3
Twice jubilant is Egypt in thy strong arm: thou hast guarded the
ancient order.
Twice jubilant is Egypt in thy strong arm: thou hast guarded the
ancient order.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v06 to v10 - Cal to Fro
] city
under the maj-
esty of Pepy: his Majesty put me into the position of royal
friend and superintendent of the priests of his pyramid city. ”
i The first words are lost. The girdle was probably assumed at about
the age of twelve.
? As a rule, each king seems to have built his pyramid in the desert behind
his principal residence. The latter was often founded by the king, but might
serve for some of his successors, who would then build their pyramids near
his. The pyramid field of Memphis is very ancient, and many of the earlier
kings must have resided there; but curiously enough the name Mennefer,
Memphis, is taken from that of the pyramid of Pepy I. , here referred to.
## p. 5296 (#468) ###########################################
5296
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
Behold I was
and his Majesty appointed me judge,
and his heart was satisfied with me more than with any of his
servants: I heard cases alone with the chief justice and vizier in
every secret proceeding [of the palace ? ]
in the name
of the King, of the royal harîm and of the six great houses,'
because the King's heart was satisfied with me more than with
any of his officers, of his nobles, or of his servants.
(Royal present of a sarcophagus, etc. , from the limestone quarries of Turra. }
[Command was given] by the Majesty of my lord to bring
for me a sarcophagus of white stone from Ra-au, and his Maj-
esty caused the divine treasurer to cross over [the river) with a
band (of soldiers and artificers] under him to bring for me this
sarcophagus from Ra-au. ? He returned with it in the great
transport ship of the Residence, together with its lid, and a false
door with the lintel, jambs, and foundation block: never was this
or the like done to any servant. But I was successful in the
heart of his Majesty, I was rooted in the heart of his Majesty;
and the heart of his Majesty was satisfied with me.
[Appointment as principal judge in the trial of the queen. )
Now when I was judge, his Majesty made me a sole friend
and superintendent of the garden of Pharaoh, and I instructed [? ]
four [? ] of the superintendents of Pharaoh's gardens who were
there. I acted according to his Majesty's desire in performing
the choosing of the guard [? ] and making the way of the king
and marshaling the nobles (at the court]; I acted altogether so
that his Majesty praised me for it more than anything.
When an accusation was brought in the royal harîm against
the chief royal wife Aamtesi as a a secret affair, his Majesty
caused me to enter to it and hear the case alone, without there
being any chief justice and vizier, or any officer there but me
only, on account of my success and rooting in the heart of his
Majesty and of his heart being satisfied with me.
[the report] in writing, alone with one judge. Behold, my office
I drew up
"Perhaps schools of law, etc.
? These quarries, at the modern Turra, have been the source of fine white
limestone down to the present day. They were exactly opposite Memphis in
the eastern hills.
3 Probably this means the arrangement of a body-guard or performance of
the ritual for the King's amuletic and religious protection.
## p. 5297 (#469) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5297
was that of superintendent of Pharaoh's garden: never before
did one of my grade hear a secret process of the royal harim;
but his Majesty caused me to hear it, because of my success in
the heart of his Majesty above any officer and any noble and any
servant of his.
[Una commander-in-chief of all the native and foreign forces in an expedition
against the Eastern Bedawîn. ]
When his Majesty chastised the Aamu-Herusha' and his Maj-
esty made an army of many tens of thousands out of the whole
of the Upper Country, from Abu? in the south to Aphroditopo-
lis [? ] in the north, and out of the Lower Country, from the
whole of the two sides,s out of Sezer and Khen-sezeru,“ negroes
from Arertet,» negroes from Meza, negroes from Aam, negroes
from Wawat, negroes from Kaau, and foreigners from the land
of Temehº; his Majesty sent me at the head of this host.
Behold, even the ha-princes, even the royal chancellors, even
the royal friends of the court, even the nomarchs and governors
of fortresses of the Upper Country and the Lower Country, the
royal friends superintending the frontier, the superintendents of
priests of the Upper and Lower Countries, and the superin-
tendents of domain lands, in command of the contingents from
the Upper and Lower Countries, and from the fortresses [? ] and
cities that they ruled, and of the negroes of these tribes — I it
was who planned their procedure, although my grade was that
of superintendent of the garden of Pharaoh, on account of the
preciseness of my disposition: in such a way that no one of them
encroached on any of his fellows, that no one of them took bread
or sandals from the wayfarer, that no one of them stole dough
from any village, and that no one of them took a goat from any
people. I directed them to the Island of the North, the Gate of
1 « The Asiatics who dwell upon the sand - i. e. , Bedawîn.
2 Elephantine.
3 The Eastern and Western borders of Lower Egypt.
* These names probably mean the halting-station for the night,” and “the
bedchamber of halting-station for the night »; evidently garrisoned posts on
the main desert routes.
• Arertet, Meza, Aam, Wawat, Kaau, were all in Nubia, and at no great dis-
tance from Egypt. The Meza were afterwards regularly drawn upon for
soldiers and police. The Kaau are more generally called Setu.
6 1. e. , the land of the Libyans.
IX-332
## p. 5298 (#470) ###########################################
5298
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
I-hetep, the Uart [? ] of Horus Lord' of Truth. And behold,
although I was of this grade
I reviewed the number of
these troops which had never been reviewed by any servant.
This host returned in peace: it had harried the land of the Her-
usha;
this host returned in peace: it had trampled on the land of the
Herusha;
this host returned in peace: it had overthrown its inclosures.
this host returned in peace: it had cut down its figs and vines.
this host returned in peace: it had set fire to all its (camps ? ];
this host returned in peace: it had slain the troops in it in many
tens of thousands;
this host returned in peace: it had (carried off people] from it,
very numerous, as prisoners alive:
and his Majesty praised me for it more than anything.
His Majesty sent me to direct [this] host five times, and to
smite the land of the Herusha at each of the revolts with these
troops, and I acted so that his Majesty praised me for it more
than anything. And when it was reported that there were war-
riors of this tribe in the Wild-Goat's Nose, I crossed over in
boats with these troops, and landed on the coast of Thest, on
the north of the land of the Herusha: and behold, when this
host had marched by land, I came and smote them all down,
and slew every warrior of them.
[Una made governor of the whole of Upper Egypt by the next king,
Merenra Mehti-em-saf. ]
I was carrier of the chair and sandals at the court, and the
king Merenra my lord, who lives (for ever], appointed me ha-
prince, governor of the Upper Country, from Abu in the south
to Aphroditopolis [? ] in the north, because of my success in the
heart of his Majesty, and my rooting in the heart of his
Majesty, and because the heart of his Majesty was satisfied (with
me]. And while I was carrier of the chair and sandals, his
Majesty praised me for my watchfulness and body-guardianship
which I displayed in ushering in nobles [? ], which exceeded that
of any officer, noble, or servant of his. Never before was this
function discharged by any servant.
1 «Horus Lord of Truth ) was the Ka name of King Sneferu (the first king
of the IVth Dynasty, not much less than 4000 B. C. ]. Probably this expedition
went toward the Sinaitic peninsula.
2 Sea-coast, perhaps of the Red Sea.
## p. 5299 (#471) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5299
I performed for him the office of governor of the Upper
Country to satisfaction, so that no one there encroached upon
his fellow for any work: I paid [? ] everything that is paid to the
Residence from this Upper Country twice over, and every hour's
service that is given to the palace in this Upper Country twice
over; and discharged my office in such a way that it established
a standard of duty' in this Upper Country. Never was the like
done in this Upper Country before. I acted altogether so that
his Majesty praised me for it.
(Una commissioned to obtain monuments for Merenra's pyramid from
Abhat, and granite from the region of Elephantine. )
His Majesty sent me to Abhat to bring the sarcophagus
called “Box of the Living Ones,” with its cover, and an obelisk,
and the costly furniture for my mistress? [? ] the pyramid Kha-
nefer of Merenra. His Majesty sent me to Abu' to bring the
granite stela and its base, and the granite doors and jambs, and
the granite doors and bases of the over-ground temple of my
mistress [? ] the pyramid Kha-nefer of Merenra. I came down
the river with them to the pyramid Kha-nefer of Merenra with
six broad boats, three transports, three eight-oars, in one expedi-
tion: never was this done, Abhat and Abu [done] in one expedi-
tion, in the time of any of the kings. Everything that his
Majesty had commanded me came verily to pass just as his
Majesty ordered me.
(An altar from the alabaster quarry of Het-nub. ]
His Majesty sent me to Het-nub to bring a great table of
offerings of the alabaster of Het-nub. I brought him down this
table of offerings in seventeen days, quarrying it in Het-nub,
and causing it to float down in this broad boat. For I had cut
for it a broad boat of acacia-wood, sixty cubits long, thirty cubits
broad, and built it all this [? ] in seventeen days, in the third
month of harv t,' when behold there was no water on the junc-
tions [? ] of the channel," and I moored at the pyramid Kha-nefer
1 Lit. «made the officership making the standard. "
? Or «for the mistress of the pyramid ”; i. e. , for the queen buried in her
husband's pyramid.
3 Elephantine.
4 The month Epiphi.
5 The Nile being low.
## p. 5300 (#472) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5300
of Merenra in peace. All things had come to pass according to
the command which the Majesty of my lord had given me.
1
[A commission to ease the navigation in the region of the cataract, and
increase the facilities for procuring granite. ]
His Majesty sent me to cut five channels in the South, and
make three broad boats and four transports of the acacia of
Wawat. Behold, the rulers of Arertet, Wawat, Aam, and Meza
were bringing wood for it. All were made in one year, floated,
and laden with very great blocks of granite for the pyramid
Kha-nefer of Merenra; moreover, I myself gave service to the
palace in the whole work of these five channels,' on account of
my abundance and my wealth (? ), and of the loftiness of the
mighty spirit of King Merenra, living for ever, beyond that of
any god, and because all things came to pass according to the
command which his Ka ordained.
Translation of F. Li. Griffith.
SONGS OF LABORERS
He reapers, represented cutting corn in the tomb of Paheri (XVIIIth
T**Dynasty, are supposed to be chanting a little song, the words of
which are engraved above their figures. Such songs are very
common among the fellâhîn of the present day, who thus mark time
for their work in the fields or on the river. This song is introduced
by a phrase which seems to speak of it as being “in answering
chant”; and this perhaps gives us the technical Egyptian term for
antiphonal singing.
In answering chant they say :-
This is a good day! to the land come out | The north wind is out.
The sky works according to our heart | Let us work, binding firm our
heart.
The following transcription of the original Egyptian may give
some idea of the assonances of words and ordered repetitions which
marked the poetical style; the main repetitions are here italicized.
Khen en usheb, zet-sen :-
Hru pen nefer, per em ta | Ta mehyt perta.
Ta pet her art en àb-en | Bek-en mert àb-en.
1 Apparently the passage of the Nile was blocked for boats at five differ-
ent places about the first cataract, and Una had cleared the channel at his
own expense as a free service to the King.
## p. 5301 (#473) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5301
In the same tomb there is another song, already well known but
less noticeable in form than the above. It is sung to the oxen on
the threshing-floor.
Thresh for yourselves. Thresh for yourselves.
Thresh for yourselves. Thresh for yourselves.
Straw to eat; corn for your masters;
Let not your hearts be weary, your lord is pleased.
Translation of F. LI. Griffith.
LOVE SONGS
Sot
OME of the prettiest Egyptian poetry is contained in a papyrus of
the XVIIIth Dynasty at the British Museum. The verses are
written in hieratic, and are extremely difficult to translate, but
their beauty is apparent to the translator even when he cannot fix
the sense. A new edition of these and other poems of a kindred
nature is being prepared by Professor W. Max Müller of Philadelphia,
who kindly permits us to make some extracts from the advance
sheets of his publication.
The songs are collected in small groups, generally entitled (Songs
of Entertainment. ” The lover and his mistress call each other
“brother” and “sister. » In one song the girl addresses her lover in
successive stanzas under the names of different plants in a garden,
and plays on these names. Others are as follows:-
LOVE-SICKNESS
I will lie down within,
Behold, I am sick with wrongs.
Then my neighbors come in
To visit me.
This sister of mine cometh with them;
She will make a laughing-stock of the physicians;
She knoweth mine illness.
THE LUCKY DOORKEEPER
The villa of my sister
Hath its gates in the midst of the estate;
(So often as] its doors are opened,
[So often as] the bolt is withdrawn,
My beloved is angry.
## p. 5302 (#474) ###########################################
5302
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
If I were set as the gatekeeper,
I should cause her to chide me;
Then should I hear her voice [when she is] angry:
A child before her!
Love's DOUBTS
[MY BROTHER] hath come forth [from mine house];
[He careth not for] my love;
My heart standeth still within me.
Behold, honeyed cakes in my mouth,
They are turned into salt;
Even must, that sweet thing,
In my mouth is as the gall of a bird !
The breath of thy nostrils alone
Is that which maketh my heart live.
I found thee! Amen grant thee unto me,
Eternally and for ever!
THE UNSUCCESSFUL BIRD-CATCHER
The voice of the wild goose crieth,
For she hath taken her bait;
[But] thy love restraineth me,
I cannot loose it. '
So I must gather my net together.
What then shall I say to my mother,
To whom I come daily
Laden with wild-fowl ?
I have not laid my net to-day,
For thy love hath seized me.
1 « Loose,” i. e. , take the bird out of the snare to carry home to her mother.
Translation of W. Max Müller.
## p. 5303 (#475) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5303
us.
HYMN TO USERPESEN III.
[This hymn is the most remarkable example of Egyptian poetry known to
It was found by Mr. Petrie near the pyramid and temple of Usertesen II. ,
in the town which was founded there for the accommodation of the workmen
employed upon these buildings, and for the priestly staff who performed the
services for the dead Pharaoh in his chapel. The hymn is addressed to the
son and successor of that king,– to Usertesen III. ,— an active and warlike
prince, who, as the poet also testifies, used his power for the benefit of his
country and the pious support of its institutions. It is a marvel that the
delicate papyrus on which the hymn is written should have been preserved for
nearly 5,000 years. It has not, however, resisted the attacks of time without
suffering injury; and the lacunæ, together with the peculiar language em-
ployed by the scribe, are baffling to the decipherer. Four stanzas only can be
read with comparative completeness and certainty.
The parallelism of the sentences, the rhythm, the balancing of the lines of
verse, and the pause in each, recall the style of the Hebrew Psalms. The
choice of metaphors, too, is in a similar direction. Unfortunately our limited
knowledge of the ancient language does not permit us to analyze closely the
structure of the verses, nor to attempt any scansion of them. The radicals
only of Egyptian words are known to us; of the pronunciation of the lan-
guage at the time of the XIIth Dynasty we are entirely ignorant. ]
I
OMAGE to thee, Kha-kau-ra: our “Horus Divine of Beings. ” I
Hº Safeguarding the Band and widening his boundariese restrain-
arrow
ing the foreign nations by his kingly crown.
Inclosing the two lands? within the compass of his arms: seizing the
nations in his grip.
Slaying the Pedti without stroke of the club: shooting an
without drawing the bowstring.
Dread of him hath smitten the Anu in their plain: his terror hath
slain the Nine Races of Men. %
His warrant hath caused the death of thousands of the Pedti who had
reached his frontier: shooting the arrow as doth Sekhemt," he
overthroweth thousands of those who knew not his mighty spirit.
* Kha-kau-ra, «Glory of the Kas of the Sun,” was the principal name that
Usertesen III. , following the custom of the Pharaohs, adopted on his accession
to the throne. «Horus, Divine of Beings,) was the separate name for his royal
Ka assumed at the same time. The ka of a person was his ghostly Double,
before and after death, and to the Egyptian this shadowy constituent of the
whole being had a very distinct existence.
? 1. e. , Upper and Lower Egypt.
3 To the Egyptian the world was inhabited by nine races of men.
* Sekhemt, a goddess represented with the head of a lioness, the embodiment
of the devastating power of the Sun and of the wrath of Ra. See p. 5240.
## p. 5304 (#476) ###########################################
5304
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
The tongue of his Majesty bindeth Nubia in fetters: his utterances
put to flight the Setiu.
Sole One of youthful vigor, guarding his frontier: suffering not his
subjects to faint, but causing the Pat? to repose unto full daylight.
As to his timid youth in their slumbers: his heart? is their protec-
tion.
His decrees have formed his boundaries: his word hath armored the
two regions.
II
Twice jubilant are the gods: thou hast established their offerings,
Twice jubilant are thy children: thou hast made their boundaries.
Twice jubilant are thy forefathers: thou hast increased their por-
tions.
3
Twice jubilant is Egypt in thy strong arm: thou hast guarded the
ancient order.
Twice jubilant are the Pat in thine administration: thy mighty spirit
hath taken upon itself their provisionment.
Twice jubilant are the two regions in thy valor: thou hast widened
their possessions.
Twice jubilant are thy paid young troops: thou hast made them to
prosper.
Twice jubilant are thy veterans: thou hast made them to renew their
youth.
Twice jubilant are the two lands in thy might: thou hast guarded
their walls.
Twice jubilant be thou, O Horus, who hast widened his boundary:
thou art from everlasting to everlasting.
III
Twice great is the lord of his city, above a million arms: as for other
rulers of men, they are but common folk.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a dyke, damming
the stream in its water flood.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a cool lodge,
letting every man repose unto full daylight.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a bulwark, with
walls built of the sharp stones of Kesem.
1 « Pat» seems to be a name for mankind, or perhaps for the inhabitants
of Egypt.
? We speak of the head » as the seat of the intellect; to the Egyptians
it was the “heart. »
3 Ancestor worship being universal in Egypt, the endowments for funerary
services and offerings for the deceased kings must have been very large.
## p. 5305 (#477) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5305
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a place of refuge,
excluding the marauder.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were an asylum, shield-
ing the terrified from his foe.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a shade, the cool
vegetation of the food-time in the season of harvest.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a corner warm
and dry in time of winter.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a rock barring
the blast in time of tempest.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were Sekhemt to foes
who tread upon his boundary.
IV
He hath come to us, that he may take the land of the South Coun-
try: the Double Crown hath been placed upon his head.
He hath come, he hath united the two lands: he hath joined the
Reed to the Hornet. ?
He hath come, he hath ruled the people of the Black Land: he hath
placed the Red Land in his power. :
He hath come, he hath protected the two lands: he hath tranquillized
the two regions.
He hath come, he hath made the people of Egypt to live: he hath
destroyed its afflictions.
He hath come, he hath made the Pat to live: he hath opened the
throat of the Rekhyt. *
He hath come, he hath trampled on the nations: he hath smitten the
Anu who knew not his terror.
He hath come, he hath secured his frontier: he hath delivered him
who was stolen away.
He hath come:
he granteth reward-in-old-age by what his
mighty arm bringeth to us.
He hath come, we nurture our children: we bury our aged ones: by
his good favor.
Translation of F. Ll. Griffith.
slation . .
(Translat
.
1 The «Double Crown) was that of Upper and Lower Egypt.
2 The Reed and the Hornet were the symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt
respectively.
3 The Black Land” is the alluvial of Egypt, the “Red Land” is its sandy
border.
4 «Rekhyt,” like “Pat," seems to be a designation of the Egyptians. Το
open the throat) of a man is to give him life by enabling him to breathe.
5 A "good burial» after a «long old age › was a characteristic wish of the
Egyptians.
## p. 5306 (#478) ###########################################
5306
1
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
HYMN TO THE ATENI
THE
1
1
He following hymn addressed by King Akhenaten (B. C. 1450) to
his one god, the visible Sun itself, was perhaps originally writ-
ten in ten-line stanzas like the (Hymn to Usertesen III. ,' but
the known texts of it are all too mutilated and uncertain for us to
attempt any thorough restoration of the composition at present. A
good edition of the hymn has been published by Professor Breasted
of Chicago, and his text is here followed.
King Akhenaten was one of the most original minds known to us
in Egyptian history. His bringing up was probably far more favor-
able to awakening powers of thought than was usually the case with
the Pharaohs. Through his mother, Queen Tiy, he had been in
close contact with the religions of Mesopotamia, perhaps even with
Israelite monotheism; suddenly he cast off the traditions of his own
country and all its multitudinous deities of heaven, earth, and the
underworld, and devoted himself to the worship of one god, visible
and exalted, before whom all else seemed either petty, gross, or
unreal. His inotto, as Professor Petrie has remarked, was living in
truth”; and according to his lights he lived up to it. Fervently he
adored his god; and we may well believe that the words of this
hymn are those which flowed from his own heart as he contemplated
the mighty and beneficent power of the Sun.
This heretical doctrine roused the passions of the orthodox, who,
triumphing over Akhenaten's reform, condemned his monuments to
systematic destruction.
Beautiful is thy resplendent appearing on the horizon of
heaven,
O living Aten, thou who art the beginning of life.
When thou ascendest in the eastern horizon thou fillest every
land with thy beauties;
Thou art fair and great, radiant, high above the earth;
Thy beams encompass the lands to the sum of all that thou
hast created.
Thou art the Sun; thou catchest them according to their sum;
Thou subduest them with thy love.
Though thou art afar, thy beams are on the earth;
Thou art in the sky, and day followeth thy steps.
i The Aten is the name of the visible sun rather than of an abstract Sun
god. It is pictured as a radiant disk, the rays terminating in human bands,
often resting beneficently on the figure of the worshiper, bestowing upon
him symbols of life, or graciously accepting his offerings.
## p. 5307 (#479) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5307
When thou settest on the western horizon of heaven,
The land is in darkness like unto death;
They sleep in their chambers;
Their heads are covered, their nostrils are closed, the eye seeth
not his fellow;
All their goods are stolen from under their heads, and they
know it not.
Every lion cometh forth out of its cave,
All creeping things bite.
The earth is silent, and he that made them resteth on his
horizon.
At dawn of day thou risest on the horizon and shinest as Aten
by day.
Darkness flees, thou givest forth thy rays, the two lands are in
festival day by day:
They wake and stand upon their feet, for thou hast raised
them up;
Their limbs are purified, they clothe themselves with their
garments;
Their hands are uplifted in adoration at thy rising.
The whole land goeth about its several labors.
Flocks rest in their pastures;
Trees and plants grow green;
Birds fly forth from their nests, –
Their wings are adoring thy Ka. '
All flocks leap upon their feet;
All flying things and all hovering things, they live when thou
risest upon them.
Ships pass down-stream, and pass up-stream likewise,
Every way is open at thy rising.
The fishes on the river leap up before thee;
Thy rays are within the great waters.
It is thou who causest women to be fruitful, men to beget.
Thou quickenest the child in its mother's womb;
Thou soothest it that it cry not;
Thou dost nurture it within its mother's womb,
Thou givest breath to give life to all its functions.
It cometh forth from the womb upon the day of its birth.
Thou openest its mouth, that it may speak;
Thou providest for its wants.
* See note, p. 5303. The word occurs in these translations often, but not
with any very definite meaning.
## p. 5308 (#480) ###########################################
5303
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
When there is a chick within an egg, cheeping as it were
within a stone,
Thou givest it breath therein to cause thy handiwork to live;
It is full-formed when it breaketh through the shell.
It cometh out of the egg when it cheepeth and is full-formed;
It runneth on its feet when it cometh out thence.
How manifold are thy works,
O one god who hast no fellow!
Thou createdst the earth according to thy will, when thou
wast alone,--
(Its) people, its herds, and all flocks;
All that is upon earth going upon feet,
All that is on high and flieth with wings,
The countries of Syria, of Ethiopia, of Egypt.
Thou settest each person in his place,
Thou providest for their wants,
Each one his circumstances and the duration of his life,
Tongues distinct in their speech,
Their kinds according to their complexions -
O distinguisher who distinguishest the races of mankind.
Thou makest the Nile in the deep,
Thou bringest it at thy pleasure,
[for thyself -
That it may give life to men, even as thou hast made them
O Lord of them all who art outwearied for them!
O Lord of earth who risest for them!
O Aten of day that awest all distant countries!
Thou makest their life;
Thou placest the Nile in heaven, that it may descend to them,
That it may rise in waves upon the rocks like the sea,
Watering their fields in their villages.
How excellent are thy ways, O Lord of Eternity!
A Nile in heaven poureth down for nations,
For all manner of animals that walk upon feet.
[But] the Nile cometh from the deep to the land of Egypt.
Thy rays nourish every field;
Thou risest and they live for thee. ?
Thou makest the seasons to bring into existence all that thou
hast made:
The winter season to refresh them, the heat [to warm them).
The Nile here stands for the main sources of water: that in heaven give
ing rain on the mountains and fields, that in the deep” or “underworld »
giving rise to springs, wells, and rivers.
## p. 5309 (#481) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5309
Thou madest the heaven afar off, that thou mightest rise
therein,
That thou mightest see all thou didst make when thou wast
alone,
When thou risest in thy form as the living Aten,
Splendid, radiant, afar, beauteous-
(Thou createdst all things by thyself ]
Cities, villages, camps, by whatsoever river they be watered.
Every eye beholdeth thee before it;
Thou art the Aten of day above the earth.
Thou art in my heart,
There is none other that knoweth thee but thy son, Fairest of
the Forms of Ra, the Only One of Ra';
Thou causest him to be exercised in thy methods and in thy
might.
The whole earth is in thy hand even as thou hast made them;
At thy rising all live, at thy setting they die.
(Tr
Translation of F. Ll. Griffith. ) %
HYMNS TO AMEN RA?
TH
3
HE following collection of hymns to Amen Ra is from the ortho-
dox worship of the New Kingdom; that is to say, it dates
from the period beginning in the XVIIth Dynasty, about 1700
B. C. The series is contained in a papyrus now preserved in the
museum at Gizeh and in very perfect condition.
In the original, the lines are punctuated with red dots, and the
stanzas are marked by rubrics, a very valuable clue being thus pro-
vided both as to meanings and form.
The first hymn is divided into five stanzas of seven lines each,
but the fourth stanza contains an error of punctuation which has
perhaps prevented this arrangement from being noticed hitherto.
The other hymns do not appear to be so divisible.
1« Fairest of the Forms of Ra, the Only One of Ra," is the title which
Akbenaten took when first he ascended the throne, and which he continued
to bear all through his reign, notwithstanding his reform.
2 Amen was god of Thebes; and under the XVIIIth Dynasty, when Thebes
was the capital of the whole country and Egypt was at the height of her
power, Amen took the first place in the national pantheon. He was then
identified with Ra the Sun god, perhaps to make him more acceptable to the
nation at large. Hence a hymn to Amen Ra was practically a hymn to the
supreme Sun god.
3 Compare the seven-line stanza in the inscription of Una, above, p. 5298.
## p. 5310 (#482) ###########################################
5310
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
The text presents several instances of embellishment by far-
fetched, and to our minds very feeble, puns and punning assonances.
It is impossible to reproduce these to the English reader, but some
lines in which they occur are here marked with asterisks indicating
the words in question.
Although these hymns have been much admired, it must be con-
fessed that they are somewhat arid in comparison with the simple
expression of Akhenaten's devotion in the Hymn to the Aten. ' To
the Egyptians, however, the mythological references were full of
meaning, while to us they are never fully intelligible. Such an enu-
meration as that of the symbols and insignia of divine royalty which
we find in the second hymn, is as empty to us as references to the
Stars and Stripes, the White House, the Spread Eagle, the Union Jack,
the Rose, the Shamrock, and the Thistle may be to the lords of the
world in 5000 to 6000 A. D.
>
Praise of Amen Ra!
The bull in Heliopolis, the chief of all the gods,
The beautiful and beloved god
Who giveth life to all warm-blooded things,
To all manner of goodly cattle !
I
Hail to thee, Amen Ra! lord of the thrones of the two
lands,
Thou who dwellest in the sanctuary of Karnak.
Bull of his mother, he who dwelleth in his fields,
Wide-ranging in the Land of the South.
Lord of the Mezau,' ruler of Punt,
Prince of heaven, heir of earth,
Lord of all things that exist !
Alone in his exploits even amongst the gods,
The goodly bull of the Ennead? of the gods,
Chiefest of all the gods,
Lord of truth, father of the gods,
Maker of men, creator of animals,
Lord of the things which are, maker of fruit-trees,
Maker of pasture, who causeth the cattle to live!
Image made by Ptah, youth fair of love!
The gods give praise unto him;
Mezau and Punt were on and about the east coast of Africa, in Nubia
and Somaliland.
2 The supreme god was surrounded by eight other gods, and together they
formed an Ennead, or group of nine.
3 Ptah was the great god of Memphis, the ancient capital of the country.
## p. 5311 (#483) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5311
Maker of things below and of things above, he illuminateth
the two lands:
He traverseth the sky in peace.
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ra the Justified, chief of
the two lands.
Great one of valor, lord of awe;
Chief, making the earth in its entirety!
Nobler in thy ways than any god,
The gods rejoice in his beauties!
To him are given acclamations in the Great House,
Glorious celebrations in the House of Flame;
The gods love his odor when he cometh from Punt.
Prince of the dew, he entereth the land of the Mezau !
Fair of face, coming to the Divine Land 1!
The gods gather as dogs at his feet,
Even as they recognize his majesty as their lord.
Lord of fear, great one of terror,
Great of soul, lordly in manifestations,
Flourishing of offerings, maker of plenty,
Acclamations to thee, maker of the gods,
Thou who dost upraise the sky, and press down the ground!
II
Wake in health, Min-Amen!
Lord of the everlasting, maker of eternity,
Lord of adorations, dwelling in [Khemmis),
Established of two horns, fair of face,
Lord of the uræus crown with lofty double plume,
Beautiful of diadem, with lofty white crown,
The kingly coif with the two uræi are on his forehead.
He is adorned within the palace,
With the Sekhet crown, the Nemes cap, and the Khepersh
helmet.
Fair of face, he taketh the Atef crown,
Loving its south and its north.
Lord of the Sekhemt sceptre, receiving the Ames sceptre,
Lord of the Meks sceptre, holding the Nekhekh,
Beautiful Ruler, crowned with the white crown!
Lord of rays, making light!
The gods give praises unto him
Who giveth his two hands [for aid] to him that loveth him,
1 Or the Land of the Gods. ) a name for the lands of the East, and
especially for “Punt. »
## p. 5312 (#484) ###########################################
5312
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
Who casteth his enemies in the fire;
His eye it is which overthroweth the wicked;
It casteth its lance at the devourer of Nu;
It causeth the serpent Nak to cast up that which it swal-
lowed.
Hail to thee, Ra, lord of truth,
Whose sanctuary is hidden! lord of the gods,
Khepera in the midst of his bark,
He gave command, and the gods were created.
Tum, maker of the Rekhyt,
Distinguishing their kinds, making their lives,
Distinguishing their complexions one from another.
Hearing the complaint of him who is oppressed,
Kindly of heart when called upon.
He delivereth the timid from him who is of a froward
heart,
He judgeth the cause of the weak and the oppressed.
Lord of Understanding, Taste is on his lips,
The Nile cometh at his desire.
Lord of sweetness, great one of love,
He maketh the Rekhyt to live,
He giveth keenness to every eye.
He is made out of Nu,
Creating the rays of light.
The gods rejoice in his beauties,
Their hearts live when they behold him.
III
Ra, exalted in Karnak!
Great of splendor in the House of the Obelisk
Ani, lord of the New Moon festival,
To whom are celebrated the festival of the sixth day and
of the quarter month.
Liege lord, to whom Life, Prosperity, Health! lord of all
the gods,
Who see him [? ] in the midst of the horizon,
Chief over the Pat and Hades,
His name is more hidden * than his birth,
In his name of Amen,* the hidden One.
Hail to thee who art in peace!
Lord of enlargement of heart, lordly in manifestations,
Lord of the uræus crown, with lofty double plume;
Fair of diadem, with lofty white crown!
The gods love the sight of thee,
## p. 5313 (#485) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5313
The Sekhemt* crown is established upon thy forehead.
Thy loveliness is shed * abroad over the two lands;
Thy rays shine forth in the eyes of men; fair for the Pat
and the Rekhyt is thy rising,
Weary are the flocks when thou art radiant.
Thy loveliness is in the southern sky, thy sweetness in the
northern sky,
Thy beauties conquer hearts,
Thy loveliness maketh arms to droop,
Thy beautiful form maketh hands to fail,
Hearts faint at the sight of thee.
Sole figure, who didst make all that is!
One and only one, maker of all that are,
From whose eyes mankind issued,
By whose mouth the gods were created,
Who makest the herbage, and makest to live the cattle,
goats, swine, and sheep,
The fruit-trees for the Henememt.
He maketh the life of fishes in the river,
The fowl of the air,
Giving breath to that which is in the egg;
Making the offspring of the serpent to live;
Making to live therewith the flies,
The creeping things, and the leaping things, and the like.
Making provision for the mice in their holes;
Making to live the birds in every tree,
Hail to thee, maker of all these!
One and only one, with many arms!
At night wakeful while all sleep,
Seeking good for his flock.
Amen,* who * establishest all things!
Tum Horus of the horizon!
Praises be to thee in that all say,
"Acclamations to thee, for that thou outweariest thyself
with us!
Obeisance to thee for that thou didst make us ! »
Hail to thee, from all animals!
Acclamations to thee from every land,
To the height of heaven, to the breadth of earth,
To the depth of the great waters!
The gods bow before thy majesty,
Exalting the mighty spirit that formed them;
They rejoice at the coming of him who begat them;
They say unto thee:-“Come, come in peace!
IX-333
## p. 5314 (#486) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5314
Father of the fathers of all the gods,
Thou who dost upraise the sky and press down the ground. “
Maker of that which is, former of those which have being,
Liege lord - to whom Life, Prosperity, Health! - chief of
the gods,
We adore thy mighty spirit even as thou madest us;
Who were made for thee when thou fashionedst us.
We give praises unto thee for that thou outweariest thyself
with us.
Hail to thee who didst make all that is!
Lord of truth, father of the gods,
Maker of men, fashioner of animals,
Lord of corn,
Making to live the animals of the desert.
Amen, bull fair of face,
Beloved in Thebes,
Great one of splendors in the House of the Obelisk,
Twice crowned in Heliopolis,
Thou who judgest between the twain in the Great Hall!
Chief of the great Ennead of the gods,
One and only one, without his peer,
Dwelling in Thebes,
Ani in his divine Ennead,
He liveth on truth every day.
God of the horizon, Horus of the East,
Who hath made the hills that have silver, gold,
Real lapis lazuli, at his pleasure:
Gums and incense are mingled for the Mezau,
Fresh incense for thy nostrils.
under the maj-
esty of Pepy: his Majesty put me into the position of royal
friend and superintendent of the priests of his pyramid city. ”
i The first words are lost. The girdle was probably assumed at about
the age of twelve.
? As a rule, each king seems to have built his pyramid in the desert behind
his principal residence. The latter was often founded by the king, but might
serve for some of his successors, who would then build their pyramids near
his. The pyramid field of Memphis is very ancient, and many of the earlier
kings must have resided there; but curiously enough the name Mennefer,
Memphis, is taken from that of the pyramid of Pepy I. , here referred to.
## p. 5296 (#468) ###########################################
5296
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
Behold I was
and his Majesty appointed me judge,
and his heart was satisfied with me more than with any of his
servants: I heard cases alone with the chief justice and vizier in
every secret proceeding [of the palace ? ]
in the name
of the King, of the royal harîm and of the six great houses,'
because the King's heart was satisfied with me more than with
any of his officers, of his nobles, or of his servants.
(Royal present of a sarcophagus, etc. , from the limestone quarries of Turra. }
[Command was given] by the Majesty of my lord to bring
for me a sarcophagus of white stone from Ra-au, and his Maj-
esty caused the divine treasurer to cross over [the river) with a
band (of soldiers and artificers] under him to bring for me this
sarcophagus from Ra-au. ? He returned with it in the great
transport ship of the Residence, together with its lid, and a false
door with the lintel, jambs, and foundation block: never was this
or the like done to any servant. But I was successful in the
heart of his Majesty, I was rooted in the heart of his Majesty;
and the heart of his Majesty was satisfied with me.
[Appointment as principal judge in the trial of the queen. )
Now when I was judge, his Majesty made me a sole friend
and superintendent of the garden of Pharaoh, and I instructed [? ]
four [? ] of the superintendents of Pharaoh's gardens who were
there. I acted according to his Majesty's desire in performing
the choosing of the guard [? ] and making the way of the king
and marshaling the nobles (at the court]; I acted altogether so
that his Majesty praised me for it more than anything.
When an accusation was brought in the royal harîm against
the chief royal wife Aamtesi as a a secret affair, his Majesty
caused me to enter to it and hear the case alone, without there
being any chief justice and vizier, or any officer there but me
only, on account of my success and rooting in the heart of his
Majesty and of his heart being satisfied with me.
[the report] in writing, alone with one judge. Behold, my office
I drew up
"Perhaps schools of law, etc.
? These quarries, at the modern Turra, have been the source of fine white
limestone down to the present day. They were exactly opposite Memphis in
the eastern hills.
3 Probably this means the arrangement of a body-guard or performance of
the ritual for the King's amuletic and religious protection.
## p. 5297 (#469) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5297
was that of superintendent of Pharaoh's garden: never before
did one of my grade hear a secret process of the royal harim;
but his Majesty caused me to hear it, because of my success in
the heart of his Majesty above any officer and any noble and any
servant of his.
[Una commander-in-chief of all the native and foreign forces in an expedition
against the Eastern Bedawîn. ]
When his Majesty chastised the Aamu-Herusha' and his Maj-
esty made an army of many tens of thousands out of the whole
of the Upper Country, from Abu? in the south to Aphroditopo-
lis [? ] in the north, and out of the Lower Country, from the
whole of the two sides,s out of Sezer and Khen-sezeru,“ negroes
from Arertet,» negroes from Meza, negroes from Aam, negroes
from Wawat, negroes from Kaau, and foreigners from the land
of Temehº; his Majesty sent me at the head of this host.
Behold, even the ha-princes, even the royal chancellors, even
the royal friends of the court, even the nomarchs and governors
of fortresses of the Upper Country and the Lower Country, the
royal friends superintending the frontier, the superintendents of
priests of the Upper and Lower Countries, and the superin-
tendents of domain lands, in command of the contingents from
the Upper and Lower Countries, and from the fortresses [? ] and
cities that they ruled, and of the negroes of these tribes — I it
was who planned their procedure, although my grade was that
of superintendent of the garden of Pharaoh, on account of the
preciseness of my disposition: in such a way that no one of them
encroached on any of his fellows, that no one of them took bread
or sandals from the wayfarer, that no one of them stole dough
from any village, and that no one of them took a goat from any
people. I directed them to the Island of the North, the Gate of
1 « The Asiatics who dwell upon the sand - i. e. , Bedawîn.
2 Elephantine.
3 The Eastern and Western borders of Lower Egypt.
* These names probably mean the halting-station for the night,” and “the
bedchamber of halting-station for the night »; evidently garrisoned posts on
the main desert routes.
• Arertet, Meza, Aam, Wawat, Kaau, were all in Nubia, and at no great dis-
tance from Egypt. The Meza were afterwards regularly drawn upon for
soldiers and police. The Kaau are more generally called Setu.
6 1. e. , the land of the Libyans.
IX-332
## p. 5298 (#470) ###########################################
5298
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
I-hetep, the Uart [? ] of Horus Lord' of Truth. And behold,
although I was of this grade
I reviewed the number of
these troops which had never been reviewed by any servant.
This host returned in peace: it had harried the land of the Her-
usha;
this host returned in peace: it had trampled on the land of the
Herusha;
this host returned in peace: it had overthrown its inclosures.
this host returned in peace: it had cut down its figs and vines.
this host returned in peace: it had set fire to all its (camps ? ];
this host returned in peace: it had slain the troops in it in many
tens of thousands;
this host returned in peace: it had (carried off people] from it,
very numerous, as prisoners alive:
and his Majesty praised me for it more than anything.
His Majesty sent me to direct [this] host five times, and to
smite the land of the Herusha at each of the revolts with these
troops, and I acted so that his Majesty praised me for it more
than anything. And when it was reported that there were war-
riors of this tribe in the Wild-Goat's Nose, I crossed over in
boats with these troops, and landed on the coast of Thest, on
the north of the land of the Herusha: and behold, when this
host had marched by land, I came and smote them all down,
and slew every warrior of them.
[Una made governor of the whole of Upper Egypt by the next king,
Merenra Mehti-em-saf. ]
I was carrier of the chair and sandals at the court, and the
king Merenra my lord, who lives (for ever], appointed me ha-
prince, governor of the Upper Country, from Abu in the south
to Aphroditopolis [? ] in the north, because of my success in the
heart of his Majesty, and my rooting in the heart of his
Majesty, and because the heart of his Majesty was satisfied (with
me]. And while I was carrier of the chair and sandals, his
Majesty praised me for my watchfulness and body-guardianship
which I displayed in ushering in nobles [? ], which exceeded that
of any officer, noble, or servant of his. Never before was this
function discharged by any servant.
1 «Horus Lord of Truth ) was the Ka name of King Sneferu (the first king
of the IVth Dynasty, not much less than 4000 B. C. ]. Probably this expedition
went toward the Sinaitic peninsula.
2 Sea-coast, perhaps of the Red Sea.
## p. 5299 (#471) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5299
I performed for him the office of governor of the Upper
Country to satisfaction, so that no one there encroached upon
his fellow for any work: I paid [? ] everything that is paid to the
Residence from this Upper Country twice over, and every hour's
service that is given to the palace in this Upper Country twice
over; and discharged my office in such a way that it established
a standard of duty' in this Upper Country. Never was the like
done in this Upper Country before. I acted altogether so that
his Majesty praised me for it.
(Una commissioned to obtain monuments for Merenra's pyramid from
Abhat, and granite from the region of Elephantine. )
His Majesty sent me to Abhat to bring the sarcophagus
called “Box of the Living Ones,” with its cover, and an obelisk,
and the costly furniture for my mistress? [? ] the pyramid Kha-
nefer of Merenra. His Majesty sent me to Abu' to bring the
granite stela and its base, and the granite doors and jambs, and
the granite doors and bases of the over-ground temple of my
mistress [? ] the pyramid Kha-nefer of Merenra. I came down
the river with them to the pyramid Kha-nefer of Merenra with
six broad boats, three transports, three eight-oars, in one expedi-
tion: never was this done, Abhat and Abu [done] in one expedi-
tion, in the time of any of the kings. Everything that his
Majesty had commanded me came verily to pass just as his
Majesty ordered me.
(An altar from the alabaster quarry of Het-nub. ]
His Majesty sent me to Het-nub to bring a great table of
offerings of the alabaster of Het-nub. I brought him down this
table of offerings in seventeen days, quarrying it in Het-nub,
and causing it to float down in this broad boat. For I had cut
for it a broad boat of acacia-wood, sixty cubits long, thirty cubits
broad, and built it all this [? ] in seventeen days, in the third
month of harv t,' when behold there was no water on the junc-
tions [? ] of the channel," and I moored at the pyramid Kha-nefer
1 Lit. «made the officership making the standard. "
? Or «for the mistress of the pyramid ”; i. e. , for the queen buried in her
husband's pyramid.
3 Elephantine.
4 The month Epiphi.
5 The Nile being low.
## p. 5300 (#472) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5300
of Merenra in peace. All things had come to pass according to
the command which the Majesty of my lord had given me.
1
[A commission to ease the navigation in the region of the cataract, and
increase the facilities for procuring granite. ]
His Majesty sent me to cut five channels in the South, and
make three broad boats and four transports of the acacia of
Wawat. Behold, the rulers of Arertet, Wawat, Aam, and Meza
were bringing wood for it. All were made in one year, floated,
and laden with very great blocks of granite for the pyramid
Kha-nefer of Merenra; moreover, I myself gave service to the
palace in the whole work of these five channels,' on account of
my abundance and my wealth (? ), and of the loftiness of the
mighty spirit of King Merenra, living for ever, beyond that of
any god, and because all things came to pass according to the
command which his Ka ordained.
Translation of F. Li. Griffith.
SONGS OF LABORERS
He reapers, represented cutting corn in the tomb of Paheri (XVIIIth
T**Dynasty, are supposed to be chanting a little song, the words of
which are engraved above their figures. Such songs are very
common among the fellâhîn of the present day, who thus mark time
for their work in the fields or on the river. This song is introduced
by a phrase which seems to speak of it as being “in answering
chant”; and this perhaps gives us the technical Egyptian term for
antiphonal singing.
In answering chant they say :-
This is a good day! to the land come out | The north wind is out.
The sky works according to our heart | Let us work, binding firm our
heart.
The following transcription of the original Egyptian may give
some idea of the assonances of words and ordered repetitions which
marked the poetical style; the main repetitions are here italicized.
Khen en usheb, zet-sen :-
Hru pen nefer, per em ta | Ta mehyt perta.
Ta pet her art en àb-en | Bek-en mert àb-en.
1 Apparently the passage of the Nile was blocked for boats at five differ-
ent places about the first cataract, and Una had cleared the channel at his
own expense as a free service to the King.
## p. 5301 (#473) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5301
In the same tomb there is another song, already well known but
less noticeable in form than the above. It is sung to the oxen on
the threshing-floor.
Thresh for yourselves. Thresh for yourselves.
Thresh for yourselves. Thresh for yourselves.
Straw to eat; corn for your masters;
Let not your hearts be weary, your lord is pleased.
Translation of F. LI. Griffith.
LOVE SONGS
Sot
OME of the prettiest Egyptian poetry is contained in a papyrus of
the XVIIIth Dynasty at the British Museum. The verses are
written in hieratic, and are extremely difficult to translate, but
their beauty is apparent to the translator even when he cannot fix
the sense. A new edition of these and other poems of a kindred
nature is being prepared by Professor W. Max Müller of Philadelphia,
who kindly permits us to make some extracts from the advance
sheets of his publication.
The songs are collected in small groups, generally entitled (Songs
of Entertainment. ” The lover and his mistress call each other
“brother” and “sister. » In one song the girl addresses her lover in
successive stanzas under the names of different plants in a garden,
and plays on these names. Others are as follows:-
LOVE-SICKNESS
I will lie down within,
Behold, I am sick with wrongs.
Then my neighbors come in
To visit me.
This sister of mine cometh with them;
She will make a laughing-stock of the physicians;
She knoweth mine illness.
THE LUCKY DOORKEEPER
The villa of my sister
Hath its gates in the midst of the estate;
(So often as] its doors are opened,
[So often as] the bolt is withdrawn,
My beloved is angry.
## p. 5302 (#474) ###########################################
5302
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
If I were set as the gatekeeper,
I should cause her to chide me;
Then should I hear her voice [when she is] angry:
A child before her!
Love's DOUBTS
[MY BROTHER] hath come forth [from mine house];
[He careth not for] my love;
My heart standeth still within me.
Behold, honeyed cakes in my mouth,
They are turned into salt;
Even must, that sweet thing,
In my mouth is as the gall of a bird !
The breath of thy nostrils alone
Is that which maketh my heart live.
I found thee! Amen grant thee unto me,
Eternally and for ever!
THE UNSUCCESSFUL BIRD-CATCHER
The voice of the wild goose crieth,
For she hath taken her bait;
[But] thy love restraineth me,
I cannot loose it. '
So I must gather my net together.
What then shall I say to my mother,
To whom I come daily
Laden with wild-fowl ?
I have not laid my net to-day,
For thy love hath seized me.
1 « Loose,” i. e. , take the bird out of the snare to carry home to her mother.
Translation of W. Max Müller.
## p. 5303 (#475) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5303
us.
HYMN TO USERPESEN III.
[This hymn is the most remarkable example of Egyptian poetry known to
It was found by Mr. Petrie near the pyramid and temple of Usertesen II. ,
in the town which was founded there for the accommodation of the workmen
employed upon these buildings, and for the priestly staff who performed the
services for the dead Pharaoh in his chapel. The hymn is addressed to the
son and successor of that king,– to Usertesen III. ,— an active and warlike
prince, who, as the poet also testifies, used his power for the benefit of his
country and the pious support of its institutions. It is a marvel that the
delicate papyrus on which the hymn is written should have been preserved for
nearly 5,000 years. It has not, however, resisted the attacks of time without
suffering injury; and the lacunæ, together with the peculiar language em-
ployed by the scribe, are baffling to the decipherer. Four stanzas only can be
read with comparative completeness and certainty.
The parallelism of the sentences, the rhythm, the balancing of the lines of
verse, and the pause in each, recall the style of the Hebrew Psalms. The
choice of metaphors, too, is in a similar direction. Unfortunately our limited
knowledge of the ancient language does not permit us to analyze closely the
structure of the verses, nor to attempt any scansion of them. The radicals
only of Egyptian words are known to us; of the pronunciation of the lan-
guage at the time of the XIIth Dynasty we are entirely ignorant. ]
I
OMAGE to thee, Kha-kau-ra: our “Horus Divine of Beings. ” I
Hº Safeguarding the Band and widening his boundariese restrain-
arrow
ing the foreign nations by his kingly crown.
Inclosing the two lands? within the compass of his arms: seizing the
nations in his grip.
Slaying the Pedti without stroke of the club: shooting an
without drawing the bowstring.
Dread of him hath smitten the Anu in their plain: his terror hath
slain the Nine Races of Men. %
His warrant hath caused the death of thousands of the Pedti who had
reached his frontier: shooting the arrow as doth Sekhemt," he
overthroweth thousands of those who knew not his mighty spirit.
* Kha-kau-ra, «Glory of the Kas of the Sun,” was the principal name that
Usertesen III. , following the custom of the Pharaohs, adopted on his accession
to the throne. «Horus, Divine of Beings,) was the separate name for his royal
Ka assumed at the same time. The ka of a person was his ghostly Double,
before and after death, and to the Egyptian this shadowy constituent of the
whole being had a very distinct existence.
? 1. e. , Upper and Lower Egypt.
3 To the Egyptian the world was inhabited by nine races of men.
* Sekhemt, a goddess represented with the head of a lioness, the embodiment
of the devastating power of the Sun and of the wrath of Ra. See p. 5240.
## p. 5304 (#476) ###########################################
5304
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
The tongue of his Majesty bindeth Nubia in fetters: his utterances
put to flight the Setiu.
Sole One of youthful vigor, guarding his frontier: suffering not his
subjects to faint, but causing the Pat? to repose unto full daylight.
As to his timid youth in their slumbers: his heart? is their protec-
tion.
His decrees have formed his boundaries: his word hath armored the
two regions.
II
Twice jubilant are the gods: thou hast established their offerings,
Twice jubilant are thy children: thou hast made their boundaries.
Twice jubilant are thy forefathers: thou hast increased their por-
tions.
3
Twice jubilant is Egypt in thy strong arm: thou hast guarded the
ancient order.
Twice jubilant are the Pat in thine administration: thy mighty spirit
hath taken upon itself their provisionment.
Twice jubilant are the two regions in thy valor: thou hast widened
their possessions.
Twice jubilant are thy paid young troops: thou hast made them to
prosper.
Twice jubilant are thy veterans: thou hast made them to renew their
youth.
Twice jubilant are the two lands in thy might: thou hast guarded
their walls.
Twice jubilant be thou, O Horus, who hast widened his boundary:
thou art from everlasting to everlasting.
III
Twice great is the lord of his city, above a million arms: as for other
rulers of men, they are but common folk.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a dyke, damming
the stream in its water flood.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a cool lodge,
letting every man repose unto full daylight.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a bulwark, with
walls built of the sharp stones of Kesem.
1 « Pat» seems to be a name for mankind, or perhaps for the inhabitants
of Egypt.
? We speak of the head » as the seat of the intellect; to the Egyptians
it was the “heart. »
3 Ancestor worship being universal in Egypt, the endowments for funerary
services and offerings for the deceased kings must have been very large.
## p. 5305 (#477) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5305
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a place of refuge,
excluding the marauder.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were an asylum, shield-
ing the terrified from his foe.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a shade, the cool
vegetation of the food-time in the season of harvest.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a corner warm
and dry in time of winter.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were a rock barring
the blast in time of tempest.
Twice great is the lord of his city: he is as it were Sekhemt to foes
who tread upon his boundary.
IV
He hath come to us, that he may take the land of the South Coun-
try: the Double Crown hath been placed upon his head.
He hath come, he hath united the two lands: he hath joined the
Reed to the Hornet. ?
He hath come, he hath ruled the people of the Black Land: he hath
placed the Red Land in his power. :
He hath come, he hath protected the two lands: he hath tranquillized
the two regions.
He hath come, he hath made the people of Egypt to live: he hath
destroyed its afflictions.
He hath come, he hath made the Pat to live: he hath opened the
throat of the Rekhyt. *
He hath come, he hath trampled on the nations: he hath smitten the
Anu who knew not his terror.
He hath come, he hath secured his frontier: he hath delivered him
who was stolen away.
He hath come:
he granteth reward-in-old-age by what his
mighty arm bringeth to us.
He hath come, we nurture our children: we bury our aged ones: by
his good favor.
Translation of F. Ll. Griffith.
slation . .
(Translat
.
1 The «Double Crown) was that of Upper and Lower Egypt.
2 The Reed and the Hornet were the symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt
respectively.
3 The Black Land” is the alluvial of Egypt, the “Red Land” is its sandy
border.
4 «Rekhyt,” like “Pat," seems to be a designation of the Egyptians. Το
open the throat) of a man is to give him life by enabling him to breathe.
5 A "good burial» after a «long old age › was a characteristic wish of the
Egyptians.
## p. 5306 (#478) ###########################################
5306
1
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
HYMN TO THE ATENI
THE
1
1
He following hymn addressed by King Akhenaten (B. C. 1450) to
his one god, the visible Sun itself, was perhaps originally writ-
ten in ten-line stanzas like the (Hymn to Usertesen III. ,' but
the known texts of it are all too mutilated and uncertain for us to
attempt any thorough restoration of the composition at present. A
good edition of the hymn has been published by Professor Breasted
of Chicago, and his text is here followed.
King Akhenaten was one of the most original minds known to us
in Egyptian history. His bringing up was probably far more favor-
able to awakening powers of thought than was usually the case with
the Pharaohs. Through his mother, Queen Tiy, he had been in
close contact with the religions of Mesopotamia, perhaps even with
Israelite monotheism; suddenly he cast off the traditions of his own
country and all its multitudinous deities of heaven, earth, and the
underworld, and devoted himself to the worship of one god, visible
and exalted, before whom all else seemed either petty, gross, or
unreal. His inotto, as Professor Petrie has remarked, was living in
truth”; and according to his lights he lived up to it. Fervently he
adored his god; and we may well believe that the words of this
hymn are those which flowed from his own heart as he contemplated
the mighty and beneficent power of the Sun.
This heretical doctrine roused the passions of the orthodox, who,
triumphing over Akhenaten's reform, condemned his monuments to
systematic destruction.
Beautiful is thy resplendent appearing on the horizon of
heaven,
O living Aten, thou who art the beginning of life.
When thou ascendest in the eastern horizon thou fillest every
land with thy beauties;
Thou art fair and great, radiant, high above the earth;
Thy beams encompass the lands to the sum of all that thou
hast created.
Thou art the Sun; thou catchest them according to their sum;
Thou subduest them with thy love.
Though thou art afar, thy beams are on the earth;
Thou art in the sky, and day followeth thy steps.
i The Aten is the name of the visible sun rather than of an abstract Sun
god. It is pictured as a radiant disk, the rays terminating in human bands,
often resting beneficently on the figure of the worshiper, bestowing upon
him symbols of life, or graciously accepting his offerings.
## p. 5307 (#479) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5307
When thou settest on the western horizon of heaven,
The land is in darkness like unto death;
They sleep in their chambers;
Their heads are covered, their nostrils are closed, the eye seeth
not his fellow;
All their goods are stolen from under their heads, and they
know it not.
Every lion cometh forth out of its cave,
All creeping things bite.
The earth is silent, and he that made them resteth on his
horizon.
At dawn of day thou risest on the horizon and shinest as Aten
by day.
Darkness flees, thou givest forth thy rays, the two lands are in
festival day by day:
They wake and stand upon their feet, for thou hast raised
them up;
Their limbs are purified, they clothe themselves with their
garments;
Their hands are uplifted in adoration at thy rising.
The whole land goeth about its several labors.
Flocks rest in their pastures;
Trees and plants grow green;
Birds fly forth from their nests, –
Their wings are adoring thy Ka. '
All flocks leap upon their feet;
All flying things and all hovering things, they live when thou
risest upon them.
Ships pass down-stream, and pass up-stream likewise,
Every way is open at thy rising.
The fishes on the river leap up before thee;
Thy rays are within the great waters.
It is thou who causest women to be fruitful, men to beget.
Thou quickenest the child in its mother's womb;
Thou soothest it that it cry not;
Thou dost nurture it within its mother's womb,
Thou givest breath to give life to all its functions.
It cometh forth from the womb upon the day of its birth.
Thou openest its mouth, that it may speak;
Thou providest for its wants.
* See note, p. 5303. The word occurs in these translations often, but not
with any very definite meaning.
## p. 5308 (#480) ###########################################
5303
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
When there is a chick within an egg, cheeping as it were
within a stone,
Thou givest it breath therein to cause thy handiwork to live;
It is full-formed when it breaketh through the shell.
It cometh out of the egg when it cheepeth and is full-formed;
It runneth on its feet when it cometh out thence.
How manifold are thy works,
O one god who hast no fellow!
Thou createdst the earth according to thy will, when thou
wast alone,--
(Its) people, its herds, and all flocks;
All that is upon earth going upon feet,
All that is on high and flieth with wings,
The countries of Syria, of Ethiopia, of Egypt.
Thou settest each person in his place,
Thou providest for their wants,
Each one his circumstances and the duration of his life,
Tongues distinct in their speech,
Their kinds according to their complexions -
O distinguisher who distinguishest the races of mankind.
Thou makest the Nile in the deep,
Thou bringest it at thy pleasure,
[for thyself -
That it may give life to men, even as thou hast made them
O Lord of them all who art outwearied for them!
O Lord of earth who risest for them!
O Aten of day that awest all distant countries!
Thou makest their life;
Thou placest the Nile in heaven, that it may descend to them,
That it may rise in waves upon the rocks like the sea,
Watering their fields in their villages.
How excellent are thy ways, O Lord of Eternity!
A Nile in heaven poureth down for nations,
For all manner of animals that walk upon feet.
[But] the Nile cometh from the deep to the land of Egypt.
Thy rays nourish every field;
Thou risest and they live for thee. ?
Thou makest the seasons to bring into existence all that thou
hast made:
The winter season to refresh them, the heat [to warm them).
The Nile here stands for the main sources of water: that in heaven give
ing rain on the mountains and fields, that in the deep” or “underworld »
giving rise to springs, wells, and rivers.
## p. 5309 (#481) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5309
Thou madest the heaven afar off, that thou mightest rise
therein,
That thou mightest see all thou didst make when thou wast
alone,
When thou risest in thy form as the living Aten,
Splendid, radiant, afar, beauteous-
(Thou createdst all things by thyself ]
Cities, villages, camps, by whatsoever river they be watered.
Every eye beholdeth thee before it;
Thou art the Aten of day above the earth.
Thou art in my heart,
There is none other that knoweth thee but thy son, Fairest of
the Forms of Ra, the Only One of Ra';
Thou causest him to be exercised in thy methods and in thy
might.
The whole earth is in thy hand even as thou hast made them;
At thy rising all live, at thy setting they die.
(Tr
Translation of F. Ll. Griffith. ) %
HYMNS TO AMEN RA?
TH
3
HE following collection of hymns to Amen Ra is from the ortho-
dox worship of the New Kingdom; that is to say, it dates
from the period beginning in the XVIIth Dynasty, about 1700
B. C. The series is contained in a papyrus now preserved in the
museum at Gizeh and in very perfect condition.
In the original, the lines are punctuated with red dots, and the
stanzas are marked by rubrics, a very valuable clue being thus pro-
vided both as to meanings and form.
The first hymn is divided into five stanzas of seven lines each,
but the fourth stanza contains an error of punctuation which has
perhaps prevented this arrangement from being noticed hitherto.
The other hymns do not appear to be so divisible.
1« Fairest of the Forms of Ra, the Only One of Ra," is the title which
Akbenaten took when first he ascended the throne, and which he continued
to bear all through his reign, notwithstanding his reform.
2 Amen was god of Thebes; and under the XVIIIth Dynasty, when Thebes
was the capital of the whole country and Egypt was at the height of her
power, Amen took the first place in the national pantheon. He was then
identified with Ra the Sun god, perhaps to make him more acceptable to the
nation at large. Hence a hymn to Amen Ra was practically a hymn to the
supreme Sun god.
3 Compare the seven-line stanza in the inscription of Una, above, p. 5298.
## p. 5310 (#482) ###########################################
5310
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
The text presents several instances of embellishment by far-
fetched, and to our minds very feeble, puns and punning assonances.
It is impossible to reproduce these to the English reader, but some
lines in which they occur are here marked with asterisks indicating
the words in question.
Although these hymns have been much admired, it must be con-
fessed that they are somewhat arid in comparison with the simple
expression of Akhenaten's devotion in the Hymn to the Aten. ' To
the Egyptians, however, the mythological references were full of
meaning, while to us they are never fully intelligible. Such an enu-
meration as that of the symbols and insignia of divine royalty which
we find in the second hymn, is as empty to us as references to the
Stars and Stripes, the White House, the Spread Eagle, the Union Jack,
the Rose, the Shamrock, and the Thistle may be to the lords of the
world in 5000 to 6000 A. D.
>
Praise of Amen Ra!
The bull in Heliopolis, the chief of all the gods,
The beautiful and beloved god
Who giveth life to all warm-blooded things,
To all manner of goodly cattle !
I
Hail to thee, Amen Ra! lord of the thrones of the two
lands,
Thou who dwellest in the sanctuary of Karnak.
Bull of his mother, he who dwelleth in his fields,
Wide-ranging in the Land of the South.
Lord of the Mezau,' ruler of Punt,
Prince of heaven, heir of earth,
Lord of all things that exist !
Alone in his exploits even amongst the gods,
The goodly bull of the Ennead? of the gods,
Chiefest of all the gods,
Lord of truth, father of the gods,
Maker of men, creator of animals,
Lord of the things which are, maker of fruit-trees,
Maker of pasture, who causeth the cattle to live!
Image made by Ptah, youth fair of love!
The gods give praise unto him;
Mezau and Punt were on and about the east coast of Africa, in Nubia
and Somaliland.
2 The supreme god was surrounded by eight other gods, and together they
formed an Ennead, or group of nine.
3 Ptah was the great god of Memphis, the ancient capital of the country.
## p. 5311 (#483) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5311
Maker of things below and of things above, he illuminateth
the two lands:
He traverseth the sky in peace.
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ra the Justified, chief of
the two lands.
Great one of valor, lord of awe;
Chief, making the earth in its entirety!
Nobler in thy ways than any god,
The gods rejoice in his beauties!
To him are given acclamations in the Great House,
Glorious celebrations in the House of Flame;
The gods love his odor when he cometh from Punt.
Prince of the dew, he entereth the land of the Mezau !
Fair of face, coming to the Divine Land 1!
The gods gather as dogs at his feet,
Even as they recognize his majesty as their lord.
Lord of fear, great one of terror,
Great of soul, lordly in manifestations,
Flourishing of offerings, maker of plenty,
Acclamations to thee, maker of the gods,
Thou who dost upraise the sky, and press down the ground!
II
Wake in health, Min-Amen!
Lord of the everlasting, maker of eternity,
Lord of adorations, dwelling in [Khemmis),
Established of two horns, fair of face,
Lord of the uræus crown with lofty double plume,
Beautiful of diadem, with lofty white crown,
The kingly coif with the two uræi are on his forehead.
He is adorned within the palace,
With the Sekhet crown, the Nemes cap, and the Khepersh
helmet.
Fair of face, he taketh the Atef crown,
Loving its south and its north.
Lord of the Sekhemt sceptre, receiving the Ames sceptre,
Lord of the Meks sceptre, holding the Nekhekh,
Beautiful Ruler, crowned with the white crown!
Lord of rays, making light!
The gods give praises unto him
Who giveth his two hands [for aid] to him that loveth him,
1 Or the Land of the Gods. ) a name for the lands of the East, and
especially for “Punt. »
## p. 5312 (#484) ###########################################
5312
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
Who casteth his enemies in the fire;
His eye it is which overthroweth the wicked;
It casteth its lance at the devourer of Nu;
It causeth the serpent Nak to cast up that which it swal-
lowed.
Hail to thee, Ra, lord of truth,
Whose sanctuary is hidden! lord of the gods,
Khepera in the midst of his bark,
He gave command, and the gods were created.
Tum, maker of the Rekhyt,
Distinguishing their kinds, making their lives,
Distinguishing their complexions one from another.
Hearing the complaint of him who is oppressed,
Kindly of heart when called upon.
He delivereth the timid from him who is of a froward
heart,
He judgeth the cause of the weak and the oppressed.
Lord of Understanding, Taste is on his lips,
The Nile cometh at his desire.
Lord of sweetness, great one of love,
He maketh the Rekhyt to live,
He giveth keenness to every eye.
He is made out of Nu,
Creating the rays of light.
The gods rejoice in his beauties,
Their hearts live when they behold him.
III
Ra, exalted in Karnak!
Great of splendor in the House of the Obelisk
Ani, lord of the New Moon festival,
To whom are celebrated the festival of the sixth day and
of the quarter month.
Liege lord, to whom Life, Prosperity, Health! lord of all
the gods,
Who see him [? ] in the midst of the horizon,
Chief over the Pat and Hades,
His name is more hidden * than his birth,
In his name of Amen,* the hidden One.
Hail to thee who art in peace!
Lord of enlargement of heart, lordly in manifestations,
Lord of the uræus crown, with lofty double plume;
Fair of diadem, with lofty white crown!
The gods love the sight of thee,
## p. 5313 (#485) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5313
The Sekhemt* crown is established upon thy forehead.
Thy loveliness is shed * abroad over the two lands;
Thy rays shine forth in the eyes of men; fair for the Pat
and the Rekhyt is thy rising,
Weary are the flocks when thou art radiant.
Thy loveliness is in the southern sky, thy sweetness in the
northern sky,
Thy beauties conquer hearts,
Thy loveliness maketh arms to droop,
Thy beautiful form maketh hands to fail,
Hearts faint at the sight of thee.
Sole figure, who didst make all that is!
One and only one, maker of all that are,
From whose eyes mankind issued,
By whose mouth the gods were created,
Who makest the herbage, and makest to live the cattle,
goats, swine, and sheep,
The fruit-trees for the Henememt.
He maketh the life of fishes in the river,
The fowl of the air,
Giving breath to that which is in the egg;
Making the offspring of the serpent to live;
Making to live therewith the flies,
The creeping things, and the leaping things, and the like.
Making provision for the mice in their holes;
Making to live the birds in every tree,
Hail to thee, maker of all these!
One and only one, with many arms!
At night wakeful while all sleep,
Seeking good for his flock.
Amen,* who * establishest all things!
Tum Horus of the horizon!
Praises be to thee in that all say,
"Acclamations to thee, for that thou outweariest thyself
with us!
Obeisance to thee for that thou didst make us ! »
Hail to thee, from all animals!
Acclamations to thee from every land,
To the height of heaven, to the breadth of earth,
To the depth of the great waters!
The gods bow before thy majesty,
Exalting the mighty spirit that formed them;
They rejoice at the coming of him who begat them;
They say unto thee:-“Come, come in peace!
IX-333
## p. 5314 (#486) ###########################################
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE
5314
Father of the fathers of all the gods,
Thou who dost upraise the sky and press down the ground. “
Maker of that which is, former of those which have being,
Liege lord - to whom Life, Prosperity, Health! - chief of
the gods,
We adore thy mighty spirit even as thou madest us;
Who were made for thee when thou fashionedst us.
We give praises unto thee for that thou outweariest thyself
with us.
Hail to thee who didst make all that is!
Lord of truth, father of the gods,
Maker of men, fashioner of animals,
Lord of corn,
Making to live the animals of the desert.
Amen, bull fair of face,
Beloved in Thebes,
Great one of splendors in the House of the Obelisk,
Twice crowned in Heliopolis,
Thou who judgest between the twain in the Great Hall!
Chief of the great Ennead of the gods,
One and only one, without his peer,
Dwelling in Thebes,
Ani in his divine Ennead,
He liveth on truth every day.
God of the horizon, Horus of the East,
Who hath made the hills that have silver, gold,
Real lapis lazuli, at his pleasure:
Gums and incense are mingled for the Mezau,
Fresh incense for thy nostrils.
