No More Learning

1883).
1791; died at Milan, Dec. 20, 1853. Satirically
pungent political poems, (The Fugitive,' a nar-
Gringoire, Pierre (gran-gwär'). A French rative in verse, made his reputation; and a
poet; born in Caen, about 1475; died about play, (Sforza, Duke of Milan) (in collabora-
1539. He made himself a sort of court poet tion), was a literary sensation. His (Ildegonda)
to Louis XII. , celebrating among other things is a poem on a mediæval legend ; (The Lom-
the conquest of Milan and the expedition bards in the First Crusade,' a happy essay in
against Naples. He was the creator of French metre; (Marco Visconti,' a historical romance.
political or topical drama, his best work in Of his lyrics, (The Swallow) has found most
that line being (The Game of the Prince of favor. Ulric and Lida) was his last work.
Fools,' in which the king is said to have col.
laborated; it was aimed against Pope Julius II. ,
Grosz, Ferdinand (gros). An Austrian jour-
He
as was his (Morality of the Obstinate Man.
nalist; born in Vienna, April 8, 1849.
wrote while still a boy; but his first success
His name figures in Victor Hugo's Notre
Dame.
was "Literary Music of the Future) (1877). Since
then he has traveled extensively and written
Grinnell, George Bird. An American orni-
for the best papers. (In Passing, (Unbound)
thologist, editor, and author; born in New (Passion-Play Letters,' (Leaves in the Wind,
York State in 1849. He is the editor of For- and other collections, have been very popular.
est and Stream. His works deal principally His poems. notably (Songs from the Mountain
with Indian life and folk-lore. Among the Tops,' and his plays, “The First Letter) and
best known are: (The Story of a Prairie Peo- (At Three o'Clock,' are of special merit.
ple); (The Story of the Indian); (Pawnee
Hero Stories and Folk Tales.
Groszmann, Gustav Friedrich Wilhelm
(gros'man). A German dramatist and actor;
Grisebach, Eduard (grē'ze-bäch). A Ger- born in Berlin, Nov. 30, 1746; died at Hanover,
man poet, critic, and historian of literature ; May 20, 1796. While in the diplomatic service,
born in Göttingen, Oct. 9, 1845. He was a con- he became intimate in a literary circle which
sular agent for many years. The New Tann- included Lessing; and successively wrote in a
häuser) and (Tannhäuser in Rome' represent few days each 'The Fire of Passion,' a com-
his poems. (German Literature since 1770) edy, and “Wilhelmine von Blondheim,' a tra-
and 'The Goethe Period of German Poetry) | gedy, which were extremely successful. Не
are masterpieces. He utilizes philological turned actor, rose to high reputation, and pro-
studies in (The Faithless Widow, in tracing duced much-admired comedies.


## p. 236 (#252) ############################################

236
GROTE-GRUPPE
Grote, George. An English historian of the
first order; born in Clay Hill, Kent, Nov. 17,
1794 ; died in London, June 18, 1871. He was
one of the most massive scholars of the century
in the classics and in logic, with a mind of
rare power, breadth, and discrimination. His
works on Plato and Aristotle, and various es-
says, are alone sufficient to give him a solid
reputation; and he was an able Parliament-
ary speaker and reformer. But his fame rests
on his epoch-making History of Greece) (12
vols. , 1845-56), the first ever written from a
democratic standpoint. *
Grotius, Hugo. A famous Dutch jurist and
scholar; born at Delft, April 10, 1583; died at
Rostock, Aug. 29. 1645. His treatise (On the
Law of War and Peace) made him the founder
of the modern science of international law.
He was also the author of important histori-
cal works and Biblical commentaries. Next
to Barneveld he was the Remonstrant leader in
Holland, and barely escaped sharing his fate.
Groto, Luigi (grö'to). An Italian poet,
called “the Blind Man of Adria)); born there,
Sept. 7, 1541; died at Venice, Dec. 13, 1585.
He lost his sight when eight days old, but
studied literature and philosophy with preco-
cious ability, delivering a speech before the
Queen of Poland at 18, gaining commissions
from Italian States to compose addresses for
public occasions, and taking the part of the
blind seer Tiresias in Sophocles's (Edipus.
His orations and letters were collected : he left
also a small volume of poems; (The Treasure,
a comedy; and (Delilah, a tragedy. His style
is affected, but his thoughts are original.
Grove, George, Sir. An English civil en-
gineer, editor, and compiler; born at Clapham,
Surrey, England, in 1820. During his early
life he was a civil engineer, and secretary of
the Crystal Palace Company (1852–73). Sub-
sequently he became editor of Macmillan's
Magazine, and from 1882 to 1894 was director
of the Royal College of Music at Kensington.
He was knighted in 1885. He was one of the
principal contributors to Dr. William Smith's
(Dictionary of the Bible); and compiled (A
Dictionary of Music and Musicians, A. D. 1450–
1878) (1878–89), a work of vast and accurate
information.
Grübel, Konrad (grü'bel). A German dialect
poet; born in Nuremberg, June 3, 1736; died
there, March 8, 1809. He was a saddler and
harness-maker, and passed his youth in priva-
tion; but he possessed genuine poetic gifts, as
shown in the pictures he has given of the lives
and manners of his countrymen in the three
volumes of (Poems in the Nuremberg Dialect. ?
Grün, Anastasius (grün), pseudonym of
Anton Alexander, Count of Auersperg. An
Austrian poet and statesman; born in Laibach,
April 11, 1806; died at Gratz, Sept. 12, 1876.
Although of aristocratic birth and breeding, his
political leanings were liberal, and he became
immersed in the progressive movement of his
day His literary work, for the most part,
grew out of and developed his public policy.
His first volume, Leaves of Love, did not
attract much attention. (The Last Knight)
was more successful; it celebrated the chivalry
of the first Maximilian's time. Strolls of a
Viennese Poet' and a second volume of 'Poems)
made him known. (The Nibelungen in a
Dress Coat' is a humorous narrative; (Robin
Hood) is a powerful poem in ballad form ;
(The Kalenberg Pastor) is a picture of simple
life; and (Popular Songs of the Krains) (in-
habitants of Carinthia, Austria) forms a very
important collection of native folk-lore.
Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin
(grönt-vig). A Danish theologian, historian,
and poet; born in Udby, Island of Seeland,
Sept. 8, 1783; died at Copenhagen, Sept. 3,
1872. He was the son of a clergyman, a very
precocious child; educated first by his father
thoroughly, then at the University of Copen-
hagen, later taking up a course of study in
history, languages, religions, etc. , with enor-
mous industry and power of assimilation. His
first writings were (A Masked Ball in Den-
mark, a protest in prose and verse against the
intellectual frivolity of the time; (An Abridg.
ment of Norse Mythology); and (The Pro-
gressive Decadence of Military Prowess and
Science in the North. ” In 1814 he took part
with distinction in the Holstein war. Later
becoming a pastor, he had to resign in 1825
on account of his religious opinions, devoting
his time thereafter to study. The powerful
religious movement known as Grundtvigism -
designed to reconstruct Christianity, institu-
tionally and to some extent doctrinally - no
began to shape itself in his mind. (The Man-
ual of Universal History,' a monumental work
of great value, clearly reveals his theological
point of view. (The Mythology of the North,
or the Language of Symbols Developed and
Explained by Means of History and Poetry)
(1832) made a sensation in the intellectual
world. As a poet, "Little Norse Poems, Phoe-
nix,' and others, have made his name a house-
hold word in the North. (Roskilde Rün,
(Danish War Song, (The Deliverance of Jut-
land,' and 'Legends of the Poets and Heroes
of the North,' are among his celebrated works.
Gruppe, Otto Friedrich (gröp'pe). A Ger-
man poet, philosopher, and critic; born in
Dantzig, April 15, 1804; died at Berlin, Jan. 7,
1876. He graduated at Berlin, and after some
experiences in journalism and public office, he
became a professor at his alma mater. He
first won attention with his (Antæus,' a work
on speculative philosophy, written in opposi-
tion to Hegelianism. The Turning-Point of
Nineteenth-Century Philosophy,) Ariadne, the
Tragic Art of the Greeks, (Roman Elegy,
(The Theogony of Hesiod, and a variety of
similar works, have earned him distinction.
His poems include : The Winds,' an effort
at Aristophanean comedy ; 'Queen Bertha,
(Emperor Charles,' and (Alboin,' three epics
(
-
>


## p. 237 (#253) ############################################

GRYPHIUS-GUÉROULT
237
:
of great beauty ; ' Poems of Fatherland, (The
War of 1866,' and other martial poems; (Otto
von Wittelsbach,' a drama. These have fully
sustained the reputation made by his earlier
work. His books on the history of literature
are authoritative.
Gryphius, Andreas (grē'fē-ös or grif'i-us). A
German poet, dramatist, and scholar; born in
Glogau, Silesia, Oct. II, 1616; died there, July
16, 1664. An orphan who struggled into an
education, he was finally left a comfortable
legacy by a nobleman he had been tutor for :
he traveled, and published his poems; but his
naturally morose temper was further soured by
the political conditions of his time, and his po-
etry is tinctured with a deep bitterness. Leo
Armenius,' (Catherine of Georgia, (The Mur-
dered Royalty; or Charles Stuart,' are power-
ful but sombre tragedies. He was deemed one
of the most profound scholars of his day,
having an acquaintance with eleven languages.
Among his performances was Peter Squenz,
an adaptation from a garbled transcript of
Shakespeare's (Midsummer Night's Dream. '
Guadagnoli, Antonio (gwad"än-yoʻlē). An
Italian poet; born in Arezzo, in 1798; died at
Cortona, Feb. 21, 1858. He belonged to an aris-
tocratic family, but his means were slender
during the greater part of his life. His poems,
(The Nose, « Prattle, (My Clothes, and (A
Woman's Tongue Put to the Test, display a
lively wit with no malicious ingredient. In
Tuscany he was especially popular. His “Col.
lection of Light Poetry) is much quoted.
Gualandi (gwäl-än'dē). See Guerrazzi.
Gualtieri, Luigi (gwäl"'tē-ā'rē). An Italian
novelist and dramatist; born in Bologna, in
1826. At twenty-two he settled in Milan and
married the popular actress Giacinta Pezzana,
whom he has since accompanied on her pro-
fessional tours. His first novel was (The Mys-
teries of Italy,' followed by (The Anonymous,'
(The Serpent of the Visconti, (Recollections
of Ugo Bassi,! (God and Man,' and (The Last
Pope, together with many others, all of which
became popular. For the stage he has written :
(The Duel); (The Love of an Hour); (Aspects
of Marriage); Heidelberg Students); and oth-
ers.
Guarini, Giovanni Battista (gwär-e'nē). An
Italian poet; born in Ferrara, Dec. 10, 1538;
died at Venice, Oct. 7, 1612. He was a very pre-
cocious child, and extremely early became pro-
fessor of literature and philosophy at the Uni-
versity of Ferrara. He was in diplomatic posts
lor various Italian princes, but lost them all
from a quarrelsome temper, which kept him
in hot water all his life. As a poet, his pas.
toral (The Faithful Shepherd' (Il Pastor Fido),
in the style of Tasso's (Aminta,' is the jewel
in his crown. The theme is on the yearly sacri-
fice of a maiden to Diana by the Arcadians,
and offers opportunities for passages of offens-
ive sensuality as well as of exquisite beauty.
'Idropica,' a five-act comedy; 'Poems, a small
collection of verse; and some miscellaneous
writings, complete his productions.
Gubernatis, Angelo de (gö-bār-nä'tēs). An
Italian critic, poet, philologist, and historian;
born in Turin, April 7, 1840. His profound
scholarship and versatility have won him dis-
tinction in widely separated departments of
literature. (The First Twenty Hymns of the
Rig-Veda) (text and translation, 1865); “Death
of Cato) (1863), a drama in metre; (King
Nala,' an Indo-Brahmin play; (Gabriel,' a
novel; Zoological Mythology (1872); and
many other works, evince a complete mastery
of style, and exhibit his brilliant attainments.
Literature is further indebted to him for his
invaluable work of reference entitled (Writers
of the Day
Guell y Renté, José (gwely' ē rān-tā'). A
Spanish poet, historian, statesman, and mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Havana, Cuba,
Sept. 14, 1818; died at Madrid, Dec. 20, 1884.
He studied law in Havana and Barcelona.
A romantic attachment for Doña Josepha
de Bourbon, sister of the King, ended in his
marriage to her, in spite of tremendous court
opposition, in 1848. He sided with the popular
party in the revolution of 1854, and was sub-
sequently elected to the Cortes. "Tears of
the Heart) and (Heart-Chagrin) brought him
into prominence as a poet. Meditations,
Christian, Philosophical, and Political, for the
Use of the People, (Thoughts, Literary and
Political, and many essays and political pam-
phlets, comprise his prose writings.
Güell y Renté, Juan. A Cuban poet; born
in Havana, in 1815; died in Madrid, Spain,
1875. His first volume of poems was published
in 1843. "Sentiments of the Soul, poems
(1844); Last Poems) (1859); and (Summer
Nights) (1861).
Guérin, Eugénie and Maurice de (gā-ran').
French diarists and prose-writers; sister and
brother. Eugénie was born in Languedoc,
Jan. 11 (? ), 1805; died there (? ), May 31, 1848.
Maurice was born in Languedoc, Aug. 5, 1810;
died there, July 19, 1839. The rare and some-
what hectic genius of the brother, enforcing
the sister's active participation, led to their
joint literary career. The Journals) and Let-
ters' comprise the result of this partnership. *
Guernsey, Alfred Hudson. An American
editor; born in Vermont, 1825. He was for
several years editor of Harper's Magazine and
associate editor of the American Cyclopæ-
dia' (1872-76). Together with Henry M. Alden
he was author of "Harper's Pictorial History
of the Great Rebellion, writing the Eastern
campaigns (2 vols. , 1862–65); and (The Spanish
Armada' (1882).
Guernsey, Lucy Ellen. An American juve-
nile-story writer; born in New York, 1826. She
has written : (Old Stanfield House); (Through
Unknown Ways); "Winifred'; etc.
Guéroult, Constant (gā-rö'). A French
writer of sensational fiction; born in Elbeuf,
>


## p. 238 (#254) ############################################

238
GUERRAZZI - GUILD
Feb. II, 1814; died at Paris, Nov. 29, 1882. At
first engaged in trade, he wrote novels in his
leisure, and soon made his fortune. (The
Stranglers of Paris, written partly in collabo-
ration, is his representative effort ; but (The
Beggar of Toledo, Captain Zamore, (The
Depths of Paris,' and 'The Marcellange Affair)
are powerful tales of the sensational order,
and gave rise to a school of imitators.
Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico (gwer-
rät'sē). An Italian statesman, romance-writer,
and satirist; born in Livorno (Leghorn), Aug.
12, 1804; died there, Sept. 23, 1873. After a
turbulent political career, a dictatorship of some
months in 1848, and then a cell and exile, he
devoted himself mainly to literature. He had
already written at 23 (The Battle of Benevento,
a historical novel and his best work in fiction.
Other novels are : « The Siege of Florence, a
romance, published under the pseudonym An-
selmo Gualandi”; Beatrice Cenci, a highly
popular story; "Veronica Cybò, Duchess of San
Giuliano) and (The Hiding-Place in the Wall,
both fine efforts of the imagination. A drama,
(The Whites and the Blacks); a biographical
study, 'The Life of Andrea Doria); and a vol-
ume of orations, all show power. He founded
L'Asino (The Ass), a satirical sheet.
Guerrero, Teodoro (gā-ray'ro). A Cuban
poet and dramatist; born in Havana in 1825.
He was educated in Spain, returning to Cuba
in 1845, in which year his first volume of
poems was published. His drama (La Escala
del Poder, and his comedy (La Cabeza y
el Corazon,' were successful. Lecciones de
Mundo) reached many editions.
Guevara, Antonio de (gā-vä’rä). A Spanish
historical and moral essayist; born in Viscaya,
about 1490; died in 1545. After a short career
ai court ne became a Franciscan. Charles V.
made him his companion in some of his voyages,
and gave him a rich bishopric. His humility
was proverbial. His writings were an influence
in the development of Spanish letters, being
distinguished by a great purity of diction and
a courtly and graceful style. He applies the
teachings of history to daily conduct. His
(Marcus Aurelius, for example, is a sort of
"Cyropædia, and has been translated into
many languages. (The Prince's Time-Piece)
and (The First Ten Cæsars) are manuals for
the ethical guidance of youthful royalty.
Guevara y Dueñas, Luis Velez de (gā-vä'-
rä ē dwān'yäz). A Spanish dramatist and
romancer; born in Ecija, Andalusia, January
1570; died at Madrid, Nov. 10, 1646. As a
young lawyer he won the favor of King Philip,
who gave him his first literary encouragement.
He wrote four hundred plays, all very long
and full of wit. (Empire after Death) and
(The King is More Important than One's Own
Flesh and Blood' are the best known. He
also wrote a novel or romance, (The Lame
Devil, from which Le Sage freely borrowed in
writing upon the same theme.
Guicciardini, Francesco (gwe-chär-de'ne).
A distinguished Italian historian; born at Flor-
ence, March 6, 1483; died May 23, 1540. He
was a prominent figure in the Italian public
life of his time. His principal work, History
of Italy,' recounts without passion or partisan-
ship the political events of 1492-1534; it was
published in 1561-64, and republished ten times
! n the fifty years succeeding. Long after his
death, appeared as Unpublished Works) (1857–
67, 10 vols. ) his (Political Reminiscences,' a
series of aphorisms on politics; «The Govern-
ment of Florence,' an essay on the forms of
government suited for an Italian State; and a
History of Florence. )
Guidi, Carlo Alessandro (gwe'dē). An Ital-
ian poet; born in Pavia, June 14, 1650; died at
Frascati, June 12, 1712. He attracted notice at
the Roman court by his extreme hideousness
of aspect and precocious charm of mind and
character. The Queen of Sweden lodged him
in her villa on the Rialto, and Pope Clement
XI. was his patron. His fame depends prin-
cipally upon his graceful lyrics. Poems,'
(Daphne,' «Six Homilies of Pope Clement XI.
Done into Verse,' and Endymion,' are his
most admired compositions. He was killed by
the shock consequent upon discovering a typo-
graphical error in one of his works.
Guidiccioni, Giovanni (gwé-de-che-o'nē).
An Italian poet and ecclesiastic; born in
Lucca, Feb. 25, 1500; died at Macerata in 1541.
He lived at the court of the Cardinal Farnese,
afterwards Pope Paul III. , who employed him
in difficult diplomatic missions and made him
a bishop. He wrote a small volume of 'Poems,
distinguished by a correct taste and elegant
diction.
Guido y Spano, Carlos (gwē-dō ē spä'no).
An Argentine poet; born in Salta, March 8,
1832. He was graduated at the University of
San Carlos, Buenos Ayres; practiced law; was
elected deputy to the national congress, and
became its president. He gained reputation
as a poet, and is held in highest esteem by his
countrymen. His poems are gathered in the
volume entitled “Hojas al Viento, published
in 1871.
Guild, Curtis. An American journalist and
author; born in Massachusetts in 1828. He
was the editor of the Boston Commercial Bul-
letin, which he founded in 1859, and was the
author of several popular books of travel.
Among his works are: (Over the Ocean' (1871);
(Abroad Again (1877); (Britons and Musco-
vites) (1888); (A Chat about Celebrities.
Guild, Reuben Aldridge. An American
prose-writer; born in West Dedham, Mass. ,
May 4, 1822. His published works include:
(History of Brown University with Illustrative
Documents) (1867); (Chaplain Smith and the
Baptists) (1885). He edited (Rhode Island in
the Continental Congress, 1765-1790, by Wm.
R. Staples (1870); "Letter of John Cotton, and
Roger Williams' Reply) (1866); and (Queries


## p. 239 (#255) ############################################

GUILLAUME DE LORRIS - GUMMERE
239
of Highest Consideration,' by Roger Williams
(1867).
Guillaume de Lorris (ge-yom'dē lõ-rēs').
A French poet; born at Lorris, about 1211;
died between 1240 and 1260. He appears to
have been about 25 when he wrote the first
part of the famous (Roman de la Rose. This
poem has been the subject of extravagant
eulogy until well within the present century.
It has to do with a knight who arrives at the
Palace of Pleasure, and has varied experiences
with Venus and her alluring but erratic com-
panions. The rose in the story has no particu-
lar meaning, though the hero's task is to pluck
it. The poem is in two parts, the last being
from the pen of Jean de Meung.
Guillaume de Machaut (ge-yom'dė mä-
cho'). A French poet and musician; born in
Machaut, Seine-et-Marne, between 1282 and
1284; died at Rheims about 1377. He first
appeared in menial office at the court of
Jeanne of Navarre, wife of Philip the Fair; be-
coming the latter's valet in time, and subse-
quently clerk to the King of Bohemia. A lady
of prominence at the French court - the wife of
the Comte de Foix according to some, Péronne
d'Armentières according to others — fell in love
with him, and their amours are set forth in
his (Voir Dit' or (Book of Said and Seen.
(The Taking of Alexandria' narrates the ad-
ventures of King Peter I. of Cyprus. His
musical compositions were much esteemed.
Guillemard, Francis Henry Hill (gil'.
mard"). An English traveler and scientist of
French descent; born in Eltham, Kent, in 1852.
He is a graduate of Cambridge, and for some
time taught there. He has traveled extens-
ively and explored many unfrequented lands.
Besides contributions to scientific, literary, and
medical reviews, he has published (The Cruise
of the Marchesa to Kamchatka and New
Guinea) (1886; 2d ed. 1887), interesting alike
to naturalist, traveler, and general reader.
Guiney, Louise Imogen. An American poet
and essayist; born in Boston, Jan. 7, 1861.
Among her volumes of verse may be men-
tioned: (Verse); (Songs at the Start); (A
Roadside Harp'; etc. She has also published:
(Goose-Quill Papers); “Brownies and Bogles );
Monsieur Henri'; A Little English Gallery);
Lovers' Saint Ruths); Patrins); etc. She
has edited an edition of Mangan's poems.
Guinicelli, Guido (gwê-në-chel'ē). An Ital-
ian poet; born in Bologna about 1240; died in
exile in 1276. He held a judgeship in Bologna
until expelled for political reasons. His im-
portance is due to his great influence upon
Dante, who pronounced him a model of grace
and style, and apostrophized him in the In-
ferno. The poems, so far as they have sur-
vived, scarcely justify Dante's praise. They
comprise seven canzone or songs in the style
of the ode, and five sonnets, all dealing with
love, and characterized more by feeling and
beauty of sentiment than by power.
Guinness, Mrs. Fanny E. An English evan-
gelist and religious writer, wife of Henry G. ;
born (Fitzgerald) in Dublin, Ireland, April
1831. She was one of the earliest woman
preachers of the gospel, and was secretary of
the first Christian mission on the Congo.
Besides works written in collaboration with
her husband, she has published : (She Spake
of Him: Being Recollections of Mrs. H. Den-
ning) (1872); (Sitwana's Story) (1882); (The
Wide World and Our Work) (1886); New
World of Central Africa.
Guinness, Henry Grattan. An Irish evan-
gelist and religious writer; born near Dublin,
August 1835. His chief work, (The Approach-
ing End of the Age, was issued in 1878, and
has passed through ten editions. He has also
written : (Preaching for the Million (1859);
and with his wife, 'Light for the Last Days)
(1886);( Romanism and the Reformation' (1887);
(The Divine Programme of the World's His.
tory) (1888).
Guiraud, Alexandre, Baron (ge-rõ”). A
French poet and dramatist; born in Limoux,
Dec. 25, 1788; died at Paris, Feb. 24, 1847. He
gave up the management of large inherited
business interests and took up literary pursuits
in Paris, writing poems, plays, and miscellane-
ous prose. (The Maccabees,' a tragedy, was
his first unqualified success. His ode addressed
to the Greeks had attracted some notice; and
he now brought out a volume of (Songs of
a Savoyard,' which attained great popularity,
especially (The Little Savoyard. He wrote
several other dramas, and a romance or two.
Guittone d'Arezzo (gwe-to'nā där-rets'o).
An Italian poet; born in Santa Firmina, near
Arezzo, about 1230; died at Florence, 1294. He
received a scholarly training and knew several
languages. When young he was a military ad-
venturer. In middle life he founded an order
of monks. His poetry is remarkable for ele.
gance of form and matter; to him the present
fixed form of the sonnet is largely due. He
left much verse, of which thirty-five sonnets and
four canzone have been preserved.
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (gē-zo'
or güē-zo'). A great French historian and
statesman; born at Nîmes, Oct. 4, 1787; died at
Val Richer, near Lisieux, Sept. 12, 1874. His
most important works are : «The History of
Civilization in Europe); «The History of Civ.
ilization in France); History of the English
Revolution); (Shakespeare and his Time);
and his own (Memoirs. He also wrote:
Memoirs relating to the History of France
to the Thirteenth Century'; (Corneille and his
Time) (1852); Meditations on the Present
State of the Christian Religion (1865); (His-
tory of France for my Grandchildren) (1870-
75). *
Guldberg, Frederick Höegh. See Höegh-
Guldberg.
Gummere, Francis Barton (gum'ery). An
American teacher and author ; born at Burling.
ton, N. J. , March 6, 1855. He was instructor


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240
GUMPERT - GUSTAFSON
in Harvard College from 1881 to 1882; and in
1887 became professor of English at Haver-
ford College, Pa. Besides miscellaneous papers
in Germanic philology and English literature,
he has written: "The Anglo-Saxon Metaphor)
(1881); Handbook of Poetics) (1885); (Ger-
manic Origins) (1892).
Gumpert, Thekla von (göm'pārt). A Ger-
man juvenile writer ; born in Kalisch, June 28,
1810. She was the daughter of a prominent
physician. When comparatively young she
undertook the training of the Princess Czartor-
iski's children, developing then her talent as a
story-teller. (The Little Father and his Grand-
child, Aunt's Trip to the Baths,' and My
First White Hair,' are among her greatest
successes. In 1856 she married Franz von
Schober, under whose name she is also known.
Her later productions, especially (Fleart-leaf
Pastime,' and 'Treasury of Books for Ger-
many's Daughters,' have maintained her popu-
larity.
Günderode, Karoline von (gün'de-ro-dė). A
German poet ; born in Karlsruhe, Feb. II, 1780;
died at Winkel on the Rhine, July 26, 1806.
An unfortunate love affair with the scholar
Creuzer confirmed her natural tendency to mel-
ancholy and mysticism, by which her poetry
is much colored, and she finally committed sui-
cide. She sometimes used the pseudonym
<< Tian. ” (Poems and Fancies) and Poetic
Fragments) are her best efforts.
Gundulic, Ivan (gön'dö-litch). (“Giovanni
Gondola. ”] A Dalmatian poet ; born in Ra-
gusa, Jan. 8, 1588; died there, Dec. 8, 1638. His
writings show extensive acquaintance with the
philosophy, jurisprudence, and ethics of his
time, but little is known of this first dramatic
poet among the Slavs. His greatest poem is
Osman,' an epic in twenty books, presenting
a stirring panorama of the career of one of
the Turkish Sultans, with the Polish-Turkish
war of 1621 for a background. His dramas
are pleasing and finished productions. (Proser-
pina, Cleopatra,' (Arijadna,' and (Dubravka)
show a rich and fertile imagination. Among
his elegies, (The Tears of a Lost Son) is full
of lofty and tender expression.
Gunsaulus, Frank Wakeley. An American
clergyman, novelist, and poet; born at Chester-
ville, O. , Jan. I, 1856. He graduated at the
Ohio Wesleyan University in 1875. Since 1887
he has been the pastor of a Congregational
church in Chicago, and has been for some
years director of the Armour Institute. Among
his works are: (The Transfiguration of Christ)
(1886); Monk and Knight: An Historical
Study in Fiction (1890); Phidias and Other
Poems) (1892); “Songs of Night and Day)
Gunter, Archibald Clavering. An Ameri-
can civil engineer, stock-broker, playwright,
publisher, and novelist; born in Liverpool, Eng-
land, Oct. 25, 1847. When five years old he
was taken to California by his parents. He
received his education mostly in California,
taking the degree of Ph. B. at University Col.
lege, San Francisco. He was a mining and
civil engineer in the West from 1867 until 1874,
when he became a stock-broker. In 1877 he
removed to New York, where he devoted him-
self to writing plays and novels. The best-
known of the former are : 'Courage); (Prince
Karl); (The Deacon's Daughter. His most
popular novels are : (Mr. Barnes of New York)
(1887), translated into several foreign languages,
and Mr. Potter of Texas) (1888), both suc-
cessfully dramatized ; (That Frenchman' (1889);
(Miss Nobody of Nowhere? (1890); "Baron
Montez of Panama and Paris) (1893); (A
Florida Enchantment.
Günther, Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthelf
(gün'ter). A German librarian and ichthyolo.
gist; born at Esslingen, Würtemberg, Oct. 3.
1830. He is co-editor of the (Annals and
Magazine of Natural History,' and author of
(The Reptiles of British India) (1864); (The
Fishes of the South Seas) (1873-78); (The
Gigantic Land Tortoises, Living and Extinct)
(1877); (An Introduction to the Study of Fishes)
(1880).
Günther, Johann Christian. A German
poet; born in Striegau, Lower Silesia, April 8,
1695; died at Jena, March 15, 1723. He is
celebrated for his (Peace of Passarowitz) and
numerous lyrics.
Gurowski, Adam de, Count (grof'skē). A
Polish scholar and author; born at Kalisz, Sept.
10, 1805; died at Washington, D. C. , May 4.
1866. In early life he was a leading Polish
patriot, and an instigator of the revolution of
1830. Later he became an advocate of Pan-
slavism, and was employed in Russia. In 1841
he left the latter country and studied in Ber-
lin, and in Bern, Switzerland. In 1849 he came
to the United States, and from 1861 to 1863
was a translator in the State Department at
Washington. Among his works, several of
which were written in French and German,
are : "Civilization and Russia' (1840); Pan-
slavism) (1848); (Russia as It Is) (1854); (The
Turkish Question' (1854); My Diary: Notes
on the Civil War) (1862 to 1866).
Guseck, Bernd von (gös'ek), pseudonym
of Gustave von Berneck, a German novelist
and writer on military topics; born in Kirch-
hain, Niederlausitz, Oct. 28, 1803; died at
Berlin, July 8, 1871. His novels have for
the most part a historical background, and
are meritorious without being great. (The
Hand of the Stranger,' (The First Robbery in
Germany,' and Katharina von Schwarzburg,
are noteworthy in a somewhat extended list.
He wrote a play or two, translated Dante's
(Divine Comedy,' and completed a history of
the art of war.
Gustafson, Zadel Barnes Buddington.