P'urius Camillus,
when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,
and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the
senate on the spot where the house of Manlius Ca-
pitolinus had formerly stood.
when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,
and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the
senate on the spot where the house of Manlius Ca-
pitolinus had formerly stood.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
(Sleph.
Byz.
, t.
v.
MvnXijvii.
--
Diod. Sic. , 5, 80. ) The fortunes of this place were
aiwaya intimately connected with those of Lesbos it-
self. In the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, the
people of Mytilene being accused of a secret negotia-
tion with the Lacedaemonians, Athens sent a fleet
apinst them. The other cities in the island, except
Methymna, made common cause with Mytilene. Af-
ter some resistance, however, the Athenians gained a
complete victory, when the walls of Mytilene were
razed, and many of its wealthier inhabitants put to
death. The Athenians even sent an order to their
commander to put to death all tho males who had at-
tained the age of puberty, but they became ashamed
of their own barbarity, and despatched messengers to
? ? revoke the order. The countermand arrived just one
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? M(E K
HOL
lime when Cumbyses overthrow the mag&ificerit tem-
ple of ileliopolis. Mncvis was worshipped with the
same superstitious ceremonies as Apia, and at his
death he received the same magnificent funeral. (Con-
sult Crcuztr, Symbolik, par GuigJiiaut, vol I, p. 498. )
Modestus, a Latin military writer, wuose history
is unknown. He wroto a work '? Dc vecabulis rci
msl-arii," by order of the Emperor Tacitus, A. D.
275 or 376. The first edition was published in 1474,
ill, Vera! . , edited by J. Aloysius; and is a book of
extreme rarity. There is also another edition, sup-
posed to Lave been printed at Rome by Laver, about
1475, 4to. An edition was also published in 1679,
2 vols. 4to, Ycsalia.
Moxmus, a river of Germany. {Vid. Menus )
Mcsris, I. a king of Egypt, who occupied the throne,
according to cbronologists, for the space of 68 years,
and was succeeded by Sesostris. (Lurcher, Tabl.
Ckronol. , p. 572. --Id. , Ckronol. a"Herod. , p. 86, >>tq.
--Bohr, ad Herod. , 2, 100. )--II. A lake of Egypt,
supposed to have been the work of a king of the same
name, concerning the situation and extent, and even
the exiatence of which, authors have differed. It has
been represented as the boldest and most wonderful
of all the works of the kings of Egypt, and, according-
ly, Herodotus considers it superior even to the pyra-
mids and labyrinth. (Herod. , 2, 149. ) As to its sit-
uation, Herodotus and Strabo (810) mark it out by
placing the labyrinth on its borders, and by fixing the
towns which were around it, such as Acanthus to ihe
south, Aphroditopolis towards the east, and Arsinoe
to the north. Diodorus (1, 52) and Pliny (5, 9) con-
firm this statement', by placing it at 21 leagues from
Memphis, between the province of that name and Ar-
sicce. The position thus indicated is supposed to
answer to the modern Birket-Caroun, a lake near-
by 50 leagues in circumference. Herodotus makes
the Lake Mceris 3600 stadia in circumference, and its
greatest depth 200 cubits. Bossuet has vindicated
the statement of its large extent against the raillery
of Voltaire. Rollin, however, deeming it to be in-
credible, adopts the opinion of Pomponius Mela (1,9),
and makes it 20,000 paces. D'Anville, with a view
of reconciling the contending parties, has marked on
his map of Egypt two lakes of this name, one of which
is in fact a canal running parallel with the Nile; this
be make* the Mceris of Herodotus and Diodorus,
while the other is situate to the northwest, and cor
responds, according to him, with the Mceris of Strabo
and Ptolemy. This last is the Birket-Caroun men-
tioned above; the former, which still subsists, is
known by the name of Bohr Jouteph, or Joseph's riv-
er. It opens Dear Tarout Ecehenff, and ends near
Birket-Caroun. The explanation given by Malte-
Brun is, however, the simplest, lie supposes that
the canal dignified with the name of Joseph, like many
other remarkable worka, was executed by order of
King Mceris The waters then filled the basin of the
lake Birket-Caroun, which received the name of the
prince who effected this great change. Thus a rea-
son ia given why the ancients say that the lake was
of artificial formation, while the Birket-Caroun gives
do evidence of any such operation. (Malte-Brun,
Geogr. , Tol. 2, p. 447, Brussels ed. ) If we listen,
however, merely to the relation of Herodotus, the Lake
Moeris was entirely the work of human trt; and, to
show this, two pyramids were to be seen in its centre,
? ? each of which was 200 cubits above, and as many be-
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? MUL
M 0<<
? em, according to the common interprctati. ? i, as
twins (d/dviioi), and one as managing the chariot,
while the other held the lash. Aristarchus, however,
explained iiivpoi by iityvelc, on the authority of He-
liod (Kara rbv 'HrraJtW fLvQov), and saw in the Mo-
lionides a double body with two heads and four arms,
tike the double men of whom Hesiod speaks. This
explanation has boeri rejected by many as loo artificial
for the age of Homer; and in the same way has the
tradition mentioned by tho poet Ibycus been treated,
which makes the Molionidcs both to have come from
a >>ilver egg (ap Athen. , 2, p. 57,/. ). If we examine
attentively the genealogy assigned to these heroes,
new light will be found to break in upon this singular
fable. Actor, the father, is " the man of the shore,"
against which the waves of the sea break; he is also
"the man of grinding," of the grain crushed and bro-
ken by the mill. ('Kktoo, from ukt^. --Ai^repor
\iktti. --Hes. , Op. et D. , 32. ) On the other hand, Mo-
lione is " the female of combat. " Mm/to is the name
of her father (compare /iCitoe), according to Phcrccy-
des, and Apollodorus (1, 7) mentions two individuals
of this name, one the son of Mars, the other of Deu-
calion. Without war we can neither conquer nor de-
fend the soil destined for culture. Hence one of
these warriors is named Eurytus, or " the good de-
fender," the guardian, like the two Anaccs or Dios-
curi, whom the Spartan tradition made to have issued
from the same egg. Thus Eurytus is from ei and
Ho/tat, with an active signification. (Compare Butt-
man, Lcxilogus, vol. 1, p. 146. ) The other, Cteatus
'Krearoc--xreap, rtt mancipii), is " the possessor"
or "proprietor. " When the sea has entered within
its proper limits, and the shore now contains it, then
appear the cultivators of the soil. The man who
would remain master of his paternal soil must in
some sort be double. He must have two arms for
the sword and buckler, two for the lash and the reins
with which ho guides his coursers. A single body
aught to carry a double array of members, a single
will to actuate two souls. These are the double men
of Hesiod (di^tieff). --Such is the explanation of Creu-
ter as regards the fable of the Molionides. (Symbo-
tik, vol. 2, p. 337. --Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2,
pt. I, p. 334; seqq. ) In place of this very poetical ver-
aion of the legend, Hermann gives one altogether dif-
ferent, and singularly prosaic. He aees in the whole
story a general reference to traders coming by sea,
disposing of their merchandise to advantage, and be-
coming possessed of riches. (Ueber dat Wesen und
die Behandlung der Mythologie, p. 55. )--The Moli-
onides arc also mentioned as having come to the aid
of Augeas against Hercules. (Heyne, ad It. , 11,
708. ) The Cyclic poets, from whom Phcrccydcs and
Pindar (01. , 10, 32) drew, in this instance, their ma-
terials, make them to have been slain by Hercules,
whereas Homer speaka of them as surviving Hercu-
les, as being still young (naiff It' iovre), and contem-
porary with Nestor.
Molo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollo-
nins. (Vid Apollonius V. )
Molorchus, an old labouring-man near Clconae,
who hospitably entertained Hercules when tho Utter
wan on his way against the Nemean lion. Molorrhus
wishing to offer a sacrifice, in order to propitiate the
gods and obtain for Hercules a successful accomplish-
ment of his enterprise, the hero begged him to reserve
? ? it till the thirtieth day, saying that if he should then
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? HON
MOP
^mm lor the latter. (Cellaruu, G;ogr. Ant. , vol. 3 p.
355. )--II. An island off the coast of Britain, and fa-
cing the territory of the Ordovices, of which, in sti. ct-
ness, it formed part. It was situate to the southeast
of the former, and is now the Isle of Angltsty. Ta-
citus gives it the name of Mona (Aim. , 14, 29. --Vit.
Agric. ,14V *r. d Ptolemy styles it iiava, while Dio
Csssius (62, 7) names it Muvvn. It was remarkable
as ha. -ing been one of the principal seats of the Druids.
S jctoiiius Paullinus had conquered Anglesey; but the
ii. surrection of the Britons under Boadicea did not
leave him time to secure its possession. Agricola, at
a subsequent period, having subdued the Ordovices,
undertook the reduction of the island and succeeded.
The invasion by PaulllRusfwas seventeen years previous
to the conquest of Agricola. (Tacit. , VU. Agric, 18. )
Pennant mentions a pass in Wall's, into the valley of
Ulwyd, in the parish of Llanarmi. n, which, he says, is
still called Bwlch AgrikU, probul ly from having been
occupied by Agricola on his way o the isle of Mona.
Tacitus (Ann. , 14, 29, seqq. ) gives an interesting
account of the first conquest by Paullinus. The sa-
cred groves, stained with the blood of human sacrifices,
were destroyed by the Roman general. (Consult, in
relation* to the Druidical sacrifices, Higgins' Celtic
Druid*, p. 291, seqq. )
MoNiEiss, I. a Parthian commander, the same with
the Surena that defeated Crassus. The appellation
Surena, by which he is more commonly known, was
merely a Parthian term denoting his high rank. --II. A
Parthian officer in the time of Corbulo. (Dio Cass ,
82, 19. --Tacit. , Ann. , 15, 2. )
Monda, a river on the western coast of Lusitania,
between the Durius and Tagus. Conitnbriga (the
modVrn Coimbra) was situate on its banks. It is now
tbe Mondego. (Mela 3 I. --Marcian. , Pcripi, in
Hud*. Gr. M, vol. 1, p. 43. ) Pliny calls it the
M'n. da (4, 22).
Moneta, a surname of Juno among the Romans.
She received it, according to one account, because
ths advised them (monuit) to sacrifice a pregnant sow
to Cybele, to avert an earthquake. (Cic. , de Div. , 1,
16. ) I. ivy says, that a templo was vowed to Juno
under this name by the dictator L.
P'urius Camillus,
when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,
and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the
senate on the spot where the house of Manlius Ca-
pitolinus had formerly stood. (Livy, 7, 28. -- Com-
pare Ovid, Fast. , 6, 183. ) Suidas, however, states
that Juno was surnamed Moneta from her assuring the
Roman? , when, in the war against Pyrrhus, their pecu-
niary resources had failed them, and they had address-
ed her in prayer, that, as long as they prosecuted the
war with ju-uce, the means for carrying it on would be
supplied to them. After their arms were crowned with
success, they rendered divine honours to Juno, styling
her "Moneta," or the "adviser. " and resolved, for the
time to come, to coin money in her temple (Suid. ,
I. v. Movijra)--Many etymologists derive the English
word "money" from the Latin moneta; and this last,
according to Vossius, comes from monto; "quod ideo
moneta vacatur; quia nota inscripta monct nos nutans
tt valori*. 1' The true root, however, is most probably
contained in the Anglo-Saxon myncg-ian, " to mark,"
aimyntth-iaji, " to stamp," (Richardson, Eng. Diet. ,
t. v. " mint," "money. "--Compare Tookc, Diversion
tj Parley, vol. 2, p. 210, ed. 1829. )
? ? Monodus, a son of Prusias. He had one continued
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? MOR
MO S
rait Argos, intrusted the sovereign power to Mopscs,
to keep it foi him during the space of s year. On his
return, howercr, Mopsus refused to restore to him
the kingdom, whereupon, having quarrelled, they en-
gaged and slew each other. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr. ,
440. ) According to another legend, he was slain by
Hercules. {Ttetz. ad Lycophr. , 980. )--II. A son of
Atcpyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa in Thessaly.
He was the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts,
ii>d disd at his return from Colchis by the bite of a ser-
pent in Libya. (Hygin. , fab. , 14, 128, 172. --Tzetz.
id Lycophr. , 980. )
Morgantidm (or u), a town of Sicily, southeast of
Agyriun:, and nearly due west from Catana. It lay in
the neighbourhood of the river Symethus. The vil-
lage of Mandri Bianchi at present occupies a part of
its site. (Manner! , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 430. )
Morimarusa, a name applied by the Cimbri to the
Noi. nern Ocean (Plin. , 4, 27), and which means " the
Dead Sea. " In the Welsh tongue, Afor is the " sea,"
and Marr "dead. " In the Irish, mutr-croinn denotes
a tiick, coagulated, frozen sea. (Class. Journ. , vol.
6, p. 296, seqq. )
Morini, a people of Bclgic Gaul, on the shores
of the British Ocean, and occupying what would cor-
respond to Ic Boulonnais, part of the Department du
Nord, and of Flanders along the sea. Their name
is derived from the Celtic Mor, which signifies "the
sea," and denoted a people dwelling along the sea-
coast. (Compare Thierry, Hist, des Gaulois, vol. 2,
p. 40. ) The Porlus Itius or Iccius lay within their
territories, and the passage hence to Britain was con-
sidered as the shortest. Virgil (JSn. , 8, 727) calls
them "czlremi hominum," with reference to their re-
mote situation on the coast of Belgic Gaul. (Heyne,
ad loe. --Compare Piin. , 19, 1. ) Their cities were,
Civitas Morinorum, now Terouenne; and Castellum
Monnorum, now Montcasscl. (Cas. , B. G , 4, 21. )
Mokpheus (two syllables), the God of Sleep, and
also of dreams, and hence his name from the various
forms (papyri, ? 'form," "figure") to which he gives be-
ing in the imagination of the dreamer. Thus Ovid
(Met. , 11, 634) styles him "artificem, simulatoremquc
figura. " (Compare Gicrig, ad loc. ) Morpheus is
sometimes represented as a man advanced in years,
with two large wings on his shoulders, and two small-
er ones attached to his head. This is the more com-
mon way of representing him. ( Winckelmann, Werke,
vol. 2, p. 555. ) In the Museum Pio-Clemcnlinum, he
is sculptured in relief on a cippus, as a boy, treading
lightly on tiptoe: on his head he has two wings; in
his righ'. hand a horn, from which he appears to be
pouring something; in his left a poppy-stalk with
three poppy-heads. On a relief in the Villa Borghese,
the god of dreams is again represented as a boy with
wings, and holding the poppy-stalk, but without any
born. (Winckelmann, vol. 2, p. 713. )
Mors, one of the deities of the lower world, born
of Night without a sire. Nothing is particularly known
relative to the manner in which she was worshipped.
"The figures of Mors or Death," says Spence, " are
very uncommon, as indeed those of the evil and hurt-
ful beings generally are. They were banished from all
medals; on seals and rings they were probably con-
sidered as bad omens, and were, perhaps, never used.
? --Among the very few figures of Mors I hsve ever
? let with, that in the Florentine gallery is, I think, the
? ? most remarkable: it is a little figure in brass, of a
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? MOSCHUS,.
we single evidence of fnaidonius the Stoic, who lived
so many ages after the time of Moschus, to whom also
Cicero allows little credit, and of whose authority even
Strabo and Sextus Empiricus, who refer to him, inti-
-nate some suspicion, is too feeble to support the whole
. \iight of this opinion. But the circumstance which
moat of all invalidatea it is, that the method of philos-
ophizing by hypothesis or system, which was followed
by the Greek philosophers, was inconsistent with the
genius and character of the Barbaric philosophy, which
consisted in simple assertion, and relied entirely upon
traditional authority. The argument drawn from the
history and doctrines of Pythagoras is fully refuted,
by showing that this' part of the history of Pythagoras
has been involved in obscurity by the later Platonists,
and that neither the doctrine of Monads, nor any of
those systems which are said to have been derived from
Moschus, are the same with the Atomic doctrine of
Epicurus. We may therefore safely conclude, that,
whatever credit the corpuscular system may derive
from other sources, it has no claims to he considered
as the ancient doctrine of the Phoenicians. (Enfield's
History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 75. )--II. A Greek
pastoral poet, whoso era is not clearly ascertained.
Suidas (*. v. Mdagor) states positively that Moschus
was the friend or disciple of Aristarchus (for the word
yvupi/ioc, which he employs, may have either significa-
tion). If this be correct, the poet ought to have flour-
ished about the I56th Olympiad (B. C. 156). This
position, however, is very probably erroneous, since
Suidas is here in contradiction with a passage of Mos-
chus himself (Epitaph. Bion. , v. 102), in which the
aoet speaks of Theocritus as a contemporary. Now
Theocritus flourished B. C. 27U. --Moschus is said to
2uve been a native of Syracuse, though he spent the
greater part of his days at Alexandrea. He was the
trend, ai. l, according to some, the dsciple of Bion.
Wo have four idyls from him, and sonic other smaller
pieces. 1. 'Epoc SpaittTnc (" Cupid, a run-away"), a
poem of twenty-nine verses. Venus offers a reward
to any one who will bring him back to her; and draws
a picture of the young deity, so that no ono may inis-
tuko him. --3. 'Evouir? (" Euro/m"). The subject of
this poem, which consists of 101 verses, is the carry-
ing off of Europa from Phoenicia to Crete. It is a very
graceful and charming piece, and would be worthy of the
liest age of Grecian literature, were not the introduc-
tion rather too long. --'EkituQioc Biuvoc (" Elegy on
Bion"), a piece of 133 verses. The poet represents
all nature as mourning the death of Bion. It is a very
elegant production; but overloaded with imagery, and
open to the charge of what Valckenaer calls "elcgan-
tusimam luxuriem. "--4. Meydpa, yxivii 'HpanXiovc
(" Mcgara, spouse of Hercules"), a fragment, contain-
ing 125 verses. It is this fragment which some crit-
ics have sought to assign to Pisander, and others to
Panyasis. We have in it a dialogue between the
mother and the wife of Hercules. The Bcene is laid
at Tiryns, and the hero is supposed to be absent at
the time, accomplishing one of the labours imposed upon
him by Eurystheus. The two females deplore their
own bard lot and that of Hercules. This piece con-
tains less imagery and ornament than the other re-
mains which we possess cf Moschus. It is marked
by a simplicity of manner which recalls to mind the
ancient epopee, and is distinguished by tiaits of gen-
uine feeling. --"Moschus," observes Elton, "seems
to have token Bion for his model, and resembles him
? ? ni his turn for apologues, his delicate amenity of style,
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? MUM
MUlt
l, 91 - Diod. Sic, 4, 81. --Id. , 6 71. ) Almost ev-
ery volcanic situation, however, in tie ancient world,
seems to have had tins honour in s-jccession conferred
upon it. (Compare Bcrket, ad Sleph. Byz. , s. v.
tiaXXr/viy. )
Mo:-vn. *:i-i, a people t' Pontua in Asia Minor, on
the coast near Cerasus. (Xen. , Anab. , 5, 4, 2. ) The
10,>>il(l Greeks 'passed through their country in their
retieat. The name is one given them by the Greeks,
from Cie circumstance of their dwelling in wooden
tnccri cr forts (uoacvv, a wooden tower, and olntu, " to
itecll. '--Sturz, Lex. Xen. , vol. 3, p. 175. --Compare
JpolJ. Jihod. , 2, 1018. --Schneider, ad Xen. , I. c. ).
MiLeiHBR. a surname of Vulcan, from the verb
-oilceo, "to soften," and alluding to the softening in-
dtiencc of fire upon metals. (Aul. Gell. , 13, 22. --
Hacroh. , Sat.
Diod. Sic. , 5, 80. ) The fortunes of this place were
aiwaya intimately connected with those of Lesbos it-
self. In the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, the
people of Mytilene being accused of a secret negotia-
tion with the Lacedaemonians, Athens sent a fleet
apinst them. The other cities in the island, except
Methymna, made common cause with Mytilene. Af-
ter some resistance, however, the Athenians gained a
complete victory, when the walls of Mytilene were
razed, and many of its wealthier inhabitants put to
death. The Athenians even sent an order to their
commander to put to death all tho males who had at-
tained the age of puberty, but they became ashamed
of their own barbarity, and despatched messengers to
? ? revoke the order. The countermand arrived just one
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? M(E K
HOL
lime when Cumbyses overthrow the mag&ificerit tem-
ple of ileliopolis. Mncvis was worshipped with the
same superstitious ceremonies as Apia, and at his
death he received the same magnificent funeral. (Con-
sult Crcuztr, Symbolik, par GuigJiiaut, vol I, p. 498. )
Modestus, a Latin military writer, wuose history
is unknown. He wroto a work '? Dc vecabulis rci
msl-arii," by order of the Emperor Tacitus, A. D.
275 or 376. The first edition was published in 1474,
ill, Vera! . , edited by J. Aloysius; and is a book of
extreme rarity. There is also another edition, sup-
posed to Lave been printed at Rome by Laver, about
1475, 4to. An edition was also published in 1679,
2 vols. 4to, Ycsalia.
Moxmus, a river of Germany. {Vid. Menus )
Mcsris, I. a king of Egypt, who occupied the throne,
according to cbronologists, for the space of 68 years,
and was succeeded by Sesostris. (Lurcher, Tabl.
Ckronol. , p. 572. --Id. , Ckronol. a"Herod. , p. 86, >>tq.
--Bohr, ad Herod. , 2, 100. )--II. A lake of Egypt,
supposed to have been the work of a king of the same
name, concerning the situation and extent, and even
the exiatence of which, authors have differed. It has
been represented as the boldest and most wonderful
of all the works of the kings of Egypt, and, according-
ly, Herodotus considers it superior even to the pyra-
mids and labyrinth. (Herod. , 2, 149. ) As to its sit-
uation, Herodotus and Strabo (810) mark it out by
placing the labyrinth on its borders, and by fixing the
towns which were around it, such as Acanthus to ihe
south, Aphroditopolis towards the east, and Arsinoe
to the north. Diodorus (1, 52) and Pliny (5, 9) con-
firm this statement', by placing it at 21 leagues from
Memphis, between the province of that name and Ar-
sicce. The position thus indicated is supposed to
answer to the modern Birket-Caroun, a lake near-
by 50 leagues in circumference. Herodotus makes
the Lake Mceris 3600 stadia in circumference, and its
greatest depth 200 cubits. Bossuet has vindicated
the statement of its large extent against the raillery
of Voltaire. Rollin, however, deeming it to be in-
credible, adopts the opinion of Pomponius Mela (1,9),
and makes it 20,000 paces. D'Anville, with a view
of reconciling the contending parties, has marked on
his map of Egypt two lakes of this name, one of which
is in fact a canal running parallel with the Nile; this
be make* the Mceris of Herodotus and Diodorus,
while the other is situate to the northwest, and cor
responds, according to him, with the Mceris of Strabo
and Ptolemy. This last is the Birket-Caroun men-
tioned above; the former, which still subsists, is
known by the name of Bohr Jouteph, or Joseph's riv-
er. It opens Dear Tarout Ecehenff, and ends near
Birket-Caroun. The explanation given by Malte-
Brun is, however, the simplest, lie supposes that
the canal dignified with the name of Joseph, like many
other remarkable worka, was executed by order of
King Mceris The waters then filled the basin of the
lake Birket-Caroun, which received the name of the
prince who effected this great change. Thus a rea-
son ia given why the ancients say that the lake was
of artificial formation, while the Birket-Caroun gives
do evidence of any such operation. (Malte-Brun,
Geogr. , Tol. 2, p. 447, Brussels ed. ) If we listen,
however, merely to the relation of Herodotus, the Lake
Moeris was entirely the work of human trt; and, to
show this, two pyramids were to be seen in its centre,
? ? each of which was 200 cubits above, and as many be-
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? MUL
M 0<<
? em, according to the common interprctati. ? i, as
twins (d/dviioi), and one as managing the chariot,
while the other held the lash. Aristarchus, however,
explained iiivpoi by iityvelc, on the authority of He-
liod (Kara rbv 'HrraJtW fLvQov), and saw in the Mo-
lionides a double body with two heads and four arms,
tike the double men of whom Hesiod speaks. This
explanation has boeri rejected by many as loo artificial
for the age of Homer; and in the same way has the
tradition mentioned by tho poet Ibycus been treated,
which makes the Molionidcs both to have come from
a >>ilver egg (ap Athen. , 2, p. 57,/. ). If we examine
attentively the genealogy assigned to these heroes,
new light will be found to break in upon this singular
fable. Actor, the father, is " the man of the shore,"
against which the waves of the sea break; he is also
"the man of grinding," of the grain crushed and bro-
ken by the mill. ('Kktoo, from ukt^. --Ai^repor
\iktti. --Hes. , Op. et D. , 32. ) On the other hand, Mo-
lione is " the female of combat. " Mm/to is the name
of her father (compare /iCitoe), according to Phcrccy-
des, and Apollodorus (1, 7) mentions two individuals
of this name, one the son of Mars, the other of Deu-
calion. Without war we can neither conquer nor de-
fend the soil destined for culture. Hence one of
these warriors is named Eurytus, or " the good de-
fender," the guardian, like the two Anaccs or Dios-
curi, whom the Spartan tradition made to have issued
from the same egg. Thus Eurytus is from ei and
Ho/tat, with an active signification. (Compare Butt-
man, Lcxilogus, vol. 1, p. 146. ) The other, Cteatus
'Krearoc--xreap, rtt mancipii), is " the possessor"
or "proprietor. " When the sea has entered within
its proper limits, and the shore now contains it, then
appear the cultivators of the soil. The man who
would remain master of his paternal soil must in
some sort be double. He must have two arms for
the sword and buckler, two for the lash and the reins
with which ho guides his coursers. A single body
aught to carry a double array of members, a single
will to actuate two souls. These are the double men
of Hesiod (di^tieff). --Such is the explanation of Creu-
ter as regards the fable of the Molionides. (Symbo-
tik, vol. 2, p. 337. --Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2,
pt. I, p. 334; seqq. ) In place of this very poetical ver-
aion of the legend, Hermann gives one altogether dif-
ferent, and singularly prosaic. He aees in the whole
story a general reference to traders coming by sea,
disposing of their merchandise to advantage, and be-
coming possessed of riches. (Ueber dat Wesen und
die Behandlung der Mythologie, p. 55. )--The Moli-
onides arc also mentioned as having come to the aid
of Augeas against Hercules. (Heyne, ad It. , 11,
708. ) The Cyclic poets, from whom Phcrccydcs and
Pindar (01. , 10, 32) drew, in this instance, their ma-
terials, make them to have been slain by Hercules,
whereas Homer speaka of them as surviving Hercu-
les, as being still young (naiff It' iovre), and contem-
porary with Nestor.
Molo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollo-
nins. (Vid Apollonius V. )
Molorchus, an old labouring-man near Clconae,
who hospitably entertained Hercules when tho Utter
wan on his way against the Nemean lion. Molorrhus
wishing to offer a sacrifice, in order to propitiate the
gods and obtain for Hercules a successful accomplish-
ment of his enterprise, the hero begged him to reserve
? ? it till the thirtieth day, saying that if he should then
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? HON
MOP
^mm lor the latter. (Cellaruu, G;ogr. Ant. , vol. 3 p.
355. )--II. An island off the coast of Britain, and fa-
cing the territory of the Ordovices, of which, in sti. ct-
ness, it formed part. It was situate to the southeast
of the former, and is now the Isle of Angltsty. Ta-
citus gives it the name of Mona (Aim. , 14, 29. --Vit.
Agric. ,14V *r. d Ptolemy styles it iiava, while Dio
Csssius (62, 7) names it Muvvn. It was remarkable
as ha. -ing been one of the principal seats of the Druids.
S jctoiiius Paullinus had conquered Anglesey; but the
ii. surrection of the Britons under Boadicea did not
leave him time to secure its possession. Agricola, at
a subsequent period, having subdued the Ordovices,
undertook the reduction of the island and succeeded.
The invasion by PaulllRusfwas seventeen years previous
to the conquest of Agricola. (Tacit. , VU. Agric, 18. )
Pennant mentions a pass in Wall's, into the valley of
Ulwyd, in the parish of Llanarmi. n, which, he says, is
still called Bwlch AgrikU, probul ly from having been
occupied by Agricola on his way o the isle of Mona.
Tacitus (Ann. , 14, 29, seqq. ) gives an interesting
account of the first conquest by Paullinus. The sa-
cred groves, stained with the blood of human sacrifices,
were destroyed by the Roman general. (Consult, in
relation* to the Druidical sacrifices, Higgins' Celtic
Druid*, p. 291, seqq. )
MoNiEiss, I. a Parthian commander, the same with
the Surena that defeated Crassus. The appellation
Surena, by which he is more commonly known, was
merely a Parthian term denoting his high rank. --II. A
Parthian officer in the time of Corbulo. (Dio Cass ,
82, 19. --Tacit. , Ann. , 15, 2. )
Monda, a river on the western coast of Lusitania,
between the Durius and Tagus. Conitnbriga (the
modVrn Coimbra) was situate on its banks. It is now
tbe Mondego. (Mela 3 I. --Marcian. , Pcripi, in
Hud*. Gr. M, vol. 1, p. 43. ) Pliny calls it the
M'n. da (4, 22).
Moneta, a surname of Juno among the Romans.
She received it, according to one account, because
ths advised them (monuit) to sacrifice a pregnant sow
to Cybele, to avert an earthquake. (Cic. , de Div. , 1,
16. ) I. ivy says, that a templo was vowed to Juno
under this name by the dictator L.
P'urius Camillus,
when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,
and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the
senate on the spot where the house of Manlius Ca-
pitolinus had formerly stood. (Livy, 7, 28. -- Com-
pare Ovid, Fast. , 6, 183. ) Suidas, however, states
that Juno was surnamed Moneta from her assuring the
Roman? , when, in the war against Pyrrhus, their pecu-
niary resources had failed them, and they had address-
ed her in prayer, that, as long as they prosecuted the
war with ju-uce, the means for carrying it on would be
supplied to them. After their arms were crowned with
success, they rendered divine honours to Juno, styling
her "Moneta," or the "adviser. " and resolved, for the
time to come, to coin money in her temple (Suid. ,
I. v. Movijra)--Many etymologists derive the English
word "money" from the Latin moneta; and this last,
according to Vossius, comes from monto; "quod ideo
moneta vacatur; quia nota inscripta monct nos nutans
tt valori*. 1' The true root, however, is most probably
contained in the Anglo-Saxon myncg-ian, " to mark,"
aimyntth-iaji, " to stamp," (Richardson, Eng. Diet. ,
t. v. " mint," "money. "--Compare Tookc, Diversion
tj Parley, vol. 2, p. 210, ed. 1829. )
? ? Monodus, a son of Prusias. He had one continued
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? MOR
MO S
rait Argos, intrusted the sovereign power to Mopscs,
to keep it foi him during the space of s year. On his
return, howercr, Mopsus refused to restore to him
the kingdom, whereupon, having quarrelled, they en-
gaged and slew each other. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr. ,
440. ) According to another legend, he was slain by
Hercules. {Ttetz. ad Lycophr. , 980. )--II. A son of
Atcpyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa in Thessaly.
He was the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts,
ii>d disd at his return from Colchis by the bite of a ser-
pent in Libya. (Hygin. , fab. , 14, 128, 172. --Tzetz.
id Lycophr. , 980. )
Morgantidm (or u), a town of Sicily, southeast of
Agyriun:, and nearly due west from Catana. It lay in
the neighbourhood of the river Symethus. The vil-
lage of Mandri Bianchi at present occupies a part of
its site. (Manner! , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 430. )
Morimarusa, a name applied by the Cimbri to the
Noi. nern Ocean (Plin. , 4, 27), and which means " the
Dead Sea. " In the Welsh tongue, Afor is the " sea,"
and Marr "dead. " In the Irish, mutr-croinn denotes
a tiick, coagulated, frozen sea. (Class. Journ. , vol.
6, p. 296, seqq. )
Morini, a people of Bclgic Gaul, on the shores
of the British Ocean, and occupying what would cor-
respond to Ic Boulonnais, part of the Department du
Nord, and of Flanders along the sea. Their name
is derived from the Celtic Mor, which signifies "the
sea," and denoted a people dwelling along the sea-
coast. (Compare Thierry, Hist, des Gaulois, vol. 2,
p. 40. ) The Porlus Itius or Iccius lay within their
territories, and the passage hence to Britain was con-
sidered as the shortest. Virgil (JSn. , 8, 727) calls
them "czlremi hominum," with reference to their re-
mote situation on the coast of Belgic Gaul. (Heyne,
ad loe. --Compare Piin. , 19, 1. ) Their cities were,
Civitas Morinorum, now Terouenne; and Castellum
Monnorum, now Montcasscl. (Cas. , B. G , 4, 21. )
Mokpheus (two syllables), the God of Sleep, and
also of dreams, and hence his name from the various
forms (papyri, ? 'form," "figure") to which he gives be-
ing in the imagination of the dreamer. Thus Ovid
(Met. , 11, 634) styles him "artificem, simulatoremquc
figura. " (Compare Gicrig, ad loc. ) Morpheus is
sometimes represented as a man advanced in years,
with two large wings on his shoulders, and two small-
er ones attached to his head. This is the more com-
mon way of representing him. ( Winckelmann, Werke,
vol. 2, p. 555. ) In the Museum Pio-Clemcnlinum, he
is sculptured in relief on a cippus, as a boy, treading
lightly on tiptoe: on his head he has two wings; in
his righ'. hand a horn, from which he appears to be
pouring something; in his left a poppy-stalk with
three poppy-heads. On a relief in the Villa Borghese,
the god of dreams is again represented as a boy with
wings, and holding the poppy-stalk, but without any
born. (Winckelmann, vol. 2, p. 713. )
Mors, one of the deities of the lower world, born
of Night without a sire. Nothing is particularly known
relative to the manner in which she was worshipped.
"The figures of Mors or Death," says Spence, " are
very uncommon, as indeed those of the evil and hurt-
ful beings generally are. They were banished from all
medals; on seals and rings they were probably con-
sidered as bad omens, and were, perhaps, never used.
? --Among the very few figures of Mors I hsve ever
? let with, that in the Florentine gallery is, I think, the
? ? most remarkable: it is a little figure in brass, of a
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? MOSCHUS,.
we single evidence of fnaidonius the Stoic, who lived
so many ages after the time of Moschus, to whom also
Cicero allows little credit, and of whose authority even
Strabo and Sextus Empiricus, who refer to him, inti-
-nate some suspicion, is too feeble to support the whole
. \iight of this opinion. But the circumstance which
moat of all invalidatea it is, that the method of philos-
ophizing by hypothesis or system, which was followed
by the Greek philosophers, was inconsistent with the
genius and character of the Barbaric philosophy, which
consisted in simple assertion, and relied entirely upon
traditional authority. The argument drawn from the
history and doctrines of Pythagoras is fully refuted,
by showing that this' part of the history of Pythagoras
has been involved in obscurity by the later Platonists,
and that neither the doctrine of Monads, nor any of
those systems which are said to have been derived from
Moschus, are the same with the Atomic doctrine of
Epicurus. We may therefore safely conclude, that,
whatever credit the corpuscular system may derive
from other sources, it has no claims to he considered
as the ancient doctrine of the Phoenicians. (Enfield's
History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 75. )--II. A Greek
pastoral poet, whoso era is not clearly ascertained.
Suidas (*. v. Mdagor) states positively that Moschus
was the friend or disciple of Aristarchus (for the word
yvupi/ioc, which he employs, may have either significa-
tion). If this be correct, the poet ought to have flour-
ished about the I56th Olympiad (B. C. 156). This
position, however, is very probably erroneous, since
Suidas is here in contradiction with a passage of Mos-
chus himself (Epitaph. Bion. , v. 102), in which the
aoet speaks of Theocritus as a contemporary. Now
Theocritus flourished B. C. 27U. --Moschus is said to
2uve been a native of Syracuse, though he spent the
greater part of his days at Alexandrea. He was the
trend, ai. l, according to some, the dsciple of Bion.
Wo have four idyls from him, and sonic other smaller
pieces. 1. 'Epoc SpaittTnc (" Cupid, a run-away"), a
poem of twenty-nine verses. Venus offers a reward
to any one who will bring him back to her; and draws
a picture of the young deity, so that no ono may inis-
tuko him. --3. 'Evouir? (" Euro/m"). The subject of
this poem, which consists of 101 verses, is the carry-
ing off of Europa from Phoenicia to Crete. It is a very
graceful and charming piece, and would be worthy of the
liest age of Grecian literature, were not the introduc-
tion rather too long. --'EkituQioc Biuvoc (" Elegy on
Bion"), a piece of 133 verses. The poet represents
all nature as mourning the death of Bion. It is a very
elegant production; but overloaded with imagery, and
open to the charge of what Valckenaer calls "elcgan-
tusimam luxuriem. "--4. Meydpa, yxivii 'HpanXiovc
(" Mcgara, spouse of Hercules"), a fragment, contain-
ing 125 verses. It is this fragment which some crit-
ics have sought to assign to Pisander, and others to
Panyasis. We have in it a dialogue between the
mother and the wife of Hercules. The Bcene is laid
at Tiryns, and the hero is supposed to be absent at
the time, accomplishing one of the labours imposed upon
him by Eurystheus. The two females deplore their
own bard lot and that of Hercules. This piece con-
tains less imagery and ornament than the other re-
mains which we possess cf Moschus. It is marked
by a simplicity of manner which recalls to mind the
ancient epopee, and is distinguished by tiaits of gen-
uine feeling. --"Moschus," observes Elton, "seems
to have token Bion for his model, and resembles him
? ? ni his turn for apologues, his delicate amenity of style,
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? MUM
MUlt
l, 91 - Diod. Sic, 4, 81. --Id. , 6 71. ) Almost ev-
ery volcanic situation, however, in tie ancient world,
seems to have had tins honour in s-jccession conferred
upon it. (Compare Bcrket, ad Sleph. Byz. , s. v.
tiaXXr/viy. )
Mo:-vn. *:i-i, a people t' Pontua in Asia Minor, on
the coast near Cerasus. (Xen. , Anab. , 5, 4, 2. ) The
10,>>il(l Greeks 'passed through their country in their
retieat. The name is one given them by the Greeks,
from Cie circumstance of their dwelling in wooden
tnccri cr forts (uoacvv, a wooden tower, and olntu, " to
itecll. '--Sturz, Lex. Xen. , vol. 3, p. 175. --Compare
JpolJ. Jihod. , 2, 1018. --Schneider, ad Xen. , I. c. ).
MiLeiHBR. a surname of Vulcan, from the verb
-oilceo, "to soften," and alluding to the softening in-
dtiencc of fire upon metals. (Aul. Gell. , 13, 22. --
Hacroh. , Sat.
