pro Milone, pro Domo sua, de
Haruspicum
Res-
Fr.
Fr.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
pro Scaur.
$S 33–35.
) On up without coming to a decision.
The senate was
his return he was accused of extortion by M. Ser- at first disposed to persist in its original plan; but
vilius, who was however bribed to drop the prose afterwards, on the recommendation of Hortensius,
cution. This proceeding was subsequently in the proposition of the tribune Fufius Calenus
B. C. 51) exposed by his younger son Appius de was adopted, in accordance with which the judices
manding back from Servilius the sum which had were to be selected from the three decuries. Cice-
been given to him. (Cic. ad Fam. viii. 8. ) At ro, who had hitherto strenuously supported the
the time when Cicero defended Milo (B. C. 52) senate, now relaxed in his exertions. Clodius at-
Caius was no longer alive. (Ascon. in Milon. p. tempted to prove an alibi, but Cicero's evidence
35, Orell. )
shewed that he was with him in Rome only three
40. P. Clodius Pulcher, was the youngest hours before he pretended to have been at Inter-
son of No. 35. The forn of the name Clodius amna. Bribery and intimidation, however, secured
was not peculiar to him: it is occasionally found him an acquittal by a majority of 31 to 25. Cicero
in the case of others of the gens (Orelli, Inscript. howerer, who had been irritated by some sarcastic
579); and Clodius was himself sometimes called allusions made by Clodius to his consulship, and
Claudius. (Dion Cass. xxxv. 14. ) He first makes by a verdict given in contradiction to his testimony,
bis appearance in history in B. c. 70, serving with aitacked Clodius and his partisans in the senate
his brother Appius under his brother-in-law, L. / with great vehemence.
3D 2
## p. 772 (#792) ############################################
772
CLAUDIUS.
CLAUDIUS.
:
Soon after his acquittal Clodius went to his over to his interests by undertaking to secure to
province, Sicily, and intimated his design of be them the provinces which they wished. Having
coming a candidate for the acdileship. On his thus prepared the way, he opened his attack upon
return, however, he disclosed a different purpose. Cicero by proposing a law to the effect, that who-
Eager to revenge himself on Cicero, that he might ever had taken the life of a citizen uncondemned
be armed with more formidable power he purposed and without a trial, should be interdicted from
becoming a tribune of the plebs. For this it was earth and water. For an account of the proceed-
necessary that he should be adopted into a pleings which ensued, and which ended in Cicero's
beian family; and as he was not in the power of withdrawing into exile, see Cicero, p. 713.
his parent, the adoption had to take place by a On the same day on which Cicero left the city
vote of the people in the comitia curiata. (This Clodius procured the enactment of two laws, one
ceremony was called Adrogatio : see Dict. of Ant. to interdict Cicero from carth and water, because
$. v. Adrogatio. ) Repeated attempts were made he had illegally put citizens to death, and forged a
by the tribune C. Herennius to get this brought decree of the senate ; the other forbidding any one,
about. Cicero, who placed reliance on the friend- on pain of the like penalty, to receive him. The
ship and support of Pompey, did not spare Clodius, interdict was, however, limited to the distance of
though he at times shews that he had misgivings 400 miles from Rome. Clodius added the clause,
as to the result. The triumvirs had not yet unken that no proposition should ever be made for re-
Clodius' side, and when he impeached L. Calpur- versing the decree till those whom Cicero had put
nius Piso for extortion, their influence procured to death should come to life again. The law was
the acquittal of the accused. But in defending C. confirmed in the comitia tributa, and engraven on
Antonius, Cicero provoked the triumvirs, and brass. On the same day, the consuls Gabinius
especially Caesar, and within three hours after the and Piso had the provinces of Syria and Macedonia
delivery of his speech Clodius became the adopted assigned to them, with extraordinary powers.
son of P. Fonteius (at the end of the year 60). Clodius next rid himself of M. Cato, who, by a
The lex curiata for his adoption was proposed by decree passed on his motion, was sent with the
Caesar, and Pompey presided in the assembly. powers of praetor to take possession of the island
The whole proceeding was irregular, as the sanc- of Cyprus, with the treasures of its king, Ptolemy,
tion of the pontifices had not been obtained; Fon and to restore some Byzantine exiles. (Cato, p.
teius was not twenty years old, and consequently 648, b. ] In the former nefarious proceeding,
much younger than Clodius, and was married, nor Clodius seems to have taken as a pretext the will
was there the smallest reason to suppose that his of Ptolemy Alexander I. , the uncle of the Cyprian
marriage would remain childless, and, indeed, he king, who, as the Romans pretended, had made
was afterwards the father of several children ; the over to them his kingdom.
rogation was not made public three nundines be- Immediately after the banishment of Cicero,
fore the comitia ; and it was passed although Clodius set fire to his house on the Palatine, and
Bibulus sent notice to Pompey that he was taking destroyed his villas at Tusculum and Formiae.
the auspices. A report soon after got abroad that The greater part of the property carried off from
Clodius was to be sent on an embassy to Tigranes, them was divided between the two consuls. The
and that by his refusal to go he had provoked the ground on which the Palatine house stood, with
hostility of the triumvirs. Neither turned out to such of the property as still remained, was put up
be true. Clodius was now actively endeavouring to auction. Clodius wished to become the pur-
to secure his election to the tribuneship. Cicero chaser of it, and, not liking to bid himself, got a
was for a time amused with a report that his only needy fellow named Scato to bid for him. He
design was to rescind the laws of Caesar. With wished to erect on the Palatine a palace of sur-
the assistance of the latter, Clodius succeeded in passing size and magnificence. A short time be
his object, and entered upon his office in December, fore he had purchased the house of Q. Seius
B. c. 59.
Postumus, after poisoning the owner, who had re-
Clodius did not immediately assail his enemies. fused to sell it. This it was his intention to unite
On the last day of the year, indeed, he prevented with another house which he already had there.
Bibulus, on laying down his office, from addressing He pulled down the portico of Catulus, which
the people; but his first measures were a series of adjoined Cicero's grounds, and erected another in
laws, calculated to lay senate, knights, and people its place, with his own name inscribed on it. To
under obligations to him. The first was a law for alienate Cicero's property irretrievably, he dedicated
the gratuitous distribution of corn once a month to it to the goddess Libertas, and a small portion of
the poorer citizens. The next enacted that no the site of the dwellingy with part of the ground
magistrate should observe the heavens on comitial on which the portico of Catulus had stood, was
days, and that no veto should be allowed to binder occupied by a chapel to the goddess. For the
the passing of a law. This enactment was de- image of the goddess he made use of the statue of
signed specially to aid him in the attack with a Tanagraean hetaera, which his brother Appius
which he had threatened Cicero. The third was had brought from Greece. To maintain the armed
a law for the restoration of the old guilds which bands whom he employed, Clodius required large
had been abolished, and the creation of new ones, sums of money; but this he did not find much
by which means he secured the support of a large difficulty in procuring : for with the populace he
number of organized bodies. A fourth law was was all-powerful, and his influence made his favour
intended to gratify those of the higher class, and worth purchasing. (For an account of the way in
provided that the censors should not expel from which, through his influence, Brogitarus of Galatia
the senate, or inflict any mark of disgrace upon was made priest of Cybele at Pessinus, and Menula
any one who had not first been openly accused of Anagnia screened from punishment, with other
before them, and convicted of some crime by their arbitrary and irregular proceedings of Clodius, ses
joint sentence. The consuls of the year be gained Cic. pro Dom. 30, 50, de Har. Resp. 13, pro Sezi
## p. 773 (#793) ############################################
CLAUDIUS.
773
CLAUDIUS.
26, 30, pro Mil. 27, 32. ) He went so far as to ligion. The matter was referred to the college of
offend Pompey by aiding the escape of Tigranes, pontifices, but was not decided till the end of
son of the king of Arinenia, whom Pompey had September, when Cicero defended his right before
brought a prisoner to Rome. In this instance also them. The pontifices returned an answer sufficient
his services were purchased. Pompey, however, to satisfy all religious scruples, though Clodius
did not feel himself strong enough to rescut the chose to take it as favourable to himself, and the
insult. Clodius soon assailed him more openly. senate decreed the restoration of the site, and the
The consul Gabinius sided with Pompey. Fre- payment of a sum of money to Cicero for rebuild-
quent conflicts took place between the armed ing his house. When the workmen began their
bands of the tribune and consul, in one of which operations in November, Clodius attacked and drove
Gabinius himself was wounded and his fasces them off, pulled down the portico of Catulus,
broken. Clodius and the tribune Ninnius went which had been nearly rebuilt, and set fire to the
through the farce of dedicating to the gods, the one house of Q. Cicero. Shortly afterwards he assault-
the property of Gabinius, the other that of Clodius. ed Cicero liimself in the street, and compelled him
An attempt was made by Clodius, through one of to take refuge in a neighbouring house. Next day
his slaves, upon the life of Pompey, who now with he attacked the house of Milo, situated on the
drew to his own house, and kept there as long as eminence called Germalus, but was driven off by
his enemy was in office. Clodius stationed a body Q. Flaccus. When Marcellinus proposed in the
of men under his freedman Damis to watch him, senate that Clodius should be brought to justice,
and the praetor Flavius was repulsed in an attempt the friends of the latter protracted the discussion,
to drive them off.
so that no decision was come to.
The attempts made before the end of this year Clodius was at this time a candidate for the
to procure the recall of Cicero proved abortive. aedileship, that, if successful, he might be screened
Next year (B. C. 57), Clodius, possessing no longer from a prosecution ; and threatened the city with fire
tribunitial power, was obliged to depend on his and sword if an assembly were not held for the
armed bands for preventing the people from pass- election. Marcellinus proposed that the senate
ing a decree to recall Cicero. On the twenty-fifth should decree that no election should take place
of January, when a rogation to that effect was till Clodius had been brought to trial ; Milo de-
brought forward by the tribune Fabricius, Clodius clared that he would prevent the consul Metellus
appeared with an armed body of slaves and gladia- from holding the comitia. Accordingly, whenever
tors; Fabricius had also brought armed men to Metellus attempted to hold an assembly, he posted
support him, and a bloody fight ensued, in which himself with a strong body of armed men on the
the party of Fabricius was worsted. Soon after place of meeting, and stopped the proceedings, by
wards, Clodius with his men fell upon another of giving notice that he was observing the auspices.
his opponents, the tribune Sextius, who nearly lost in the beginning of the following year, however
his life in the fray. He attacked the house of (B. C. 56), when Milo was no longer in office,
Milo, another the tribunes, and threatened bis Clodius was elected without opposition; for, not-
life whenever he appeared. He set fire to the withstanding his outrageous violence, as it was
temple of the Nymphs, for the purpose of destroy- evident that his chief object was not power but
ing the censorial records ; interrupted the Apolli- revenge, he was supported and connived at by
i
narian games, which were being celebrated by the several who found his proceedings calculated to
praetor L. Caecilius, and besieged him in his further their views. The optimates rejoiced to see
house. Milo made an unsuccessful attempt to him insult and humble the triumvir, Pompey, and
hring Clodius to trial for his acts of violence; and the latter to find that he was sufficiently powerful
finding his endeavours unsuccessful, resolved to to make the senate afraid of him. Cicero had
repel force by force. Accordingly he collected an many foes and rivals, who openly or secretly
armed band of slaves and gladiators, and frequent encouraged so active an enemy of the object of
contests took place in the streets between the op- their envy and dislike; while the disturbances
posing parties.
which his proceedings occasioned in the city were
When the senate came to a resolution to propose exactly adapted to further Caesar's designs. Clo-
to the comitia a decree for the restoration of Cicero, dius almost immediately after his election im-
Clodius was the only one who opposed it ; and peached Milo for public violence. Milo appeared
when, on the fourth of August, it was brought be- on the second of February to answer the accusation,
fore the people, Clodius spoke against it, but could and the day passed without disturbance. The next
do nothing more; for Milo and the other friends hearing was fixed for the ninth, and when Pompey
of Cicero had brought to the place of meeting a stood up to defend him, Clodius' party attempted
force sufficiently powerful to deter him from at- to put him down by raising a tumult. Milo's
tempting any violence, and the decree was passed. party acted in a similar manner when Clodius
Clodius, however, was not stopped in his career of spoke. A fray ensued, and the judicial proceed-
violence. On the occasion of the dearth which ings were stopped for that day. The matter was
ensued immediately after Cicero's recall, the blame put off by several adjournments to the beginning of
of which Clodius endeavoured to throw on him, he May, from which time we hear nothing more of it.
excited a disturbance; and when, by the advice of In April, Clodius celebrated the Megalesian games,
Cicero, Pompey was invested with extraordinary and admitted such a rumber of slaves, that the
powers to superintend the supplies, Clodius charged free citizens were unable to find room. Shortly
the former with betraying the senate.
after this, the senate consulted the haruspices on
The decree by which Cicero was recalled, pro- some prodigies which had happened near Rome.
vided also for the restitution of his property. They replied, that, among other things which had
Some difficulty, however, remained with respect to provoked the anger of the gods, was the desecration
the house on the Palatine, the site of which had of sacred places. Clodius interpreted this as re-
heen colibecrated by Clodius to the service of re- ferring to the restoration of Cicero's house, and
## p. 774 (#794) ############################################
774
CLAUDIUS.
CLAUDIUS.
made it a handle for a fresh attack upon him. matory speeches of the tribunes Munatius Plancns
Cicero replied in the speech De Haruspicum Re- and Q. Pompeius Rufus, headed by Sex. Clodius
sponsis. By this time Pompey and Clodius had carried the corpse into the Curia Hostilia, made a
found it convenient to make common cause with funeral pile of the benches, tables, and writings,
each other. A fresh attack which Clodius soon and burnt the body on the spot. Not only the
afterwards made on Cicero's house was repulsed by senate house, but the Porcian basilica, erected by
Milo. With the assistance of the latter also, Cato the Censor, and other ndjoining buildings,
Cicero, after being once foiled in his attempt by were reduced to ashes. (For an account of the
Clodius and his brother, succeeded during the ab- proceedings which followed, see Milo. )
sence of Clodius in carrying off from the capitol Clodius was twice married, first to Pinaria, and
the tablets on which the laws of the latter were afterwards to Fulvia. He left a son, Publius, and
engraved.
a daughter. Cicero charges him with having held
Clodius actively supported Pompey and Crassus an incestuous intercourse with his three sisters.
when they became candidates for the consulship, [Claudia, Nos. 7–9. ] Clodius inherited no
to which they were elected in the beginning of property from his father. [Sec No. 35. ] Besides
B. C. 55, and nearly lost his life in doing so. He what he obtained by less honest means, he re-
appears to have been in a great measure led by ceived some money by legacies and by letting one
the hope of being appointed on an embassy to of his houses on the Palatine. He also received
Asia, which would give him the opportunity of a considerable dowry with his wife Fulvia. He
recruiting his almost exhausted pecuniary, resources, was the owner of two houses on the Palatine hill,
and getting from Brogitarus and some others whom an estate at Alba, and considerable possessions in
he had assisted, the rewards they had promised Etruria, near lake Prelius. His personal appear-
him for his services. It appears, however, that he ance was effeminate, and neither handsome nor
remained in Rome. We hear nothing more of him commanding. That he was a man of great energy
this year. In B. c. 54 we find him prosecuting and ability there can be little question ; still less
the ex-tribune Procilius, who, among other acts of that his character was of the most profligate kind.
violence, was charged with murder; and soon after Cicero himself admits that he possessed considera-
we find Clodius and Cicero, with four others, ap- ble eloquence.
pearing to defend M. Aemilius Scaurus. Yet it The chief ancient sources for the life of Clodius
appears that Cicero still regarded him with the are the speeches of Cicero, pro Cuelio, pro Sextio,
greatest apprehension. (Cic. ad Att. ir. 15, ad Q.
pro Milone, pro Domo sua, de Haruspicum Res-
Fr. j. 15, b. , iii. 1. 4. )
ponsis, in Pisonem, and in Clodium et Curionem,
In B. c. 53 Clodius was a candidate for the and his letters to Atticus and his brother Quintus;
praetorship, and Milo for the consulship. Each Plutarch's lives of Lucullus, Pompey, Cicero, and
strove to hinder the election of the other. They Caesar; and Dion Cassius. Of modern writers,
collected armed bands of slaves and gladiators, and Middleton, in his Life of Cicero, has touched upon
the streets of Rome became the scene of fresh tu- the leading points of Clodius's history ; but the
mults and frays, in one of which Cicero himself best and fullest account has been given by Dru-
was endangered. When the consuls endeavoured mann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. pp. 199–370.
to hold the comitia, Clodius fell upon them with 41--45. CLODIAE. [CLAUDIAE, Nos. 7-11. ]
his band, and one of them, Cn. Domitius, was 46. APP. CLAUDIUS or CLODIUS PULCHER, the
wounded. The senate met to deliberate. Clodius elder of the two sons of C. Claudius. [No. 39. ]
spoke, and attacked Cicero and Milo, touching, Both he and his younger brother bore the praeno-
among other things, upon the amount of debt with men Appius (Ascon. Arg. in Milon. p. 35, Orell. ),
which the latter was burdened. Cicero replied in from which it was conjectured by Manutius (in
the speech De Aere alieno Milonis. The contest, Cic. ad Fam. ii. 13. $ 2, and viii. 8. & 2), that the
however, was soon after brought to a sudden and former had been adopted by his uncle Appius [No.
violent end. On the 20th of January, B. c. 52, Milo 38), a conjecture which is confirmed by a coin, on
set out on a journey to Lanuvium. Near Bovillae which he is designated c. CLOD. C. F. (Vaillant,
he met Clodius, who was returning to Rome after Claud. No. 13. ) Cicero, in letters written to Atticus
visiting some of his property. Both were accom- during his exile (iii. 17. $ 1, 8. 82, 9. & 3) ex-
panied by armed followers, but Milo's party was presses a fear lest his brother Quintus should be
the stronger. The two antagonists had passed brought to trial by this Appius before his uncle on
each other without disturbance; but two of the a charge of extortion. On the death of P. Clodius
gladiators in the rear of Milo's troop picked a he and his brother appeared as accusers of Milo.
quarrel with some of the followers of Clodius, who (Ascon. in Milon. pp. 35, 39, 40, 42, ed. Orell. )
immediately turned round, and rode up to the In B. c. 50 he led back from Gallia the two legions
scene of dispute, when he was wounded in the which had been lent to Caesar by Pompey. (Plut.
shoulder by one of the gladiators. The fray now Pomp. 57. ) Whether it was this Appius or his
became general. The party of Clodius were put brother who was consul in B. c. 38 (Dion. Cass.
to flight, and betook themselves with their leader xlviii. 43) cannot be determined.
to a house near Bovillae. Milo ordered his men 47. APP. CLAUDIus or CLODIUS PULCHER, bro-
to attack the house. Several of Clodius' men ther of No. 46, joined his brother in prosecuting
were slain, and Clodius himself dragged out and Milo. (B. c. 52. ) Next year he exposed the in-
despatched. The body was left lying on the road, trigue through which his father had escaped (see
till a senator named Sex. Tedius found it, and No. 39), in hopes of getting back the bribe that
conveyed it to Rome. Here it was exposed to had been paid to Servilius. But he managed the
the view of the populace, who crowded to see it. matter so clumsily, that Servilius escaped, and
Next day it was carried naked to the forum, and Appius, having abandoned a prosecution' with
again exposed to view before the rostra. The which he had threatened Servilius, was himself
mob, enraged by the spectacle, and by the inflam- not long after impeached for extortion by the Ser-
## p. 775 (#795) ############################################
CLAUDIUS.
775
CLAUDIUS.
M. F
P. CLODIUS
vilii, and for violence by Sex. Tettius. (Cic. ad | M. Aufidius, and condemned. (Ascon. in Milon.
Fan. vii. 8. )
p. 55. ) He remained in exile for eight years, but
48. P. CLODIUS, son of P. Clodius and Fulvia, was restored in 44 by M. Antonius. (Cic. ad Att.
was a child at the time of his father's death. Milo xiv. 13, A. and B. ) Cicero (pro Dom. 10, 31,
was accused of having attempted to get him into pro Cael. 32) charges him with having carried on
his power, that he might put him to death. (As- a criminal correspondence with Clodia (Quadran-
con. in Milon. p. 36. ) His step-father Antonius taria).
spoke of him as a hopeful lad. (Cic. ad Att. xiv. 5. Sex. CLODIUS, a Sicilian rhetorician, under
13, A. ) According to Valerius Maximus (iii. 5. whom M. Antonius studied oratory, and whom he
$ 3) his youth was spent in gluttony and debauch- rewarded with a present of a large estate in the
ery, which occasioned a disease of which he died. Leontine territory. (Cic. ad At. iv. 15, Phil. ii.
49. CLODIA. (CLAUDIA, No. 12. )
4, 17, iii. 9; Dion Cass. xlv. 30, xlvi. 8; Suet.
There are several coins of the Claudia gens. A de Clar. Rhet. 5. )
specimen is given below: it contains on the obverse 6. P. CLODIUS, M. F. appears on several coins
the head of Apollo, with a lyre behind, and on the which bear the image of Caesar and Antonius.
reverse Diana holding two torches, with the in- (Eckhel, v. p. 172; Vaillant, Anton. Nos. 14, 15,
scription P. CLODIUS M. f. , but it is uncertain to Claud. 43–46. ) He is probably the same with
which of the Claudii this refers. [C. P. M. ) the Clodius whom Caesar in B. C. 48 sent into
Macedonia to Metellus Scipio (Caes. B. C. iii.
57), and with the Clodius Bithynicus mentioned
by Appian (B. C. v. 49), who fought on the
side of Antonius in the Perusian war, and was
taken prisoner and put to death in B. C. 40 by
the command of Octavianus.
7. C. CLAUDIUS, probably the descendant of a
freedman of the Claudian house, was one of the
suite of P. Clodius on his last journey to Aricia.
CLAU'DIUS. The following were plebeians, (Cic. pro Mil.
his return he was accused of extortion by M. Ser- at first disposed to persist in its original plan; but
vilius, who was however bribed to drop the prose afterwards, on the recommendation of Hortensius,
cution. This proceeding was subsequently in the proposition of the tribune Fufius Calenus
B. C. 51) exposed by his younger son Appius de was adopted, in accordance with which the judices
manding back from Servilius the sum which had were to be selected from the three decuries. Cice-
been given to him. (Cic. ad Fam. viii. 8. ) At ro, who had hitherto strenuously supported the
the time when Cicero defended Milo (B. C. 52) senate, now relaxed in his exertions. Clodius at-
Caius was no longer alive. (Ascon. in Milon. p. tempted to prove an alibi, but Cicero's evidence
35, Orell. )
shewed that he was with him in Rome only three
40. P. Clodius Pulcher, was the youngest hours before he pretended to have been at Inter-
son of No. 35. The forn of the name Clodius amna. Bribery and intimidation, however, secured
was not peculiar to him: it is occasionally found him an acquittal by a majority of 31 to 25. Cicero
in the case of others of the gens (Orelli, Inscript. howerer, who had been irritated by some sarcastic
579); and Clodius was himself sometimes called allusions made by Clodius to his consulship, and
Claudius. (Dion Cass. xxxv. 14. ) He first makes by a verdict given in contradiction to his testimony,
bis appearance in history in B. c. 70, serving with aitacked Clodius and his partisans in the senate
his brother Appius under his brother-in-law, L. / with great vehemence.
3D 2
## p. 772 (#792) ############################################
772
CLAUDIUS.
CLAUDIUS.
:
Soon after his acquittal Clodius went to his over to his interests by undertaking to secure to
province, Sicily, and intimated his design of be them the provinces which they wished. Having
coming a candidate for the acdileship. On his thus prepared the way, he opened his attack upon
return, however, he disclosed a different purpose. Cicero by proposing a law to the effect, that who-
Eager to revenge himself on Cicero, that he might ever had taken the life of a citizen uncondemned
be armed with more formidable power he purposed and without a trial, should be interdicted from
becoming a tribune of the plebs. For this it was earth and water. For an account of the proceed-
necessary that he should be adopted into a pleings which ensued, and which ended in Cicero's
beian family; and as he was not in the power of withdrawing into exile, see Cicero, p. 713.
his parent, the adoption had to take place by a On the same day on which Cicero left the city
vote of the people in the comitia curiata. (This Clodius procured the enactment of two laws, one
ceremony was called Adrogatio : see Dict. of Ant. to interdict Cicero from carth and water, because
$. v. Adrogatio. ) Repeated attempts were made he had illegally put citizens to death, and forged a
by the tribune C. Herennius to get this brought decree of the senate ; the other forbidding any one,
about. Cicero, who placed reliance on the friend- on pain of the like penalty, to receive him. The
ship and support of Pompey, did not spare Clodius, interdict was, however, limited to the distance of
though he at times shews that he had misgivings 400 miles from Rome. Clodius added the clause,
as to the result. The triumvirs had not yet unken that no proposition should ever be made for re-
Clodius' side, and when he impeached L. Calpur- versing the decree till those whom Cicero had put
nius Piso for extortion, their influence procured to death should come to life again. The law was
the acquittal of the accused. But in defending C. confirmed in the comitia tributa, and engraven on
Antonius, Cicero provoked the triumvirs, and brass. On the same day, the consuls Gabinius
especially Caesar, and within three hours after the and Piso had the provinces of Syria and Macedonia
delivery of his speech Clodius became the adopted assigned to them, with extraordinary powers.
son of P. Fonteius (at the end of the year 60). Clodius next rid himself of M. Cato, who, by a
The lex curiata for his adoption was proposed by decree passed on his motion, was sent with the
Caesar, and Pompey presided in the assembly. powers of praetor to take possession of the island
The whole proceeding was irregular, as the sanc- of Cyprus, with the treasures of its king, Ptolemy,
tion of the pontifices had not been obtained; Fon and to restore some Byzantine exiles. (Cato, p.
teius was not twenty years old, and consequently 648, b. ] In the former nefarious proceeding,
much younger than Clodius, and was married, nor Clodius seems to have taken as a pretext the will
was there the smallest reason to suppose that his of Ptolemy Alexander I. , the uncle of the Cyprian
marriage would remain childless, and, indeed, he king, who, as the Romans pretended, had made
was afterwards the father of several children ; the over to them his kingdom.
rogation was not made public three nundines be- Immediately after the banishment of Cicero,
fore the comitia ; and it was passed although Clodius set fire to his house on the Palatine, and
Bibulus sent notice to Pompey that he was taking destroyed his villas at Tusculum and Formiae.
the auspices. A report soon after got abroad that The greater part of the property carried off from
Clodius was to be sent on an embassy to Tigranes, them was divided between the two consuls. The
and that by his refusal to go he had provoked the ground on which the Palatine house stood, with
hostility of the triumvirs. Neither turned out to such of the property as still remained, was put up
be true. Clodius was now actively endeavouring to auction. Clodius wished to become the pur-
to secure his election to the tribuneship. Cicero chaser of it, and, not liking to bid himself, got a
was for a time amused with a report that his only needy fellow named Scato to bid for him. He
design was to rescind the laws of Caesar. With wished to erect on the Palatine a palace of sur-
the assistance of the latter, Clodius succeeded in passing size and magnificence. A short time be
his object, and entered upon his office in December, fore he had purchased the house of Q. Seius
B. c. 59.
Postumus, after poisoning the owner, who had re-
Clodius did not immediately assail his enemies. fused to sell it. This it was his intention to unite
On the last day of the year, indeed, he prevented with another house which he already had there.
Bibulus, on laying down his office, from addressing He pulled down the portico of Catulus, which
the people; but his first measures were a series of adjoined Cicero's grounds, and erected another in
laws, calculated to lay senate, knights, and people its place, with his own name inscribed on it. To
under obligations to him. The first was a law for alienate Cicero's property irretrievably, he dedicated
the gratuitous distribution of corn once a month to it to the goddess Libertas, and a small portion of
the poorer citizens. The next enacted that no the site of the dwellingy with part of the ground
magistrate should observe the heavens on comitial on which the portico of Catulus had stood, was
days, and that no veto should be allowed to binder occupied by a chapel to the goddess. For the
the passing of a law. This enactment was de- image of the goddess he made use of the statue of
signed specially to aid him in the attack with a Tanagraean hetaera, which his brother Appius
which he had threatened Cicero. The third was had brought from Greece. To maintain the armed
a law for the restoration of the old guilds which bands whom he employed, Clodius required large
had been abolished, and the creation of new ones, sums of money; but this he did not find much
by which means he secured the support of a large difficulty in procuring : for with the populace he
number of organized bodies. A fourth law was was all-powerful, and his influence made his favour
intended to gratify those of the higher class, and worth purchasing. (For an account of the way in
provided that the censors should not expel from which, through his influence, Brogitarus of Galatia
the senate, or inflict any mark of disgrace upon was made priest of Cybele at Pessinus, and Menula
any one who had not first been openly accused of Anagnia screened from punishment, with other
before them, and convicted of some crime by their arbitrary and irregular proceedings of Clodius, ses
joint sentence. The consuls of the year be gained Cic. pro Dom. 30, 50, de Har. Resp. 13, pro Sezi
## p. 773 (#793) ############################################
CLAUDIUS.
773
CLAUDIUS.
26, 30, pro Mil. 27, 32. ) He went so far as to ligion. The matter was referred to the college of
offend Pompey by aiding the escape of Tigranes, pontifices, but was not decided till the end of
son of the king of Arinenia, whom Pompey had September, when Cicero defended his right before
brought a prisoner to Rome. In this instance also them. The pontifices returned an answer sufficient
his services were purchased. Pompey, however, to satisfy all religious scruples, though Clodius
did not feel himself strong enough to rescut the chose to take it as favourable to himself, and the
insult. Clodius soon assailed him more openly. senate decreed the restoration of the site, and the
The consul Gabinius sided with Pompey. Fre- payment of a sum of money to Cicero for rebuild-
quent conflicts took place between the armed ing his house. When the workmen began their
bands of the tribune and consul, in one of which operations in November, Clodius attacked and drove
Gabinius himself was wounded and his fasces them off, pulled down the portico of Catulus,
broken. Clodius and the tribune Ninnius went which had been nearly rebuilt, and set fire to the
through the farce of dedicating to the gods, the one house of Q. Cicero. Shortly afterwards he assault-
the property of Gabinius, the other that of Clodius. ed Cicero liimself in the street, and compelled him
An attempt was made by Clodius, through one of to take refuge in a neighbouring house. Next day
his slaves, upon the life of Pompey, who now with he attacked the house of Milo, situated on the
drew to his own house, and kept there as long as eminence called Germalus, but was driven off by
his enemy was in office. Clodius stationed a body Q. Flaccus. When Marcellinus proposed in the
of men under his freedman Damis to watch him, senate that Clodius should be brought to justice,
and the praetor Flavius was repulsed in an attempt the friends of the latter protracted the discussion,
to drive them off.
so that no decision was come to.
The attempts made before the end of this year Clodius was at this time a candidate for the
to procure the recall of Cicero proved abortive. aedileship, that, if successful, he might be screened
Next year (B. C. 57), Clodius, possessing no longer from a prosecution ; and threatened the city with fire
tribunitial power, was obliged to depend on his and sword if an assembly were not held for the
armed bands for preventing the people from pass- election. Marcellinus proposed that the senate
ing a decree to recall Cicero. On the twenty-fifth should decree that no election should take place
of January, when a rogation to that effect was till Clodius had been brought to trial ; Milo de-
brought forward by the tribune Fabricius, Clodius clared that he would prevent the consul Metellus
appeared with an armed body of slaves and gladia- from holding the comitia. Accordingly, whenever
tors; Fabricius had also brought armed men to Metellus attempted to hold an assembly, he posted
support him, and a bloody fight ensued, in which himself with a strong body of armed men on the
the party of Fabricius was worsted. Soon after place of meeting, and stopped the proceedings, by
wards, Clodius with his men fell upon another of giving notice that he was observing the auspices.
his opponents, the tribune Sextius, who nearly lost in the beginning of the following year, however
his life in the fray. He attacked the house of (B. C. 56), when Milo was no longer in office,
Milo, another the tribunes, and threatened bis Clodius was elected without opposition; for, not-
life whenever he appeared. He set fire to the withstanding his outrageous violence, as it was
temple of the Nymphs, for the purpose of destroy- evident that his chief object was not power but
ing the censorial records ; interrupted the Apolli- revenge, he was supported and connived at by
i
narian games, which were being celebrated by the several who found his proceedings calculated to
praetor L. Caecilius, and besieged him in his further their views. The optimates rejoiced to see
house. Milo made an unsuccessful attempt to him insult and humble the triumvir, Pompey, and
hring Clodius to trial for his acts of violence; and the latter to find that he was sufficiently powerful
finding his endeavours unsuccessful, resolved to to make the senate afraid of him. Cicero had
repel force by force. Accordingly he collected an many foes and rivals, who openly or secretly
armed band of slaves and gladiators, and frequent encouraged so active an enemy of the object of
contests took place in the streets between the op- their envy and dislike; while the disturbances
posing parties.
which his proceedings occasioned in the city were
When the senate came to a resolution to propose exactly adapted to further Caesar's designs. Clo-
to the comitia a decree for the restoration of Cicero, dius almost immediately after his election im-
Clodius was the only one who opposed it ; and peached Milo for public violence. Milo appeared
when, on the fourth of August, it was brought be- on the second of February to answer the accusation,
fore the people, Clodius spoke against it, but could and the day passed without disturbance. The next
do nothing more; for Milo and the other friends hearing was fixed for the ninth, and when Pompey
of Cicero had brought to the place of meeting a stood up to defend him, Clodius' party attempted
force sufficiently powerful to deter him from at- to put him down by raising a tumult. Milo's
tempting any violence, and the decree was passed. party acted in a similar manner when Clodius
Clodius, however, was not stopped in his career of spoke. A fray ensued, and the judicial proceed-
violence. On the occasion of the dearth which ings were stopped for that day. The matter was
ensued immediately after Cicero's recall, the blame put off by several adjournments to the beginning of
of which Clodius endeavoured to throw on him, he May, from which time we hear nothing more of it.
excited a disturbance; and when, by the advice of In April, Clodius celebrated the Megalesian games,
Cicero, Pompey was invested with extraordinary and admitted such a rumber of slaves, that the
powers to superintend the supplies, Clodius charged free citizens were unable to find room. Shortly
the former with betraying the senate.
after this, the senate consulted the haruspices on
The decree by which Cicero was recalled, pro- some prodigies which had happened near Rome.
vided also for the restitution of his property. They replied, that, among other things which had
Some difficulty, however, remained with respect to provoked the anger of the gods, was the desecration
the house on the Palatine, the site of which had of sacred places. Clodius interpreted this as re-
heen colibecrated by Clodius to the service of re- ferring to the restoration of Cicero's house, and
## p. 774 (#794) ############################################
774
CLAUDIUS.
CLAUDIUS.
made it a handle for a fresh attack upon him. matory speeches of the tribunes Munatius Plancns
Cicero replied in the speech De Haruspicum Re- and Q. Pompeius Rufus, headed by Sex. Clodius
sponsis. By this time Pompey and Clodius had carried the corpse into the Curia Hostilia, made a
found it convenient to make common cause with funeral pile of the benches, tables, and writings,
each other. A fresh attack which Clodius soon and burnt the body on the spot. Not only the
afterwards made on Cicero's house was repulsed by senate house, but the Porcian basilica, erected by
Milo. With the assistance of the latter also, Cato the Censor, and other ndjoining buildings,
Cicero, after being once foiled in his attempt by were reduced to ashes. (For an account of the
Clodius and his brother, succeeded during the ab- proceedings which followed, see Milo. )
sence of Clodius in carrying off from the capitol Clodius was twice married, first to Pinaria, and
the tablets on which the laws of the latter were afterwards to Fulvia. He left a son, Publius, and
engraved.
a daughter. Cicero charges him with having held
Clodius actively supported Pompey and Crassus an incestuous intercourse with his three sisters.
when they became candidates for the consulship, [Claudia, Nos. 7–9. ] Clodius inherited no
to which they were elected in the beginning of property from his father. [Sec No. 35. ] Besides
B. C. 55, and nearly lost his life in doing so. He what he obtained by less honest means, he re-
appears to have been in a great measure led by ceived some money by legacies and by letting one
the hope of being appointed on an embassy to of his houses on the Palatine. He also received
Asia, which would give him the opportunity of a considerable dowry with his wife Fulvia. He
recruiting his almost exhausted pecuniary, resources, was the owner of two houses on the Palatine hill,
and getting from Brogitarus and some others whom an estate at Alba, and considerable possessions in
he had assisted, the rewards they had promised Etruria, near lake Prelius. His personal appear-
him for his services. It appears, however, that he ance was effeminate, and neither handsome nor
remained in Rome. We hear nothing more of him commanding. That he was a man of great energy
this year. In B. c. 54 we find him prosecuting and ability there can be little question ; still less
the ex-tribune Procilius, who, among other acts of that his character was of the most profligate kind.
violence, was charged with murder; and soon after Cicero himself admits that he possessed considera-
we find Clodius and Cicero, with four others, ap- ble eloquence.
pearing to defend M. Aemilius Scaurus. Yet it The chief ancient sources for the life of Clodius
appears that Cicero still regarded him with the are the speeches of Cicero, pro Cuelio, pro Sextio,
greatest apprehension. (Cic. ad Att. ir. 15, ad Q.
pro Milone, pro Domo sua, de Haruspicum Res-
Fr. j. 15, b. , iii. 1. 4. )
ponsis, in Pisonem, and in Clodium et Curionem,
In B. c. 53 Clodius was a candidate for the and his letters to Atticus and his brother Quintus;
praetorship, and Milo for the consulship. Each Plutarch's lives of Lucullus, Pompey, Cicero, and
strove to hinder the election of the other. They Caesar; and Dion Cassius. Of modern writers,
collected armed bands of slaves and gladiators, and Middleton, in his Life of Cicero, has touched upon
the streets of Rome became the scene of fresh tu- the leading points of Clodius's history ; but the
mults and frays, in one of which Cicero himself best and fullest account has been given by Dru-
was endangered. When the consuls endeavoured mann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. pp. 199–370.
to hold the comitia, Clodius fell upon them with 41--45. CLODIAE. [CLAUDIAE, Nos. 7-11. ]
his band, and one of them, Cn. Domitius, was 46. APP. CLAUDIUS or CLODIUS PULCHER, the
wounded. The senate met to deliberate. Clodius elder of the two sons of C. Claudius. [No. 39. ]
spoke, and attacked Cicero and Milo, touching, Both he and his younger brother bore the praeno-
among other things, upon the amount of debt with men Appius (Ascon. Arg. in Milon. p. 35, Orell. ),
which the latter was burdened. Cicero replied in from which it was conjectured by Manutius (in
the speech De Aere alieno Milonis. The contest, Cic. ad Fam. ii. 13. $ 2, and viii. 8. & 2), that the
however, was soon after brought to a sudden and former had been adopted by his uncle Appius [No.
violent end. On the 20th of January, B. c. 52, Milo 38), a conjecture which is confirmed by a coin, on
set out on a journey to Lanuvium. Near Bovillae which he is designated c. CLOD. C. F. (Vaillant,
he met Clodius, who was returning to Rome after Claud. No. 13. ) Cicero, in letters written to Atticus
visiting some of his property. Both were accom- during his exile (iii. 17. $ 1, 8. 82, 9. & 3) ex-
panied by armed followers, but Milo's party was presses a fear lest his brother Quintus should be
the stronger. The two antagonists had passed brought to trial by this Appius before his uncle on
each other without disturbance; but two of the a charge of extortion. On the death of P. Clodius
gladiators in the rear of Milo's troop picked a he and his brother appeared as accusers of Milo.
quarrel with some of the followers of Clodius, who (Ascon. in Milon. pp. 35, 39, 40, 42, ed. Orell. )
immediately turned round, and rode up to the In B. c. 50 he led back from Gallia the two legions
scene of dispute, when he was wounded in the which had been lent to Caesar by Pompey. (Plut.
shoulder by one of the gladiators. The fray now Pomp. 57. ) Whether it was this Appius or his
became general. The party of Clodius were put brother who was consul in B. c. 38 (Dion. Cass.
to flight, and betook themselves with their leader xlviii. 43) cannot be determined.
to a house near Bovillae. Milo ordered his men 47. APP. CLAUDIus or CLODIUS PULCHER, bro-
to attack the house. Several of Clodius' men ther of No. 46, joined his brother in prosecuting
were slain, and Clodius himself dragged out and Milo. (B. c. 52. ) Next year he exposed the in-
despatched. The body was left lying on the road, trigue through which his father had escaped (see
till a senator named Sex. Tedius found it, and No. 39), in hopes of getting back the bribe that
conveyed it to Rome. Here it was exposed to had been paid to Servilius. But he managed the
the view of the populace, who crowded to see it. matter so clumsily, that Servilius escaped, and
Next day it was carried naked to the forum, and Appius, having abandoned a prosecution' with
again exposed to view before the rostra. The which he had threatened Servilius, was himself
mob, enraged by the spectacle, and by the inflam- not long after impeached for extortion by the Ser-
## p. 775 (#795) ############################################
CLAUDIUS.
775
CLAUDIUS.
M. F
P. CLODIUS
vilii, and for violence by Sex. Tettius. (Cic. ad | M. Aufidius, and condemned. (Ascon. in Milon.
Fan. vii. 8. )
p. 55. ) He remained in exile for eight years, but
48. P. CLODIUS, son of P. Clodius and Fulvia, was restored in 44 by M. Antonius. (Cic. ad Att.
was a child at the time of his father's death. Milo xiv. 13, A. and B. ) Cicero (pro Dom. 10, 31,
was accused of having attempted to get him into pro Cael. 32) charges him with having carried on
his power, that he might put him to death. (As- a criminal correspondence with Clodia (Quadran-
con. in Milon. p. 36. ) His step-father Antonius taria).
spoke of him as a hopeful lad. (Cic. ad Att. xiv. 5. Sex. CLODIUS, a Sicilian rhetorician, under
13, A. ) According to Valerius Maximus (iii. 5. whom M. Antonius studied oratory, and whom he
$ 3) his youth was spent in gluttony and debauch- rewarded with a present of a large estate in the
ery, which occasioned a disease of which he died. Leontine territory. (Cic. ad At. iv. 15, Phil. ii.
49. CLODIA. (CLAUDIA, No. 12. )
4, 17, iii. 9; Dion Cass. xlv. 30, xlvi. 8; Suet.
There are several coins of the Claudia gens. A de Clar. Rhet. 5. )
specimen is given below: it contains on the obverse 6. P. CLODIUS, M. F. appears on several coins
the head of Apollo, with a lyre behind, and on the which bear the image of Caesar and Antonius.
reverse Diana holding two torches, with the in- (Eckhel, v. p. 172; Vaillant, Anton. Nos. 14, 15,
scription P. CLODIUS M. f. , but it is uncertain to Claud. 43–46. ) He is probably the same with
which of the Claudii this refers. [C. P. M. ) the Clodius whom Caesar in B. C. 48 sent into
Macedonia to Metellus Scipio (Caes. B. C. iii.
57), and with the Clodius Bithynicus mentioned
by Appian (B. C. v. 49), who fought on the
side of Antonius in the Perusian war, and was
taken prisoner and put to death in B. C. 40 by
the command of Octavianus.
7. C. CLAUDIUS, probably the descendant of a
freedman of the Claudian house, was one of the
suite of P. Clodius on his last journey to Aricia.
CLAU'DIUS. The following were plebeians, (Cic. pro Mil.
