advantages, which, though not very decisive, yet
obtained for him the honours of a triumph. (Appian,
Bell. Hisp , 56 --Schwcigh. , ad loc. ) Having beon
elected consul B C. 146, and charged with the con
tinuance of the war against the Achxan league, he
received the command of the forces . from Metellus,
encamped under the walla of Corinth, and defeated
the enemy in a pitched battle. This victory put him
in possession of the city, which was plundered and
burned by his troops. The finest works of art be-
came the prey of the conquerors, and were either de-
itroyed in the conflagration or sent oil" to Rome. It
. s said that Muminius, in the true spirit of a rude and
unlettered soldier, made it an express condition with
those who had contracted to convey, on this occasion,
some ol the choicest works of art to Rome, that if
they lost any they must replace them by new ones!
(''si eas pcnlidissent, novas esse reddituros"--Veil.
I'atcrc. , I, 13). On his return, Mummius was hon-
tnred with another triumph, and obtained the surname
of Acha'icus. He was elected consul a second time,
? ? B. C. 141, during which year the Capitol was gilded.
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? MUS
MOS
? nolo port, is smaller than that of the Piraus. The
direction of the port is from south to north. If the
harbour once contained four hundred ships, each ves-
sel must have been a wherry. " (Vol. 1, p. 301, Am.
ed. ) See more on this subject in the remarks on the
articles Phalerus and Piraeus.
Mi-r^ena, I. L. Licinius, a Roman commander.
He had charge of Sylla's left wing in tho battle with
Arcbelaus, near Chzronea, and contributed powerfully
to the victory which Sylla gained on that occasion.
After the Utter had concluded a treaty of peace with
Mithradates, he left Murena in command of the Ro-
man forces in Asia, who, not long after, broke the
treaty and invaded Cappadocia, plundering tho treas-
ures of the temple at Comana. Mithradates, how-
ever, met and defeated him on the banks of the Halys.
Vii. Mithradates VI. )--II. The son of the prece-
ding, a consul, and colleague of D. Silanus, was ac-
? used by Scrvius Sulpicius and Cato of having been
guilty of bribery in suing for tho consulship, and was
ably defended by Cicero.
The oration delivered on
this occasion is still extant. Munena was acquitted.
Mursa, a city of Pannonia Inferior, on the Dravus,
a short distance to the west of its junction with the
Danube. It was founded by Hadrian, and in its vi-
cinity Magnentius was defeated by Conslamius. It
corresponds to the modem Essrk, the capital of Scla-
vonic. (Slcph. Byz. , p. 472. --Plol. )
Mortia or Murcia, a surname given to Venus by
the Romans. The more popular orthography with
the ancient writers was Myrtia, from myrtus, "the
myrtle," and various reasons are assigned for this
etymology. (Scrv. ad Eclog. , 7, 62. -- Ovid, Font. ,
4, 141. -- Srrv. ad Georg. , 2, 64. ) The other form
of the name, Murcia, is explained as follows by St.
Augustine (de Civ. Dei, 4, 16): "Dea Murcia, qua
prater modum non moverctur, ac faceret hominem, <<(
tit Pomponius, murcidum, id est, minis dcsiiliotum
tl inactuosum. " (Compare Arnobius, 1. 4, p. 132. )
She had a temple at the foot of the Aventine Hill,
and hence this bill was anciently called Murcius.
(Festus. --Liv-, 1, 33. )
Mist, Antonius, a celebrated physician, at Rome, in
the age of Augustus. He is commonly supposed to
have been a freedman of that emperor's. Some, how-
ever, make him to have been of Greek origin, and the
son of a parent named Iasus. Pliny speaks of a broth-
er of Musa's, named Euphorbus, who was physician to
luba II. , king of Mauritania; and he adds, that a cer-
tain plant, the virtues of which were discovered by him,
received from this prince the complimentary name of
Euphorbia. (Plin. , 25,7. ) Musa had received an ex-
cellent education. It appears that he took up the study
>( medicine merely with the view of relieving his own
father, who was weighed down with infirmities, and
his filial piety was richly rewarded by the distinguished
fro&ciency to which he attained in the healing art.
lis reputation became established by a successful cure
which he performed in the case of the emperor. Au-
gustus had been suffering for a long time under a com-
plaint about which the ancient writers give us no exact
information, but which the imperial physicians appear
only to have aggravated by the use of warm remedies.
Musa was at length called in, and the emperor placed
himself in his hands. Discarding all fomentations and
heating remedies, Musa prescribed ine cold bath and
refreshing drir. ks, and Augustus soon recovered the
? ? health to which he had long been a stranger. (Suc-
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? M US
ed. Ihe daughters of Jupiter and of Mnemosyne the
goddess of Memory. (Hes. , Theog. ,b3,seqq. --Id. ib. ,
76. )--The names of ihe Muses were Calliope, Clio,
Melpomene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsichore, Urania, Tha-
lia, and Polymnia, an account of each of whom will be
found under their respective names, as well as of the par-
ticular departments which later ages assigned to each.
--Pieria in Macedonia is said by Hesiod [Tktog. , 53)
to have been the birthplace of the Muses; and every-
thing relating to them proves the antiquity of the tra-
dition, that the knowledge and worship of these god-
desses came from the North into Hellas. (Buttmann,
Mythol. , vol. I, p. 293. -- Voss, Mythol. Briefe, vol.
4, p. 3. --Midler, Orchom. , p. 381. --Id. , Prolcgom. ,
p. 219. ) Almost all the mountains, grottoes, and
springs from which they have derived their appella-
tions, or which were sacred to them, were in Mace-
donia, Thessaly, Phocis, or Bceotia. Such arc the
mountains Pimpla, Pindus, Parnassus, Helicon; the
fountains Hippocrene, Aganippe, Castalia; and also
the Corycian Cave. --The Muses, as Homer informs us
(II. , 2, 594), met the Thracian Thamyris in Dorioa (in
the Peloponnesus) as he was returning from CEchalia.
Ho had boasted that he could excel them in singing;
and, enraged at his presumption, they struck him blind
and deprived him of his knowledge of music. Shortly
after the birth of these goddesses, the nine daughters
of Pierus, king of jEmathia, are said to have challenged
them to a contest of singing. The place of trial was
Mount Helicon. At the song of the daughters of Pi-
erus, the sky became dark, and all nature was put oot
of harmony; but at ths* of the Muses, the heavens
themselves, the 3tars, the sea, and the rivers, stood mo-
tionless, and Helicon swelled up with delight, so that
ais summit would have reached the sky had not Nep-
tune directed Pegasus to strike it with his hoof. The
Muses'then turned the presumptuous maidens into
Dine different kinds of birds. (Meander, ap. Anion.
Lib. , 9. ) Ovid, who relates the same legend (Met. , 5,
800, seqq. ), says they were turned into magpies, and
he is followed by Statius. (SUv. , 2, 4, 19. )--The
most probable derivation of the name Muse (Moiaa)
seems to be that which deduces it from the obsolete
verb piu, " to inquire" or " invent;" so that the Mu-
ses are nothing more than personifications of the in-
ventive powers of the mind as displayed in the several
arts. (Kcightley's Mythology, p. 185, seqq. )
Mus^us, I. an early Greek bard, of whom little
more is known than of Orpheus, the history of his life
being enveloped in mystery and encumbered with fa-
bles. Plato calls him the son of Selene, and, as if to
leave no doubt about the meaning of this latter name,
Hermcsianax, in a passage of his Leontion, preserved
by Athenasus, says that Mene, that is, the Moon, was
the mother of this poet, whom he styles the favourite
o i. G,race8- (Athen. , 13, p. 597, c. -Compare
S>chol. ad Anstoph. , Ran. , 1065. ) Others merely
make a nymph to have been his parent. Musasus was
born either at Athens or at Eleusis, for the ancient
writers are not agreed u,jon this point: he was origi-
nally, however, from Thrace, and descended from the
Illustrious family of the Eumolpidre, which owed its
origin to the Thracian Eumolpus. This family was
in possession of certain mysteries and peculiar rites of
initiation, and claimed from father to son the gift of
prophecy. Musaus was the fourth or fifth in descent
from Eumolpus: tradition named Antiphcnes for his
. ". of r> ? '? p,aced in the Arundelian marbles at
? ? 1426 B. C. , when his hymns are said to have been re-
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? MUS. KUS.
? icate i work of a mixed character, as the term ttparip j and 480 A. D.
iJ tunics a vessel :z which wine and water were mixed.
"? A. Hymn to Cures. Cited by Pausanias as the
only authentic production of Musajus. It was com-
posed for the family of the Lycomedse, who appear to
have cherished a particular veneration for Certs; for
they possessed a temple of this goddess, which was
destroyed by the Persians, and which Themislocles,
>>ho belonged to this same family, rebuilt. (Plut,
V>>/- Them. )--10. A Hymn in honour of Bacchus.
Cited by JFAius Aristides in his Eulogium on this di-
TiCHy. --11. n*pi OeonpuTuv ("Of the Thcsproli-
<<>>*"). Clemens Alexandrinus states, that Eugam-
nion of Cyrene, a poet who flourished about the 53d
Olympiad, claimed this as his own production, and
published it under his own name. To render such
am act of plagiarism at all possible, the poem of
Muscua must have previously fallen into complete
oblivion. It contained a description of the remark-
? bio things in Thesprolia. -- IS. Isthmian Songs.
Cued by the scholiasts on Euripides and on Apol-
lomus Khodius. These cannot, however, have been
productions of Musaus, as he lived before the es-
tablishment of the Isthmian games--The few scat-
tered remains that we possess of Musrus have been
reunited by H. Stephens, in his collection of the
philosophic poets, and, among others, by Passow,
in his "Musaus, Urschrift, Uebcrsctzung, Einlei-
tung, und Kritische Anmcrkungcn," Leipzig, 1810,
8vo- -- II. A native of Ephcsus, who resided at Per-
gamus. He was the author of an epic poem in ten
books, entitled Pcrscis, and also of other effusions
in honour of Eumenes and Attalus. Moreri thinks
that he wrote the Isthmian Songs, which the scho-
liasts on Euripides and on Apollonius Khodius cite
under the name of Musama. He does not appear to
have been the writer of whom Martial speaks (12,
**'? --"I- A grammarian, the author of a poem found-
ed on the story of Hero and Leandcr. Opinions have
orcatly varied relative to the age of this production.
Julius Cajsar Scaliger believed that it was the compo-
sition of the elder Musreus, the Athenian, and anterior,
consequently. , to the Iliad and Odyssey. (Ars Poet. ,
5, 2, 214. ) The poem in question is undoubtedly,
"i I . "* regards 'hc story itself and the diction in
MIT
, --TM -TM- . . . ~. A circumstance, moreover, unimpor-
tant in itself, comes in support of this calculation. All
. . . . C* J . . . . *. . . H. . V* tut, UH. LH.
winch it is arrayed, worthy of a place among the ear-
lier poems of the Greeks; and yet, at the same time,
it bears evident marks of a much more recent origin,
as well in the colouring of sentiment with which "the
author has softened down the plainer and less deli-
cate handing of such subjects as this, which mark-
ed the earlier writers, as in some of the images which
are occasionally introduced. For example, no poet of
the Homeric age would have indulged in such a senti-
ment as the following: "The ancients falsely asserted
that there were only three Graces: every laughing
glance of Hero's blooms with a hundred. " The opin-
ion therefore, of the elder Scaliger has been rejected
by Joseph his son, and by all subsequent critics,
boine have placed this poem in the 12th or 13th cen-
IH^f bccause thc first and only mention of it is made
PJ lzctxes, who speaks of it in his Chiliads (2, 435 ?
10 520 ; 13, 943). The purity of language, however]
aim l\io taste which distinguish this production of Mu-
? ? ssus, do not warrant the opinion of its having been so
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? MYC
m yu
ouch the lime as the Priapus of the Greeks. His
temple was at first in the city, but was afterward, in
the limn of Augustus, removed to the twenty-sixth
milestone. Fesius calls him Mutinus Titinus. (Con-
sult Lactant. , 1, 20. --Amob. , I.
