No More Learning

Sharington, English Schism. knt, ibid. 995.
himself, and bribing his servants.
Thus continued contriving and plotting
for some time; the Protector had often been told these things, and warned him the
But his restless ambition seeming incurable, was the 19th January (Stowe sayeth the 16th) sent the Tower (b): and now
name see they further;
them, and said, that
attempt, would make this the “blackest against him; consisting not only the particu Parliament' that ever was England. Upon lars before-mentioned, but many foul Mis that was sent for order from the Coan demeanours the discharge the Admiralty, cil, but refused come; then they threatened several pirates being concerned with him, &c. him severely, and told him, the king's writing The whole Charge against him, consisting
was nothing law, but that who had pro Articles, followeth, viz.
could prevail with him
was punishable for doing act
nature, &c. they resolved have the Tower. But last he sub
(b) Bibliotheca
(d) See the Act for confirmation the 475, and Burnet's Ap Attainder William Sharington, knt.
392; concerning some IRastal's Statutes, 951, and the Act for the
of
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437] STATE TRIALS, 2 Epw. VI. 1540–Proceedings against Lord Seymour [48s
Crown, oljected to Sir Thomas Seymour, Knt. have taken the king's majesty's person into Lord Seymour of Sudley, and High Admiral your own hands and custody, the danger
of England. (e)
objected and laid unto your charge, That this notwithstanding you have attempted and gone about, indirect means, undo this older, and get into your hands the government
“ 1. Whereas the duke of Somerset was
made Governor of the king's majesty's person,
and Protector of his realms, and dominions,
and subjects, the which you yourself did nuate you his grace, that when lacked any agree, and gave your consent writing;
the king's majesty, the great danger
highness's person, and the subversion
ment this purpose, the danger
person, and subversion the state
11. That you promised the marriage the king's majesty your will and pleasure. 12.
state the realin. That corrupting with
his the
the realm.
gifts, and fair promises, divers the privy That you have laboured, and gone about chamber, you went about allure highness combine and confederate yourself with some
condescend and agree the same your most persons; and especially moved those noblemen
heinous and perilous purposes, danger his highness's person, and
the great whom you thought not contented, de
part into their countries, and make themselves strong; and otherwise, allure them serve your purpose gentle promises and offers,
have party and faction readiness your purposes, the danger the king's majesty's
the sub That you wrote Letter with your own hand, which let
version the state the realin.
ter the king's majesty should have subscribed, written again atter that copy, the Pariia
ment house; and that you delivered the same person, and peril the state the realm. 13.
his subjects, and peril the realm. 10. That you have corrupted, with money, certain the
privy chamber, persuade the king's inajesty have credit towards you and insi
thing, should have you and none other body, the intent should mislike his order ing, and that you might the better, when you saw time, use the king's highness for
instru his royal
his highness for that intent: With the which
hat you have parted, were, your ima gin ition and intent, the realm, set noblemen
highness, subscribed, you have determined have come into the com
written
countervail such other noblemen you mons house yourself; and there, with your sau thought would lett your devilish purposes, and
tors and adherents before prepared, have made broil, tumult, uproar, the great danger the king's majesty's person, and sub version the state this realm. That you yourself spake divers the Council, and la boured with divers the nobility the realm,
the state, and order the realm, and at the multitude and commons, when you should tain your other purposes, the danger the think meet, the furtherance your pur
king's majesty's person, now tender years, poses. 15. That you have not only studied
stick and adhere unto you for the alteration
son, and great peril the state the realm.
14. That you had advised certain men en
tertain and win the favour and good-wills
the head yeomen and ringleaders certain countries, the intent that they might bring
and subversion the state the realm. That you did say openly and plainly, you would make the blackest Parliament that ever was
and imagined how have the rule number men your hands, but that you have at
tempted get, also gotten, divers steward
England. That being sent for the autho ships noblemen's lands, and their manno rity, answer such things were thought reds, make your party stronger, for your
meet reformed you, you refused purposes aforesaid the danger the king's
come very evil example disobedience, majesty's person, and great peril the state
and danger thereby the subversion the the realm. 16. That you have retained young
state of the realm. That since the last ses gentlemen, and hired yeomen,
sions this parliament, notwithstanding much titude, and far above such number clemency shewed unto you, you have still con mitted the laws and statutes
tinued your former mischievous purposes;
were otherwise necessary your service, piace, estate,
and continually,
and laboured
yourself and others, studied put into the king's majesty's misliking the government
the king's
the realm. that matter,
head and mind, the realin, and
ings, the danger
purposes; the great danger the Lord Protector's do majesty, and peril the state
peril the realm.
person, and the great 17. That you had travailed That the king's majesty that you had made yourself able
make, being those tender years, and yet age your own inen, out your lands and rules,
laboured strong your devices;
the great danger the king's imajesty's per
great mul per the realin, convenient for the fortifying yourself towards your evil intents and
direct own things, you have gone and other your adherents, ten thousand men,
unable
about
much
upon himself the government and managing his own affairs, the danger highness's person, and great peril the whole realm. That you had fully intended and appointed,
(e) Ex libro Concilii, 236,
besides your friends, the advancement all your intents and purposes; the danger the king's majesty's person, and the great peril the state the realm. 18. That you had con ferred, cast, and weighed much money would find the said ten thousand men for month; and that you knew how and where have the same sum; and that you had given
instil into grace's head, and lieth you, persuaded him take
f. of his
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489] STATE TRIALS, 2 Edw. VI. 1549. —of Sudly, for High Treason. [400
warning to have and prepare the said mass of you travailed also have Londay, and under money in a readiness; to the danger of the pretence have victualled the ships there king's majesty's person, and great peril to the with, not only went about, but also moved the
state of the realm. , 19. That you have not Lord Protector, and whole council, that you only before you married the queen, attempted might, publick authority, have that, which
and gone about to marry the king's majesty's private fraud and falshood, and confedera
sister, the lady Elizabeth, second inheritor in ting with Sharington, you had gotten: that
remainder to the crown, but also being then the Mint Bristol, yours wholly, and
lett by the Lord Protector, and others of the only serve your purposes, casting, may
Council, since that time, both in the life of the appear, that these traiterous purposes had
queen, continued your old labour and love; and good success, yet you might thither convey
after her death, by secret and crafty means, good mass money; where being aided with
practised purpose ship
to atchieve the said of mar . s, and conspiring evil events with pi
§§the said lady Elizabeth; to the danger of rates, you might times have sure and the king's majesty's person, and peril of the safe refuge, any thing for your demerits
state of the same. 20. That you married the should have been attempted against you. 24. late queen so soon after the late king's death, That having knowledge that Win. Sharing
that if she had conceived streight after, it ton, had committed Treason, and otherwise should have been a great doubt whether the wonderfully defrauded and deceived the king's
child born should have been accounted the late
king's or yours; whereupon a marvellous dan
ger and peril might, and was like to have en
sued to the king's majesty's succession and trary your allegiance and duty the king's quiet of the realm. 21. That you first mar majesty, and the good laws and orders the
realm. 25. That where you owed Win. Sharington, kt. great sum money, yet
ried the queen privately, and did dissemble and keep close the same ; insomuch, that a good
majesty, nevertheless, you both yourself, and
him,
you could, did aid, assist, and bear him, con
counsel for
and means
space after you had married her, you made la bour to the king's majesty, and obtained a let ter of his majesty's hand, to move and require
abet, bear, and cloak the great falshood the said Sharington, and defraud the king's majesty, you were not afraid say and affirm, before the Lord Protector and the Council, that
the said queen to marry with you; and likewise
procured the Lord Protector to speak to the the same Sharington did owe unto you queen to bear you her favour towards mar great sum money, viz. 2800l. and con riage: by which colouring, not only your evil spire with him that falshood, and take and dissembling nature may be known, but bill that feigned debt into your custody. also it is to be feared, that at this present you 26. That you yourself and ministers, have did intend to use the same practice in the not only extorted and bribed great surns marriage of the lady Elizabeth's grace. 22. money such ships should into Island,
that now and take the government into his own hands, and credit you; was none other end and purpose, but after title gotten
the crown, and your party made strong both
by sea and land, with furniture men and money sufficient bave aspired the dignity royal, some heinous enterprize against the king's majesty's person; the subversion
the whole state the realm. 23. That you not only had gotten into your hands the strong and dangerous isles Scilly, bought divers men; but that Inuch lay your power,
you have not only taken from the takers the said pirates, the goods and ships taken,
without any reward, but have cast the said
takers, for their good service done the king's
majesty, into prison, and there detained them great time; some eight weeks, Some inore, some less, the discouraging such truly
should serve the king's inajesty against his
pirates and enemies. 29. That divers the head pirates being brought unto you, you have
the same pirates again free unto the seas, and taken away from the takers them, not
you, did but also should any other where mer par chandise, contrary the liberty this realm,
That you not only, so much as
stop and lett such things as, either
liament otherwise, should tend
vancement the king's majesty's affairs, but tion the navy the same, the great dan did withdraw yourself from the king's majes ger the king's majesty, and the state the ty's service; and being moved and spoken un realm. 27. That where divers merchants,
to, for your own honour, and for the ability well strangers Englishmen, have had their that was you, serve and aid the king's goods piratously robbed and taken, you have
Inajesty's affairs, and the Lord Protector's, you had their goods your hands and custody,
the ad and the great discouragement and destruc
would always draw back, and feign excuscs, and declare plainly that you would not it. —
Wherefore, upon the discourse these foresaid things, and divers others, must needs intended, that these preparations
men and money, the attempts and secret
practices the said marriage; the abusing
and persuading the king's majesty mislike
the government, state, and order the realm where certain men have taken certain pirates,
daily seen your house, and distributed among your servants and friends, without any restitu tion the parties injured and spoiled; that thereby foreign princes have manner been weary the king's majesty's amity, and
their ambassadors divers times complained the great slander the king's majesty, and
danger the state the realm. 28. That
so
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491] STATE TRIALS, 2 Edw. VI. 1549. -Proceedings against Lord Seymour [492
only their commodity and profit, but from
the true owners the ships and goods, such ever came into the pirates hands, though
you were authorized the chief pirate, and have had the advantages they could bring
the Council, but refused make direct Answer them, sign those Answers that had made. So was ordered, that the next
day, the privy council, except the abp.
Canterbury, and John Baker, Speaker unto you. 30. That where order hath been the House Commons, who was engaged
taken, the Lord Protector and the whole attend the house, should the Tower, Council, that certain goods, piratically taken and examine him. On the 23d the lord chan upon the seas, and otherwise known not cellor, with the other counsellors, went him, wreck nor forfeited, should restored the and read the Articles his Charge, and ear true owners, and letters thereupon written nestly desired him make plain Answers
the Lord Protector and the Council; the them, excusing himself where could, and which letters, you yourself, among the other, submitting himself other things; and that did set your hand yet you, this notwith would shew obstinacy mind. He an
standing, have given commandment your
ficers, that such letters should and written your private letters commanding the said goods not
but kept your own use and profit, contrary At last the lord chancellor required him, your own hand before the council-cham his allegiance, make his Answer. He de ber written; and contrary your duty and sired they would leave the Articles with him,
legiance, and the perilous example others, and would consider them, otherwise
and great slander and danger the realm. would make no answer to them. But the
31. That where certain strangers, which were friends and allies the king's majesty, had their ships, with wind and weather broken, and yet came unwrecked the shore; when the Lord Protector and the Council had written for
the restitution the said goods, and the country aid and save much the goods might, you yourself subscribing and consent ing thereto yet this notwithstanding, you have
not only given contrary commandment your officers, but pirate have written letters some your friends help, that much these goods they could, should conveyed away secretly night farther off, upon hope that the said goods were assured, Owners would make further labour for them, and then you might have enjoyed them, contrary
counsellors resolved not leave them with him
,.
should after dinner acquaint the king with the
state that affair, and desire know him
whether would have the law take place?
and since the thing had been before the parlia
ment, whether he would leave their deter mination When the counsellors waited on
him, the lord chancellor opened the matter
the king, and delivered his opinion for leaving
the parliament; then every counsellor himself spoke his mind the same purpose. Last the Protector spake. He protested this was most sorrowful business him, that
had used the means his power keep from coming this extremity. But
obeyed; the contrary,
swered them, That expected and his accusers brought All the counsellors endeavoured
face face. persuade restored, him more tractable, but no purpose.
justice and your honour, and the great slan were son brother, must prefer his ma der this realm, 32. That you have not only jesty's safety them, for weighed his alle
those terms. (f) On the 24th Feb.
open Trial,
was resolved council, That the whole board
council, giance more than his blood; and that there among the rest, fore was not against the request that the
disclosed the king's
but also where you
have consented and agreed
for the advancement the king's affairs, you
have spoken and laboured against the same.
33. That your deputy steward, and other your his Charge were manifestly proved, any credit
ministers the Holt, the county Denbigh,
maj
esty's
secret
certain things other lords had made, and said, himself
have now, against Christmas last past, the
said Holt, made such provision wheat, malt,
beefs, and other such things necessary for according the laws the land, and
the sustenance great number men; bring his accusers face face; and yet was making also, the means possible, great peer the realm, lord high admiral Eng mass money; insomuch, that the country land, and uncle the king. At last, finding
doth greatly marvel and the more, be
cause your servants have spread rumours abroad,
could not obtain this favour, rather jus tice, desired the Articles his accusation might be left with him, and said would an
H.
ave been more, this present,
king's majesty dead; whereupon that the was
the country great maze, doubt and ex swer them when had examined them;
looking for some broil, and would
but even this was denied him whether was lawful then
don't know leave with the
prehension, had not been staied. These Articles (as entered
his charge, and allow him time examine them but as for
the Council. Books) were manifestly proved, not only
your ap
the bringing his accusers face face, evi witnesses, but letters under his own hand, dent that could not be denied him without in that did not seem possible deny them; justice, though this pernicious custom had been
yet had been sent and examined some introduced the late reign. ” Rapin, 50.
(f)
strange that the particulars
given the Council Book, not only witnesses, but Letters under his own hand, they should refuse however try him
party accused the Articles
heit
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493) STATE TRIALS, 2 Edw. VI. 1549. -of Sudley, for High Treason. [494
were guilty of such offences, he should not gave more, time, remembreth, think he were worthy of life, and the rather, since the king's majesty was crowned. To the
because he was of all men the most bound to his majesty; and therefore he could not refuse
grooms
Tides given money,
hath New-Year's- doth not well remember saith, gave money
justice. (g) The king answered them in these
what. To Fowler,
for the king, since the beginning this parlia ment now last London, 20l. And divers times, saith, the king hath sent him for money, and he hath sent And what time Mr. Latimer preached before the king, the
words: “We perceive that there are great things
objected and laid to my Lord Admiral my
uncle, and they tend to Treason : and we per
ceive that you require but justice to be done. We think it reasonable, and we will, that you
proceed according to your request. ” However,
the lords resolved that some of both houses Mr. Latimer; and sent him
should be sent to the Admiral before the Bill 40l. with this word, that 20l. was
should be put in against him, to see what he ward for Mr. Latiner, and the other
could or would say; so my lord chancellor, the bestow amongst his servants. Whether earl of Shrewsbury, Warwick, and Southamp hath given Fowler any money for himself,
ton, and sir John
Anthony Denny, were sent
The Lord Admiral's Answer ticles.
three
saith,
the Ar Fowler, whether could
should have the governance
#.
might
saith,
but after much Answer
persuasion proffered was and
the
Cheney,
sir Tho. and
doth not remember. —To the
third,
him. He was
true, drew such
Bill indeed himself,
moved Mr. contented that he him Mr.
long obstinate, brought give Articles, viz.
Tide was twelvemonths, said Fowler, that effect, that his majesty was content; but he supposeth was, that might have the what answer had the bill, cannot tell:
king his custody, Mr. Page had, would
the first three
caused the king
Stanhope had. He knoweth not what answer “To the first, saith that about Easter had but upon that drew the said bill
“. . .
else Mr.
the chamber
king sent him know what
should give Fowler, good re
king,
cannot well tell; and before that
be glad; and that thought
bring him through the gallery
Mr. Cheek can tell. ” -
and his house but this
said
spoke and no intreaties would work him, either
man might his chamber,
Then sudden stopt short, and bade them content, for would further,
merrily, meaning hurt. And that the answer the rest, set his hands the An
mean time after heard, and upon that, swers he had made. On Feb. the 25th was
sought out certain precedents, that there was read the house lords the first time, the England one time, one Protector, and Bill for Attainder of the Lord Admiral Feb.
another regent France, and the duke 26, read the second time Feb. 27, read the Exeter, and the bishop Winchester, govern third time; and concluded with the common ors the king's person upon that, had assent the peers. (c) The same day, thought have made suit the Parlia
ment house for that purpose, and had the (h) Burnet says, “The peers had been names the lords, and totted them whom accustomed agree such bills king Hen he thought might have his purpose ry's time, that they did easily pass All the labour them. But afterwards communing with judges and the king's council delivered their Mr. Comptroller Ely-piace, being put re opinions, That the Articles were Treason. membrance him his assenting and agree Then the Evidence was brought many lords ing with his own hand, that the Lord Protector gave fully, that the rest, with one
should governour the king's person,
was ashamed his doings, and left off that suit
and labour. —To the scCond, saith gave
money two three then which were
about the king. To Mr. Cheek, saith,
gave Christmas-Tide was twelvemonths, lords had done, those lords that had given when the queen was Enfield, 40l. whereof their Evidence their own house, should come himself 20l. the other for the king, bestow down and declare the commons. But where pleased his grace amongst his servants. there was more opposition made the house Mr. Cheek was very loth take howbeit commons. Many argued against Attainders would needs press that upon him; and him absence, and thought odd way that
some peers should rise their places their (g) “It pretty hard task justify the own house, and relate somewhat the slander duke Somerset for prosecuting his own bro another, and that should thereupon
ther death, for crimes committed against his attainted: therefore was pressed, that person only. But indeed was never clearly might done Trial, and that the Admi proved, that had formed any design either ral should brought the bar, and heard against the king the state, protested plead for himself. But the 4th March his last breath. But this not the only time message was sent from the king, That that plots against the Ministers have been reck thought was not necessary send for the wned High reason. ” Rapin, 52. Admiral; and that the lords should come
voice, consented the Bill; only the Protector, for natural pity's sake, the Council Book, desired leave withdraw. On the 27th, the
Bill was sent down the commons, with message, That they desired proceed the
I
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495] STATE TRIALS, 2 Edw. VI. 1549. -Proceedings against Lord Seymour [496
being Wednesday, the Bill was sent down to Speaker, and other the king's privy council of the commons; when it was thought good by the house. March the 4th, the Master the
that in case they were minded to proceed in
like sort, certain noblemen who had given evi
them to send down certain members of their
house, to declare unto the commons the man that the Admiral's presence was not necessary ner after which the lords had proceeded in that this court; and therefore not there. matter; and further to declare unto them, And further declared, That the house would
dence against the said Lord Admiral, should be
the house for the evidence against the
sent unto them, to declare by mouth and pre
sence such matters, as boy their writing should
in the mean time appear unto them. The
Master of the Rolls, sir James Hales, and ser
jeant Molineux, were the persons sent by the
lords. March the 2d, they were sent again to
the lower house, with the like commission in
effect, as they were sent the Wednesday before.
Answer was made, That they would consult
together, and thereupon with speed
send up their Resolution. But no haste hav
ing been made therein by them of the nether
house, the lords having sat so long, as it was
thought the time now far spent, they concluded
to depart; desiring the Lord Protector, that it
would please him to receive such Answer as
should he scnt touching that purpose, and to
Sey mour, Knt. Lord Seymour Sudley, High
Rolls, &c.
declared the king's pleasure be, require have the lords come and satisf
require, that were judged necessary
have the lords come down, that upon any fur ther suit they might come down the house. And the Bill for the attainder High-Treason
Thomas Seymour, lord Sudley, was read the third time. Thus far the Journal of the House of Commons. On the 5th of March the
royal assent was given the Bill, which here followeth
X. the lords would come. Then was ordered, That master comptroller, and others the king's privy council, should hear the lords; and
An Act for the Attainder Sir Thomas
Admiral England. Cap. xviii.
“In their most humble wise beseeching your most excellent majesty, the lords spiritual and
make report thereof at their next assembly, temporal, and the commons this present
which should be the next Monday. March parliament assembled; That where sir Thomas
the 5th, the Bill was brought from the com Seymour, lord Seymour Sudley, High-Ad
mons for the Attainder of the lord Sudley. miral England, not having God before his
Thus it is related in the Journal of the House of Lords. ,
By the Journal of the House of Commons it
appears, that this Bill was read there the last
day of Feb. the first time; March the 1st read
again; and March 2d the Master of the Rolls,
serjeant Molineux, serjeant Hales, and the
king's sollicitor, were sent from the lords to
know the pleasure of this house, if it should be
resolved there, to pass upon the attainder of determine and resolve with himself take into
the Admiral in such order, as it passed in the higher house? Whereupon it was ordered, that
advertisement thereof be sent to the lords by some of that house : That it was resolved, that
the Evidence should be heard orderly, as it was before the lords: and also to require, that the
lords who affirmed that evidence, might come hither and declare it viva voce. And this to
be delivered to the Lord Protector by Mr.
down and renew before them the Evidence
they had given in their own house. This was done; and so the Bill was agreed to by the
commons in a full house, judged about 400, and there were not above ten or twelve that
his hands your most noble person, and the same either violence, stealth, other undue means, have his possession, with the order, rule, and government your majesty's realms, dominions, and affairs, which were
before that time, well your royal-assent,
the consent and liberate advice
your nobles and council, whereof the said Lord-Admiral was one, otherwise ordered, de creed, and determined; the means whereof, and the most prudent foresight and direction
your grace's dearest uncle the duke So merset, governour your majesty's most royal person, and protector your highness's realms, dominions and subjects, being the said Admiral disappointed his malicious enterprise. The
voted in the negative. ” The Bishop, in the
next page, says, “But the way of proceeding
was much condemned, since to attaint a man ambition, and most detestable, malicious, and without bringing him to make his own defence, traitorous, purposes, thinking tumult and vio or to object what he could say to the Witnesses lence openly atchieve that thing which that were brought against him, was so illegal slight could not secretly compass, travailed and unjust, that it could not be defended, only
this was to be said for That was little
more regular than Parliamentary Attainders
had been formerly; for here the Evidence,
upon which was founded, was given before both houses. ” Burnet's Reform. 99.
with your majesty, being yet for your tender years not able conceive his falsehood, crafty, subtile, and traiterous means and per suasions, having also prepared about your grace, corruption, sundry persons in
struments help forward his naughty,
eyes, regarding o nor the which
benefits, and allegiance ought your high ness, nor being content with his honourable state and condition, whereunto your majesty hath
alled and indued him but
filled with the most dangerous, insatiable, fearful vice ambition, and greediness
rule, authority, and dominion, did the first ear your most noble and victorious reign,
same Admiral continuing nevertheless his great
duty nature,
replenished
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497] STATE TRIALs, 2 Edw. 1349—of Sudley, for High Treason. [498 traitorous purposes, have caused your grace Lord Protector laboured with the whole coun
his contemplation, have written Bill cel and otherwise, reconcile and reform him, Letter your majesty's own hand, your high which presently unust else have perished his court parliament, desiring the same thereby folly and outrage. And albeit, the said Lord
good unto the said lord Seymour, such Protector had then perfect knowledge the suits and matters should open and declare attempts and misbehaviours the said admiral unto them; which Bill Letter the said Lord before rehearsed; and that the said admiral Adiniral thought and determined not only his had then said, that would not come the own person have brought into the nether
house your said court parliament, but also
have likewise opened the same the higher house, having both the same houses laboured,
mitted any ward for his doings the best them, whereby appeared that thought party strong enough resist your majesty's
power and ordinary authority; yet the said Lord Protector, not ceasing with clemency
stirred, and moved number persons take part and join with him such things
would set forth and enterprise, whereby thought breed such tumult, uproar, and sedition,
follow his godly and charitable purpose, disi not only use the good means could devise the persuasions certain your grace's council, and otherwise frame him the bring him
well the said court, the the troubling the whole state and body this your realin, might the
whole realm,
more facily and easily bring pass his most fearful, devilish, and naughty purpose for the Inore sure and certain compassing whereof, like feared not say certain noblemen and others, that would make the blackest parliament that ever was seen here England, so most traitorously, for the further accom Plishment his lewd enterprise, retained great number men, and prepared great furniture weapons and habiliments war, ready for the execution the said traitorous attempts. And colour and cloak his said mischievous purposes, did, such ways and
means Practice, same,
your most noble person, and
gotten into his hands the order
and dominions, whereunto
sort, did even then travail expressly with the most part your highnesses most honour
and move him leave for ever that ambition, ment, doing likewise could the parlia and seditious mind, and live such order
ment himself, his servants and ministers, might have pleased God, and served your
said Lord Protector and council, although they sent for him, and that would not coin
amendment his evils, and the better remembrance
also considering, that the have grown extremity, being
his duty; but
matter should near, and much bound your majesty, being new
could possibly devise and imagine, were, for his entry towards the
come your kingdom, your subjects not al together left the best concord for matters religion, great slander, tumult, and danger
might have ensued thereby well here home your realin, from some outward parts with whom you were the war, and some secret enmity ready enter the wars, thought with the advice your whole coun cil, most meet and surest for your majesty pass his evil-doings over silence, and somewhat the more respect the better stay, for the time your present estate, bridle him with your liberality, and therefore
give unto him lands the yearly value 800 trusting thereby, and such other good
means were used towards him, encourage
seek and attain the government
able council help him the said govern
ão
your realms
aspired such
to have
not only hinder and lett things there pro ned, which touched the honour, surety, and nefit your majesty and the realm; but
heart, that the root the same could not be majesty's person, your dearest uncle the said clearly pulled out, but caused his ambition est Lord Protector, and the whole state your soons spring, and shew itself more rankly council, over-vile, dangerous, and unmeet than had done before For plainly ap
here recited Which things being the good peareth, that tarried not long his dis ness God revealed, your said uncle the sembled good mood and promise, but began Lord Protector could not chuse but heartily afresh innagine, compass and devise, for the lament the said lord admiral's evil, malieious, satisfying traitorous desire, make
also spreading abroad slanders touching your
and corrupt disposition, chiefly respect the apparent and irrecuperable danger which was like, the same, presently have ensued
your majesty, and your realins and domi nions; and secondly, for that was prox imity blood nearly joined unto him. hoping that good advertisements and coun sels, might yet recover and save him, and the grace God cause him cast away his naughty, vile and ambitious disposition, and have had better consideration hereafter to
his duty, both God and unto your majesty, whereunto was most bounden the said
party, faction, and confederation, where would the head, and did not only get
many rules and offices into his hands
men, could possibly attain, and retained many gentlemen and yeomen into his service, making full account and reckoning, which declared secretly some his familiars, that
was thereby able, his own ruled tenants and servants, make ten thousand men for the obtaining his said purpose; for whose wages had also devised after 10,000
the month, out your jesty's mint Bris tol, which had obtained, with your trea
WOL.
majesty, and your publick weal. But this
notwithstanding, the devil, who had before
planted that vile and evil weed deeply his
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VI.
400] STATE TRIALS, 2 Fow. VI. 1519. -Proceedings against Lord Symour [500
sure in the same, by the means and consent of your highness's privy-chamber with many sur W. Sharington, knt. , vice-treasurer there, gists, and otherwise, the intent they should
to be at his commandment, which sir William move and procure your majesty write sundry now standeth attainted of Treason; and also letters his their devices, and put into had put your grace's castle of the Holt, whereof your grace's head special and singular favour, he had the keeping, even now of late in a affection, and trust towards him, and dis readiness, and there caused to be prepared a position follow whatsoever would have great furniture of wheat, malt, beefs, and a wrought towards others, that might the great mass of money, for the feeding and en rather have compassed his most traitorous pur tertaininent of a number of men: which money pose, which must needs have tended your he caused to be levied and taxed half the year majesty's destruction (which God forbid,) and before the same was due ; bruiting also for the the utter ruin us, your highness's most better atchieving of his purpose, and to amaze loving, faithful, and obedient subjects. For there with the more the people, that your ma most gracious sovereign lord, besides this, jesty (whom God long preserve to us) should most evident and apparent, that imme be dead; but also he laboured sundry of your diately after the king your father's death, nobles, and other your grace's subjects, to join most noble memory, bare special love and with him, devising with divers of them, how favour your grace's sister the lady Elizabeth, and by what policy, ways, and means they second person the remainder the state should make themselves strong in their coun succession the crown this realm after your tries for that purpose, and how they should majesty, and the heirs your body, whom the win unto them the head yeomen, and ring living God long preserve unto us, with the in leaders of the common people; declaring how crease much fruit; and would then of his he meant to have matched, and set one noble great presumption and traiterous determination man against another nobleman, as he thought have married her, could any means
he could never compass and win to assent to
this faction and false conspiracy, promising to
divers of them sundly benefits; yea, taking so
much upon him, for the accomplishment of his
said traitorous inten: and purpose, as he spared
not to promise your most excellent person in vers secret and crafty meals and practices, marriage to a nobleman's daughter of this your continually sought atchieving the same
realm. And yet not contented herewith, for the further advancement of most naughty and traitorous purpose, did traitorously and unnaturally practise even with your highness's
own person, make your most excellent ma jesty (for your tender years unable under
since the queen's death, sundry ways confessed, and appeareth. Insomuch the same being perceived your said dearest un cle, and some others beside your Council, and other personages eputation; and the said Admiral them earnestly advised be ware and forbear his pretensed pur
derstand his false and traitorous purposes)
instrument towards the undoing and destruc pose, specially for that could not but dan
tion your highness, and the subversion the whole state this your grace's realin pursu ing your majesty, much him did lie,
gerous your grace's person, hath not been afraid defend his naughty doings and pur poses and ask why should not con
not only take upon you, now your young tinue his suit towards the said lady Eliza and tender age, the rule and order yourself, beth with sundry other words declaring intending and meaning the colour thereof, his full intent and determinations it; and
take his hands your most royal person, neglecting good advices, reasons, and ad
have brought pass the same, but that was stayed the said Lord Protector, and other your grace's Council; did not only continue his said determination towards her,
the queen his late wife's time, but also di
your monitions made, given alledged, contrary the his purpose, hath secretly and earnestly fol
the rules and orders the affairs realms and dominions; being already
said Lord Protector, with the advice
grace's most honourable council, well pru dently and politically governed, valiantly
and nobly defended against our outward ene
mies, the increase your inmortal fame and
Lonour; but also receive and engender whom may appear married first, and after hatred your most noble heart, both against sued your majesty, and the Lord Protector, your dearest uncle the said Lord Protector, and and your Council, for his preferment it:
your true and faithful councellors: To the who nevertheless hath been credibly de which his devilish persuasions and assaults, clared, holped her end haste forwards God gave your highness, even this age, his other purpose. But what this marriage
the great rejoice your faithful subjects your said sister, with his prepared forces and and servants, special grace resist, above confederacies should mean, and what the get common reason and all expectation, and nost ting the rule and order your majesty's growinusly, without any advice counsel, miut Bristol into his hands with ten thousand
refuse and deny his evil advertisements and men, which besides all his friends, and divers persuasions. And further, the said Admiral retainers, accounted himself furnished of, did nost iaisy and traitorvusly corrupt sundry and able make tiames within his own rules,
your
lowed such sort, sundry other his mischievous devices and practices had not ap peared, and come knowledge, evident
that would have done what could secretly have married her, did the late queen,
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* -- -
501] STATE TRIALS, 2 Edw. VI. 1549. --of Sudley, for High Treason. [502
and of his own servants and tenants, should this realm; taking the patent, indentures, books tend unto, for the wages and entertainments of , and reckonings of the same W. Sharington,
aforesaid, consi his own authority, into his custody, and af times, when firming both sundry your grace's council, your majesty was and divers your subjects, that the said
upon him, whether were vising the ways could possible, contrary land, your grace's Council both his duty and allegiance, traitorously bear
whom had prepared, dering that the said Admiral
occasion necessary
refused sea
the service
requisite, went always back, and Sharington had wrong committed; de
take
know, and divers times have lamented, and him his evil and traitorous doings, and
wrought the end, especially this tender power, indeed did both aforesaid, age your highness, and whilst your majesty and consulting with learned men for him, the government Protector, fear and otherwise, but also for his more assured
consider and think upon, and cannot aid, being indebted the said Sharington the
bring deliver him, any means might have whereby good mind will come him. —And for further proof in
that case travelled with him vain)
him unto
him toward your majesty's safety assurance duce, that the said Admiral did maintain and can appear. And upon these sinister ways comfort the same Sharington, where the said and means, what corrupt and subtil at Admiral owed the said Sharington 2,800l. tempts getting your most noble person into the said Sharington upon mistrust which
his hands, colour whereof might have had before his apprehension, that should for wrought what would, and whatsoever his his fault and proceedings come one day his ambitious intent could have devised, with his trial and examination, communicating the same
reparation victuals and money, and other with the said Lord Admiral, and the said Ad said doings your grace's castie the miral agreed and promised not only aid and Holt, and the parts thereabouts, would have maintain and bear him the uttermost his
otherwise taken, but
manifest declaration
your crown this realin,
indeed more than sum 2,800s. untruly conspired with the said
Sharington upon bill, whereby appeared that the said Sharington should owe unto him the sum 2,000l. with interest, the said Admiral might help and relieve him with that 2,000l. with the interest your majesty's hand,
debt unto himself; and also with 2,800l. compass and imagine the death your most which the said Admiral owed indeed the said
the same, and open deed and act, and false and traitorous compass and imagination
depose and deprive your majesty from your
royal estate and title your realms, and
traitorous aspiring and king
noble person, and most traitorously take
away and destroy things which should have
sounded the lett and impediment his most
traitorous and ambitious enterprize. --And fur
ther, gracious sovereign lord, declare the
traitorous disposition his nature, and how
little cared offend your grace's law, and
how did yet less regard truth and duty said Sharington himself confessed and affirmed towards your grace, where Wm. Sharington,
knight, late London, the tenth day July, the first year your grace's reign, hath the county and city Bristol, falsly and trai
torously forged and counterfeited certain your grace's coin, and further imbezzled and purloined from your majesty, untruly and sal-ly
the least, the sum 40,000l. ; for part
whereof the same W. Sharington upon his own confession attainted treason ac
the truth, whereby the covin and falshood plain appeared the contrary. —Finally, most gracious sovereign lord, were too much and
cording your grace's laws; which said ders determined the Lord Protector and the traitorous acts the said Lord Admiral did whole Council, whereunto his own hand hath not only abet and procure the said W. Sha been for the restitution them; whereby rington, labouring him should get much
hath moved alumost princes Christian con ceive grudge and displeasure, and open wars seek remedies their own hands,
the great trouble and danger your majesty, your realms and dominions, and the -great charge, loss and disquiet your most loving and faithful subjects, and the peril break
well the declaration the most part
your highness's Council, some his own
counsel learned, hath traitorously comforted, ambassadors here have plainly declared, and aided, assisted, and maintained the same sir present experience teacheth; express his W. Sharington his said traitorous acts and innumerable untruths, falshoods, and deceitful faults against your grace's law and statutes practices, discovering and opening your ma
money from time time into his hands for his purpose could, that might ever have good mass readiness; but also since the
time of the said treasons and traitorous acts, done the said W. Sharington, the said Lord Admiral having perfect knowledge thereof,
ing the leagues and treaties amity betwixt
Sharington, amounting the whole 5,600/. which bill most untruly, and the mainte
nance and favour the said Sharington, the said Lord Admiral affirmed before the said Lord
Protector, and your highness's Council,
true bill, and the same 2,800l. with the interest,
his just debt, and was taken, until the
over tedious inolest and trouble your excel lent majesty, either with the remembrance
evil doings office the Admiralty,
wherein hath manifestly recited, main
tained, aided and comforted sundry pirates, and
taken own use the goods piratously taken against your laws, and expressly against the or
your majesty and other foreign princes, their
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**
503] STATE TRIALS, Epw. VI. on. --Proceedings against Lord Seymour [504
jesty's counsels, refusal to serve your highness leases, fees, offices, rents-services, rents-charges, as he hath been commanded, oppression and rents-seck, annuities, commons, and other manifest extortion of your majesty's subjects, commodities, profits, and hereditaments what using Island and other voyages by the sea; and soever, they any them had, might,
his determination of revenge towards men ought have had, this present act had never with whom he was offended, which his own let been had made. —Furthermore, the king's ters and other testimonies do declare against majesty pleased that enacted, That
him with full resolution have put the person and persons, bodies politick and corpo whole his intent shortly experience and rate, and their executors and administrators, execution God had not prevented it), the shall weil and truly contented and paid,
destruction your most royal person, and the subversion and alteration of the whole estate of
your realms and dominions. Wherefore con sidering as well that he member so unnatu
upon their humble suit and petition hereafter made unto his highness such debts,
ral, unkind and corrupt, and such heinous
offender your majesty and your laws,
cannot, nor may conveniently suffered re
main the body your grace's commonwealth,
but the extream danger your highness, be
ing head, and the good members the
same, and too pernicious and dangerous
cxample, that such person much bound
and forgetful mercifully heretofore
intreated, and sundry and great benefits al
lured and called, and cruelly and ingrately further troubled with it; after dinner they continuing his false and traitorous intents and went the king, the Protector being with purp–oses against your highness, and the whole them the king said had well observed estate your realm, should remain amongst their proceeding, and thanked them for their
which either specialty, any other just and true contract, the said Lord Admiral did owe them, any them, any time be fore the said 17th day January, the said second year his majesty's reign (a). ’”
On the 10th March, the Council resolved press the king that justice might done on the Admiral and since the case was heavy
and lamentable the Protector (b), (so
the Council-Book) though was also sor
rowful them all, they resolved proceed that neither the king, nor he, should be
may please your great care his safety, and commanded them
therefore cscellent majesty, that may enacted with your high
ness's assent, the lords spiritual and temporal,
and the commons this present parliament as
proceed without further molesting him the Protector; and ended, pray
so. " Upon this they ordered Ely the Admiral, and
the things that related ano
take patiently March, he
his attendance and attainted treason: and that the same the Admiral, the Council signed Warrant
Thomas Seymour, knt. lord Seymour Sud for his execution, viz.
ley, High Admiral England, shall have, suf The Warrant Admiral's Execution (•).
you, my lords, sembled, and authority the same, That the bishop
the said Thomas Seymour, knt. lord Seymour instruct him Sudley, High Admiral England, the ther life, and
prepare him and on the 17th
aid traitorous offences and deeds, shall his execution
the authority this present parliament adjudg having made report them
fer, and sustain such pains death, cases High Treason have been used and accustom
ed. And also, that the said lord Seymour
Sudley shall forfeit and lose your majesty, and your heirs, such castles, manors, lands,
“This day, the 17th March, the Lord Chancellor and the rest the king's Council, meeting his highness's Palace Westminster,
tenements, leases, meadows, pastures, woods, (a) But the 3rd and 4th Edw. there waters, rents, reversions, services, offices, fees, passed Act for restitution blood Mary annuities, and other hereditaments, goods, Seymour, daughter Thomas Seymour, chattels and debts whatsoever, the same lord knt. lord Seymour Sudley, late Admiral Seymour had, enjoyed, was seized pos England. See Rastal, 996.
sessed the seventeenth day January, (b) “It appears the Journals, that the the second year your grace's reign, any duke Somerset, Protector, sat the
time since. —And that such castles, manors, house lords every day, whilst the Bill At lands, tenements, meadows, leases, pastures, tainder against his own brother was depending; woods, waters, rents, reversions, services, offices, and no doubt voted this case of blood. fees, annuities, and other hereditaments, From whence we may infer, that the prosecu authority this present act adjudged, vested, |tion was but too pleasing him since
and deemed the actual and real possession might have been well excused from such an your highness, from the said 17th Janu attendance on the fate near relation, as ary, without any office inquisition well signing warrant for his execution.
thereof had found. Saving and every On the 20th March, the Admiral was be person and persons, and bodies politick and headed; but was amply returned upon the corporate, and their heirs, assigns, and suc Protector short space after; and, cessors, and every them (other than the Grafton observes, the fall one brother said lord Seymour Sudley, and heirs) proved the overthrow the other. ’” Cobb. such rights, titles, interests, uses, possessions, Parl. Hist. 580. Strype's Memorials, 128. reversions, remainders, entries, conditions, (c) Libro Concili, fol. 247.
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STATE TRIALS, 2 Epw. Vl. 1549. —of Sudley, for High Treason. [506
cuted the Wednesday next following, betwixt the hours of nine and twelve in the forenoon
the same day, upon Tower-Hill: his body and head to be buried within the Tower; the
505]
heard the report of the bishop of Ely, who by kynge wythin hys graces palayce at Westmin the said lords, and others of the council, was ster, the 29th day of Marche, is the following sent to instruct and comfort the Lord Admiral; Account of the Lord Admiral (d):
after the hearing whereof, consulting and de
“I
liberating with themselves of the time most sith that tyme, then I did knowe before. O
convenient for the execution of the said Lord saye they, the man dyed very boldly, he woulde Admiral, now attainted and condemned by not have done so, hadde he not bene in a just the parliament, they did condescend and agree, quarell. This is no good argument, my That the said Lord Admiral should be exe
king's writ (as in such cases as heretofore hath
been accustomed) being first directed and sent
forth for that purpose and effect. Whereupon touchyng the kynde hys death, whether he calling to the council-chamber the bishop of saved no, referre that God onely.
Ely, they willed him to declare this their de What God can do, can not tell. wyl not
termination to the said Lord Admiral; and to
instruct and teach him, the best he could, to
the quiet and patient suffering of justice, and
to prepare himself to Almighty God. (Signed)
E. Somerset, T. Cantuarien. R. Rich, Cancel. betwene two strokes
W. St. John, J. Russel, J. Warwick, F. Shrews very hard judge; well, wyl not nye bury, Thomas Southampton, Wm. Paget, An worke, but this wyl say, they aske ine thony Wingfield, Wm. Petre, A. Denny, Ed what thinke
ward North, R. Sadler. ” daungerously, The said bishop, after he had been with the man beyng
hys deathe, that dyed very yrkesomelye, horryblye. —The
Lord Admiral, repairing again to the court, pers, whiche sawe my selfe. Thei were two made report to Mr. Comptroller and Secretary lyttle ones, one my ladye Marye's grace, and Smith of the Lord Admiral's requests, (c) the another my ladye Elizabethe's grace, tend which were, that he required Mr. Latimer to ynge thys ende, that they shoulde conspyre come to him, the day of execution to be de agaynst my Lord Protectour's grace. —Surely ferred, certain of his servants to be with hin, seditiously could be. Nowe what kind his daughter to be with my lady duchess of Death was thys, that when was readye Suffolk to be brought up, and such like. laye his head upon the blocke, turnes me
Touching which requests, the said lords and the Levetenantes servaunte and sayeth, ‘byd the rest of the council declared their minds to my servaunte spede the thyng that wottes
Mr. Secretary Smith, willing him to write of:’ wel, the worde was over-heard. Hys their answer in a Letter to the lieutenant of servaunt confessed these two Papers, and they the Tower, who should shew in all those re were found shooe hys. They were quests their resolute answer to the said Lord sowen between the soules of velved shooe.
Admiral : which was done accordingly.
On the 20th of March he was brought to
the scaffold.
Hugh Latimer's Sermon on the Death of the Lord Admiral.
And in the fourth Sermon of ‘Mayster Hughe Latyner, (c) whych he preached before the
He made hys ynke craftely, and wyth such
workmanship, the lyke hath not bene sene. —I was prisoner the Touer miselfe, and
coulde never invente make yoke so. wonder hear of his subtilitie. He made hys pen the aglet poynte that plucked
from hys hose, and thus wrote these Letters soo seditiouslye, have hearde, enforsynge
many matters agaynst my Lord Protectour's (c) Wilson in his translation of M. De grace, and fourth. God had lefte him
Thou's History of his Own Time, vol. 1. p. 272, hymselfe, hadde cleane forsaken hym. says, “ The duke of Somerset, the Protector, What woulde he have done he had lived
had conceived ajealousy, which was fomented styll that went about thys geare, when
by the emulation of the women, of his bro layed hys head the blocke the ende hys ther Thomas the Admiral, who had married lyfe. Charity (they saye) worketh but godsy,
Catharine Parr, the late king Henry's widow; not after thys sorte. Well, and had ordered him to be committed to pri knoweth hys fate thys,
gone, eyther joy
son, on suspicion of aiming at the crown ; and payne. There
as it is the temper of that nation to be over thys lyfe, but dye hasty and preposterously severe in matters nacion, shall ryse which relate to the Commonwealth, after he thoughe have whole had him put to the rack, he at last, by the sug
repentance after the state dam
the same. Yea, monkerye synge
gestion of Hugh Latimer, procured him to be (d) This only found the first Edi condemned to death; and on the 20th of March tion of Latimer's Sermons small thick
to be beheaded. ” octavo, for the later Editions are castrated.
knowe more of my Lord Admiral's death
frendes. A man semeth not to feare death, therefore hys cause is good. Thys is a deceav able argumente. He went to hys death bolde ly : ergo, he standeth in a just quarell. —If I should have saied al that I knewe, your ears woulde have yrked to have hearde and nowe God hathe brought more lyghte. And
denye but that maye the twynkeling
eye save man, and turne hys harte. What
dyd, cannot tell. two strokes wyth
And when man hathe axe, whoo can tel that
doth repent.
the Tower, wrote certayne pa
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507] STATE TRIALS, 2 Edw. VI. 1549. —Proceedings against Edward, [50s
for hym, he shall have hys synal sentence when the worlde. have hearde saye, was he dyeth. -And that servant of hys that con the opinion that believed not the immor fesseth and uttered hys gere, was an honest talytye the soule, that was not ryghte manne. He dyed honestlye in God put the matter. And mighte well appear the
his herte. And for the tother, whether takynge hys death. -But well say, What he saved no, leave God. But “yesclaunder, breake charitye. —Nay, surelye, was wycked man, the realme charitie that do, we canne have better use well rydde hym. –It hath treasure, that hym nowe, than warne others beware
gone, knoweth hys fire thys. terri hym. —Christ saith, “Remember Lotte's ble example surelye, and noted every Wife" she was wonan that would not be
man nowe before shoulde dye, heard say content with her good state, but wresteled he had commendations the kyng, and spake wyth God's callinge; and she was for that many wordes his majestye. All the cause turned into salt stone, &c. Thus may kinge, the kinge. Yea, Bona verba. These thys man example us. Let
were fayre wordes, ‘the kynge, the kynge. ' subjects judge well our magistrates suche hath been the the cast traitours pre matters, and content wyth theyr doings,
tend nothing against the kynge's person, they
never pretend the matter the kynge, but other. Subjects maye not resyste anye magis
and loke not be of the Counsaile. —And
thus toke occasion speake him, and profit you thereby, and beseech you
trates, nor oughte
the kinge's lawes. the kynge,’ and
nothinge contrarye And therefore these wordes,
fourth, are small
take this now. ”
may good warnyng us, and
the best use that wee can have of him -
thys manne, and have thought oft, Jesu, what wyl
worth, what wyl the ende thys manne Among others (that went execution) heard
his fifth Sermon saye this, the parliament
saieth, “You will house are wiser than
effect. have hearde muche wickednes
am you might leave them the defence themselves: although the men the parlia
wanton woman, naughtye lyer, whore, ment house can defende themselves, yet have vayne bodye; and was ledde from Newgate spoken thys good zeale, and good ground the place execution, for certain robberye the Admiralle's wrytinge: have not fayned,
that she had committed, and she hadde wyck nor lyed one jote. will nowe leave the ho ed communication the waye. This woman, nourable counsayle answer for themselves.
saye, she went the waye, had wan ton and folyshe talke, thys that good
fellowes hadde kept touch wyth hyr, she hadde not been thys time that case and amongste other talke, she saied, that such
one, and named this manne, had hyr mai
denhead fyrste; and heryinge thys hym
that tyme, Iloked ever what woulde hys
He confessed one fact, he would have hadde the governaunce the king's majesty, and wot
ini
And his seventh Sermon he saieth thus: “I have heard say, when that good quene
ende, what woulde become hym. —He was
manne the fardest frome the feare of God that (meaning queen Catherine) that gone, had
ever knewe herade Englande. Fyrste was author thys woman's whoredome.
ordained her house dayly prayer both before none and after none, the Admyral gettes hym out the waye, lyke moule diggying the earth. He shal Lotte's Wyse me long
For had not had hyr maydenhead, she
myghte have been maryed, and become
honeste womanne; whereas nowe beying nought lyve. He was covetous man, hor with hym, shee fell afterwarde that occasion rible covetous manne woulde there were no
other; and they that were nought wyth mo England was an ambicious man; hyr robbery, and she folowed; and thus woulde there were mo Englande: was
was author thys. This geare came sequels, peradventure thys maye seeme
Tyghte matter, but surelye
matter and he, unrepentance,
evyl worse, and from worse worste tyil the length was made spectacle
Commune mo Eug
great
frome all,
had lefte none
whye He sayed, would not his noritie have him brought lyke warde.
am sure hath been brought godly, with such schole-masters, never king was Eng lande, &c. ”
sedicious man, contemnar Prayer, would there were
land: gone, wolde
behind him. Remember you, my lordes, that you pray your houses, the better morti
fication your fleshe. ”
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509] STATE TRIALS, 3 Edw. VI. 1550–Duke of Somerset, for High Treason. [510
41. Proceedings in Parliament against EDw ARD, Duke of SoMER sET, Lord Protector, for Misdemeanours and High Treason :
3 Edw. VI. A.