_Altilis_ is put for any thing
fattened
up--oxen, hares, geese, ducks,
hens, or even fish.
hens, or even fish.
Satires
" x.
, Ep.
xxxvii.
, 9.
[1648] _Cernuus_ is applied to one "who falls on his face. " "In eam
partem quâ _cernimus_. " Virg. , Æn. , x. , 894.
[1649] _Brocchus ovat Lanius. _ The reading of Junius (cf. Virg. ,
Æn. , x. , 500), probably part of the description of the street brawl.
_Brocchus_ is applied to one "with projecting mouth and teeth, like the
jowl of a bull-dog. "
[1650] _Abundans. _ Ter. , Phorm. , I. , iii. , 11, "Amore abundas Antipho. "
This line either refers to an actual exhibition of gladiators, in
Campania perhaps, or Lucilius applies the language of the arena to the
street-fight. The Scholiast on Juvenal (iii. , 158, ed. Jahn) says,
the helmets of the gladiators were adorned with peacocks' _feathers_;
others think the upper part of the _helmet_ was so called, which the
Samnis wore, and hence his opponent was denominated Pinnirapus.
[1651] _Depôstus_, "despaired of. " So Virg. , Æn. , xii. , 395, "Ille ut
depositi proferret fata parentis. "
[1652] _Strictura_ is either "the mass of iron, generally in a glowing
state, ready to be forged," or "the sparks that fly from the iron
while it is being hammered. " The line probably refers to Lipara, or
one of the Vulcanian isles, where the Cyclops had their workshop. (Cf.
Fr. 13. ) Virgil uses the word also in describing the Cyclops, viii. ,
420, "Striduntque cavernis _Stricturæ_ Chalybum et fornacibus ignis
anhelat. " Pers. , ii. , 66, "_Stringere_ venas _ferventis massæ_. "
[1653] _Fundus_ seems to be here used almost like _funditus_; or it may
mean "our firm solid basis. "
[1654] _Ad incita_, from "in" and "cieo. " A metaphor from chess,
or some game resembling it (latrunculi or calculi), when one party
has lost so many men that he has none more to move; or only in such
a position that by the laws of the game they _can not be moved_
(checkmated). The usual phrase is _ad incitas_. Lucilius is the only
writer who uses the form _ad incita_.
[1655] Syrus was a common name for a slave, from his country, as Davus,
"the Dacian," Geta, "the Goth," etc. Cf. Juv. , viii. , 159, "Obvius
assiduo Syrophœnix udus amomo currit Idumeæ Syrophœnix incola portæ. "
BOOK IV.
ARGUMENT.
The Scholiast, on the third Satire of Persius, tells us that the
subject of that Satire, which is directed against the luxury and
vices of the rich, was borrowed from the fourth book of Lucilius.
In all probability the _form_ of the Satire is not the same; as
the dialogue between the severe censor and his pupils approaches
too near the Greek form, to have suited the taste of Lucilius.
No doubt there is a much closer imitation in the second Satire
of Horace's second book, which also was confessedly composed
upon this model; where the plain and rustic simplicity of Ofella
takes the place of the grave and sententious philosophy of the
more dignified Lælius. The first six Fragments are evidently to
be referred to Lælius; expatiating on the praises of frugality,
and exhibiting, by examples, the hollowness of all the pleasures
of luxury and gluttony. We have then allusions to a combat of
gladiators; and several references to women, and to the impetuous
and restless anxieties attendant upon the passion of love; which
are inconsistent with the character of Lælius, and were therefore
put into the mouth of some other speaker.
To the first part of the Satire we may probably refer the Fragments
192, 193, 132, 133, incert.
1 * * * *
At which that wise Lælius used to give vent to railings;
addressing the Epicures of our order--[1656]
2 "Oh thou glutton, Publius Gallonius! a miserable man thou art! "
he says. "Thou hast never in all thy life supped well, though
all thou hast thou squanderest on that lobster and gigantic
sturgeon! "[1657]
3 If you ask me, we enjoy food well cooked, and seasoned and
pleasing conversation--[1658]
4 . . . because you prefer sumptuous living, and dainties to
wholesome food--
5 . . . to devise besides what each wished to be brought to him;
one was attracted by sow's udder, and a dish of fatlings,
another by a Tiber pike caught between the two bridges--[1659]
6 . . . let there be wine poured from a full. . . . with the hollow of
the hand for a siphon; from which the snow has abated naught,
or the wine-strainer robbed--[1660]
7 . . . there was Æserninus, a Samnite, at the games exhibited by
the Flacci, a filthy fellow, worthy of such a life, and such
a station. He is matched with Pacideianus, who was by far the
very best gladiator since the world began--[1661]
8 I will kill him, and conquer, said he, if you ask that: But so
I think it will be; I will smite him on the face before I plant
my sword in the stomach and lungs of Furius. I hate the man!
I fight in a rage! nor is there any farther delay than till
some one fits a sword to my right hand; with such passion, and
hatred of the man, am I transported with anger. [1662]
9 . . . although he himself was a good Samnite in the games, and
with the wooden swords, rough enough for any one. . . . [1663]
10 But if no woman can be of so hardy a body, yet she may remain
juicy, with soft arms, and the open hand may rest on her breast
full of milk--[1664]
11 † Tisiphone devoured unguent from his lungs and fat; Erinnys
most sacred of Eumenides bore off what was extracted. [1665]
12 . . . pursues him, not expecting, leaps upon his head, and having
encircled him, champs him all up and devours him--[1666]
13 . . . remains fixed in the hinder part with vertebræ and joints,
as with us the ankle and knee.
14 These carry before them huge fishes, for a present, thirty in
number--
15 . . . that you might not be able to shake out the door-peg with
your hand, and even by yourself force out the bar with a
wedge. [1667]
16 He is longer than a crane--
17 To scour the fields . . . the whelps and young of wild beasts.
18 . . . and when he is such a handsome man, and a youth worthy of
you.
19 . . . he places under this, he adds four props with nails. [1668]
20 . . . who eats himself, devours me--
21 I was drunk and bloated.
FOOTNOTES:
[1656] _Lapathus_ is the "sorrel," which, it appears, the Romans
cultivated in their gardens with great care. It was called, in its wild
state, _Rumex_. It was used at banquets, on account of its purgative
qualities, together with the Coan wines, which possessed the same
properties. Cf. Hor. , ii. , Sat. iv. , 27. Pers. , Sat. v. , 135. _Gumia_
is a "glutton, epicure, belly-god. " (Lurco, comedo, helluo, gulæ
mancipium. ) The etymology is uncertain. Merula reads in all places
_gluvia_, whence _ingluvies_.
[1657] There are two fish known by the name of _squilla_; the one
apparently a small fish (perhaps a _river_ fish, as Martial mentions
their abounding in the Liris: lib. xiii. , Ep. 83), used as a sauce or
garnish for larger fish. Vid. Hor. , ii. , Sat. viii. , 42, "Affertur
_squillas_ inter muræna natantes," which Orell. explains as a conger
served up with crabs. The other is a large fish forming a dish of
itself. Cf. Juv. , v. , 80, "Quam _longo_ distendat _pectore_ lancem
quæ fertur domino _squilla_," etc. If it is represented by the Greek
κᾶρις, it is something of the lobster or prawn kind. It appears to have
been dressed sometimes with sorrel sauce. Cf. Athen. , iii. , 92, 66.
The _acipenser_ is probably _not_ the sturgeon: from its etymology it
is some sharp-headed fish. (Acies et penna, or pinna. ) Salmas. , Ex.
Plin. , 1316: but what it _really was_ is not known. It was a _royal_
fish, like the sturgeon (Mart. , xiii. , Ep. 91), and when brought to
table was ushered in with great solemnities: the servant who bore it
had a chaplet round his head, and was preceded by another playing the
flute. Publius Gallonius, the præco, is said to have been the first
who introduced this luxury. Macrob. , Sat. ii. , 12. In Pliny's time,
however, he tells us, it had gone out of fashion. H. N. , ix. , 26.
_Decumanus_ is used here in the same sense as "Fluctus decumanus," i.
e. , of extraordinary size (Ov. , Trist. , I. , ii. , 49), the Pythagorean
notion being that the tenth was always the largest; which notion they
extended even to eggs. (Compare the Greek τρικυμία, Æsch. , P. V. , 1015,
with Blomfield's gloss. )
[1658] This, according to Gerlach's view, is the answer of Lælius
to some petulant questionings of an epicure. The missing words are
_utimur_ and _cibo_, or something to that effect.
[1659] _Sumen_ was "the sow's udder, killed the day after farrowing. "
Cf. ad Juv. , xi. , 138, 81. Pers. , i. , 53.
_Altilis_ is put for any thing fattened up--oxen, hares, geese, ducks,
hens, or even fish. Cf. Hor. , i. , Ep. vii. , 35, "Satur altilium. "
Juv. , v. , 168, "Minor altilis. " Athen. , ix. , c. 32. Woodcocks, snipes,
thrushes, and even dormice, are mentioned among their fatlings.
_Catillo_ (either from _catullus_ or _catillus_, diminutive of catinus,
"a dish") is applied to "a dog that runs about licking the dishes. "
It is then used as a term of contempt for "those who came late to the
sacrifices of Hercules, and had nothing left them but the dishes to
lick. " It is here used for "the pike that battens on the rich products
of the Roman cloacæ. " (Macrob. , Sat. ii. , 12. ) The Roman epicures
distinguished between three different kinds of the Tiber pike (lupus
Tiberinus). The worst were those caught quite out at sea; the second
best, those caught at Ostia at the river's mouth; the finest of all
were those taken in the neighborhood of the embouchures of the sewers,
either between the Pons Senatorius and Pons Sublicius, where the cloaca
maxima empties itself, or between the Pons Sublicius and Fabricius.
Hor. , ii. , Sat. ii, 31, "_Lupus_ hic _Tiberinus_ an alto captus hiet,
_pontesne inter_ jactatus an amnis Ostia sub Tusci. " Juv. , v. , 104,
"Tiberinus, et ipse vernula riparum pinguis torrente cloacâ. "
[1660] Lucilius probably refers to some rich, strong, full-bodied wine,
which these epicures drank unmixed, contrary to the usual custom.
_Defusum_ seems to be the better reading, which implies "pouring from
a larger vessel, as the crater, into the cyathus or drinking-cup. "
_Diffusum_ is applied "to racking the wine from the wine-vat or cask
into the amphora," when it was sealed down. Cf. Hor. , i. , Ep. v. , 4,
Orell. Juv. , v. , 30. For the use of _snow_ in cooling wine, see note
to Juv. , v. , 50. This wine has lost none of its strength by mixing it
with snow, and none of its flavor from having been filtered through the
strainer. (Cf. Plin. , H. N. , xiv. , 27. Hor. , ii. , Sat. iv. , 51, _seq. _)
A great difficulty with the ancients seems to have been to clear their
wine of the lees; some of the methods are mentioned in the passage of
Horace just quoted. Eggs were also used for the same purpose. Besides
this, the wine was poured through a _colum_ and _saccus vinarius_. The
former was a kind of metal sieve, of which numbers have been found at
Pompeii. The latter was a filter-bag of linen. (Hence "integrum perdunt
lino vitiata saporem. " Hor. , _u. s. _) The usual plan was to fill both
the colum and saccus with snow, and then to pour the wine over it;
and with this view the snow was carefully preserved till summer, as
is still done at Naples. (Hence "æstivæ nives. " Mart. , v. , Ep. lxiv. ,
2. ) Nero's invention of using water that had been boiled and afterward
frozen, as a substitute for snow, has been already alluded to. This
process also served to moderate the intoxicating power of the stronger
wines; hence the phrases "castrare, frangere, liquare, vina. " (Cf.
Plin. , H. N. , xix. , 4,19; xiv. , 22; xxiv. , 1, 1. Mart. , xii. , Ep. lx. ,
9, "Turbida sollicito transmittere Cæcuba sacco. " xiv. , Ep. ciii. and
civ. ; ix. , Ep. xxiii, 8; xci. , 5. )
[1661] The magistrate who exhibited the shows of gladiators was said
_edere munus_. The first _editores_ were the brothers Marcus and
Decimus Junius Brutus, A. U. C. 490, B. C. 264, who exhibited a munus
gladiatorium in the Forum Boarium, at their father's funeral. Val.
Max. , II. , iv. , 7, Liv. Epit. , xvi. The country of Samnium afterward
produced many of these gladiators, though probably the name Samnis was
also given to those who were armed after the old Samnite fashion (as
Threx, Gallus, etc. Hor. , i. , Ep. xviii. , 36; ii. , Ep. ii. , 98. Livy
describes their equipment in detail, ix. , 40, which tallies exactly
with the paintings discovered at Pompeii. Vid. Pompeii, vol. i. , p.
308, _seq. _). Æsernia, now Isernia, was a town in the district of the
Pentri in Samnium, to which the Romans sent a colony in the year above
mentioned. Æsernius was probably some famous gladiator who was a native
of this place, but his name and that of Pacideianus were afterward used
proverbially for any eminent men of that class. Cf. Cic. , opt. gen. ,
Or. vi. Tusc. , iv. , 21, ad Quint. Frat. , iii. , 4. Hor. , ii. , Sat. vii. ,
97. Nonius explains "spurcus" to mean "savage, blood-thirsty. "
[1662] The reading and interpretation of Gerlach is followed.
[1663] Cicero (de Orat. , iii. , 23) quotes these lines of Lucilius, when
speaking of a certain Velocius, who, when a youth, had applied himself
with great success to the gladiatorial art, so as in fact to be a match
for any one, but afterward never practiced it. The relative claims of
the readings _civis_ and _cuivis_ are discussed at great length in
Harles' note to the passage of Cicero (q. v. , ed. Lips. , 1816). The
_rudis_ was the wooden sword with which the gladiators practiced; the
_sica_ being used in the _ludus_. They also received a rudis as a token
of their release from service. Hence "rudem poscere," "rude donatus,"
etc. Ov. , Am. , II. , ix. , 22. Cic. , Phil. , ii. , 29. Hor. , i. , Ep. i. , 2.
Suet. , Cal. , 32.
[1664] "Even though women may not have sufficient bodily strength to
endure the rougher and more laborious duties of human life, still they
may so far take care of their bodies as to be enabled to discharge the
womanly office of suckling children. " Gerlach: who reads _succosa_ for
_succussa_, and explains _uberior_ by "largior, digitis non contractis,
vola manus," "the open palm. " Cf. lib. xxviii. , Fr. 47.
[1665] An utterly hopeless Fragment: for the second word, _titene_,
there are eleven various readings. Gerlach's emendation is followed,
who thinks it refers to the torments of love.
[1666] This Fragment also Gerlach considers descriptive of the
impetuosity of unbridled lust. Van Heusde sees an allusion to the
episode of the hawk and the nightingale in Hesiod. Op. et Di. , 201,
_seq. _
[1667] _Pessulus_ was the peg or bolt by which the fastening of the
door was secured on the inside. It probably refers to a lover effecting
a forcible entrance into his mistress's house. Cf. Hor. , i. , Od. xxv. ,
1; iii. , Od. xxvi.
[1648] _Cernuus_ is applied to one "who falls on his face. " "In eam
partem quâ _cernimus_. " Virg. , Æn. , x. , 894.
[1649] _Brocchus ovat Lanius. _ The reading of Junius (cf. Virg. ,
Æn. , x. , 500), probably part of the description of the street brawl.
_Brocchus_ is applied to one "with projecting mouth and teeth, like the
jowl of a bull-dog. "
[1650] _Abundans. _ Ter. , Phorm. , I. , iii. , 11, "Amore abundas Antipho. "
This line either refers to an actual exhibition of gladiators, in
Campania perhaps, or Lucilius applies the language of the arena to the
street-fight. The Scholiast on Juvenal (iii. , 158, ed. Jahn) says,
the helmets of the gladiators were adorned with peacocks' _feathers_;
others think the upper part of the _helmet_ was so called, which the
Samnis wore, and hence his opponent was denominated Pinnirapus.
[1651] _Depôstus_, "despaired of. " So Virg. , Æn. , xii. , 395, "Ille ut
depositi proferret fata parentis. "
[1652] _Strictura_ is either "the mass of iron, generally in a glowing
state, ready to be forged," or "the sparks that fly from the iron
while it is being hammered. " The line probably refers to Lipara, or
one of the Vulcanian isles, where the Cyclops had their workshop. (Cf.
Fr. 13. ) Virgil uses the word also in describing the Cyclops, viii. ,
420, "Striduntque cavernis _Stricturæ_ Chalybum et fornacibus ignis
anhelat. " Pers. , ii. , 66, "_Stringere_ venas _ferventis massæ_. "
[1653] _Fundus_ seems to be here used almost like _funditus_; or it may
mean "our firm solid basis. "
[1654] _Ad incita_, from "in" and "cieo. " A metaphor from chess,
or some game resembling it (latrunculi or calculi), when one party
has lost so many men that he has none more to move; or only in such
a position that by the laws of the game they _can not be moved_
(checkmated). The usual phrase is _ad incitas_. Lucilius is the only
writer who uses the form _ad incita_.
[1655] Syrus was a common name for a slave, from his country, as Davus,
"the Dacian," Geta, "the Goth," etc. Cf. Juv. , viii. , 159, "Obvius
assiduo Syrophœnix udus amomo currit Idumeæ Syrophœnix incola portæ. "
BOOK IV.
ARGUMENT.
The Scholiast, on the third Satire of Persius, tells us that the
subject of that Satire, which is directed against the luxury and
vices of the rich, was borrowed from the fourth book of Lucilius.
In all probability the _form_ of the Satire is not the same; as
the dialogue between the severe censor and his pupils approaches
too near the Greek form, to have suited the taste of Lucilius.
No doubt there is a much closer imitation in the second Satire
of Horace's second book, which also was confessedly composed
upon this model; where the plain and rustic simplicity of Ofella
takes the place of the grave and sententious philosophy of the
more dignified Lælius. The first six Fragments are evidently to
be referred to Lælius; expatiating on the praises of frugality,
and exhibiting, by examples, the hollowness of all the pleasures
of luxury and gluttony. We have then allusions to a combat of
gladiators; and several references to women, and to the impetuous
and restless anxieties attendant upon the passion of love; which
are inconsistent with the character of Lælius, and were therefore
put into the mouth of some other speaker.
To the first part of the Satire we may probably refer the Fragments
192, 193, 132, 133, incert.
1 * * * *
At which that wise Lælius used to give vent to railings;
addressing the Epicures of our order--[1656]
2 "Oh thou glutton, Publius Gallonius! a miserable man thou art! "
he says. "Thou hast never in all thy life supped well, though
all thou hast thou squanderest on that lobster and gigantic
sturgeon! "[1657]
3 If you ask me, we enjoy food well cooked, and seasoned and
pleasing conversation--[1658]
4 . . . because you prefer sumptuous living, and dainties to
wholesome food--
5 . . . to devise besides what each wished to be brought to him;
one was attracted by sow's udder, and a dish of fatlings,
another by a Tiber pike caught between the two bridges--[1659]
6 . . . let there be wine poured from a full. . . . with the hollow of
the hand for a siphon; from which the snow has abated naught,
or the wine-strainer robbed--[1660]
7 . . . there was Æserninus, a Samnite, at the games exhibited by
the Flacci, a filthy fellow, worthy of such a life, and such
a station. He is matched with Pacideianus, who was by far the
very best gladiator since the world began--[1661]
8 I will kill him, and conquer, said he, if you ask that: But so
I think it will be; I will smite him on the face before I plant
my sword in the stomach and lungs of Furius. I hate the man!
I fight in a rage! nor is there any farther delay than till
some one fits a sword to my right hand; with such passion, and
hatred of the man, am I transported with anger. [1662]
9 . . . although he himself was a good Samnite in the games, and
with the wooden swords, rough enough for any one. . . . [1663]
10 But if no woman can be of so hardy a body, yet she may remain
juicy, with soft arms, and the open hand may rest on her breast
full of milk--[1664]
11 † Tisiphone devoured unguent from his lungs and fat; Erinnys
most sacred of Eumenides bore off what was extracted. [1665]
12 . . . pursues him, not expecting, leaps upon his head, and having
encircled him, champs him all up and devours him--[1666]
13 . . . remains fixed in the hinder part with vertebræ and joints,
as with us the ankle and knee.
14 These carry before them huge fishes, for a present, thirty in
number--
15 . . . that you might not be able to shake out the door-peg with
your hand, and even by yourself force out the bar with a
wedge. [1667]
16 He is longer than a crane--
17 To scour the fields . . . the whelps and young of wild beasts.
18 . . . and when he is such a handsome man, and a youth worthy of
you.
19 . . . he places under this, he adds four props with nails. [1668]
20 . . . who eats himself, devours me--
21 I was drunk and bloated.
FOOTNOTES:
[1656] _Lapathus_ is the "sorrel," which, it appears, the Romans
cultivated in their gardens with great care. It was called, in its wild
state, _Rumex_. It was used at banquets, on account of its purgative
qualities, together with the Coan wines, which possessed the same
properties. Cf. Hor. , ii. , Sat. iv. , 27. Pers. , Sat. v. , 135. _Gumia_
is a "glutton, epicure, belly-god. " (Lurco, comedo, helluo, gulæ
mancipium. ) The etymology is uncertain. Merula reads in all places
_gluvia_, whence _ingluvies_.
[1657] There are two fish known by the name of _squilla_; the one
apparently a small fish (perhaps a _river_ fish, as Martial mentions
their abounding in the Liris: lib. xiii. , Ep. 83), used as a sauce or
garnish for larger fish. Vid. Hor. , ii. , Sat. viii. , 42, "Affertur
_squillas_ inter muræna natantes," which Orell. explains as a conger
served up with crabs. The other is a large fish forming a dish of
itself. Cf. Juv. , v. , 80, "Quam _longo_ distendat _pectore_ lancem
quæ fertur domino _squilla_," etc. If it is represented by the Greek
κᾶρις, it is something of the lobster or prawn kind. It appears to have
been dressed sometimes with sorrel sauce. Cf. Athen. , iii. , 92, 66.
The _acipenser_ is probably _not_ the sturgeon: from its etymology it
is some sharp-headed fish. (Acies et penna, or pinna. ) Salmas. , Ex.
Plin. , 1316: but what it _really was_ is not known. It was a _royal_
fish, like the sturgeon (Mart. , xiii. , Ep. 91), and when brought to
table was ushered in with great solemnities: the servant who bore it
had a chaplet round his head, and was preceded by another playing the
flute. Publius Gallonius, the præco, is said to have been the first
who introduced this luxury. Macrob. , Sat. ii. , 12. In Pliny's time,
however, he tells us, it had gone out of fashion. H. N. , ix. , 26.
_Decumanus_ is used here in the same sense as "Fluctus decumanus," i.
e. , of extraordinary size (Ov. , Trist. , I. , ii. , 49), the Pythagorean
notion being that the tenth was always the largest; which notion they
extended even to eggs. (Compare the Greek τρικυμία, Æsch. , P. V. , 1015,
with Blomfield's gloss. )
[1658] This, according to Gerlach's view, is the answer of Lælius
to some petulant questionings of an epicure. The missing words are
_utimur_ and _cibo_, or something to that effect.
[1659] _Sumen_ was "the sow's udder, killed the day after farrowing. "
Cf. ad Juv. , xi. , 138, 81. Pers. , i. , 53.
_Altilis_ is put for any thing fattened up--oxen, hares, geese, ducks,
hens, or even fish. Cf. Hor. , i. , Ep. vii. , 35, "Satur altilium. "
Juv. , v. , 168, "Minor altilis. " Athen. , ix. , c. 32. Woodcocks, snipes,
thrushes, and even dormice, are mentioned among their fatlings.
_Catillo_ (either from _catullus_ or _catillus_, diminutive of catinus,
"a dish") is applied to "a dog that runs about licking the dishes. "
It is then used as a term of contempt for "those who came late to the
sacrifices of Hercules, and had nothing left them but the dishes to
lick. " It is here used for "the pike that battens on the rich products
of the Roman cloacæ. " (Macrob. , Sat. ii. , 12. ) The Roman epicures
distinguished between three different kinds of the Tiber pike (lupus
Tiberinus). The worst were those caught quite out at sea; the second
best, those caught at Ostia at the river's mouth; the finest of all
were those taken in the neighborhood of the embouchures of the sewers,
either between the Pons Senatorius and Pons Sublicius, where the cloaca
maxima empties itself, or between the Pons Sublicius and Fabricius.
Hor. , ii. , Sat. ii, 31, "_Lupus_ hic _Tiberinus_ an alto captus hiet,
_pontesne inter_ jactatus an amnis Ostia sub Tusci. " Juv. , v. , 104,
"Tiberinus, et ipse vernula riparum pinguis torrente cloacâ. "
[1660] Lucilius probably refers to some rich, strong, full-bodied wine,
which these epicures drank unmixed, contrary to the usual custom.
_Defusum_ seems to be the better reading, which implies "pouring from
a larger vessel, as the crater, into the cyathus or drinking-cup. "
_Diffusum_ is applied "to racking the wine from the wine-vat or cask
into the amphora," when it was sealed down. Cf. Hor. , i. , Ep. v. , 4,
Orell. Juv. , v. , 30. For the use of _snow_ in cooling wine, see note
to Juv. , v. , 50. This wine has lost none of its strength by mixing it
with snow, and none of its flavor from having been filtered through the
strainer. (Cf. Plin. , H. N. , xiv. , 27. Hor. , ii. , Sat. iv. , 51, _seq. _)
A great difficulty with the ancients seems to have been to clear their
wine of the lees; some of the methods are mentioned in the passage of
Horace just quoted. Eggs were also used for the same purpose. Besides
this, the wine was poured through a _colum_ and _saccus vinarius_. The
former was a kind of metal sieve, of which numbers have been found at
Pompeii. The latter was a filter-bag of linen. (Hence "integrum perdunt
lino vitiata saporem. " Hor. , _u. s. _) The usual plan was to fill both
the colum and saccus with snow, and then to pour the wine over it;
and with this view the snow was carefully preserved till summer, as
is still done at Naples. (Hence "æstivæ nives. " Mart. , v. , Ep. lxiv. ,
2. ) Nero's invention of using water that had been boiled and afterward
frozen, as a substitute for snow, has been already alluded to. This
process also served to moderate the intoxicating power of the stronger
wines; hence the phrases "castrare, frangere, liquare, vina. " (Cf.
Plin. , H. N. , xix. , 4,19; xiv. , 22; xxiv. , 1, 1. Mart. , xii. , Ep. lx. ,
9, "Turbida sollicito transmittere Cæcuba sacco. " xiv. , Ep. ciii. and
civ. ; ix. , Ep. xxiii, 8; xci. , 5. )
[1661] The magistrate who exhibited the shows of gladiators was said
_edere munus_. The first _editores_ were the brothers Marcus and
Decimus Junius Brutus, A. U. C. 490, B. C. 264, who exhibited a munus
gladiatorium in the Forum Boarium, at their father's funeral. Val.
Max. , II. , iv. , 7, Liv. Epit. , xvi. The country of Samnium afterward
produced many of these gladiators, though probably the name Samnis was
also given to those who were armed after the old Samnite fashion (as
Threx, Gallus, etc. Hor. , i. , Ep. xviii. , 36; ii. , Ep. ii. , 98. Livy
describes their equipment in detail, ix. , 40, which tallies exactly
with the paintings discovered at Pompeii. Vid. Pompeii, vol. i. , p.
308, _seq. _). Æsernia, now Isernia, was a town in the district of the
Pentri in Samnium, to which the Romans sent a colony in the year above
mentioned. Æsernius was probably some famous gladiator who was a native
of this place, but his name and that of Pacideianus were afterward used
proverbially for any eminent men of that class. Cf. Cic. , opt. gen. ,
Or. vi. Tusc. , iv. , 21, ad Quint. Frat. , iii. , 4. Hor. , ii. , Sat. vii. ,
97. Nonius explains "spurcus" to mean "savage, blood-thirsty. "
[1662] The reading and interpretation of Gerlach is followed.
[1663] Cicero (de Orat. , iii. , 23) quotes these lines of Lucilius, when
speaking of a certain Velocius, who, when a youth, had applied himself
with great success to the gladiatorial art, so as in fact to be a match
for any one, but afterward never practiced it. The relative claims of
the readings _civis_ and _cuivis_ are discussed at great length in
Harles' note to the passage of Cicero (q. v. , ed. Lips. , 1816). The
_rudis_ was the wooden sword with which the gladiators practiced; the
_sica_ being used in the _ludus_. They also received a rudis as a token
of their release from service. Hence "rudem poscere," "rude donatus,"
etc. Ov. , Am. , II. , ix. , 22. Cic. , Phil. , ii. , 29. Hor. , i. , Ep. i. , 2.
Suet. , Cal. , 32.
[1664] "Even though women may not have sufficient bodily strength to
endure the rougher and more laborious duties of human life, still they
may so far take care of their bodies as to be enabled to discharge the
womanly office of suckling children. " Gerlach: who reads _succosa_ for
_succussa_, and explains _uberior_ by "largior, digitis non contractis,
vola manus," "the open palm. " Cf. lib. xxviii. , Fr. 47.
[1665] An utterly hopeless Fragment: for the second word, _titene_,
there are eleven various readings. Gerlach's emendation is followed,
who thinks it refers to the torments of love.
[1666] This Fragment also Gerlach considers descriptive of the
impetuosity of unbridled lust. Van Heusde sees an allusion to the
episode of the hawk and the nightingale in Hesiod. Op. et Di. , 201,
_seq. _
[1667] _Pessulus_ was the peg or bolt by which the fastening of the
door was secured on the inside. It probably refers to a lover effecting
a forcible entrance into his mistress's house. Cf. Hor. , i. , Od. xxv. ,
1; iii. , Od. xxvi.
