Elliot's
Standing
Orders.
Cambridge History of India - v4 - Indian Empire
It was believed that
India was defended by an ill-equipped army lacking in physical
strength and moral courage. The Pakistani soldiers took pride in
the fact that they were infinitely superior to the Indian soldiers.
Pakistan was sure of support from her Allies. Pakistan felt that
she was in stronger position on account of her membership of the
Seato and the Cento. She was also certain of help from Commun-
ist China against India India was considered to be a land of
Banias or shopkeepers who could not stand against the Pathans of
Pakistan. Such was the psychological background with which
Pakistan attacked India in September, 1965.
At dawn on 1 September, 1965, tanks of Pakistan's Armoured
Division rumbled across the Indian border in the Akhnoor sector
in Jammu with the objective of cutting off a Jaurian, India's main-
link with Jammu and the entire valley of Kashmir and Ladakh.
Pakistan was more advantageously situated than India to use her
tanks with telling effect. It was not possible for India to move in
her heavy armour beyond Akhnoor. Even if it was possible, it was
not prudent to do so. Consequently, the Indian troops fell back
in a series of planned withdrawals behind Chhamb. A day later,
,
the enemy came in water-proof jeeps and tanks with sealed engines.
At this stage, the aid of the Indian Air Force was sought and with-
in 45 minutes as many as 28 sorties were flown in 7 missions. The
Indian Air Force did a wonderful job. It knocked out 13 enemy
tanks. The ground fire disabled five tanks. Pakistan also called
in its Air Force but her Sabres were no match for Indian Gnats.
Pakistani drive to Akhnoor was temporarily halted on 1 September,
1965.
On 2 September, 1965, U Thant appealed to both India and
Pakistan for a cease-fire. He frankly told the Security Council
that he was not able to get from Pakistan “any assurance that the
cease-fire and the cease-fire line will be respected henceforth. ” On
4 September, the Security Council formally called for a cease-fire.
India was willing to accept a cease-fire provided Pakistan withdrew
from Chhamb and pulled out the infiltrators from Kashmir and
also promised not to do so again.
## p. 1013 (#1057) ##########################################
INDIA AND PAKISTAN
1013
2
war.
Marshal Chen-i, the Foreign Minister of China, flew to Karachi
on 4 September and conferred with Pakistan Foreign Minister, Mr.
Bhutto for 6 hours. The Chinese Marshal openly supported the
"just action taken by Pakistan to repel the Indian armed provoca-
tion in Kashmir. ” On 5 September, a Pakistani Sabre made an
unsuccessful low level attack on certain key Air Force installations
in the Amritsar area. The situation was really grave.
It was at this stage that India decided to hit back. On 9 Sep-
tember, 1965, Indian troops opened two new fronts, one against
Pakistan's Sialkot sector and the other across the border at Gadra
in Rajasthan. The Indian offensive in Lahore sector was carried
up to the Ichogil Canal. It was found that Pakistan had built
up in this area military structures which must have taken her
years to do so.
That showed that Pakistan was making prepara-
tions for a war with India for years. In the Lahore sector, the
battles were fought between the Indian border and the Ichogil
Canal. There were attacks and counter-attacks. India was able
to capture Dograi and Burki. No attempt was made to capture
Lahore as this would have been given back to Pakistan after the
India concentrated on destroying the war potential and mili-
tary machine of Pakistan.
Two battles deserve special treatment, one at Asal-uttar and the
other at Phillora. The Pakistani soldiers were well poised for at-
tack at Kasur and they attacked the Indians with all their vigour
and strength. The Indian army was forced to fall back under
heavy pressure. The Indian troops took up new positions at the
head of a fort at Khem Karan bordering on the village of Asal-
uttar. The Pakistanis felt that the Indian troops were running
away and it was the most opportune time to attack them. The
battle was fought at Asal-uttar. There are two meanings of this
word, 'true north' and 'the real answer. ' India won a splendid
victory at Asal-Uttar. “Pakistan had lost 97 tanks, a large number
of them pattons, of which 9 were captured intact and two were
surrendered with crew. Ten lieutenant-colonels, six majors, six
other officers and several other ranks were captured in this engage-
ment. This was indeed a real answer. "
In the Sialkot sector, a series of tank battles took place. As a
matter of fact, the tank battle continued for fifteen days without
break. The decisive battle was fought at Phillora on 11 September.
The Indians destroyed as many as 66 enemy tanks on that single
day and won a victory.
When the cease-fire took elfect at 3-30 A. M. on 23 September,
1965, the Indian forces held a salient of 180 sq. miles, only 4,000
yards from Sialkot. 243 enemy tanks had been destroyed. The
## p. 1014 (#1058) ##########################################
1014
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1909
Indian Air Force had tried to draw the Pakistan Air Force into
battle but the latter avoided the challange and continued to bom-
bard indiscriminately targets in India. The St. Paul's Cathedral
in Ambala was razed to the ground by a Pakistani bomb. The
Military Hospital in Ambala was bombed on 18 September. The
Jodhpur Jail Hospital was bombed on 22 September. On 15 Sep-
tember, there were as many as 10 air raids on Amritsar in one
single day. Many attacks were made on Delhi. The industrial
town near Amritsar (Chhiarta) was bombed on the night the cease-
fire took place and a lot of damage was done to life and property.
On 11 September, every nook and corner of the residence of Kewal
Singh, India's High Commissioner in Pakistan, in Karachi was
searched. On 13 September, the India Chancery in Karachi was
searched for 7 hours, in violation of the principles of international
law. Pakistan Air Force attacked a small, unarmed civil aircraft
flying in the Indian territory and that resulted in the death of the
Chief Minister of Gujarat who was travelling in that aeroplane.
When the war was still going on between India and Pakistan,
China issued a three-day ultimatum to India on 16 September, 1965.
The Chinese allegations were that there were Indian military struc-
tures on the Tibet side of Sikkim-Tibet border, that the Indians
had committed the theft of 59 yak and 800 sheep. The ultimatum
was extended for another three-days and then withdrawn. The
Chinese armies marched up and down the several passes and Indian
posts in Sikkim. Probably, the object of the Chinese move was to
frighten India and help Pakistan in her war against India. It may
be that its object was to encourage Pakistan to continue her war
with India.
India was willing to accept cease-fire from 6-30 P. M. on 14 Sep-
tember as originally proposed by U Thant. However, it was Pakis-
tan who wavered. The Chinese ultimatum did not give Pakistan
what she desired. She wanted to link up the cease-fire with the
settlement of Kashmir but this was not agreeable to India who
considered Kashmir as an integral part of India and hence not
within the purview of the Security Council to discuss it. On 10
October, 1965, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri declared:
“Pakistan may give up all talk of Kashmir so that, during that
period, she may regain her poise and composure in order to forget
about Kashmir. "
Premier Kosygin of the Soviet Union invited Prime Minister Lal
Bahadur Shastri and President Ayub Khan to Tashkent to iron out
differences between India and Pakistan and on 10 January, 1966
was issued the famous Tashkent Declaration under the signatures
of Lal Bahadur Shastri and Field Marshal Avub Khan. India and
## p. 1015 (#1059) ##########################################
INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS
1015
Pakistan declared their firm resolve to restore normal and peace-
ful relations between their countries and to promote understanding
and friendly relations between their people. They considered the
attainment of those objectives of vital importance for the welfare
of the 600 million people of India and Pakistan. It was agreed
that the armed personnel of the two countries shall be withdrawn
not later than 25 February, 1966 to the positions they held prior
to 5 August, 1965, and both sides were to observe the cease-fire
terms. It was agreed that the relations between the two countries
shall be based on the principle of non-interference in the internal
affairs of each other. Both sides were to discourage any propa-
ganda directed against the other country and were to encourage
propaganda which promoted the development of friendly relations
between the two countries. The diplomatic relations were to be
restored between the two countries. Steps were to be taken to-
wards the restoration of economic and trade relations. Prisoners
of war were to be repatriated. There were to be meetings both at
the highest and other levels on matters of common concern to both
the countries.
In spite of the Tashkent Declaration, the relations between India
and Pakistan are not normal. Petty pin-pricks continue between
the two countries day after day. Although four years have pass-
ed, no trade relations have been established between the two coun-
tries and Pakistan continues to carry on propaganda that India is
her enemy No. 1. This is most unfortunate.
NEPAL
as
Nepal lies between India and China and serves a buffer
between the two countries. More than 80% of her population con-
sists of Hindus and the rest are Muslims and Buddhists. Up to
1949, Nepal was ruled by the Ranas and the King was merely a
puppet in their hands. There was a revolt in 1949 and King Tri-
bhuvan sought asylum in the Indian Embassy at Kathmandu. The
Ranas were forced to give up power and a popular Government was
installed.
King Tribhuvan died in 1955 and he was succeeded by King
Mohindra. The new King dismissed the popular ministry and
abrogated the Constitution. Many popular leaders were arrested
but some of them escaped to India from where they started their
raids on the Nepalese territory. This resulted in a lot of bitterness
between the two countries. King Mohindra visited Peking in 1961
and entered into an agreement with China for the construction of
a highway connecting Kathmandu with Lhasa. That agreement
## p. 1016 (#1060) ##########################################
1016
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1909
was not liked by the Indian Government. There was a border
agreement between China and Nepal in 1962 by which China was
able to claim some territory which formerly was under Nepal. In
the same year, King Mohindra visited Delhi and there was a frank
exchange of views between the two countries. India promised not
to allow the rebels to operate from the Indian territory. During
the Indo-Chinese War in 1962, Nepal was neutral. However, the
relations between Nepal and India improved after 1962 as India
began to re-organise her armed forces and became a strong country
militarily. India attaches great importance to friendship with
Nepal but she has to counter Chinese influence in Nepal in every
field. Only recently, Shri Dinesh Singh, Foreign Minister of India,
visited Nepal on a good-will mission but in spite of that new diffi-
culties have cropped up (July 1969).
BHUTAN
The relations between India and Bhutan were governed by the
treaties of 1865 and 1900. On 8 August, 1949, India entered into a
new treaty of perpetual peace and friendship with Bhutan under
which India was not to interfere with the internal administration
of that country. Bhutan agreed to be guided by India in regard
to her external relations. The Government of India gave to Bhutan
the territory known as Dewanagari and also raised the annual sub-
sidy to Rs. 5 lakhs. During a visit to Bhutan on 23 December,
1958, Prime Minister Nehru pointedly said, “In the event of any
aggression against Bhutan by any country, India would consider it
an act of aggression against herself and act accordingly. "
SIKKIM
In 1947 when India became free, the relations between India
and Sikkim were governed by a Stand-still agreement. In March
1950, a provisional agreement was made between the two coun-
tries. On 5 December, 1950, another treaty was entered into
between the two countries. Sikkim was to be a protectorate of
India. She was to enjoy internal autonomy but the Government
of India was to be responsible for her defence, external relations and
communications. India was to pay Rs. 3 lakhs every year to Sikkim.
On 15 February, 1961, Prime Minister Nehru told the Indian Par-
liament that "any kind of incursion into Sikkim or Bhutan will be
considered an incursion into India and we shall abide by the assur-
ances we have given to them. ”
## p. 1017 (#1061) ##########################################
INDIA AND INDONESIA
1017
INDONESIA
India played an important part in securing the independence of
indonesia. After her independence, the relations between India
and Indonesia were cordial. Both the President of India and Prime
Minister of India visited Indonesia. Likewise, India was visited
by President Soekarno and the various Prime Ministers of that
country. On the initiative of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Bandung Con-
ference was held in Indonesia in April, 1955. However, the rela-
tions between the two countries got strained when Indonesia came
under the influence of Peking. During the Indo-Pakistan War of
1965, Indonesia gave Pakistan military help. This anti-Indian
attitude continued till the overthrow of President Soekarno. Things
have changed under President Suharto. The Government of India
has given a loan to the new Government of Indonesia and at pre-
sent (1969), the relations between the two countries are cordial.
ISRAF!
On account of the pro-Arab attitude of the Government of India,
the State of Israel was not recognised by her for some time and the
same was done on 17 September, 1950. In spite of that, Israel
was allowed to have only a Consul-General in India to operate
from Bombay. During the war between Israel and the U. A. R. in
June 1967, India held Israel guilty of aggression and supported
President Nasser. It appears that in view of the hostile attitude
of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iran and Turkey towards India during
the Indo-Pakistan war, India must put Israel on a footing of equal-
ity with other countries having diplomatic relations with India.
In May, 1969, on the occasion of the death of Dr. Zakir Husain,
the Consul-General of Israel in India complained of the shabby
treatment meted out to him when he went to put a wreath on the
dead body of the President of India.
MALAYASIA
When India was attacked by China in 1962, Tunku Abdul Rah-
man, Prime Minister of Malaya, was in India. In spite of the fact
that there is a large Chinese population in his own country, Tunku
Abdul Rahman denounced the Chinese invasion of India which "aim-
ed at showing Communist China's strength and might to impress the
smaller nations. ” On 1 November, 1962, he declared in Singapu.
that in the event of a war between India and China, his country
would give India "all-out support. ” However, the attitude of
## p. 1018 (#1062) ##########################################
1018
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1909
India towards Malayasia was not proper when she was confronted
by Indonesia and the Philippines. India refused to commit herself
to help Malayasia.
The present position of India is that she finds herself in a difficult
position. She does not belong to any camp. No world power can
rely upon her and consequently India also cannot rely upon any
Great Power in the hour of her necd. They may help her if their
own interests so demand. The U. S. A. came to her help in Octoher
1962, although she was not bound to do so. It is well known that
when the Indian Government sounded the United States on 17
September, 1965, the United States refused to commit herself to
come to the help of India in the event of a war between India
and China. Likewise, India must never forget that on 25 Octo-
ber, 1962, the Soviet Union also wavered in her attitude towards
India and actually showed her sympathy for the Chinese cause.
Indian leaders keep on harping on a policy of non-alignment in the
face of a dual danger from China and Pakistan. This is partiu-
larly so when it is conceded by all the intelligent persons in the
country that India alone is no match for Communist China. The
leaders of India, both inside and outside the Government, must
realise that it is a suicidal policy and the earlier it is changed the
better. India must enter into a military alliance with some coun-
try with whose help she can not only defend herself against China
but also get back her lost territories from her. Moreover, a big
effort must be made to set things right within the country. A new
spirit must be put into the hearts of the Indians to live and work
for the strength, prosperity and glory of India. A war should be
declared on corruption, inefficiency and lethargy in the country.
## p. 1019 (#1063) ##########################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER I
IMPERIAL LEGISLATION AND THE SUPERIOR
GOVERNMENTS, 1818-1857
ORIGINAL SOURCES
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
The chief source of information lies in the records of the various governments at
the India Office and in the record offices of India. Details regarding these may be
found in the various hand-books cited in the bibliographies of the previous volume.
The Additional Manuscripts at the British Museum include the papers of Lord
Liverpool, of Lord Auckland, of Lord Broughton, and of Lord Ripon (President
of the Board of Control, 1843-6). Some parts of the last collection will not be open
to the public till 1933. The papers of Lord Ellenborough are in the Public Record
Office.
PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
The Parliamentary Papers of the period contain a great variety of documents.
The most important are those connected with the renewal of the Company's
privileges in 1833 and 1853. These are: Session 1830, vols. V, VI; 1830-1, vol.
ix; 1831, vols. V, vi; 1831-2, vols. VIII-XIV; 1833, vol. XXV; 1852–3, vols.
XXVII-XXXII. Hansard gives the debates on these measures.
>
BAIRD, J. C. Private letters of the Marquess of Dalhousie. 1910.
COLCHESTER, Lord. Indian administration of Lord Ellenborough. 1874.
Elliot's Standing Orders. Madras, 1904.
HASTINGS, Lord. Private Diary. 2 vols. 1858.
Law, Sir ALGERNON. India under Lord Ellenborough. 1926.
MUKHERJI, P. Indian constitutional documents. 2 vols. Calcutta, 1918.
VICTORIA, QUEEN. Letters. 3 vols. 1907.
CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS
ARGYLL, Duke of. India under Dalhousie and Canning. 1865.
ARNOLD, Edwin. The Marquis of Dalhousie's administration. 2 vols. 1862.
Brief enquiry into the state and prospects of India by an eye-witness in the military
service of the Company. 1833.
CAMPBELL, G. India as it may be. 1853.
East India question fairly stated. 1831.
GRAHAM, ARCHIBALD. The means of ameliorating India. 1835.
HOUGH, W. India as it ought to be under the new charter act. 1853.
India Reform Tracts. (Include: The Government of India since 1834; the Native
states of India; the Government of India under a bureaucracy. )
MALCOLM, Sir John. The governnient of India. 1833.
MARTIN, R. M. British India: its history, topography, government, etc. n. d.
NAPIER, Sir CHARLES. Defects civil and military of the Indian government. 1853.
Opinions of Lords Wellesley and Grenville on the government of India. 1832.
PRINSEP, H. T. The India question in 1853. 1853.
RICKARDS, R. India, or facts submitted to illustrate the character and condition
of the native inhabitants. 1833.
Royle, Dr R. The productive resources of India. 1840.
SHORE, F. J. Notes on Indian affairs. 2 vols. 1837.
## p. 1020 (#1064) ##########################################
1020
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sketch of the commercial resources, and monetary and mercantile system of
British Ind:a. 1837.
THORNTON, EDWARD. India: its state and prospects. 1835.
Chapters of the modern history of India. 1840.
TREVELYAN, C. E. Papers transmitted from India. 1830.
SECONDARY WORKS
GENERAL
AUBER, P. Rise and progress of British power in India. 2 vols. 1837.
Bengal Past and Present. Calcutta, 1907, etc.
BEVERIDGE, H. Comprehensive history of India. 3 vols. 1867.
BURGESS, Dr JAMES. The chronology of modern India. 1913.
CURZON, Marquis of. British government in India. 2 vols. 1925.
ILBERT, Sir COURTNEY. The government of India. 1922.
Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 1, Descriptive, Oxford, 1907; vol. 11, Historical,
1908; vol. 11, Economic, 1908; vol. iv, Administrative, 1907; Atlas, 1909.
LYALL, Sir ALFRED. Rise and expansion of the British dominion in India. 1910,
MARSHMAN, J. C. History of India from the earliest period to the close of Lord
Dalhousie's administration. 3 vols. 1867.
Mill, JAMES. History of British India. 5th ed. with notes and continuation by
H. H. Wilson. 1o vols. 1858.
Muir, Ramsay. The making of British India. Manchester, 1915.
ROBERTS, P. E. India. 2 vols. Oxford, 1916–20.
STRACHEY, Sir JOHN. India. 1888.
THORNTON, EDWARD. History of the British empire in India. 6 vols. 1841.
TROTTER, L. J. History under Queen Victoria from 1836 to 1880. 2 vols. 1886.
SPECIAL
BOULGER, D. Lord William Bentinck. Oxford, 1892.
BROUGHTON, Lord. Recollections of a long life. 6 vols. 1909–11.
COLVIN, Sir AUCKLAND. Life of John Russell Colvin. Oxford, 1895.
DURAND, H. M. Life of Sir H. M. Durand. 2 vols. 1883.
FOSTER, Sir William. The East India House. • 1924.
John Company. 1926.
HARDINGE, Viscount. Viscount Hardinge. Oxford, 1891.
HUNTER, Sir W. W. The Marquess Dalhousie. Oxford, 1890.
KAYE, Sir John W. Memorials of Indian government. 1853.
Life and correspondence of Henry St George Tucker. 1854.
Life and correspondence of Sir John Malcolm. 2 vols. 1856.
Lives of Indian officers. 2 vols. 1889.
I EE-WARNER, Sir William. Life of the Marquis of Dalhousie. 2 vols. 1904.
NAPIER, Sir WILLIAM. Life of Sir Charles Napier. 4 vols. 1857.
RITCHIE, Mrs A. T. Earl Amherst. Oxford, 1894.
TREVELYAN, Sir G. O. Life and letters of Lord Macaulay. ist ed. 1876; popular
-
ed. 1889.
CHAPTERS II and xmı
DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION IN BENGAL, 1818-1918
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
Apart from the administrative records of the separate districts, these consist
especially of the revenue, judicial and public proceedings of the Bengal govern-
ment, and the proceedings of the Board of Revenue, which for a long period acted
as the effective government of the province. For the papers preserved at the India
Office, the reader should consult Sir William Foster's Guide to the India Office Records.
For the records in India, see the Handbook to the records of the Government of India and
## p.
India was defended by an ill-equipped army lacking in physical
strength and moral courage. The Pakistani soldiers took pride in
the fact that they were infinitely superior to the Indian soldiers.
Pakistan was sure of support from her Allies. Pakistan felt that
she was in stronger position on account of her membership of the
Seato and the Cento. She was also certain of help from Commun-
ist China against India India was considered to be a land of
Banias or shopkeepers who could not stand against the Pathans of
Pakistan. Such was the psychological background with which
Pakistan attacked India in September, 1965.
At dawn on 1 September, 1965, tanks of Pakistan's Armoured
Division rumbled across the Indian border in the Akhnoor sector
in Jammu with the objective of cutting off a Jaurian, India's main-
link with Jammu and the entire valley of Kashmir and Ladakh.
Pakistan was more advantageously situated than India to use her
tanks with telling effect. It was not possible for India to move in
her heavy armour beyond Akhnoor. Even if it was possible, it was
not prudent to do so. Consequently, the Indian troops fell back
in a series of planned withdrawals behind Chhamb. A day later,
,
the enemy came in water-proof jeeps and tanks with sealed engines.
At this stage, the aid of the Indian Air Force was sought and with-
in 45 minutes as many as 28 sorties were flown in 7 missions. The
Indian Air Force did a wonderful job. It knocked out 13 enemy
tanks. The ground fire disabled five tanks. Pakistan also called
in its Air Force but her Sabres were no match for Indian Gnats.
Pakistani drive to Akhnoor was temporarily halted on 1 September,
1965.
On 2 September, 1965, U Thant appealed to both India and
Pakistan for a cease-fire. He frankly told the Security Council
that he was not able to get from Pakistan “any assurance that the
cease-fire and the cease-fire line will be respected henceforth. ” On
4 September, the Security Council formally called for a cease-fire.
India was willing to accept a cease-fire provided Pakistan withdrew
from Chhamb and pulled out the infiltrators from Kashmir and
also promised not to do so again.
## p. 1013 (#1057) ##########################################
INDIA AND PAKISTAN
1013
2
war.
Marshal Chen-i, the Foreign Minister of China, flew to Karachi
on 4 September and conferred with Pakistan Foreign Minister, Mr.
Bhutto for 6 hours. The Chinese Marshal openly supported the
"just action taken by Pakistan to repel the Indian armed provoca-
tion in Kashmir. ” On 5 September, a Pakistani Sabre made an
unsuccessful low level attack on certain key Air Force installations
in the Amritsar area. The situation was really grave.
It was at this stage that India decided to hit back. On 9 Sep-
tember, 1965, Indian troops opened two new fronts, one against
Pakistan's Sialkot sector and the other across the border at Gadra
in Rajasthan. The Indian offensive in Lahore sector was carried
up to the Ichogil Canal. It was found that Pakistan had built
up in this area military structures which must have taken her
years to do so.
That showed that Pakistan was making prepara-
tions for a war with India for years. In the Lahore sector, the
battles were fought between the Indian border and the Ichogil
Canal. There were attacks and counter-attacks. India was able
to capture Dograi and Burki. No attempt was made to capture
Lahore as this would have been given back to Pakistan after the
India concentrated on destroying the war potential and mili-
tary machine of Pakistan.
Two battles deserve special treatment, one at Asal-uttar and the
other at Phillora. The Pakistani soldiers were well poised for at-
tack at Kasur and they attacked the Indians with all their vigour
and strength. The Indian army was forced to fall back under
heavy pressure. The Indian troops took up new positions at the
head of a fort at Khem Karan bordering on the village of Asal-
uttar. The Pakistanis felt that the Indian troops were running
away and it was the most opportune time to attack them. The
battle was fought at Asal-uttar. There are two meanings of this
word, 'true north' and 'the real answer. ' India won a splendid
victory at Asal-Uttar. “Pakistan had lost 97 tanks, a large number
of them pattons, of which 9 were captured intact and two were
surrendered with crew. Ten lieutenant-colonels, six majors, six
other officers and several other ranks were captured in this engage-
ment. This was indeed a real answer. "
In the Sialkot sector, a series of tank battles took place. As a
matter of fact, the tank battle continued for fifteen days without
break. The decisive battle was fought at Phillora on 11 September.
The Indians destroyed as many as 66 enemy tanks on that single
day and won a victory.
When the cease-fire took elfect at 3-30 A. M. on 23 September,
1965, the Indian forces held a salient of 180 sq. miles, only 4,000
yards from Sialkot. 243 enemy tanks had been destroyed. The
## p. 1014 (#1058) ##########################################
1014
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1909
Indian Air Force had tried to draw the Pakistan Air Force into
battle but the latter avoided the challange and continued to bom-
bard indiscriminately targets in India. The St. Paul's Cathedral
in Ambala was razed to the ground by a Pakistani bomb. The
Military Hospital in Ambala was bombed on 18 September. The
Jodhpur Jail Hospital was bombed on 22 September. On 15 Sep-
tember, there were as many as 10 air raids on Amritsar in one
single day. Many attacks were made on Delhi. The industrial
town near Amritsar (Chhiarta) was bombed on the night the cease-
fire took place and a lot of damage was done to life and property.
On 11 September, every nook and corner of the residence of Kewal
Singh, India's High Commissioner in Pakistan, in Karachi was
searched. On 13 September, the India Chancery in Karachi was
searched for 7 hours, in violation of the principles of international
law. Pakistan Air Force attacked a small, unarmed civil aircraft
flying in the Indian territory and that resulted in the death of the
Chief Minister of Gujarat who was travelling in that aeroplane.
When the war was still going on between India and Pakistan,
China issued a three-day ultimatum to India on 16 September, 1965.
The Chinese allegations were that there were Indian military struc-
tures on the Tibet side of Sikkim-Tibet border, that the Indians
had committed the theft of 59 yak and 800 sheep. The ultimatum
was extended for another three-days and then withdrawn. The
Chinese armies marched up and down the several passes and Indian
posts in Sikkim. Probably, the object of the Chinese move was to
frighten India and help Pakistan in her war against India. It may
be that its object was to encourage Pakistan to continue her war
with India.
India was willing to accept cease-fire from 6-30 P. M. on 14 Sep-
tember as originally proposed by U Thant. However, it was Pakis-
tan who wavered. The Chinese ultimatum did not give Pakistan
what she desired. She wanted to link up the cease-fire with the
settlement of Kashmir but this was not agreeable to India who
considered Kashmir as an integral part of India and hence not
within the purview of the Security Council to discuss it. On 10
October, 1965, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri declared:
“Pakistan may give up all talk of Kashmir so that, during that
period, she may regain her poise and composure in order to forget
about Kashmir. "
Premier Kosygin of the Soviet Union invited Prime Minister Lal
Bahadur Shastri and President Ayub Khan to Tashkent to iron out
differences between India and Pakistan and on 10 January, 1966
was issued the famous Tashkent Declaration under the signatures
of Lal Bahadur Shastri and Field Marshal Avub Khan. India and
## p. 1015 (#1059) ##########################################
INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS
1015
Pakistan declared their firm resolve to restore normal and peace-
ful relations between their countries and to promote understanding
and friendly relations between their people. They considered the
attainment of those objectives of vital importance for the welfare
of the 600 million people of India and Pakistan. It was agreed
that the armed personnel of the two countries shall be withdrawn
not later than 25 February, 1966 to the positions they held prior
to 5 August, 1965, and both sides were to observe the cease-fire
terms. It was agreed that the relations between the two countries
shall be based on the principle of non-interference in the internal
affairs of each other. Both sides were to discourage any propa-
ganda directed against the other country and were to encourage
propaganda which promoted the development of friendly relations
between the two countries. The diplomatic relations were to be
restored between the two countries. Steps were to be taken to-
wards the restoration of economic and trade relations. Prisoners
of war were to be repatriated. There were to be meetings both at
the highest and other levels on matters of common concern to both
the countries.
In spite of the Tashkent Declaration, the relations between India
and Pakistan are not normal. Petty pin-pricks continue between
the two countries day after day. Although four years have pass-
ed, no trade relations have been established between the two coun-
tries and Pakistan continues to carry on propaganda that India is
her enemy No. 1. This is most unfortunate.
NEPAL
as
Nepal lies between India and China and serves a buffer
between the two countries. More than 80% of her population con-
sists of Hindus and the rest are Muslims and Buddhists. Up to
1949, Nepal was ruled by the Ranas and the King was merely a
puppet in their hands. There was a revolt in 1949 and King Tri-
bhuvan sought asylum in the Indian Embassy at Kathmandu. The
Ranas were forced to give up power and a popular Government was
installed.
King Tribhuvan died in 1955 and he was succeeded by King
Mohindra. The new King dismissed the popular ministry and
abrogated the Constitution. Many popular leaders were arrested
but some of them escaped to India from where they started their
raids on the Nepalese territory. This resulted in a lot of bitterness
between the two countries. King Mohindra visited Peking in 1961
and entered into an agreement with China for the construction of
a highway connecting Kathmandu with Lhasa. That agreement
## p. 1016 (#1060) ##########################################
1016
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1909
was not liked by the Indian Government. There was a border
agreement between China and Nepal in 1962 by which China was
able to claim some territory which formerly was under Nepal. In
the same year, King Mohindra visited Delhi and there was a frank
exchange of views between the two countries. India promised not
to allow the rebels to operate from the Indian territory. During
the Indo-Chinese War in 1962, Nepal was neutral. However, the
relations between Nepal and India improved after 1962 as India
began to re-organise her armed forces and became a strong country
militarily. India attaches great importance to friendship with
Nepal but she has to counter Chinese influence in Nepal in every
field. Only recently, Shri Dinesh Singh, Foreign Minister of India,
visited Nepal on a good-will mission but in spite of that new diffi-
culties have cropped up (July 1969).
BHUTAN
The relations between India and Bhutan were governed by the
treaties of 1865 and 1900. On 8 August, 1949, India entered into a
new treaty of perpetual peace and friendship with Bhutan under
which India was not to interfere with the internal administration
of that country. Bhutan agreed to be guided by India in regard
to her external relations. The Government of India gave to Bhutan
the territory known as Dewanagari and also raised the annual sub-
sidy to Rs. 5 lakhs. During a visit to Bhutan on 23 December,
1958, Prime Minister Nehru pointedly said, “In the event of any
aggression against Bhutan by any country, India would consider it
an act of aggression against herself and act accordingly. "
SIKKIM
In 1947 when India became free, the relations between India
and Sikkim were governed by a Stand-still agreement. In March
1950, a provisional agreement was made between the two coun-
tries. On 5 December, 1950, another treaty was entered into
between the two countries. Sikkim was to be a protectorate of
India. She was to enjoy internal autonomy but the Government
of India was to be responsible for her defence, external relations and
communications. India was to pay Rs. 3 lakhs every year to Sikkim.
On 15 February, 1961, Prime Minister Nehru told the Indian Par-
liament that "any kind of incursion into Sikkim or Bhutan will be
considered an incursion into India and we shall abide by the assur-
ances we have given to them. ”
## p. 1017 (#1061) ##########################################
INDIA AND INDONESIA
1017
INDONESIA
India played an important part in securing the independence of
indonesia. After her independence, the relations between India
and Indonesia were cordial. Both the President of India and Prime
Minister of India visited Indonesia. Likewise, India was visited
by President Soekarno and the various Prime Ministers of that
country. On the initiative of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Bandung Con-
ference was held in Indonesia in April, 1955. However, the rela-
tions between the two countries got strained when Indonesia came
under the influence of Peking. During the Indo-Pakistan War of
1965, Indonesia gave Pakistan military help. This anti-Indian
attitude continued till the overthrow of President Soekarno. Things
have changed under President Suharto. The Government of India
has given a loan to the new Government of Indonesia and at pre-
sent (1969), the relations between the two countries are cordial.
ISRAF!
On account of the pro-Arab attitude of the Government of India,
the State of Israel was not recognised by her for some time and the
same was done on 17 September, 1950. In spite of that, Israel
was allowed to have only a Consul-General in India to operate
from Bombay. During the war between Israel and the U. A. R. in
June 1967, India held Israel guilty of aggression and supported
President Nasser. It appears that in view of the hostile attitude
of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iran and Turkey towards India during
the Indo-Pakistan war, India must put Israel on a footing of equal-
ity with other countries having diplomatic relations with India.
In May, 1969, on the occasion of the death of Dr. Zakir Husain,
the Consul-General of Israel in India complained of the shabby
treatment meted out to him when he went to put a wreath on the
dead body of the President of India.
MALAYASIA
When India was attacked by China in 1962, Tunku Abdul Rah-
man, Prime Minister of Malaya, was in India. In spite of the fact
that there is a large Chinese population in his own country, Tunku
Abdul Rahman denounced the Chinese invasion of India which "aim-
ed at showing Communist China's strength and might to impress the
smaller nations. ” On 1 November, 1962, he declared in Singapu.
that in the event of a war between India and China, his country
would give India "all-out support. ” However, the attitude of
## p. 1018 (#1062) ##########################################
1018
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1909
India towards Malayasia was not proper when she was confronted
by Indonesia and the Philippines. India refused to commit herself
to help Malayasia.
The present position of India is that she finds herself in a difficult
position. She does not belong to any camp. No world power can
rely upon her and consequently India also cannot rely upon any
Great Power in the hour of her necd. They may help her if their
own interests so demand. The U. S. A. came to her help in Octoher
1962, although she was not bound to do so. It is well known that
when the Indian Government sounded the United States on 17
September, 1965, the United States refused to commit herself to
come to the help of India in the event of a war between India
and China. Likewise, India must never forget that on 25 Octo-
ber, 1962, the Soviet Union also wavered in her attitude towards
India and actually showed her sympathy for the Chinese cause.
Indian leaders keep on harping on a policy of non-alignment in the
face of a dual danger from China and Pakistan. This is partiu-
larly so when it is conceded by all the intelligent persons in the
country that India alone is no match for Communist China. The
leaders of India, both inside and outside the Government, must
realise that it is a suicidal policy and the earlier it is changed the
better. India must enter into a military alliance with some coun-
try with whose help she can not only defend herself against China
but also get back her lost territories from her. Moreover, a big
effort must be made to set things right within the country. A new
spirit must be put into the hearts of the Indians to live and work
for the strength, prosperity and glory of India. A war should be
declared on corruption, inefficiency and lethargy in the country.
## p. 1019 (#1063) ##########################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER I
IMPERIAL LEGISLATION AND THE SUPERIOR
GOVERNMENTS, 1818-1857
ORIGINAL SOURCES
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
The chief source of information lies in the records of the various governments at
the India Office and in the record offices of India. Details regarding these may be
found in the various hand-books cited in the bibliographies of the previous volume.
The Additional Manuscripts at the British Museum include the papers of Lord
Liverpool, of Lord Auckland, of Lord Broughton, and of Lord Ripon (President
of the Board of Control, 1843-6). Some parts of the last collection will not be open
to the public till 1933. The papers of Lord Ellenborough are in the Public Record
Office.
PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
The Parliamentary Papers of the period contain a great variety of documents.
The most important are those connected with the renewal of the Company's
privileges in 1833 and 1853. These are: Session 1830, vols. V, VI; 1830-1, vol.
ix; 1831, vols. V, vi; 1831-2, vols. VIII-XIV; 1833, vol. XXV; 1852–3, vols.
XXVII-XXXII. Hansard gives the debates on these measures.
>
BAIRD, J. C. Private letters of the Marquess of Dalhousie. 1910.
COLCHESTER, Lord. Indian administration of Lord Ellenborough. 1874.
Elliot's Standing Orders. Madras, 1904.
HASTINGS, Lord. Private Diary. 2 vols. 1858.
Law, Sir ALGERNON. India under Lord Ellenborough. 1926.
MUKHERJI, P. Indian constitutional documents. 2 vols. Calcutta, 1918.
VICTORIA, QUEEN. Letters. 3 vols. 1907.
CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS
ARGYLL, Duke of. India under Dalhousie and Canning. 1865.
ARNOLD, Edwin. The Marquis of Dalhousie's administration. 2 vols. 1862.
Brief enquiry into the state and prospects of India by an eye-witness in the military
service of the Company. 1833.
CAMPBELL, G. India as it may be. 1853.
East India question fairly stated. 1831.
GRAHAM, ARCHIBALD. The means of ameliorating India. 1835.
HOUGH, W. India as it ought to be under the new charter act. 1853.
India Reform Tracts. (Include: The Government of India since 1834; the Native
states of India; the Government of India under a bureaucracy. )
MALCOLM, Sir John. The governnient of India. 1833.
MARTIN, R. M. British India: its history, topography, government, etc. n. d.
NAPIER, Sir CHARLES. Defects civil and military of the Indian government. 1853.
Opinions of Lords Wellesley and Grenville on the government of India. 1832.
PRINSEP, H. T. The India question in 1853. 1853.
RICKARDS, R. India, or facts submitted to illustrate the character and condition
of the native inhabitants. 1833.
Royle, Dr R. The productive resources of India. 1840.
SHORE, F. J. Notes on Indian affairs. 2 vols. 1837.
## p. 1020 (#1064) ##########################################
1020
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sketch of the commercial resources, and monetary and mercantile system of
British Ind:a. 1837.
THORNTON, EDWARD. India: its state and prospects. 1835.
Chapters of the modern history of India. 1840.
TREVELYAN, C. E. Papers transmitted from India. 1830.
SECONDARY WORKS
GENERAL
AUBER, P. Rise and progress of British power in India. 2 vols. 1837.
Bengal Past and Present. Calcutta, 1907, etc.
BEVERIDGE, H. Comprehensive history of India. 3 vols. 1867.
BURGESS, Dr JAMES. The chronology of modern India. 1913.
CURZON, Marquis of. British government in India. 2 vols. 1925.
ILBERT, Sir COURTNEY. The government of India. 1922.
Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 1, Descriptive, Oxford, 1907; vol. 11, Historical,
1908; vol. 11, Economic, 1908; vol. iv, Administrative, 1907; Atlas, 1909.
LYALL, Sir ALFRED. Rise and expansion of the British dominion in India. 1910,
MARSHMAN, J. C. History of India from the earliest period to the close of Lord
Dalhousie's administration. 3 vols. 1867.
Mill, JAMES. History of British India. 5th ed. with notes and continuation by
H. H. Wilson. 1o vols. 1858.
Muir, Ramsay. The making of British India. Manchester, 1915.
ROBERTS, P. E. India. 2 vols. Oxford, 1916–20.
STRACHEY, Sir JOHN. India. 1888.
THORNTON, EDWARD. History of the British empire in India. 6 vols. 1841.
TROTTER, L. J. History under Queen Victoria from 1836 to 1880. 2 vols. 1886.
SPECIAL
BOULGER, D. Lord William Bentinck. Oxford, 1892.
BROUGHTON, Lord. Recollections of a long life. 6 vols. 1909–11.
COLVIN, Sir AUCKLAND. Life of John Russell Colvin. Oxford, 1895.
DURAND, H. M. Life of Sir H. M. Durand. 2 vols. 1883.
FOSTER, Sir William. The East India House. • 1924.
John Company. 1926.
HARDINGE, Viscount. Viscount Hardinge. Oxford, 1891.
HUNTER, Sir W. W. The Marquess Dalhousie. Oxford, 1890.
KAYE, Sir John W. Memorials of Indian government. 1853.
Life and correspondence of Henry St George Tucker. 1854.
Life and correspondence of Sir John Malcolm. 2 vols. 1856.
Lives of Indian officers. 2 vols. 1889.
I EE-WARNER, Sir William. Life of the Marquis of Dalhousie. 2 vols. 1904.
NAPIER, Sir WILLIAM. Life of Sir Charles Napier. 4 vols. 1857.
RITCHIE, Mrs A. T. Earl Amherst. Oxford, 1894.
TREVELYAN, Sir G. O. Life and letters of Lord Macaulay. ist ed. 1876; popular
-
ed. 1889.
CHAPTERS II and xmı
DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION IN BENGAL, 1818-1918
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
Apart from the administrative records of the separate districts, these consist
especially of the revenue, judicial and public proceedings of the Bengal govern-
ment, and the proceedings of the Board of Revenue, which for a long period acted
as the effective government of the province. For the papers preserved at the India
Office, the reader should consult Sir William Foster's Guide to the India Office Records.
For the records in India, see the Handbook to the records of the Government of India and
## p.
