So great art thou, the
universal
king,
Without thee naught is done on earth, 0 God !
Without thee naught is done on earth, 0 God !
Universal Anthology - v04
but as for pluck, I'd strangle a lion, if the brute were Thales.
[Addresses the defendant, Thales.
'] Perhaps you are in love with Myrtale ?
Nothing wonderful.
I love my loaf.
Give this, and you shall get that.
Or else, by Jupiter, if you are in heat or so, stuff her price into the palm of Battalos ; go take and batter what belongs to you to your own heart's content.
the jury. ] There is still one point, gentlemen of the jury — this is the charge I make against yonder fellow — it remains with you, I say, in the absence of witnesses, to pro nounce sentence by the rules of equity — should he, however, want to put slaves to the test of torture, I am ready to offer myself also. Here, Thales, take and put me to the rack ; only see that the damages are paid into court first. Minos could not make more fair division and distinction by his weighing scales. For the rest, gentlemen of the jury, forget that you are voting for or against Battalos, the brothel keeper. Think that you are acting for all the foreigners established in your town. Now is the time for Cos and Merops to show what they are good for, Thessalus and Herakles the worth of their renown, Asklepios why he removed from Tricca, and for what cause Phoebe gave birth to Leto here. Considering all these matters, hold the helm of justice with right judgment, so that the Phrygian, hav ing felt your lash, may become the better for his punishment, if so be that the proverb transmitted to us from antiquity doth not speak untruth.
[The third mime, which follows, gives us sufficient insight into the behavior of a thoroughly ill-conducted vagabond of a schoolboy. His main vice was gambling in low company. That is the point in the incident of his mistaking Maron for Simon. Pollux informs us that Simon was one of the names for a cast of dice. ]
The Schoolmaster.
Scene : A School for Boys, in which there are statues of the Muses. Lampriscus, the master, is seated there. Enter Metrottma, dragging her unwilling son Kottalos.
Metrotima —May the dear Muses send you something to enjoy, and may you have pleasure in life ; so you will promise to drub this boy of mine, till the soul of him, drat it, is left nowhere in his body but the lips. He has ruined me by play ing pitch and toss. Yes, Lampriscus, it seems that knuckle
[Addresses
THE MIMES OF HERONDAS. 331
bones are not enough for him; but he must needs be running after worse mischief. Where the door of the grammar-master stands, or when the cursed tax-day comes round — let me scream like Nannakos — he cannot tell. But the gambling place, where street porters and runaways take up their quarters, is so well known to him that he will point it out to strangers. The un happy tablets, which I take the pains to spread with wax each month, lie abandoned by his bedpost next the wall, unless per chance he casts a glance on them as though they were the devil; and then, instead of writing something nice, he rubs them bare. His dice — that litter about among the bellows and the nets — are shinier than our oil-flask which we use for everything. But as for spelling out a word, he does not even know his alpha, unless one shouts it five times in his ears. The day before yesterday, when his father was teaching him Maron, what did the pretty fellow do but go and turn Maron into Simon? so that I am driven to call myself a fool for not making him a donkey-boy, instead of putting him to study in the hope of having a support for my declining years. Then if we make him repeat some child's speech — I, or his father, an old man with bad eyes and deaf — the words run out of his head like water from a bottle with a hole in it. " Apollo, the hunter ! " I cry out ; " even your granny will recite what one asks, and yet she has no schooling — or the first Phrygian you meet upon the road. "
But it's no use scolding, for if we go on, he runs away from home, stays out three days and nights, sponging upon his grandmother, a poor old blind woman and destitute ; or else he squats up there upon the roof, with his legs stretched out, like a tame ape, peering down. Just fancy what his wretched mother suffers in her entrails when she sees him there. I don't care so much about him indeed. But he smashes all the roofing into broken biscuits ; and, when winter comes, I have to pay two shillings for each tile, with tears of anger in my eyes. All the neighbors sing the same old song : "Yonder's the work of master Kottalos, that boy of Metro- tima's. " And true it is ; and I daren't wag a tooth in answer. Look at his back, too, how he's scratched it all over in the wood, till he's no better than a Delian fisher with the creel, who doits his life away at sea. Yet he casts feast days and holidays better than a professional star-gazer ; not even sleep will catch him forgetting when you're off your guard. So I beseech you,
332 THE MIMES OF HERONDAS.
Lampriscus, and may these blessed ladies give you prosperous life, and may you light on lucky days, do not . . .
Lampriscus — Nay, Metrotima, you need not swear at him ; it will not make him get the less. [Calls to his pupils. ] Eu- thies, where are you ? Ho, Kokkalos ! ho, Phillos ! Hurry up, and hoist the urchin on your shoulders ; show his rump to
the full moon, I say !
ways of going on, Kottalos — fine ways, forsooth ! It's not enough for you to cast dice, like the other boys here ; but you must needs be running to the gambling house and tossing cop pers with the common porters! I'll make you more modest than a girl. You shan't stir a straw even, if that's what you want. Where is my cutting switch, the bull's tail, with which I lamm into jail-birds and good-for-nothings. Give it me quick, before I hawk my bile up.
[Addresses Kottalos. ]
I commend your
Kottalos — Nay, prithee, Lampriscus, I pray you by the Muses, by your beard, by the soul of Kottis, do not flog me with that cutting, but the other switch.
Lampriscus — But, Kottalos, you are so gone in wickedness that there's not a slave-dealer who'd speak well of you — no, not even in some savage country where the mice gnaw iron.
Kottalos — How many stripes, Lampriscus ; tell me, I beg, how many are you going to lay on ?
Lampriscus — Don't ask me — ask her.
Kottalos — Oh ! oh ! how many are you going to give me, if I can last out alive?
Metrotima — As many as the cruel hide can bear, I tell you.
— [Lampriscus begins to flog the boy. ] Stop, stop, I've had enough, Lampriscus.
Kottalos
Lampriscus — Do you then stop your naughtiness !
Kottalos — Never, never again will I be naughty. I swear,
Lampriscus, by the dear Muses.
Metrotima — What a tongue you've got in your head, you !
I'll shut your mouth up with a gag if you go on bawling. Kottalos — Nay, then, I am silent. Please don't murder
me !
Lampriscus — Let him go, Kokkalos.
Metrotima — Don't stop, Lampriscus, flog him till the sun
goes down —
Lampriscus — But he's more mottled than a water-snake —
Metrotima — And he ought to get at least twenty more — Lampriscus — In addition to his book ? —
THE MIMES OF HERONDAS. 333
Metrotima — Even though he learned to read better than Clio herself.
Kottalos — Yah ! yah !
[The boy has been let loose, and is showing signs of indecent
Metrotima — Stop your jaw till you've rinsed it with honey. I shall make a careful report of this to my old man, Lampris- cus, when I get home ; and shall come back quickly with fet ters ; we'll clamp his feet together ; then let him jump about for the Muses he hated to look down on.
(Translation in Contemporary Review. )
A Jealous Woman.
Bitinna, the mistress (mother of Batyllis). Gastron, Pyrrhias,
Drachon, Cydilla, slaves.
The scene is in the house of Bitinna ; Bitinna and Gastron are alone.
Bitinna —
So, Gastron, so ! Thou canst not be
Content, it seems, to fondle me ? So proud, thou must to Menon's go
For Amphytaea ! Gastron —
Your Amphytaea.
The woman. . . . Bitinna —
The truth! Gastron —
Ma'am, I know . . . I have seen.
Talk, talk, talk, to screen
Ah, use me as you may,
Your slave ; but cease to drink by day And night my very life-blood !
Bitinna —
So big of tongue !
Cydilla !
Oh, Cydilla, ho !
[Enter Cydilla. ] Find him
Where is Pyrrhias ?
And bring him. [Cydilla runs off and instantly re
turns with Pyrrhias. ] Pyrrhias —
What's your pleasure ? Bitinna [pointing to Gattron] —
Bind him !
Quick, whip the pulley off the pail, And do it. [Exit Pyrrhias.
To Gastron. ]
Sirrah, if I fail
334
THE MIMES OF HERON DAS.
To make thee an instructive case Of torture, call me to my face No woman, no, nor half a man. 'Twas I that did
The mischief, when Gastron, for human.
am no more the fool, Thou think'st me.
trow,
[Pyrrhias returns with the bucket strap. ] Now Strip him and bind him.
Gastron — Mercy! oh Bitinna, mercy
Bitinna — Strip him. [To Gastron. ] Thou art my slave, my chattel, made
sinned but catch me in fresh Infraction of your will or way — Then have me branded
Bitinna — Better pray To Amphytaea Boll at her
Those eyes, who pleases to prefer
My foot-rug for her pillow Ugh Pyrrhias —
Please you, he's fastened.
Bitinna — Mark him, you,
If he slips out. Take him away
To Hermon's whipping-house and say, He to have two thousand, one Thousand upon the back, and one
Upon the belly —
Oastron — Must
Madam, to death, before you know
So much as the alleged transgression Be proven
began
treated thee, Thou shalt see.
[Calling to Pyeehias. ] Come, hast got
Know,
Mine for three dollars duly paid.
And cursed be that detested day
Which brought thee here What Pyrrhias Nay, My eye on thee.
Call that a binding
It in and through
His arms off.
Gastron —
Pardon, pardon but This once, my lady. Being flesh,
Look alive
Tighter Drive
I'll have cut
go,
. if ?
!
!
is
I! a ;
! it! !
!
it ! ?
!
I
II
;
is
!
?
it, II
!
THE MIMES OF HERONDAS. 335
Bitinna — By your own confession, Your " pardon but this once ! "
Gastron — To cool
Your answer was it spoken.
Bitinna [to Pyrrhias] — Fool,
To stand and stare ! Cydilla, slap The rascal's hideous victual-trap.
Go where I told thee. Quick, depart ; And thou, if Pyrrhias will but start, Go, Drachon, too. Cydilla, slave, 'Twould be considerate if you gave The fiend a rag or so to grace
His passage through the market place. Now, Pyrrhias, I'll repeat it : say From me to Hermon, he's to lay
Two thousand on : a thousand here, And there a thousand. Do you hear ? From this if you one inch deflect, Your person answers the neglect,
And pays with interest. Off !
[Pyrrhias with Gastron begins to go; Bitinna stops him with a
gesture. ']
And please To take him not by Miccale's,Pyrrhias
But straight. {Exeunt and Gastron. ) And one thing I forgot —
Kun, run, Cydilla (he is not Yet far), and call him.
Cydilla [in sudden distress] — Art deaf ? Alas ! she's
Pyrrhias I calling.
Hi ! Ay,
Bitinna —
As hard upon his fellow-slave,
As if the wretch had robbed a grave !
But, Pyrrhias, mark ! Though he is sent Now in your charge to punishment, Cydilla, sure as these are two
[Holding up and shaking at him two of her fingers. ] Within four days shall witness you
Lodged in the jail, and fretting there
Those anklets which you lately wear.
Hark you ! His bonds are to remain So, till you both come back again. Fetch Cosis, the tattooer, who
Must bring his ink and needles too ;
836
HYMN TO ZEUS.
And while we have him, I will see He puts some ornament on thee :
'Twill save a journey. For cat and mouse ! "
Cydilla —
Not now, not now !
To see the happy wedding day
Of your Batyllis, to embrace
Her children, grant one little grace : Pardon this once.
Bitinna — Cydilla! There! Your worries, if you don't take care,
I'll run away ! — Well, folks may scoff; I'll let the deep-dyed rascal off ; Though every woman in the place Might spit contempt upon my face,
" Which is so little royal ! " — Yet, Since he's so liable to forget
He's mortal, he shall have it now
" Equal fine
Nay, mother mine, Oh, as you pray
Cydilla —Writ for reminder on his brow.
This is the twentieth, and before
The Day of Souls come only four. Bitinna —
First, then, I now discharge you ; bless For that, Cydilla, (dear not less
Than my Batyllis she to me ;
These arms have nursed her) ; presently The Banquet of the Dead, with least Expense, will serve your marriage feast.
HYMN TO ZEUS.
By CLEANTHES.
[Stoic philosopher : succeeded Zeus in his school about b. c. 270. ]
(Translated by Edward Beecher. )
Great Jove, most glorious of the immortal gods, Wide known by many names, Almighty One, King of all nature, ruling all by law.
HYMN TO ZEUS.
We mortals thee adore, as duty calls ;
For thou our father art, and we thy sons,
On whom the gift of speech thou hast bestowed Alone of all that live and move on earth.
Thee, therefore, will I praise ; and ceaseless show To all thy glory and thy mighty power.
This beauteous system circling round the earth Obeys thy will, and wheresoe'er thou leadest, Freely submits itself to thy control.
Such is, in thine unconquerable hands,
The two-edged, fiery, deathless thunderbolt ;
Thy minister of power, before whose stroke
All nature quails and, trembling, stands aghast : By which the common reason thou dost guide, Pervading all things, filling radiant worlds,
The sun, the moon, and all the host of stars.
So great art thou, the universal king,
Without thee naught is done on earth, 0 God ! Nor in the heavens above, nor in the sea ;
Naught save the deeds unwise of sinful men.
Yet harmony from discord thou dost bring ;
That which is hateful, thou dost render fair ;
Evil and good dost so coordinate,
That everlasting reason shall bear sway,
Which sinful men, blinded, forsake and shun, Deceived and hapless, seeking fancied good.
The law of God they will not see nor hear ; Which if they would obey, would lead to life.
But they unhappy rush, each in his way : —
For glory some in eager conflict strive ;
Others are lost inglorious, seeking gain ;
To pleasure others turn, and sensual joys,
Hasting to ruin, whilst they seek for life.
But thou, 0 Jove ! the giver of all good,
Darting the lightning from thy house of clouds,
Permit not man to perish darkling thus ;
From folly save them ; bring them to the light ; Give them to know the everlasting law
By which in righteousness thou rulest all,
That we, thus honored, may return to thee
Meet honor, and with hymns declare thy deeds,
And though we die, hand down thy deathless praise, Since not to men nor gods is higher meed
Than ever to extol with righteous praise
The glorious, universal King Divine.
vol. iv. — 22
338 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279.
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. By PAUSANIAS.
(Translated by J. G. Frazer. )
[Pausanias, Greek antiquarian and art cataloguer, lived under Hadrian and the Antonines, middle of the second century a. d. His chief work, still extant in full, was the "Periegesis (Guide-Book) of Hellas," very valuable not only for its topographical descriptions, but its account of art objects. ]
The Gauls inhabit the farthest parts of Europe, on the shore of a great sea (Northern Ocean) which at its extremities is not navigable. The sea ebbs and flows, and contains beasts quite unlike those in the rest of the sea. The name Gauls came into vogue late, for of old the people were called Celts both by themselves and others. A host of them mustered and marched toward the Ionian Sea ; they dispossessed the Illyrian nation and the Macedonians, as well as all the intervening peo ples, and overran Thessaly. When they were come near to Thermopylae, most of the Greeks awaited passively the attack of the barbarians ; for they had suffered heavily before at the hands of Alexander and Philip, and afterwards the nation had been brought low by Antipater and Cassander, so that in their weakness each thought it no shame to refrain from taking part in the national defense.
But the Athenians, although they were more exhausted than any of the Greeks by the long Macedonian war and many de feats in battle, nevertheless appointed Callipus to the com mand, and hastened to Thermopylae with such of the Greeks as volunteered. Having seized the narrowest part of the pass, they attempted to hinder the barbarians from entering into Greece. But the Celts discovered the pass by which Ephialtes the Trachinian once guided the Medes ; and, after overpower ing the Phocians, who were posted on they crossed Mount CEta before the Greeks were aware. Then was that the Athenians rendered great service to Greece for on both sides, surrounded as they were, they kept the barbarians at
But their comrades on the ships labored the most for at Thermopylae the Samnian Gulf swamp, the cause of which, seems to me, the warm water which here flows into the sea. So their trial was the greater for when they had taken the Greeks on board, they made shift to sail through the mud in ships weighed down with arms and men.
bay.
;
it
a is
is a
it,
;
;
it
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. 839
But the Gauls were inside of Pylae ; and, scorning to cap ture the other towns, they were bent on plundering Delphi and the treasures of the gods. The Delphians, and those of the Phocians who inhabit the cities round about Parnassus, put themselves in array against them, and there came also a force of iEtolians ; for at that time the iEtolian race excelled in youthful vigor. But when they came to close quarters, thunder bolts and rocks, breaking away from Parnassus, came hurtling down upon the Gauls ; and dreadful shapes of men in arms appeared against the barbarians. They say that two of these phantom warriors, Hyperochus and Amadocus, came from the Hyperboreans, and the third was Pyrrhus, son of Achilles.
Most of the Gauls crossed to Asia in ships and plundered the seacoast. But afterwards the people of Pergamus, which was called Teuthrania of old, drove them away from the sea into the country now called Galatia. They captured Ancyra, a city of the Phrygians, founded in former days by Midas, son of Gordius, and took possession of the land beyond the Sangarius. The anchor which Midas found still existed even down to my time, in the sanctuary of Zeus ; and there is a fountain called the fountain of Midas —they say that Midas mixed wine with the water of the fountain to catch Silenus. This town of Ancyra, then, was captured by the Gauls, and likewise Pessi- nus, under Mount Agdistis, where they say that Attis Agdistis is buried. The Pergamenians have spoils taken from the Gauls, and a picture representing the battle with them.
The first foreign expedition of the Celts was made under the leadership of Cambaules. They advanced as far as Thrace, but did not dare to push on any farther, conscious that they were too few in numbers to cope with the Greeks. But when they resolved a second time to carry their arms into an enemy's camp, — a step to which they were chiefly instigated by the men who had been out with Cambaules, and in whom the expe rience of marauding had bred a love of plunder and booty, — a large force of infantry assembled, and there was no lack of re cruits for the cavalry. So the leaders divided the army into three parts, and each was ordered to march against a different country. Cerethrius was to lead his force agajnst the Thra- cians and the Triballian tribe ; Brennus and Acichorius com manded the army destined to attack Poeonia ; while Bolgius marched against the Macedonians and Illyrians, and engaged in conflict with Ptolemy, then king of Macedonia. It was this
340 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279.
Ptolemy who first sought the protection of Seleucus, son of Antiochus, and then assassinated his protector, and whose excessive daring earned him the nickname of Thunderbolt. Ptolemy himself fell in the battle, and the Macedonian loss was heavy ; but again the Celts had not the courage to march against Greece, and so the second expedition returned home again.
Hereupon Brennus, at public assemblies and in private as semblies with the leading men, energetically urges an expedi tion against Greece, pointing to the present weakness of Greece, to the wealth of her public treasures, and to the still greater wealth stored up in her sanctuaries in the shape of offerings and of gold and silver coin. So he prevailed on the Gauls to march against Greece, and amongst his colleagues in command, whom he chose from among the leading men, was Acichorius. The assembled army numbered 152,000 foot and 20,400 horse. But though that was the number of the cavalry always on service, the real number was 61,200 ; for every trooper was attended by two servants, who were themselves good riders and were provided with horses. When the cavalry was engaged, the servants kept in the rear and made themselves useful
thus : —
The spirit of the Greeks had fallen very low, but the very excess of their fear roused them to the necessity of defending Greece. They saw that the struggle would not now be for freedom, as it had been in the Persian War, and that safety was not to be had by a gift of water and earth ; for the fate that had overtaken the Macedonians, Thracians, and Paeonians in the former inroads of the Gauls were still fresh in their mem ory, and reports were reaching them of the atrocities that even then were being perpetrated on the Thessalians. Death or victory, that was the alternative that every man and every state prepared to face. . . .
To meet the barbarians who had come from the ocean, the following Greek forces marched to Thermopylae : 10,000
If a trooper had his horse killed, the servant brought him a fresh mount ; if the trooper himself was slain, the slave mounted his master's horse ; but if both horse and man were killed, the slave was ready mounted to take their place. If the man was wounded, one of the slaves brought the wounded man off the field to the camp, while the other took his place in the ranks. — Such was the force and such the intentions with which Brennus marched against Greece.
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. 341
heavy-armed infantry and 500 horse from Boeotia ; the Boeo- tarchs were Cephisodotus, Thearidas, Diogenes, and Lysander. From Phocis, 500 horse, and infantry to the number of 3000, under the command of Critobulus and Antiochus. The Lo- crians, who dwell opposite the island of Atalanta, were led by Midias ; their number was 700 ; they had no cavalry. From Megara there came 400 heavy infantry ; the Megarian cavalry was led by Megareus. The iEtolian force was very numerous, and included every arm. The strength of their cavalry is not given. Their light infantry numbered ninety and —, their heavy infantry numbered 7000. The ^tolians were led by Polyarchus, Polyphron, and Lacrates. The general of the Athenians was Callippus, son of Moerocles, as I have men tioned before, and the Athenian forces consisted of all their seaworthy galleys, 500 horse, and 1000 foot. In virtue of their ancient prestige, they held the command. The kings of Macedonia and Asia contributed 500 mercenaries each. When the Greeks who were assembled at Thermopylae learned that the Gallic army had already reached Magnesia and the district of Phthiotis, they resolved to send a detachment, con sisting of the cavalry and 1000 light infantry, to the Spercheus to dispute the passage of the river. On reaching the river the detachment broke down the bridges and encamped on the bank. But Brennus was no fool, and had, for a barbarian, a pretty notion of strategy. Accordingly, that very night he dispatched a force, not to the places where the old bridges had stood, but lower down the river, in order that they might effect the passage unperceived by the Greeks. At this point the Spercheus spread its waters over the plain, forming a marsh and a lake instead of a narrow rushing stream. Thither, then, Brennus sent some 10,000 Gauls who could swim, or were taller than their fellows ; and the Celts are by far the tallest race in the world. This force passed the river in the night by swimming the lagoon, the men using their national bucklers as rafts. The tallest of them were able to cross the water on foot. No sooner were the Greeks on the Spercheus informed that a detachment of the enemy had passed the marsh than they immediately fell back on the main body.
Brennus ordered the people who dwell round the Malian Gulf to bridge the Spercheus. They executed the task with alacrity, actuated at once by a fear of Brennus, and by a desire to get the barbarians out of their country, and thus to save it
342 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 270.
from further devastation. When he had led his army across the bridges, he marched on Heraclea. The Gauls plundered the district, and butchered all whom they caught in the fields, but failed to take the city, for the year before the JStolians had compelled Heraclea to join their confederacy ; so now they bestirred themselves in defense of a town which they regarded as belonging as much to them as to its inhabitants. Brennus himself cared little about Heraclea, but was bent on dislodging the enemy from the passes, and penetrating into the interior of
Greece, south of Thermopylae.
He had been informed by deserters of the strength of the
Greek contingents assembled at Thermopylae, and the informa tion inspired him with a contempt for the enemy. So, advancing from Heraclea, he offered battle the next morning at sunrise. He had no Greek soothsayer with him, and he consulted no sacrificial omens after the manner of his people, if indeed the Celts possess an art of divination. The Greeks came on in silence and in order. On engaging, the enemy did not disturb their formation by charging out from the ranks ; and the skirmishers, standing their ground, hurled darts and plied their bows and slings. The cavalry on both sides was useless ; for the ground at Thermopylae is not only narrow, but also smooth by reason of the natural rock, and mostly slippery owing to the numerous streams. The Gauls were the worse equipped, their national shields being their only defensive weapon ; and in military skill they were still more inferior. They advanced on the foe with the blind rage and passion of wild beasts. Hacked with axes or swords, their fury did not desert them so long as they drew breath ; run through with darts and javelins, they abated not of their courage while life remained ; some even tore from their wounds the spears with which they had been hit, and hurled them at the Greeks, or used them at close quarters. Meanwhile the Athenian fleet, with much difficulty and at some risk, stood close into the shore, through the mud which pervades the sea for a great distance, and laying the ships, as nearly as might be, alongside the enemy, raked his flank with a fire of missiles and arrows. The Celts were now unspeakably weary ; on the narrow ground the losses which they suffered were double or fourfold what they inflicted ; and at last their leaders gave the signal to retreat to the camp. Retiring in disorder and without any formation, many were trampled under foot by
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. 343
their comrades ; many fell into the swamp and disappeared beneath the mud ; and thus their losses in the retreat were as heavy as in the heat of action.
On that day the Attic troops outdid all the Greeks in valor ; and amongst them the bravest was Cydias ; he was young, and it was his first battle. He was slain by the Gauls, and his kinsmen dedicated his shield to Zeus of Freedom, with the following inscription : —
" I hang here, missing sadly the bloom of Cydias' youth,
I, the shield of a glorious man, and an offering to Zeus ;
I was the first shield through which he thrust his left arm When rushing Ares raged against the Gaul. "
The inscription remained till the shields in the Colonnade of Zeus of Freedom, with other things at Athens, were removed by the soldiers of Sulla.
After the battle at Thermopylae the Greeks buried their dead and spoiled the barbarians. The Gauls sent no herald to request permission to take up their dead, and deemed it a matter of indifference whether they were laid in earth or were devoured by wild beasts and the birds that prey upon corpses. Their apathy as to the burial of the dead resulted, it seems to me, from two motives : a wish to strike awe into the enemy, and a habitual carelessness toward the deceased. Forty of the Greeks fell in the battle ; the exact loss of the barbarians could not be ascertained, for the number that sank under the mud was great.
On the sixth day after the battle a corps of the Gauls attempted to ascend Mount CSta from Heraclea ; for here, too, a narrow footpath leads up the mountain just beyond the ruins of Trachis. In those days there was also a sanctuary of Athena above the territory of Trachis, with offerings in it. So they hoped to ascend CEta by this footpath, and to secure the treasures of the sanctuary. [The garrison under Tele- sarchus] defeated the barbarians ; but Telesarchus himself fell — a Greek patriot if ever there was one.
All the barbarian leaders except Brennus now stood in terror of the Greeks, and were perplexed as to the future, seeing that their enterprise made no progress. But it occurred to Brennus that if he could force the ^Etolians to return home to JEtolia, his operations against the Greeks would be much
344 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279.
facilitated. So he detached from his army a force of forty thousand foot and some eight hundred horse, and placed it under the command of Orestorius and Combutis. These troops marched back by the bridges over the Spercheus, re traced their steps through Thessaly, and invaded ^tolia. The sack of Callium by Combutis and Orestorius was the most atrocious and inhuman in history. They put the whole male sex to the sword ; old men and babes at their mothers' breasts were butchered alike ; and after killing the fattest of the sucklings, they even drank their blood and ate their flesh. All matrons and marriageable maidens who had a spark of spirit anticipated their fate by dispatching themselves when the city was taken ; but the survivors were forcibly subjected to every kind of outrage by beings who were equal strangers to pity and to love. Such women as chanced to find an enemy's sword, laid hands on themselves ; the rest soon perished from want of food and sleep, the ruthless barbarians outraging them in turn, and glutting their lust on the persons even of the dying and dead.
Apprised by messengers of the disasters that had befallen them, the ^Etolians immediately set out from Thermopylae and hastened with all speed to ^Etolia, moved with rage at the sack of Callium, but still more with a desire to save the towns which had not yet fallen. From all their towns, too, poured forth the men of military age ; even the old men, roused by the emer gency, were to be seen in the ranks. The very women marched with them as volunteers, their exasperation of the Gauls ex ceeding even that of the men. After pillaging the houses and sanctuaries, and firing the town of Callium, the barbarians set out to return. Here they were met by the Patreans, the only Achaians who came to the aid of the jEtolians. Being trained infantry, the Patreans attacked the barbarians in front, but suf fered heavily from the numbers and desperation of the Gauls. The . iEtolians, on the other hand, men and women, lined the whole road, and kept up a fire of missiles on the barbarians ; and as the latter had nothing but their national shields, few shots were thrown away. Pursued by the Gauls, they easily es caped ; and then, when their enemies were returning from the pursuit, they fell upon them again with vigor. Hence, dread ful as had been the fate of the people of Callium, — so dreadful, indeed, that in the light of it even Homer's account of the Laestrygones and the Cyclops appears not to be exaggerated, —
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. 345
yet they were amply avenged ; for out of the 40,800 barbarians less than half returned alive to the camp at Thermopylae.
Meanwhile the Greeks at Thermopylae fared as follows : There are two paths over Mount (Eta ; one starting above Trachis, is exceedingly steep and in most places precipitous ; the other, leading through the territory of the jEnianians, is more passable for an army. It was by this latter path that Hydarnes, the Mede, once fell on the rear of Leonidas and his men, and by it the Heracleots and jEnianians now offered to lead Brennus, not from any ill will they bore the Greeks, but merely because they would give much to rid their country of the destroying presence of the Celts. Pindar, it seems to me, is right when he says that every man is weighed down by his own troubles and is callous to the sorrows of others. In cited by the promise held out to him by the jEnianians and Her acleots, Brennus left Acichorius in command of the army, with orders to advance to the attack the moment the Greeks were surrounded. Then at the head of a detachment of forty thou sand men he set off by the path. It happened that on that day the mist came down thick on the mountain, darkening the sun,
so that the Phocian pickets stationed on the path did not per ceive the approach of the barbarians till they were close upon them. Attacked by the enemy, they stood bravely to their arms, but were at last overpowered and driven from the path. Nevertheless, they succeeded in running down to their friends, and bringing them word of what was taking place before they were completely surrounded. This gave the Athenian fleet time to withdraw the Greek army from Thermopylae ; and so the troops dispersed to their several homes.
Brennus lost not a moment, but, without waiting to be joined by the army he had left under Acichorius in the camp, marched on Delphi. The trembling inhabitants betook themselves to the oracle, and the god bade them have no fear. " For," said he, "I will myself guard my own. " The Greeks who rallied in the defense of the god were these : the Phocians, who came forth from every city, 400 infantry from Amphissa, and a handful from jEtolia. This small force was dispatched by the iEtolians as soon as they heard of the advance of the barbarians ; after wards they sent 200 men under Philomelus. But the flower of the -Etolian troops advanced against the army of Acichorius, and without giving battle hung on his rear, capturing his baggage trains and killing his men. This was the chief cause of the
346 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279.
slowness of his march. Besides, he had left behind at Hera- clea a corps to guard the camp baggage.
Meantime the Greeks who had mustered at Delphi drew out in order of battle against the army of Brennus, and soon, to confound the barbarians, the god sent signs and wonders, the plainest that ever were seen. For all the ground occupied by the army of the Gauls quaked violently most of the day, and thunder rolled and lightning flashed continually, the claps of thunder stunning the Celts and hindering them from hearing the words of command, while the bolts from heaven set fire not only to the men upon whom they fell, but to all who were near them, men and arms alike. Then, too, appeared to them the phan toms of the heroes Hyperochus, Laodocus, Pyrrhus ; some add to these a fourth, to wit, Phylacus, a local hero of Delphi. Of the Phocians themselves many fell in the action, and amongst them Aleximachus, who, on that day, above all the Greeks, did everything that youth and strength and valor could do in slay ing the barbarians. The Phocians had a statue of him made and sent it to Apollo at Delphi. Such were the sufferings and terrors by which the barbarians were beset all that livelong day ; and the fate that was in store for them in the night was more dismal far. For a keen frost set in, and with the frost came snow, and great rocks came slipping from Parnassus, and crags breaking off, made straight for the barbarians, crushing to death not one or two, but thirty or more at a blow, as they chanced to be grouped together on guard or in slumber.
At sunrise the Greeks advanced upon them from Delphi. All except the Phocians came straight on ; but the Phocians, more familiar with the ground, descended the precipices of Parnassus through the snow and getting in the rear of the Celts unperceived, showered their darts and arrows on the barbarians in perfect security. At first, despite the cross-fire of missiles and the bitter cold which told on them, and especially on the wounded, not less cruelly than the arrows of the enemy, the Gauls made a gallant stand, and especially Brennus's own company, the tallest and most stalwart of them all. But when Brennus himself was wounded and carried fainting from the field, the barbarians, beset on every side, fell sullenly back, butchering as they went their comrades, whom wounds or sick ness disabled from attending the retreat.
They encamped on the spot where night overtook them on the retreat ; but in the night a panic fear fell on them. Cause
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. 847
less fears, they say, are inspired by Pan. It was late in the evening when the confusion arose in the army, and at first it was a mere handful who lost their heads, fancying they heard the trampling of charging horses and the onset of foemen ; but soon the delusion spread to the whole army. So they snatched up their arms, and taking sides, dealt death and received it. For they understood not their mother tongue, nor perceived each other's forms and the shapes of their bucklers, both sides alike in their present infatuation fancying that their adversaries were Greeks, that their arms were Greek, and that the language they spoke was Greek. So the God-sent madness wrought a very great slaughter among the Gauls at the hands of each other. The Phocians, who were left in the field to watch the herds, were the first to perceive and report to the Greeks what had befallen the barbarians in the night. Then the Phocians took heart and pressed the Celts more vigorously than ever, keeping a stricter watch on their encampments, and not suffer ing them to forage unresisted. This immediately produced a dreadful scarcity of corn and all other necessaries throughout the whole Gallic army. Their losses in Phocis amounted to a little under 6000 in action, over 10,000 in the wintry night and the subsequent panic, and as many more by famine.
The Athenians sent scouts to see what was doing at Delphi. When these men returned and reported all that had befallen the barbarians, and what the god had done to them, the Athenians took the field, and on the march through Boeotia were joined by the Boeotians. Their united forces followed the barbarians, lying in wait for and cutting off the hindmost. The fugitives under Brennus had been joined by the army of Acichorius only the night before ; for the march of the latter had been retarded by the jEtolians, who pelted them freely with darts and any thing else that came to hand, so that only a small part of them escaped to the camp at Heraclea. Brennus's hurts still left him a chance of life ; but they say that from fear of his country men, and still more from wounded pride as the author of the disastrous campaign in Greece, he put an end to himself by drinking neat wine. After that the barbarians made their way with difficulty to the Spercheus, hotly pressed by the iEtolians. But from the Spercheus onward the Thessalians and Malians lay in wait, and swallowed them up so completely that not a man of them returned home.
the jury. ] There is still one point, gentlemen of the jury — this is the charge I make against yonder fellow — it remains with you, I say, in the absence of witnesses, to pro nounce sentence by the rules of equity — should he, however, want to put slaves to the test of torture, I am ready to offer myself also. Here, Thales, take and put me to the rack ; only see that the damages are paid into court first. Minos could not make more fair division and distinction by his weighing scales. For the rest, gentlemen of the jury, forget that you are voting for or against Battalos, the brothel keeper. Think that you are acting for all the foreigners established in your town. Now is the time for Cos and Merops to show what they are good for, Thessalus and Herakles the worth of their renown, Asklepios why he removed from Tricca, and for what cause Phoebe gave birth to Leto here. Considering all these matters, hold the helm of justice with right judgment, so that the Phrygian, hav ing felt your lash, may become the better for his punishment, if so be that the proverb transmitted to us from antiquity doth not speak untruth.
[The third mime, which follows, gives us sufficient insight into the behavior of a thoroughly ill-conducted vagabond of a schoolboy. His main vice was gambling in low company. That is the point in the incident of his mistaking Maron for Simon. Pollux informs us that Simon was one of the names for a cast of dice. ]
The Schoolmaster.
Scene : A School for Boys, in which there are statues of the Muses. Lampriscus, the master, is seated there. Enter Metrottma, dragging her unwilling son Kottalos.
Metrotima —May the dear Muses send you something to enjoy, and may you have pleasure in life ; so you will promise to drub this boy of mine, till the soul of him, drat it, is left nowhere in his body but the lips. He has ruined me by play ing pitch and toss. Yes, Lampriscus, it seems that knuckle
[Addresses
THE MIMES OF HERONDAS. 331
bones are not enough for him; but he must needs be running after worse mischief. Where the door of the grammar-master stands, or when the cursed tax-day comes round — let me scream like Nannakos — he cannot tell. But the gambling place, where street porters and runaways take up their quarters, is so well known to him that he will point it out to strangers. The un happy tablets, which I take the pains to spread with wax each month, lie abandoned by his bedpost next the wall, unless per chance he casts a glance on them as though they were the devil; and then, instead of writing something nice, he rubs them bare. His dice — that litter about among the bellows and the nets — are shinier than our oil-flask which we use for everything. But as for spelling out a word, he does not even know his alpha, unless one shouts it five times in his ears. The day before yesterday, when his father was teaching him Maron, what did the pretty fellow do but go and turn Maron into Simon? so that I am driven to call myself a fool for not making him a donkey-boy, instead of putting him to study in the hope of having a support for my declining years. Then if we make him repeat some child's speech — I, or his father, an old man with bad eyes and deaf — the words run out of his head like water from a bottle with a hole in it. " Apollo, the hunter ! " I cry out ; " even your granny will recite what one asks, and yet she has no schooling — or the first Phrygian you meet upon the road. "
But it's no use scolding, for if we go on, he runs away from home, stays out three days and nights, sponging upon his grandmother, a poor old blind woman and destitute ; or else he squats up there upon the roof, with his legs stretched out, like a tame ape, peering down. Just fancy what his wretched mother suffers in her entrails when she sees him there. I don't care so much about him indeed. But he smashes all the roofing into broken biscuits ; and, when winter comes, I have to pay two shillings for each tile, with tears of anger in my eyes. All the neighbors sing the same old song : "Yonder's the work of master Kottalos, that boy of Metro- tima's. " And true it is ; and I daren't wag a tooth in answer. Look at his back, too, how he's scratched it all over in the wood, till he's no better than a Delian fisher with the creel, who doits his life away at sea. Yet he casts feast days and holidays better than a professional star-gazer ; not even sleep will catch him forgetting when you're off your guard. So I beseech you,
332 THE MIMES OF HERONDAS.
Lampriscus, and may these blessed ladies give you prosperous life, and may you light on lucky days, do not . . .
Lampriscus — Nay, Metrotima, you need not swear at him ; it will not make him get the less. [Calls to his pupils. ] Eu- thies, where are you ? Ho, Kokkalos ! ho, Phillos ! Hurry up, and hoist the urchin on your shoulders ; show his rump to
the full moon, I say !
ways of going on, Kottalos — fine ways, forsooth ! It's not enough for you to cast dice, like the other boys here ; but you must needs be running to the gambling house and tossing cop pers with the common porters! I'll make you more modest than a girl. You shan't stir a straw even, if that's what you want. Where is my cutting switch, the bull's tail, with which I lamm into jail-birds and good-for-nothings. Give it me quick, before I hawk my bile up.
[Addresses Kottalos. ]
I commend your
Kottalos — Nay, prithee, Lampriscus, I pray you by the Muses, by your beard, by the soul of Kottis, do not flog me with that cutting, but the other switch.
Lampriscus — But, Kottalos, you are so gone in wickedness that there's not a slave-dealer who'd speak well of you — no, not even in some savage country where the mice gnaw iron.
Kottalos — How many stripes, Lampriscus ; tell me, I beg, how many are you going to lay on ?
Lampriscus — Don't ask me — ask her.
Kottalos — Oh ! oh ! how many are you going to give me, if I can last out alive?
Metrotima — As many as the cruel hide can bear, I tell you.
— [Lampriscus begins to flog the boy. ] Stop, stop, I've had enough, Lampriscus.
Kottalos
Lampriscus — Do you then stop your naughtiness !
Kottalos — Never, never again will I be naughty. I swear,
Lampriscus, by the dear Muses.
Metrotima — What a tongue you've got in your head, you !
I'll shut your mouth up with a gag if you go on bawling. Kottalos — Nay, then, I am silent. Please don't murder
me !
Lampriscus — Let him go, Kokkalos.
Metrotima — Don't stop, Lampriscus, flog him till the sun
goes down —
Lampriscus — But he's more mottled than a water-snake —
Metrotima — And he ought to get at least twenty more — Lampriscus — In addition to his book ? —
THE MIMES OF HERONDAS. 333
Metrotima — Even though he learned to read better than Clio herself.
Kottalos — Yah ! yah !
[The boy has been let loose, and is showing signs of indecent
Metrotima — Stop your jaw till you've rinsed it with honey. I shall make a careful report of this to my old man, Lampris- cus, when I get home ; and shall come back quickly with fet ters ; we'll clamp his feet together ; then let him jump about for the Muses he hated to look down on.
(Translation in Contemporary Review. )
A Jealous Woman.
Bitinna, the mistress (mother of Batyllis). Gastron, Pyrrhias,
Drachon, Cydilla, slaves.
The scene is in the house of Bitinna ; Bitinna and Gastron are alone.
Bitinna —
So, Gastron, so ! Thou canst not be
Content, it seems, to fondle me ? So proud, thou must to Menon's go
For Amphytaea ! Gastron —
Your Amphytaea.
The woman. . . . Bitinna —
The truth! Gastron —
Ma'am, I know . . . I have seen.
Talk, talk, talk, to screen
Ah, use me as you may,
Your slave ; but cease to drink by day And night my very life-blood !
Bitinna —
So big of tongue !
Cydilla !
Oh, Cydilla, ho !
[Enter Cydilla. ] Find him
Where is Pyrrhias ?
And bring him. [Cydilla runs off and instantly re
turns with Pyrrhias. ] Pyrrhias —
What's your pleasure ? Bitinna [pointing to Gattron] —
Bind him !
Quick, whip the pulley off the pail, And do it. [Exit Pyrrhias.
To Gastron. ]
Sirrah, if I fail
334
THE MIMES OF HERON DAS.
To make thee an instructive case Of torture, call me to my face No woman, no, nor half a man. 'Twas I that did
The mischief, when Gastron, for human.
am no more the fool, Thou think'st me.
trow,
[Pyrrhias returns with the bucket strap. ] Now Strip him and bind him.
Gastron — Mercy! oh Bitinna, mercy
Bitinna — Strip him. [To Gastron. ] Thou art my slave, my chattel, made
sinned but catch me in fresh Infraction of your will or way — Then have me branded
Bitinna — Better pray To Amphytaea Boll at her
Those eyes, who pleases to prefer
My foot-rug for her pillow Ugh Pyrrhias —
Please you, he's fastened.
Bitinna — Mark him, you,
If he slips out. Take him away
To Hermon's whipping-house and say, He to have two thousand, one Thousand upon the back, and one
Upon the belly —
Oastron — Must
Madam, to death, before you know
So much as the alleged transgression Be proven
began
treated thee, Thou shalt see.
[Calling to Pyeehias. ] Come, hast got
Know,
Mine for three dollars duly paid.
And cursed be that detested day
Which brought thee here What Pyrrhias Nay, My eye on thee.
Call that a binding
It in and through
His arms off.
Gastron —
Pardon, pardon but This once, my lady. Being flesh,
Look alive
Tighter Drive
I'll have cut
go,
. if ?
!
!
is
I! a ;
! it! !
!
it ! ?
!
I
II
;
is
!
?
it, II
!
THE MIMES OF HERONDAS. 335
Bitinna — By your own confession, Your " pardon but this once ! "
Gastron — To cool
Your answer was it spoken.
Bitinna [to Pyrrhias] — Fool,
To stand and stare ! Cydilla, slap The rascal's hideous victual-trap.
Go where I told thee. Quick, depart ; And thou, if Pyrrhias will but start, Go, Drachon, too. Cydilla, slave, 'Twould be considerate if you gave The fiend a rag or so to grace
His passage through the market place. Now, Pyrrhias, I'll repeat it : say From me to Hermon, he's to lay
Two thousand on : a thousand here, And there a thousand. Do you hear ? From this if you one inch deflect, Your person answers the neglect,
And pays with interest. Off !
[Pyrrhias with Gastron begins to go; Bitinna stops him with a
gesture. ']
And please To take him not by Miccale's,Pyrrhias
But straight. {Exeunt and Gastron. ) And one thing I forgot —
Kun, run, Cydilla (he is not Yet far), and call him.
Cydilla [in sudden distress] — Art deaf ? Alas ! she's
Pyrrhias I calling.
Hi ! Ay,
Bitinna —
As hard upon his fellow-slave,
As if the wretch had robbed a grave !
But, Pyrrhias, mark ! Though he is sent Now in your charge to punishment, Cydilla, sure as these are two
[Holding up and shaking at him two of her fingers. ] Within four days shall witness you
Lodged in the jail, and fretting there
Those anklets which you lately wear.
Hark you ! His bonds are to remain So, till you both come back again. Fetch Cosis, the tattooer, who
Must bring his ink and needles too ;
836
HYMN TO ZEUS.
And while we have him, I will see He puts some ornament on thee :
'Twill save a journey. For cat and mouse ! "
Cydilla —
Not now, not now !
To see the happy wedding day
Of your Batyllis, to embrace
Her children, grant one little grace : Pardon this once.
Bitinna — Cydilla! There! Your worries, if you don't take care,
I'll run away ! — Well, folks may scoff; I'll let the deep-dyed rascal off ; Though every woman in the place Might spit contempt upon my face,
" Which is so little royal ! " — Yet, Since he's so liable to forget
He's mortal, he shall have it now
" Equal fine
Nay, mother mine, Oh, as you pray
Cydilla —Writ for reminder on his brow.
This is the twentieth, and before
The Day of Souls come only four. Bitinna —
First, then, I now discharge you ; bless For that, Cydilla, (dear not less
Than my Batyllis she to me ;
These arms have nursed her) ; presently The Banquet of the Dead, with least Expense, will serve your marriage feast.
HYMN TO ZEUS.
By CLEANTHES.
[Stoic philosopher : succeeded Zeus in his school about b. c. 270. ]
(Translated by Edward Beecher. )
Great Jove, most glorious of the immortal gods, Wide known by many names, Almighty One, King of all nature, ruling all by law.
HYMN TO ZEUS.
We mortals thee adore, as duty calls ;
For thou our father art, and we thy sons,
On whom the gift of speech thou hast bestowed Alone of all that live and move on earth.
Thee, therefore, will I praise ; and ceaseless show To all thy glory and thy mighty power.
This beauteous system circling round the earth Obeys thy will, and wheresoe'er thou leadest, Freely submits itself to thy control.
Such is, in thine unconquerable hands,
The two-edged, fiery, deathless thunderbolt ;
Thy minister of power, before whose stroke
All nature quails and, trembling, stands aghast : By which the common reason thou dost guide, Pervading all things, filling radiant worlds,
The sun, the moon, and all the host of stars.
So great art thou, the universal king,
Without thee naught is done on earth, 0 God ! Nor in the heavens above, nor in the sea ;
Naught save the deeds unwise of sinful men.
Yet harmony from discord thou dost bring ;
That which is hateful, thou dost render fair ;
Evil and good dost so coordinate,
That everlasting reason shall bear sway,
Which sinful men, blinded, forsake and shun, Deceived and hapless, seeking fancied good.
The law of God they will not see nor hear ; Which if they would obey, would lead to life.
But they unhappy rush, each in his way : —
For glory some in eager conflict strive ;
Others are lost inglorious, seeking gain ;
To pleasure others turn, and sensual joys,
Hasting to ruin, whilst they seek for life.
But thou, 0 Jove ! the giver of all good,
Darting the lightning from thy house of clouds,
Permit not man to perish darkling thus ;
From folly save them ; bring them to the light ; Give them to know the everlasting law
By which in righteousness thou rulest all,
That we, thus honored, may return to thee
Meet honor, and with hymns declare thy deeds,
And though we die, hand down thy deathless praise, Since not to men nor gods is higher meed
Than ever to extol with righteous praise
The glorious, universal King Divine.
vol. iv. — 22
338 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279.
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. By PAUSANIAS.
(Translated by J. G. Frazer. )
[Pausanias, Greek antiquarian and art cataloguer, lived under Hadrian and the Antonines, middle of the second century a. d. His chief work, still extant in full, was the "Periegesis (Guide-Book) of Hellas," very valuable not only for its topographical descriptions, but its account of art objects. ]
The Gauls inhabit the farthest parts of Europe, on the shore of a great sea (Northern Ocean) which at its extremities is not navigable. The sea ebbs and flows, and contains beasts quite unlike those in the rest of the sea. The name Gauls came into vogue late, for of old the people were called Celts both by themselves and others. A host of them mustered and marched toward the Ionian Sea ; they dispossessed the Illyrian nation and the Macedonians, as well as all the intervening peo ples, and overran Thessaly. When they were come near to Thermopylae, most of the Greeks awaited passively the attack of the barbarians ; for they had suffered heavily before at the hands of Alexander and Philip, and afterwards the nation had been brought low by Antipater and Cassander, so that in their weakness each thought it no shame to refrain from taking part in the national defense.
But the Athenians, although they were more exhausted than any of the Greeks by the long Macedonian war and many de feats in battle, nevertheless appointed Callipus to the com mand, and hastened to Thermopylae with such of the Greeks as volunteered. Having seized the narrowest part of the pass, they attempted to hinder the barbarians from entering into Greece. But the Celts discovered the pass by which Ephialtes the Trachinian once guided the Medes ; and, after overpower ing the Phocians, who were posted on they crossed Mount CEta before the Greeks were aware. Then was that the Athenians rendered great service to Greece for on both sides, surrounded as they were, they kept the barbarians at
But their comrades on the ships labored the most for at Thermopylae the Samnian Gulf swamp, the cause of which, seems to me, the warm water which here flows into the sea. So their trial was the greater for when they had taken the Greeks on board, they made shift to sail through the mud in ships weighed down with arms and men.
bay.
;
it
a is
is a
it,
;
;
it
INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279. 839
But the Gauls were inside of Pylae ; and, scorning to cap ture the other towns, they were bent on plundering Delphi and the treasures of the gods. The Delphians, and those of the Phocians who inhabit the cities round about Parnassus, put themselves in array against them, and there came also a force of iEtolians ; for at that time the iEtolian race excelled in youthful vigor. But when they came to close quarters, thunder bolts and rocks, breaking away from Parnassus, came hurtling down upon the Gauls ; and dreadful shapes of men in arms appeared against the barbarians. They say that two of these phantom warriors, Hyperochus and Amadocus, came from the Hyperboreans, and the third was Pyrrhus, son of Achilles.
Most of the Gauls crossed to Asia in ships and plundered the seacoast. But afterwards the people of Pergamus, which was called Teuthrania of old, drove them away from the sea into the country now called Galatia. They captured Ancyra, a city of the Phrygians, founded in former days by Midas, son of Gordius, and took possession of the land beyond the Sangarius. The anchor which Midas found still existed even down to my time, in the sanctuary of Zeus ; and there is a fountain called the fountain of Midas —they say that Midas mixed wine with the water of the fountain to catch Silenus. This town of Ancyra, then, was captured by the Gauls, and likewise Pessi- nus, under Mount Agdistis, where they say that Attis Agdistis is buried. The Pergamenians have spoils taken from the Gauls, and a picture representing the battle with them.
The first foreign expedition of the Celts was made under the leadership of Cambaules. They advanced as far as Thrace, but did not dare to push on any farther, conscious that they were too few in numbers to cope with the Greeks. But when they resolved a second time to carry their arms into an enemy's camp, — a step to which they were chiefly instigated by the men who had been out with Cambaules, and in whom the expe rience of marauding had bred a love of plunder and booty, — a large force of infantry assembled, and there was no lack of re cruits for the cavalry. So the leaders divided the army into three parts, and each was ordered to march against a different country. Cerethrius was to lead his force agajnst the Thra- cians and the Triballian tribe ; Brennus and Acichorius com manded the army destined to attack Poeonia ; while Bolgius marched against the Macedonians and Illyrians, and engaged in conflict with Ptolemy, then king of Macedonia. It was this
340 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279.
Ptolemy who first sought the protection of Seleucus, son of Antiochus, and then assassinated his protector, and whose excessive daring earned him the nickname of Thunderbolt. Ptolemy himself fell in the battle, and the Macedonian loss was heavy ; but again the Celts had not the courage to march against Greece, and so the second expedition returned home again.
Hereupon Brennus, at public assemblies and in private as semblies with the leading men, energetically urges an expedi tion against Greece, pointing to the present weakness of Greece, to the wealth of her public treasures, and to the still greater wealth stored up in her sanctuaries in the shape of offerings and of gold and silver coin. So he prevailed on the Gauls to march against Greece, and amongst his colleagues in command, whom he chose from among the leading men, was Acichorius. The assembled army numbered 152,000 foot and 20,400 horse. But though that was the number of the cavalry always on service, the real number was 61,200 ; for every trooper was attended by two servants, who were themselves good riders and were provided with horses. When the cavalry was engaged, the servants kept in the rear and made themselves useful
thus : —
The spirit of the Greeks had fallen very low, but the very excess of their fear roused them to the necessity of defending Greece. They saw that the struggle would not now be for freedom, as it had been in the Persian War, and that safety was not to be had by a gift of water and earth ; for the fate that had overtaken the Macedonians, Thracians, and Paeonians in the former inroads of the Gauls were still fresh in their mem ory, and reports were reaching them of the atrocities that even then were being perpetrated on the Thessalians. Death or victory, that was the alternative that every man and every state prepared to face. . . .
To meet the barbarians who had come from the ocean, the following Greek forces marched to Thermopylae : 10,000
If a trooper had his horse killed, the servant brought him a fresh mount ; if the trooper himself was slain, the slave mounted his master's horse ; but if both horse and man were killed, the slave was ready mounted to take their place. If the man was wounded, one of the slaves brought the wounded man off the field to the camp, while the other took his place in the ranks. — Such was the force and such the intentions with which Brennus marched against Greece.
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heavy-armed infantry and 500 horse from Boeotia ; the Boeo- tarchs were Cephisodotus, Thearidas, Diogenes, and Lysander. From Phocis, 500 horse, and infantry to the number of 3000, under the command of Critobulus and Antiochus. The Lo- crians, who dwell opposite the island of Atalanta, were led by Midias ; their number was 700 ; they had no cavalry. From Megara there came 400 heavy infantry ; the Megarian cavalry was led by Megareus. The iEtolian force was very numerous, and included every arm. The strength of their cavalry is not given. Their light infantry numbered ninety and —, their heavy infantry numbered 7000. The ^tolians were led by Polyarchus, Polyphron, and Lacrates. The general of the Athenians was Callippus, son of Moerocles, as I have men tioned before, and the Athenian forces consisted of all their seaworthy galleys, 500 horse, and 1000 foot. In virtue of their ancient prestige, they held the command. The kings of Macedonia and Asia contributed 500 mercenaries each. When the Greeks who were assembled at Thermopylae learned that the Gallic army had already reached Magnesia and the district of Phthiotis, they resolved to send a detachment, con sisting of the cavalry and 1000 light infantry, to the Spercheus to dispute the passage of the river. On reaching the river the detachment broke down the bridges and encamped on the bank. But Brennus was no fool, and had, for a barbarian, a pretty notion of strategy. Accordingly, that very night he dispatched a force, not to the places where the old bridges had stood, but lower down the river, in order that they might effect the passage unperceived by the Greeks. At this point the Spercheus spread its waters over the plain, forming a marsh and a lake instead of a narrow rushing stream. Thither, then, Brennus sent some 10,000 Gauls who could swim, or were taller than their fellows ; and the Celts are by far the tallest race in the world. This force passed the river in the night by swimming the lagoon, the men using their national bucklers as rafts. The tallest of them were able to cross the water on foot. No sooner were the Greeks on the Spercheus informed that a detachment of the enemy had passed the marsh than they immediately fell back on the main body.
Brennus ordered the people who dwell round the Malian Gulf to bridge the Spercheus. They executed the task with alacrity, actuated at once by a fear of Brennus, and by a desire to get the barbarians out of their country, and thus to save it
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from further devastation. When he had led his army across the bridges, he marched on Heraclea. The Gauls plundered the district, and butchered all whom they caught in the fields, but failed to take the city, for the year before the JStolians had compelled Heraclea to join their confederacy ; so now they bestirred themselves in defense of a town which they regarded as belonging as much to them as to its inhabitants. Brennus himself cared little about Heraclea, but was bent on dislodging the enemy from the passes, and penetrating into the interior of
Greece, south of Thermopylae.
He had been informed by deserters of the strength of the
Greek contingents assembled at Thermopylae, and the informa tion inspired him with a contempt for the enemy. So, advancing from Heraclea, he offered battle the next morning at sunrise. He had no Greek soothsayer with him, and he consulted no sacrificial omens after the manner of his people, if indeed the Celts possess an art of divination. The Greeks came on in silence and in order. On engaging, the enemy did not disturb their formation by charging out from the ranks ; and the skirmishers, standing their ground, hurled darts and plied their bows and slings. The cavalry on both sides was useless ; for the ground at Thermopylae is not only narrow, but also smooth by reason of the natural rock, and mostly slippery owing to the numerous streams. The Gauls were the worse equipped, their national shields being their only defensive weapon ; and in military skill they were still more inferior. They advanced on the foe with the blind rage and passion of wild beasts. Hacked with axes or swords, their fury did not desert them so long as they drew breath ; run through with darts and javelins, they abated not of their courage while life remained ; some even tore from their wounds the spears with which they had been hit, and hurled them at the Greeks, or used them at close quarters. Meanwhile the Athenian fleet, with much difficulty and at some risk, stood close into the shore, through the mud which pervades the sea for a great distance, and laying the ships, as nearly as might be, alongside the enemy, raked his flank with a fire of missiles and arrows. The Celts were now unspeakably weary ; on the narrow ground the losses which they suffered were double or fourfold what they inflicted ; and at last their leaders gave the signal to retreat to the camp. Retiring in disorder and without any formation, many were trampled under foot by
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their comrades ; many fell into the swamp and disappeared beneath the mud ; and thus their losses in the retreat were as heavy as in the heat of action.
On that day the Attic troops outdid all the Greeks in valor ; and amongst them the bravest was Cydias ; he was young, and it was his first battle. He was slain by the Gauls, and his kinsmen dedicated his shield to Zeus of Freedom, with the following inscription : —
" I hang here, missing sadly the bloom of Cydias' youth,
I, the shield of a glorious man, and an offering to Zeus ;
I was the first shield through which he thrust his left arm When rushing Ares raged against the Gaul. "
The inscription remained till the shields in the Colonnade of Zeus of Freedom, with other things at Athens, were removed by the soldiers of Sulla.
After the battle at Thermopylae the Greeks buried their dead and spoiled the barbarians. The Gauls sent no herald to request permission to take up their dead, and deemed it a matter of indifference whether they were laid in earth or were devoured by wild beasts and the birds that prey upon corpses. Their apathy as to the burial of the dead resulted, it seems to me, from two motives : a wish to strike awe into the enemy, and a habitual carelessness toward the deceased. Forty of the Greeks fell in the battle ; the exact loss of the barbarians could not be ascertained, for the number that sank under the mud was great.
On the sixth day after the battle a corps of the Gauls attempted to ascend Mount CSta from Heraclea ; for here, too, a narrow footpath leads up the mountain just beyond the ruins of Trachis. In those days there was also a sanctuary of Athena above the territory of Trachis, with offerings in it. So they hoped to ascend CEta by this footpath, and to secure the treasures of the sanctuary. [The garrison under Tele- sarchus] defeated the barbarians ; but Telesarchus himself fell — a Greek patriot if ever there was one.
All the barbarian leaders except Brennus now stood in terror of the Greeks, and were perplexed as to the future, seeing that their enterprise made no progress. But it occurred to Brennus that if he could force the ^Etolians to return home to JEtolia, his operations against the Greeks would be much
344 INVASION OF GREECE BY THE GAULS, B. C. 279.
facilitated. So he detached from his army a force of forty thousand foot and some eight hundred horse, and placed it under the command of Orestorius and Combutis. These troops marched back by the bridges over the Spercheus, re traced their steps through Thessaly, and invaded ^tolia. The sack of Callium by Combutis and Orestorius was the most atrocious and inhuman in history. They put the whole male sex to the sword ; old men and babes at their mothers' breasts were butchered alike ; and after killing the fattest of the sucklings, they even drank their blood and ate their flesh. All matrons and marriageable maidens who had a spark of spirit anticipated their fate by dispatching themselves when the city was taken ; but the survivors were forcibly subjected to every kind of outrage by beings who were equal strangers to pity and to love. Such women as chanced to find an enemy's sword, laid hands on themselves ; the rest soon perished from want of food and sleep, the ruthless barbarians outraging them in turn, and glutting their lust on the persons even of the dying and dead.
Apprised by messengers of the disasters that had befallen them, the ^Etolians immediately set out from Thermopylae and hastened with all speed to ^Etolia, moved with rage at the sack of Callium, but still more with a desire to save the towns which had not yet fallen. From all their towns, too, poured forth the men of military age ; even the old men, roused by the emer gency, were to be seen in the ranks. The very women marched with them as volunteers, their exasperation of the Gauls ex ceeding even that of the men. After pillaging the houses and sanctuaries, and firing the town of Callium, the barbarians set out to return. Here they were met by the Patreans, the only Achaians who came to the aid of the jEtolians. Being trained infantry, the Patreans attacked the barbarians in front, but suf fered heavily from the numbers and desperation of the Gauls. The . iEtolians, on the other hand, men and women, lined the whole road, and kept up a fire of missiles on the barbarians ; and as the latter had nothing but their national shields, few shots were thrown away. Pursued by the Gauls, they easily es caped ; and then, when their enemies were returning from the pursuit, they fell upon them again with vigor. Hence, dread ful as had been the fate of the people of Callium, — so dreadful, indeed, that in the light of it even Homer's account of the Laestrygones and the Cyclops appears not to be exaggerated, —
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yet they were amply avenged ; for out of the 40,800 barbarians less than half returned alive to the camp at Thermopylae.
Meanwhile the Greeks at Thermopylae fared as follows : There are two paths over Mount (Eta ; one starting above Trachis, is exceedingly steep and in most places precipitous ; the other, leading through the territory of the jEnianians, is more passable for an army. It was by this latter path that Hydarnes, the Mede, once fell on the rear of Leonidas and his men, and by it the Heracleots and jEnianians now offered to lead Brennus, not from any ill will they bore the Greeks, but merely because they would give much to rid their country of the destroying presence of the Celts. Pindar, it seems to me, is right when he says that every man is weighed down by his own troubles and is callous to the sorrows of others. In cited by the promise held out to him by the jEnianians and Her acleots, Brennus left Acichorius in command of the army, with orders to advance to the attack the moment the Greeks were surrounded. Then at the head of a detachment of forty thou sand men he set off by the path. It happened that on that day the mist came down thick on the mountain, darkening the sun,
so that the Phocian pickets stationed on the path did not per ceive the approach of the barbarians till they were close upon them. Attacked by the enemy, they stood bravely to their arms, but were at last overpowered and driven from the path. Nevertheless, they succeeded in running down to their friends, and bringing them word of what was taking place before they were completely surrounded. This gave the Athenian fleet time to withdraw the Greek army from Thermopylae ; and so the troops dispersed to their several homes.
Brennus lost not a moment, but, without waiting to be joined by the army he had left under Acichorius in the camp, marched on Delphi. The trembling inhabitants betook themselves to the oracle, and the god bade them have no fear. " For," said he, "I will myself guard my own. " The Greeks who rallied in the defense of the god were these : the Phocians, who came forth from every city, 400 infantry from Amphissa, and a handful from jEtolia. This small force was dispatched by the iEtolians as soon as they heard of the advance of the barbarians ; after wards they sent 200 men under Philomelus. But the flower of the -Etolian troops advanced against the army of Acichorius, and without giving battle hung on his rear, capturing his baggage trains and killing his men. This was the chief cause of the
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slowness of his march. Besides, he had left behind at Hera- clea a corps to guard the camp baggage.
Meantime the Greeks who had mustered at Delphi drew out in order of battle against the army of Brennus, and soon, to confound the barbarians, the god sent signs and wonders, the plainest that ever were seen. For all the ground occupied by the army of the Gauls quaked violently most of the day, and thunder rolled and lightning flashed continually, the claps of thunder stunning the Celts and hindering them from hearing the words of command, while the bolts from heaven set fire not only to the men upon whom they fell, but to all who were near them, men and arms alike. Then, too, appeared to them the phan toms of the heroes Hyperochus, Laodocus, Pyrrhus ; some add to these a fourth, to wit, Phylacus, a local hero of Delphi. Of the Phocians themselves many fell in the action, and amongst them Aleximachus, who, on that day, above all the Greeks, did everything that youth and strength and valor could do in slay ing the barbarians. The Phocians had a statue of him made and sent it to Apollo at Delphi. Such were the sufferings and terrors by which the barbarians were beset all that livelong day ; and the fate that was in store for them in the night was more dismal far. For a keen frost set in, and with the frost came snow, and great rocks came slipping from Parnassus, and crags breaking off, made straight for the barbarians, crushing to death not one or two, but thirty or more at a blow, as they chanced to be grouped together on guard or in slumber.
At sunrise the Greeks advanced upon them from Delphi. All except the Phocians came straight on ; but the Phocians, more familiar with the ground, descended the precipices of Parnassus through the snow and getting in the rear of the Celts unperceived, showered their darts and arrows on the barbarians in perfect security. At first, despite the cross-fire of missiles and the bitter cold which told on them, and especially on the wounded, not less cruelly than the arrows of the enemy, the Gauls made a gallant stand, and especially Brennus's own company, the tallest and most stalwart of them all. But when Brennus himself was wounded and carried fainting from the field, the barbarians, beset on every side, fell sullenly back, butchering as they went their comrades, whom wounds or sick ness disabled from attending the retreat.
They encamped on the spot where night overtook them on the retreat ; but in the night a panic fear fell on them. Cause
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less fears, they say, are inspired by Pan. It was late in the evening when the confusion arose in the army, and at first it was a mere handful who lost their heads, fancying they heard the trampling of charging horses and the onset of foemen ; but soon the delusion spread to the whole army. So they snatched up their arms, and taking sides, dealt death and received it. For they understood not their mother tongue, nor perceived each other's forms and the shapes of their bucklers, both sides alike in their present infatuation fancying that their adversaries were Greeks, that their arms were Greek, and that the language they spoke was Greek. So the God-sent madness wrought a very great slaughter among the Gauls at the hands of each other. The Phocians, who were left in the field to watch the herds, were the first to perceive and report to the Greeks what had befallen the barbarians in the night. Then the Phocians took heart and pressed the Celts more vigorously than ever, keeping a stricter watch on their encampments, and not suffer ing them to forage unresisted. This immediately produced a dreadful scarcity of corn and all other necessaries throughout the whole Gallic army. Their losses in Phocis amounted to a little under 6000 in action, over 10,000 in the wintry night and the subsequent panic, and as many more by famine.
The Athenians sent scouts to see what was doing at Delphi. When these men returned and reported all that had befallen the barbarians, and what the god had done to them, the Athenians took the field, and on the march through Boeotia were joined by the Boeotians. Their united forces followed the barbarians, lying in wait for and cutting off the hindmost. The fugitives under Brennus had been joined by the army of Acichorius only the night before ; for the march of the latter had been retarded by the jEtolians, who pelted them freely with darts and any thing else that came to hand, so that only a small part of them escaped to the camp at Heraclea. Brennus's hurts still left him a chance of life ; but they say that from fear of his country men, and still more from wounded pride as the author of the disastrous campaign in Greece, he put an end to himself by drinking neat wine. After that the barbarians made their way with difficulty to the Spercheus, hotly pressed by the iEtolians. But from the Spercheus onward the Thessalians and Malians lay in wait, and swallowed them up so completely that not a man of them returned home.
