No More Learning

taken place in B. c. 159, after a reign of 39 years. 475. ) The notion which is the foundation of the
(Strab. xiii. p. 624; Clinton, F. H. iii. pp. 403, belief in the Eumenides seems to be, that a parent's
406. )
curse takes from him upon whom it is pronounced
According to Polybius (xxxii. 23), Eumenes all peace of mind, destroys the happiness of his
was a man of a feeble bodily constitution, but of family, and prevents his being blessed with chil-
great vigour and power of mind, which is indeed dren. (Herod. iv. 149; Aeschyl. Eum. 835. ) As
bufficiently evinced by the history of his reign : the Eumenides not only punished crimes after
his policy was indeed crafty and temporizing, but death, but during life on earth, they were conceived
indicative of much sagacity; and he raised his also as goddesses of fate, who, together with Zeus
kingdom from a petty state to one of the highest and the Moerae or Parcie, led such men as were
consideration. All the arts of peace were assidu- doomed to suffer into misery and misfortunes.
ously protected by him : Pergamus itself became (Hom. Il. xix. 87, Od. xv. 234. ) In the same
under his rule a great and flourishing city, which capacity they also prevented man from obtaining
be adorned with splendid buildings, and in which too niuch knowledge of the future. (Il. xix. 418. )
he founded that celebrated library which rose to be Homer does not mention any particular names of
a rival even to that of Alexandria. (Strab. xiii. p. the Erinnyes, nor does he seem to know of any
624. ) It would be unjust to Eumenes not to add definite number. Hesiod, who is likewise silent
the circumstance mentioned by Polybius in his upon these points, calls the Erinnyes the daughters
praise, that he continued throughout his life on the of Ge, who conceived them in the drops of blood
best terms with all his three brothers, who cheer- that fell upon her from the body of Uranus.
fully lent their services to support him in his (Thoog. 185; comp. Apollod. i. 1. $ 4. ) Epimenides
power. One of these, Attalus, was his immediate called them the daughters of Cronos and Euonyme,
successor, his son Attalus being yet an infant. and sisters of the Moerae (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 406 ;
(Polyb. xxxii. 23; Strab. xiii. p. 624. ) A de- Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 42); Aeschylus (Eum.
tailed account of the reign of Eumenes will be | 321) calls them the daughters of Night; and
found in Van Cappelle, Commentatio de Regibus et Sophocles (Oed. Col. 40, 106) of Scotos (Darkness)
Antiquitatibus Pergamenis, Amstel. 1842. ( E. H. B. ) and Ge. (Comp. some other genealogies in Hygin.
EUME'NIDES (Ejuevídes), also called ERIN- Fab. p. 1; Serv. ad Aen. vii. 327; Orph. Hymn.
NYES, and by the Romans FURIAE or DIRAE, were 69. 2. ) The Greek tragedians, with whom, as in
originally nothing but a personification of curses the Eumenides of Aeschylus, the number of these
pronounced upon a guilty criminal
. The name goddesses is not limited to a few (Dyer, in the
Erinnys, which is the more ancient one, was de- Class. Museum, vol. i. pp. 281-298 ; comp. Eurip.
rived by the Greeks from the verb épluw or Iphig. Taur. 970; Virg. Aen. iv. 469), no particular
dpeuváw, I hunt up or persecute, or from the Arca. name of any one Erinnys is yet mentioned, but
dian word épirów, I am angry; so that the Erinnyes they appear in the same capacity, and as the
were either the angry goddesses, or the goddesses avengers of the same crimes, as before. They are
who hunt up or search after the criminal. (Aes sometimes identified with the Poenae, though their
chyl. Eum. 499 ; Pind. Ol. ii. 45; Cic. de Nat. sphere of action is wider than that of the Poenae.
Deor. iii. 18. ) The name Eumenides, which sig- From their hunting up and persecuting the cursed
nifies “the well-meaning,” or “ soothed goddesses,” criminal, Aeschylus (Eum. 231, Choeph. 1055)
is a mere euphemism, because people dreaded to calls them kúves or kurnyérides. No prayer, no
call these fearful goddesses by their real nanie, and sacrifice, and no tears can move them, or protect
it was said to have been first given them after the the object of their persecution (Aesch. Agam. 69,
acquitual of Orestes by the court of the Areiopagus, Eum. 384); and when they fear lest the criminal
when the anger of the Erinnyes had become sooth- should escape them, they call in the assistance of
ed. (Soph. Oed. Col. 128 ; Schol
. ad Oed. Col. 42; Dicé, with whom they are closely connected, the
Suid. 8. v. Evevibes. ) It was by a similar euphe- maintenance of strict justice being their only ob
mism that at Athens the Erinnyes were called ject. (Aesch. Eum. 511, 786 ; Orph. Argon. 350;
geural Seal, or the venerable goddesses. (Paus. i. Plut. de Exil. 11. ) The Erinnyes were more an-
28. & 6. ) Servius (ad Aen. iv. 609) makes a dis cient divinities than the Olympian gods, and were
tinction, according to which they bore the name therefore not under the rule of Zeus, though they
Dirae, when they were conceived as being in hea- honoured and esteemed him (Eum. 918, 1002);
ven by the throne of Zeus, Furiae, when conceived and they dwelt in the deep darkness of Tartarus,
as being on earth, and Eumenides, as beings of the dreaded by gods and men. Their appearance is
lower world; but this seems to be a purely arbi- described by Aeschylus as Gorgo-like, their bodies
trary distinction.
covered with black, serpents twined in their hair,
In the sense of curse or curses, the word Erinnys and blood dripping from their eyes; Euripides and
or Erinnyes is often used in the Homeric poems other later poets describe them as winged beings.
(N. ix. 454, xxi. 412, Od. xi. 280), and Aeschylus (Orest. 317, Iphig. Tuur. 290; Virg. den. xii. 848;
(Choeph. 406) calls the Eumenides ’Apal, that is, Orph. Hymn. 68. 5. ) The appearance they have
According to the Homeric notion, the in Aeschylus was more or less retained by the
Erinnyes, whom the poet conceives as distinct poets of later times; but they gradually assumed
beings, are reckoned among those who inhabit the character of goddesses who punished crimes
Erebos, where they rest until some curse pro- after death, and seldom appeared on earth. On
nounced upon a criminal calls them to life and ac- the stage, however, and in works of art, their fear-
tivity. (il
. ix. 571, Od. xv. 234. ) The crimes ful appearance was greatly softened down, for they
9. p. 623 Ex.
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## p. 92 (#108) #############################################

92
EUMENIUS.
EUMOLPUS.
were represented as maidens of a grave and so-Gallia Lugdunensis, in order that he might pube
lemn mien, in the richly adorned attire of huntresses, licly acknowledge the liberality of the prince, might
with a band of serpents around their heads, and explain his own views as to the manner in which
serpents or torches in their hands. With later the objects in view could best be accomplished, and
writers, though not always, the number of Eume might declare his intention of carrying these plans
nides is limited to three, and their names are Tisi- into effect without any tnx upon the public, by
phone, Alecto, and Megaera. (Orph. Hymn. 68 ; devoting one-half of his allowance to the support of
Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 406 ; Virg. Aen. xii. 845. ) At the establishment. We find included (c. 14) an
Athens there were statues of only two. (Schol. ad interesting letter addressed by Constantius to Eu-
Ovd. Col. 42. ) The sacrifices which were offered to menius.
them consisted of black sheep and nephalin, i. e. a 2. Panegyricus Constantio Caesari dictus. A
drink of honey mixed with water. (Schol
. 1. c.
; congratulatory address upon the recovery of Britain,
Paus. ii. 11. § 4; Aeschyl. Eum. 107. ) Among delivered towards the close of A. D. 296, or the be
the things sacred to them we hear of white turtle ginning of 297. (ALLECTUS ; CARAUSIUS]
doves, and the narcissus. (Aclian, II. A. x. 33; 3. Panegyricus Constantino Augusto dictus, pro
Eustath. ad Ilon. p. 87. ) They were worshipped nounced at Treves, A. D. 310, on the birth-day of
at Athens, where they had a sanctuary and a the city, in the presence of Constantine, containing
grotto near the Areiopagus: their statues, how- an outline of the career of the emperor, in which
ever, had nothing formidable (Paus. 1. 28. $. 6), all his deeds are magnified in most outrageous
and a festival Eumenideia was there celebrated in hyperboles. Heyne is unwilling to believe that
their honour. Another sanctuary, with a grove Eumenius is the author of this declamation, which
which no one was allowed to enter, existed at he considers altogether out of character with the
Colonus. (Soph. Oed. Col. 37. ) Under the name moderation and good taste displayed in his other
of Mavias, they were worshipped at Megalopolis. compositions. The chief evidence consists in
(Paus, viii. 34. § 1. ) They were also worshipped certain expressions contained in chapters 22 and
on the Asopus and at Ceryneia. (Paus. ii. 11. $ 4, 23, where the speaker represents himself as a
vii. 25. & 4; comp. Böttiger, Furienmaske, Weimar, native of Autun, and, in the language of a man ad-
1801; Hirt, Mythol. Bilderb. p. 201, &c. ) [L. S. ) vanced in years, recommends to the patronage of
EUME'NIUS, whose works are included in the the sovereign his five sons, one of whom is spoken
collection which commonly bears the title “ Duo of as discharging the duties of an office in the
decim Panegyrici Veteres" [DREPANIUS), was a treasury.
native of Autun, but a Greek by extraction ; for his 4. Gratiarum actio Constantino Augusto Flarien-
grandfather was an Athenian, who acquired cele- sium nomine. The city of Autun having expe-
brity at Rome as a teacher of rhetoric, and having rienced the liberality of Constantine, who in
subsequently removed to Gaul, practised his profes- consideration of their recent misfortunes had re-
sion until past the age of eighty, in the city where lieved the inhabitants from a heavy load of taxa-
his grandson, pupil, and successor, was born. Eu- tion, assumed in honour of its patron the appellation
menius flourished towards the close of the third and of Flavia, and deputed Eumenius
to convey to the
at the beginning of the fourth centuries, and at-prince expressions of gratitude. This address was
tained to such high reputation that he was ap- spoken at Treves in the year A. D. 311.
pointed to the office of magister sacrae memoriae, a For information with regard to the general
sort of private secretary, in the court of Constantius merits and the editions of Eumenius and the other
Chlorus, by whom he was warmly esteemed and panegyrists, see DREPANIC'S. (W. R. )
loaded with favours. The precise period of his EU MOLPU'S (Eŭuotos), that is, “ the good
death, as of his birth, is unknown, but we gather singer,” a Thracian who is described as having
from his writings that he had, at all evenis, passed come to Attica either as a bard, a warrior, or a
the prime of life. The city of Cleves at one period priest of Demeter and Dionysus. The common
claimed him as their townsman, and set up an an- tradition, which, however, is of late origin, repre-
cient statue, which they declared to be his effigy. sents him as a son of Poseidon and Chione, the
The pieces generally ascribed to this author are daughter of Boreas and the Attic heroine Oreithya
the following. 1. Oratio pro instaurandis scholis. According to the tradition in Apollodorus (iii. 15.
Gaul had suffered fearfully from the oppression of $ 4), Chione, after having given birth to Eumolpus
its rulers, from civil discord, and from the incursions in secret, threw the child into the sea. Poseidon,
of barbarian foes, for half a century before the ac- however, took him up, and had him educated in
cession of Diocletian. During the reign of the Ethiopia by his daughter Benthesicyma. When
second Claudius, Autun in particular, after sustain- he had grown up, he married a daughter of Ben-
ing a siege of seven months, was compelled to thesicyma ; but as he made an attempt upon the
surrender to the half-savage Bagaydae, by whom it chastity of his wife's sister, Eumolpus and his son
was almost reduced to ruins. Constantius Chlorus Isinarus were expelled, and they went to the
having resolved to restore not only the buildings of Thracian king Tegyrius, who gave his daughter in
the city, but also to revive its famous school of rhe- marringe to Ismarus; but as Eumolpus drew upon
toric, called upon Eumenius, who, it would seem, bimself the suspicion of Tegyrius, he was again
had by this time retired from public life and was obliged to take to flight, and came to Eleusis in
enjoying his dignities, to undertake the superin- Attica, where he formed a friendship with the
tendance of the new seminary, allowing him, how- Eleusinians. After the death of his son Ismarus,
ever, to retain his post at court, and at the same however, he returned to Thrace at the request of
time doubling his salary, which thus amounted to king Tegyrius. The Eleusinians, who were involved
the large sum of 600,000 sesterces, or about 50001. in a war with Athens, called Eumolpus to their
per annum. The principal, before entering on his assistance. Eumolpus came with a numerous band
duties, delivered (A. D. 296 or 297) the oration of Thracians, but he was slain by Erechtheus. The
now before us, in the presence of the praeses of traditions about this Eleusinian war, however,
a
i


## p. 93 (#109) #############################################

EUNAPIUS.
1
93
olet
Pporto
Is to Ete
&
of Boizin
or the be
sius)
birth-day of
e, contamina
Tor, in which
st outrageces
believe that
amation, sbiche
acter with the
ved in his cober
ce consists in
chapters 22 and
ats himself as a
ange of a man de
the patronage of
of whom is spesa
of an office in the
name,
Eno Augusto Faria
utun having expe
constantine, who in
misfortunes had it
a heavy load of tars
patron the appellation
nenius to coorey to te
de. This address na
ar a. D. 311.
regard to the general
Eumenius and the other
US, (W. R]
-os), that is, the good
is described as bariz
as a bard, a wartia, ara
Dionysus. The common
ver, is of late origin, Tepito
Poseidon and Chione, the
the Attic heroine Oreilor
sition in Apollodorus (ii
. 15.
EUNEICE.
differ very much. According to some, the Eleusi- tains 23 biographies of sophists, most of whom were
nians under Eumolpus attacked the Athenians contemporaries of Eunapius, or at least had lived
under Erechtheus, but were defented, and Eumol- shortly before him. Although these biographies are
pus with his two sons, Phorbas and Immarndus, extremely brief, and are written in an intolerably
were slain. (Thuc. ii. 15; Plut. Meer. p. 239 ; | inflated style, yet they are to us an important source
Isocrat. Punath. 78 ; Plut. Parall. Gr. et. kom. 20; of information respecting a period in the history of
Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 854. ) Pausanias (i. 38. philosophy which, without this work, would be
& 3) relates a tradition that in the battle between buried in utter obscurity. Eunapius shews him-
the Eleusinians and Athenians, Erechtheus and self an enthusiastic admirer of the philosophy of
Immaradus fell, and that thereupon peace was con- the New Platonists, and a bitter enemy of Chris-
cluded on condition that the Eleusininns should in tianity. His biographies were first edited with
other respects be subject to Athens, but that they a Latin translation and a life of Eunapius by
alone should have the celebration of their mysteries, Hadrianus Junius, Antwerp, 1568, 8vo. Among
and that Eumolpus and the daughters of Celeus the subsequent editions we may mention those of
should perform the customary sacrifices. When H. Commelinus (Frankfurt, 1596, 8vo. ) and Paul
Eumolpus died, his younger son Ceryx succeeded Stephens. (Geneva, 1616, 8vo. ) The best, how-
him in the priestly office. According to Hyginus ever, which gives a much improved text, with a
(Fub. 46; comp. Strab. vii. p. 321), Eumolpus commentary and notes by Wyttenbach, is that of
came to Attica with a colony of Thracians, to claim J. F. Boissonade, Amsterdam, 1822, 2 vols. 8vo.
the country as the property of his father, Poseidon. 2. A continuation of the history of Dexippus (Merd
Mythology regards Eumolpus as the founder of the AÉFITTOV Xpovint loropla), in fourteen books,
Elensinian nysteries, and as the first priest of (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 77. ) It began with the death
Demeter and Dionysus ; the goddess herself taught of Claudius Gothicus, in A. D. 270, and carried
him, Triptolemus, Diocles, and Celeus, the sacred the history down to a. D. 404, in which year
rites, and he is therefore sometimes described as St. Chrysostom was sent into exile, and which
having himself invented the cultivation of the vine was the tenth year of the reign of Arcadius. This
and of fruit-trees in general. (Hom. Hymn. in account of Photius (1. c. ) seems to be contradicted
Cer. 476 ; Plin. H. N. vii. 53; Ov. Met. x. 93. ) by a passage of the excerpta (p. 96, ed. Bekker
Respecting the privileges which his descendants and Niebuhr), in which Eunapius speaks of the
enjoyed in Attica, sce Dicl. of Ant. s. v. Ejuoktidal. avarice of the empress Pulcheria, who did not ob-
As Eumolpus was regarded as an ancient priestly tain that dignity till A. D. 414; but the context of
bard, poems and writings on the mysteries were that passage shews that it was only a digression in
fabricated and circulated at a later time under his the work, and that the work itself did not extend
One hexameter line of a Dionysiac hymn, to A. D. 414. It was written at the request of
ascribed to him, is preserved in Diodorus. (i. 11; Oribasius, and Photius saw two editions of it. In
Suid. s. v. ) The legends connected him also with the first, Eunapius had given vent to his rabid feel-
Heracles, whom he is said to have instructed in ings against Christianity, especially against Con-
music, or initiated into the mysteries. (Hygin. stantine the Great; whereas he looked upon the
Ful. 273; Theocrit. xxiv. 108; Apollod. ii. 5. emperor Julian as some divine being that had been
$ 12. ) The difference in the traditions about Eu- sent from heaven upon earth. In the second edi.
molpus led some of the ancients to suppose that tion, from which the excerpta still extant are taken,
two or three persons of that name ought to be dis- those passages were omitted ; but they had been
tinguished. (Hesych. s. v. Evuonnidas; Schol. ad expunged with such negligence and carelessness,
Oed. Col. 1051; Phot. Lex. s. 0. Eịuolaida. . ) that many parts of the work were very obscure. But
The tomb of Eumolpus was shewn both at Eleusis we cannot, with Photius, regard this “editio pur-
and Athens.