for which he is
censured
by Strabo (i.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
The writings of Damascius hepà kirjoews,
His national Syrian name is unknown. He περί τόπου, and περί χρόνου, cited by Simplicius
repaired at an early period to Alexandria, where in his commentary on Aristotle's Physica (fol. 189,
he first studied rhetoric under the rhetorician b. , 155, il. , 183, b. ), are perhaps only paris of his
Theon, and mathematics and philosophy under commentaries on the Aristotelian writings. Fabri-
Ammonius, the son of Hermeas (see p. 146, a. ), cius (Bill. Gruce. vol. ii. p. 294) atıributes to him
and Isidorus. From Alexandria Damascius went the composition of an epitoine of the first four and
to Athens, where Neo-Platonism existed in its the eighth book of Aristotle's Physica. 4. But of
setting glory under Marinus and Zenodotus, the much greater importance is Damascius's biography
successors of the celebrated Proclus. He became of his preceptor Isidorus ('loidupov Bios, perhaps
a disciple of both, and afterwards their successor a port of the φιλόσοφος ιστορία attributed to ba-
(whence his surname of o dicooxos), and he was mascius by Suidas, i. p. 506), of which Photius
the last who taught in the cathedra of Platonic (Cod. 242, comp. 181) has preserved a considera-
philosophy at Athens; for in the year 529 the ble fragment, and gives at the same time some im-
emperor Justinian closed the heathen schools of portant information respecting the life and studies
philosophy at Athens, and most of the philosophers, of Damascius. This biography appears to have
and among them Damascius, emigrated to king been reckoned by the ancients the most important
Chosroë's of Persia. At a later time (533), how of the works of Damascius. 5. nóyou lapáðogol,
ever, Damascius appears to have returned to the in 4 books, of which Photius (Cod. 130) also gives
West, since Chosroës had stipulated in a treaty of an account and specifies the respective titles of
peace that the religion and philosophy of the hea- the books. (Comp. Westermann, Rerum Miralil.
then votaries of the Platonic philosophy should be Scriptores, Proleg. p. xxix. ) Photius praises the
tolerated by the Byzantine emperor. " (Brucker, succinct, clear, and pleasing style of this work ;
Hist. Philosoph. ii. p. 345; Agathias, Scholast. ii. though, as a Christian, he in other respects vehe-
p. 49, &c. , p. 67, &c. ) We have no further parti- mently attacks the heathen philosopher and the
culars of the life of Damascius ; we only know tendency of his writings. 6. Besides all these
that he did not, after his return, found any school writings, there is lastly a fragment of a commen-
either at Athens or at any other place, and that tary on Hippocrates's “Aphorisms" in a manuscript
thus the heathen philosophy ended with its ex- at Munich, which is ascribed to this philosopher.
ternal existence. But the Neo-Platonic ideas from (See below. ) There is also an epigram in the Greek
the school of Proclus were preserved in the Chris- Anthology (iii. 179, ed. Jacobs, comp. Jacobs, Com-
tian church down to the later times of the middle ment. in Anthol. xiii. p. 880) likewise ascribed to
ages.
him. For further particulars, see Kopp's Preface
Only one of Damascius's numerous writings has to his edition of Damascius, tepi te putwv dp xúv,
yet been printed, namely, “ Doubts and Solutions and Fabric. Bill. G'raec. vol. iii. pp. 79, 83, 230.
of the first Principles, ('Απορίαι και Λύσεις περί Among the disciples of Damascius the most im
TÛV A PÁTWv åpx@v), which was published (but not portant are Simplicius, the celebrated commentator
complete) by J. Kopp, Francof. 1828. 8vo. In on Aristotle, and Eulamius.
(A. S. ]
this treatise Damascius inquires, as the title inti- DAMA'SCIUS (Aaudokios), the author of a
mates, respecting the first principle of all things, short Greek commentary on the Aphorisins of Hip-
which he finds to be an unfathomable and unspeak- pocrates, first published by F. R. Dietz in bis
able divine depth, being all in one, but undivided. Scholia in Hippocr. et Gul. , Regim, Pruss. 1834,
The struggles which he makes in this treatise to 8vo. This Damascius is perhaps the same as the
force into words that which is not susceptible of celebrated Neo-Platonic philosopher mentioned
expression, have been blamed by many of the above; but the matter is quite uncertain.
modern philosophers as barren subtilty and tedious
[W. A. G. )
tautology, but received the just admiration of DAMASIPPUS (Aaudo ITTIOS), à Macedonian,
others. This work is, moreover, of no small im- who after having assassinated the members of the
portance for the history of philosophy, in conse-synedrium of Phacus, a Macedonian town, fied
quence of the great number of notices which it with his wife and children from his country. When
contains concerning the elder philosophers. Ptolemy Physcon came to Greece and raised an
The rest of Damascius's writings are for the army of mercenaries, Damasippus also engaged in
most part commentaries on works of Aristotle and his service, and accompanied him to Creie and
Plato : of these the most important are : 1. 'ATTO- Libya. (Polyb. xxxi. 25. )
[L. S. ]
ρίαι και λύσεις εις τον Πλάτωνος Παρμενίδην in a DAMASIPPUS, L. JUŠNIUS BRUTUS.
manuscript at Venice. 2. A continuation and [BRUTUS, No. 19. ]
completion of Proclus's commentary on Plato's DAMASIPPUS, LICI'NIUS. 1. LICINIUS
Parmenides, printed in Cousin's edition of the DAMASIPPUS, a Roman senator of the party of
works of Proclus, Paris, 1827, 8vo. , vol. vi. p. 255, Pompey, who was with king Juba in B. c. 49.
&c. We hare references to some commentaries of During Caesar's African war, in B. C. 47, we again
Damascius on Plato's Timaeus, Alcibiades, and meet him among the enemies of Caesar. Dama-
other dialogues, which seem to be lost. 3. Of the sippus and some others of his party endeavoured
commentaries of Damascius on Aristotle's works with a few ships to reach the coast of Spain, but
we only know of the commentary on Aristotle's they were thrown back by a storm to Hippo,
treatise “ de Coelo,” of which perhaps a fragment | where the fleet of P. Sitius was stationed. The
## p. 933 (#953) ############################################
DAMASTES:
933
DAMASUS.
ships of the Pompeinns were taken and sunk, and as the Damos Scombros mentioned by Seneca
Damasippus perished with the rest. (Caes. de B. C. (Controv. ii. 14), and may possibly be the same as
ii. 44; Hirt. de Bell. Afr. 96. )
the rhetorician who is also spoken of by Se-
2. Licinius Damasirpus, a contemporary of neca (Suas. 1; comp. Schott, ud Contror. ii. 14)
Cicero, who speaks (ad Fum. vii. 23) of him as a under the name of Damascticus. But nothing
lover of statues. In other passages, Cicero, in B. c. further is known about him.
(L. S. )
45, speaks of his intention of buying a garden DAMASUS, whose father's name was Anto-
from Damasippus. (Ad Au. xii. 29, 33. ) lle ap- nins, by extraction a Spaniard, must have been
pears to have been a connoisseur and dealer in born near the beginning of the fourth century
ancient statues, and to have purchased and laid (Hieron. de l'iris Illustr. c. 103), and upon the
out gardens for the purpose of selling them again. death of Liberius, in A. D. 366, was chosen bishop
He is in all probability the same person as the of Rome. His election, however, was strenuously
Damasippus who is ridiculed by Horace. (Sut. ii. opposed by a party who supported the claims of a
3. 16, 04. ) It appears from Horace that he had certain Ursicinus or Ursinus : a fierce striſe arose
become a bankrupt in his trade as a dealer in between the followers of the rival factions ; the
statues, in consequence of which he intended to pracfect Juventius, unable to appease or withstand
put an end to himself ; but he was prevented by their violence, was compelled to fly, and upwards
the Stoic Stertinius, and then turned Stoic himself, of a hundred and thirty dead bodies were found
or at least affected to be one by his long beard. in the basilica of Sicininus, which had been the
The Nama:ippus mentioned by Juvenal (Sat. viii. chief scene of the struggle. Damasus prevailed ;
147, 151, 167) is undoubtedly a fictitious name, llis pretensions were favoured by the emperor, and
under which the satirist ridiculed some noble lover his antagonists were banished; but having been
of horses.
[L. S. ] permitted to return within a year, fresh disturb-
DAMASTES (Aaudotas), of Sigeum, a Greek ances broke forth which, although promptly sup-
historian, and a contemporary of Herodotus pressed, were renewed from time to time, to the
and Hellanicus of Lesbos, with the latter of great scandal of the church, until peace was at
whom he is often mentioned. Suidas even calls length restored by the exertions of the praefect
him a disciple of Hellanicus, while Porphyry Praetextatus, not without fresh bloodshed. While
(ap. Euseb. Praep. Erang. ix. p. 468) states, that these angry passions were still raging, Damasus
Hellanicus borrowed from Damastes and Herodotus was impeached of impurity before a public council,
several statements concerning the manners and and was honourably acquitted, while his calum-
customs of foreign nations. This latter statement niators, the deacons Concordius and Calistus, were
has led some critics to assume, that Porphyry deprived of their sacred office. During the re-
alludes to a later Hellanicus of Miletus; but there mainder of his career, until his death in A. D. 384,
is no reason for such a supposition, and the simpler he was occupied in waging war against the rem-
solution is, that the work of Damastes was pub- nants of the Arians in the West and in the East,
lished before that of Hellanicus, or what is more in denouncing the heresy of Apollinaris in the
likely, that Porphyry made a blunder. Accord- Roman councils of a. D. 377 and 382, in advocating
ing to Suidas (comp. Eudoc. p. 127), Damastes the cause of Paulinus against Meletius, and in
wrote, -1. A History of Greece (Tepl Tv ér erecting two basilicae. He is celebrated in the
'Enáðu gevouévwv). 2. On the ancestors of those history of sacred music from having ordained that
who had taken part in the war against Troy, and the psalms should be regularly chaunted in all
3. A catalogue of nations and towns (édvæv kata- places of public worship by day and by night,
hoyos kal ólewv), which is probably the same concluding in each case with the doxology ; but
work as the one quoted by Stephanus of Byzan- his chief claim to the gratitude of posterity rests
tium (s. v. Úmepbópeos) under the simple title of upon the circumstance, that, at his instigation,
Trepd éovwv. Besides these, a Teplomovs also is St. Jerome, with whom he maintained a most
mentioned as the work of Damastes by Agathe- steady and cordial friendship, was first induced to
merus (i. p. 2, ed. Hudson), who states, that Da- undertake the great task of producing a new trans-
mastes copied from Hecataeus. All these works lation of the Bible.
are lost, with the exception of a few insignificant
To Damasuis was addressed the famous and most
fragments, Eratosthenes made great use of them, important edict of Valentinian (Cod. Theodos. 16.
for which he is censured by Strabo (i. p. 47, xiii. tit. 2. s. 20), by which, in combination with some
p. 583, xiv. p. 684), who set little value upon the subsequent enactments, ecclesiastics were strictly
opinions of Damastes, and charges him with igno- prohibited from receiving the testamentary bequests
rance and credulity. From Dionysius of Halicar- of their spiritual children,-a regulation rendered
nassus (A. R. i. 72) we learn that Damastes spoke imperative by the shameless avarice displayed by
of the foundation of Rome. (Comp. Val. Max. too many of the clergy of that period and the dis-
viii. 13, Ext. 6; Plut. Camill. 19; Dionys. Hal. reputable arts by which they had notoriously
Jud. de Thucyd. p. 818; Plin. H. N. Elench. libb. abused their influence over female penitents. Da-
iv. v. vi. vii. and vii. 48; Arienus Ruf. de Ora masus himself, who was obliged to give publicity
Marit. ; Sturz. Fragm. Hellanici, p. 14, dc. ; to the decree, had not escaped the imputation of
Ukert, Untersuchung. über die Geographie des He- these heredipetal propensities; for his insinuating
cataeus und Damasies, Weimar, 1814, p. 26. ) and persuasive eloquence gained for him among
Another person of this name is Damastes, the his enemies the nickname of Auriscalpius (ear-
brother of Democritus the philosopher. (Suid. s. r. tickler) matronarum. At the same time, while
Anuóxpiros; Diog. Laërt. ix. 39. ) [L. S. ] the outward pomp and luxury of the church were
DAMASUS (Aduagos), of Tralles in Cilicia, is for a while checked, her rcal power was vastly in-
mentioned by Strabo (xiv. p. 649) among the cele creased by the law of Valentinian (367) after-
brated orators of Tralles. He is surnamed Scom- wards enforced and extended by Gratian (378),
brus (Exou pos), and is in all probability the same in virtue of which the clergy were relieved from
## p. 934 (#954) ############################################
934
DAMASUS.
DAMIO.
the jurisdiction of the civil magistrate, and ren- DA'MEAS (Aquéas) or DE’MEAS. 1. A sta-
dered amonable to their own courts alone.
tuary of Croton, who made a bronze statue of his
The extant works of Damasus are :
fellow-citizen, Milo, which Milo carried on his
I. Seven epistles written between the years shoulders into the Altis. This fixes the artist's
372—384, addressed to the bishops of Illyria, to date at about B. c. 530. (Paus, vi. 14. 2. )
Paulinus, to Acholius and other bishops of Mace- 2. Also called Damias, a statuary, born at Clei-
donia, and to St. Jerome, together with an Epistola tor, a city in Arcadii, was the disciple of Poly-
Synodica against Apollinaris and Timotheus. cleitus, and was associated with other artists in
These refer, for the most part, to the controversies the execution of the great votive offering which
then agitating the religious world, and are not the Lacedaemonians made at Delphi after the vic-
without value as materials for ecclesiastical history. tory of Acgospotami. (1. C. 405. ) Dameas cast
The second, to Paulinus, consists of two parts, the statues of Athena, Poseidon, and Lysander.
which in some editions are arranged separately, so (Paus. X. 9. § 4; Plin. xxxiv. 3. 8. 19; Thiersch.
as to make the whole number amount to eight. In | Epochen. p. 276. )
[P. S. ]
addition to the above, which are entire, we have DAMIA. [Auxesia. ]
several fragments of letters, and it is known that DAMIANUS (Aaulavós), of Ephesus, a cele-
many have perished. See the “ Epistolae Pontifi- brated rhetorician and contemporary of Philostra-
cum Romanorum," by Coustant, Paris, 1721. tus, who visited him at Ephesus, and who has
II. Upwards of forty short poems in various preserved a few particulars respecting his life. In
measures and styles, religious, descriptive, lyrical, his youth Damianus was a pupil of Adrianus and
and panegyrical, including several epitaphs. None Aelius Aristeides, whom he afterwards followed as
of these, notwithstanding the testimony of St. Je- his models. He appears to have taught rhetoric in
rome (1. c. ), dictated probably by partial friendship, his native place, and his reputation as a rhetorician
are remarkable for any felicity either in thought and sophist was so great, that even when he had
or in expression. The rules of classical prosody arrived at an advanced age and had given up rhe-
are freely disregarded; we observe a propensity to toric, many persons flocked to Ephesus to have an
indulge in jingling cadences, thus leading the way opportunity of conversing with hiin. He belonged
to the rhyming versification of the monks, and to a very illustrious family, and was possessed of
here and there some specimens of acrostic dexte- great wealth, of which he made generous use, for he
rity. These pieces were published separately in not only instructed gratis such young men as were
several of the early editions of the Christian poets; unable to remunerate him, but he erected or restored
by A. M. Merenda, Rom. fol. 1754 ; and a selec- at his own expense sereral useful and public institu-
tion comprising his “Sanctorum Elogia" is included tions and buildings. He died at the age of seventy,
in the “Opera Veterum Poëtarum Latinorum” by and was buried in one of the suburbs of Ephesus.
Maittaire, 2 vols. fol. Lond. 1713.
It is not known whether he ever published any
Among the lost works of this author are to be scientific treatise on rhetoric or any orations or
reckoned several epistles; a tract de Virginitate, in declamations. (Philostr. Vit. Soph. ii. 23; Suid.
which prose and poetry were combined ; summaries s. r. Aaulavós; Eudocia, p. 130. ) (L. S. )
in hexameter verse of certain books of the Old and DAMIANUS (aquiavos), a celebrated saint
New Testament (Hieron. Epist. ad Eustoch. de and martyr, who was a physician by profession
Custod. Virgin. ), and Acta Martyrum Romanorum and lived in the third and fourth centuries after
Petri Erorcistae et Marcellini (Eginhart. ap. Suri- Christ. He is said to have been the brother of
um, de probatis sanctt. Histor. vol. iii. p. 561). St. Cosmas, with whose name and life his own is
Several Decreta; a book entitled Liber de Vitis commonly associated, and whose joint history ap-
Pontificum Romanorum ; and all the epistles not pears to have been as follows. They were born
named above are deemed spurious.
in Arabia : their father's name is not known,
The earliest edition of the collected works is their mother's was Theodora, and both are said to
that prepared by Sarrazanius and published by have been Christians. After receiving an excel-
Ubaldinus under the patronage of cardinal Fran- | lent education, they chose the medical profession,
cesco Barberini, Rom. 4to. 1638. They are con- as being that in which they thought they could
tained also in the Bibliothec. Mar. Patrum. vol. iv. most benefit their fellow men; and accordingly
p. 543, and vol. xxvii. p. 81, and appear in their they constantly practised gratuitously, thus
most correct form in the Billiotheca Patrum of earning for themselves the title of 'Avapyupou, by
Galland, vol. vi.
which they are constantly distinguished. They
(For the life and character of Damasus, see the were at last put to death with the most cruel tor-
testimonies and biographies collected in the edition tures, in company with several other Christians,
of Sarrazanius ; Hieron. de l'iris. Ill. c. 103, Chro during the persecution by Diocletian, A. D. 303-
nic. p. 186, ad Nepot. ; Ambros. adv. Symmach. ii. ; 311. Justinian, in the sixth century, built a
Augustin. Serm. 49; Suidas, s. r. Aduacus; Amm. church in their honour at Constantinople, and an-
Marc. xxvii. 3, a very remarkable passage. The other in Pamphylia, in consequence of bis having
petition of two presbyters opposed to Damasus is been (as be supposed) cured of a dangerous illness
preserved in the first volume of the works of P. through their intercession. (Cosmas. ] [W. A. G. ]
Sirmond. -Nic. Antonius, Bibliothec. Vet. Hispan DAMIANUS HELIODO’RUS. [HELIO-
ii. 6; Bayerus, Damasus el Laurentius Hispanis DORUS.
His national Syrian name is unknown. He περί τόπου, and περί χρόνου, cited by Simplicius
repaired at an early period to Alexandria, where in his commentary on Aristotle's Physica (fol. 189,
he first studied rhetoric under the rhetorician b. , 155, il. , 183, b. ), are perhaps only paris of his
Theon, and mathematics and philosophy under commentaries on the Aristotelian writings. Fabri-
Ammonius, the son of Hermeas (see p. 146, a. ), cius (Bill. Gruce. vol. ii. p. 294) atıributes to him
and Isidorus. From Alexandria Damascius went the composition of an epitoine of the first four and
to Athens, where Neo-Platonism existed in its the eighth book of Aristotle's Physica. 4. But of
setting glory under Marinus and Zenodotus, the much greater importance is Damascius's biography
successors of the celebrated Proclus. He became of his preceptor Isidorus ('loidupov Bios, perhaps
a disciple of both, and afterwards their successor a port of the φιλόσοφος ιστορία attributed to ba-
(whence his surname of o dicooxos), and he was mascius by Suidas, i. p. 506), of which Photius
the last who taught in the cathedra of Platonic (Cod. 242, comp. 181) has preserved a considera-
philosophy at Athens; for in the year 529 the ble fragment, and gives at the same time some im-
emperor Justinian closed the heathen schools of portant information respecting the life and studies
philosophy at Athens, and most of the philosophers, of Damascius. This biography appears to have
and among them Damascius, emigrated to king been reckoned by the ancients the most important
Chosroë's of Persia. At a later time (533), how of the works of Damascius. 5. nóyou lapáðogol,
ever, Damascius appears to have returned to the in 4 books, of which Photius (Cod. 130) also gives
West, since Chosroës had stipulated in a treaty of an account and specifies the respective titles of
peace that the religion and philosophy of the hea- the books. (Comp. Westermann, Rerum Miralil.
then votaries of the Platonic philosophy should be Scriptores, Proleg. p. xxix. ) Photius praises the
tolerated by the Byzantine emperor. " (Brucker, succinct, clear, and pleasing style of this work ;
Hist. Philosoph. ii. p. 345; Agathias, Scholast. ii. though, as a Christian, he in other respects vehe-
p. 49, &c. , p. 67, &c. ) We have no further parti- mently attacks the heathen philosopher and the
culars of the life of Damascius ; we only know tendency of his writings. 6. Besides all these
that he did not, after his return, found any school writings, there is lastly a fragment of a commen-
either at Athens or at any other place, and that tary on Hippocrates's “Aphorisms" in a manuscript
thus the heathen philosophy ended with its ex- at Munich, which is ascribed to this philosopher.
ternal existence. But the Neo-Platonic ideas from (See below. ) There is also an epigram in the Greek
the school of Proclus were preserved in the Chris- Anthology (iii. 179, ed. Jacobs, comp. Jacobs, Com-
tian church down to the later times of the middle ment. in Anthol. xiii. p. 880) likewise ascribed to
ages.
him. For further particulars, see Kopp's Preface
Only one of Damascius's numerous writings has to his edition of Damascius, tepi te putwv dp xúv,
yet been printed, namely, “ Doubts and Solutions and Fabric. Bill. G'raec. vol. iii. pp. 79, 83, 230.
of the first Principles, ('Απορίαι και Λύσεις περί Among the disciples of Damascius the most im
TÛV A PÁTWv åpx@v), which was published (but not portant are Simplicius, the celebrated commentator
complete) by J. Kopp, Francof. 1828. 8vo. In on Aristotle, and Eulamius.
(A. S. ]
this treatise Damascius inquires, as the title inti- DAMA'SCIUS (Aaudokios), the author of a
mates, respecting the first principle of all things, short Greek commentary on the Aphorisins of Hip-
which he finds to be an unfathomable and unspeak- pocrates, first published by F. R. Dietz in bis
able divine depth, being all in one, but undivided. Scholia in Hippocr. et Gul. , Regim, Pruss. 1834,
The struggles which he makes in this treatise to 8vo. This Damascius is perhaps the same as the
force into words that which is not susceptible of celebrated Neo-Platonic philosopher mentioned
expression, have been blamed by many of the above; but the matter is quite uncertain.
modern philosophers as barren subtilty and tedious
[W. A. G. )
tautology, but received the just admiration of DAMASIPPUS (Aaudo ITTIOS), à Macedonian,
others. This work is, moreover, of no small im- who after having assassinated the members of the
portance for the history of philosophy, in conse-synedrium of Phacus, a Macedonian town, fied
quence of the great number of notices which it with his wife and children from his country. When
contains concerning the elder philosophers. Ptolemy Physcon came to Greece and raised an
The rest of Damascius's writings are for the army of mercenaries, Damasippus also engaged in
most part commentaries on works of Aristotle and his service, and accompanied him to Creie and
Plato : of these the most important are : 1. 'ATTO- Libya. (Polyb. xxxi. 25. )
[L. S. ]
ρίαι και λύσεις εις τον Πλάτωνος Παρμενίδην in a DAMASIPPUS, L. JUŠNIUS BRUTUS.
manuscript at Venice. 2. A continuation and [BRUTUS, No. 19. ]
completion of Proclus's commentary on Plato's DAMASIPPUS, LICI'NIUS. 1. LICINIUS
Parmenides, printed in Cousin's edition of the DAMASIPPUS, a Roman senator of the party of
works of Proclus, Paris, 1827, 8vo. , vol. vi. p. 255, Pompey, who was with king Juba in B. c. 49.
&c. We hare references to some commentaries of During Caesar's African war, in B. C. 47, we again
Damascius on Plato's Timaeus, Alcibiades, and meet him among the enemies of Caesar. Dama-
other dialogues, which seem to be lost. 3. Of the sippus and some others of his party endeavoured
commentaries of Damascius on Aristotle's works with a few ships to reach the coast of Spain, but
we only know of the commentary on Aristotle's they were thrown back by a storm to Hippo,
treatise “ de Coelo,” of which perhaps a fragment | where the fleet of P. Sitius was stationed. The
## p. 933 (#953) ############################################
DAMASTES:
933
DAMASUS.
ships of the Pompeinns were taken and sunk, and as the Damos Scombros mentioned by Seneca
Damasippus perished with the rest. (Caes. de B. C. (Controv. ii. 14), and may possibly be the same as
ii. 44; Hirt. de Bell. Afr. 96. )
the rhetorician who is also spoken of by Se-
2. Licinius Damasirpus, a contemporary of neca (Suas. 1; comp. Schott, ud Contror. ii. 14)
Cicero, who speaks (ad Fum. vii. 23) of him as a under the name of Damascticus. But nothing
lover of statues. In other passages, Cicero, in B. c. further is known about him.
(L. S. )
45, speaks of his intention of buying a garden DAMASUS, whose father's name was Anto-
from Damasippus. (Ad Au. xii. 29, 33. ) lle ap- nins, by extraction a Spaniard, must have been
pears to have been a connoisseur and dealer in born near the beginning of the fourth century
ancient statues, and to have purchased and laid (Hieron. de l'iris Illustr. c. 103), and upon the
out gardens for the purpose of selling them again. death of Liberius, in A. D. 366, was chosen bishop
He is in all probability the same person as the of Rome. His election, however, was strenuously
Damasippus who is ridiculed by Horace. (Sut. ii. opposed by a party who supported the claims of a
3. 16, 04. ) It appears from Horace that he had certain Ursicinus or Ursinus : a fierce striſe arose
become a bankrupt in his trade as a dealer in between the followers of the rival factions ; the
statues, in consequence of which he intended to pracfect Juventius, unable to appease or withstand
put an end to himself ; but he was prevented by their violence, was compelled to fly, and upwards
the Stoic Stertinius, and then turned Stoic himself, of a hundred and thirty dead bodies were found
or at least affected to be one by his long beard. in the basilica of Sicininus, which had been the
The Nama:ippus mentioned by Juvenal (Sat. viii. chief scene of the struggle. Damasus prevailed ;
147, 151, 167) is undoubtedly a fictitious name, llis pretensions were favoured by the emperor, and
under which the satirist ridiculed some noble lover his antagonists were banished; but having been
of horses.
[L. S. ] permitted to return within a year, fresh disturb-
DAMASTES (Aaudotas), of Sigeum, a Greek ances broke forth which, although promptly sup-
historian, and a contemporary of Herodotus pressed, were renewed from time to time, to the
and Hellanicus of Lesbos, with the latter of great scandal of the church, until peace was at
whom he is often mentioned. Suidas even calls length restored by the exertions of the praefect
him a disciple of Hellanicus, while Porphyry Praetextatus, not without fresh bloodshed. While
(ap. Euseb. Praep. Erang. ix. p. 468) states, that these angry passions were still raging, Damasus
Hellanicus borrowed from Damastes and Herodotus was impeached of impurity before a public council,
several statements concerning the manners and and was honourably acquitted, while his calum-
customs of foreign nations. This latter statement niators, the deacons Concordius and Calistus, were
has led some critics to assume, that Porphyry deprived of their sacred office. During the re-
alludes to a later Hellanicus of Miletus; but there mainder of his career, until his death in A. D. 384,
is no reason for such a supposition, and the simpler he was occupied in waging war against the rem-
solution is, that the work of Damastes was pub- nants of the Arians in the West and in the East,
lished before that of Hellanicus, or what is more in denouncing the heresy of Apollinaris in the
likely, that Porphyry made a blunder. Accord- Roman councils of a. D. 377 and 382, in advocating
ing to Suidas (comp. Eudoc. p. 127), Damastes the cause of Paulinus against Meletius, and in
wrote, -1. A History of Greece (Tepl Tv ér erecting two basilicae. He is celebrated in the
'Enáðu gevouévwv). 2. On the ancestors of those history of sacred music from having ordained that
who had taken part in the war against Troy, and the psalms should be regularly chaunted in all
3. A catalogue of nations and towns (édvæv kata- places of public worship by day and by night,
hoyos kal ólewv), which is probably the same concluding in each case with the doxology ; but
work as the one quoted by Stephanus of Byzan- his chief claim to the gratitude of posterity rests
tium (s. v. Úmepbópeos) under the simple title of upon the circumstance, that, at his instigation,
Trepd éovwv. Besides these, a Teplomovs also is St. Jerome, with whom he maintained a most
mentioned as the work of Damastes by Agathe- steady and cordial friendship, was first induced to
merus (i. p. 2, ed. Hudson), who states, that Da- undertake the great task of producing a new trans-
mastes copied from Hecataeus. All these works lation of the Bible.
are lost, with the exception of a few insignificant
To Damasuis was addressed the famous and most
fragments, Eratosthenes made great use of them, important edict of Valentinian (Cod. Theodos. 16.
for which he is censured by Strabo (i. p. 47, xiii. tit. 2. s. 20), by which, in combination with some
p. 583, xiv. p. 684), who set little value upon the subsequent enactments, ecclesiastics were strictly
opinions of Damastes, and charges him with igno- prohibited from receiving the testamentary bequests
rance and credulity. From Dionysius of Halicar- of their spiritual children,-a regulation rendered
nassus (A. R. i. 72) we learn that Damastes spoke imperative by the shameless avarice displayed by
of the foundation of Rome. (Comp. Val. Max. too many of the clergy of that period and the dis-
viii. 13, Ext. 6; Plut. Camill. 19; Dionys. Hal. reputable arts by which they had notoriously
Jud. de Thucyd. p. 818; Plin. H. N. Elench. libb. abused their influence over female penitents. Da-
iv. v. vi. vii. and vii. 48; Arienus Ruf. de Ora masus himself, who was obliged to give publicity
Marit. ; Sturz. Fragm. Hellanici, p. 14, dc. ; to the decree, had not escaped the imputation of
Ukert, Untersuchung. über die Geographie des He- these heredipetal propensities; for his insinuating
cataeus und Damasies, Weimar, 1814, p. 26. ) and persuasive eloquence gained for him among
Another person of this name is Damastes, the his enemies the nickname of Auriscalpius (ear-
brother of Democritus the philosopher. (Suid. s. r. tickler) matronarum. At the same time, while
Anuóxpiros; Diog. Laërt. ix. 39. ) [L. S. ] the outward pomp and luxury of the church were
DAMASUS (Aduagos), of Tralles in Cilicia, is for a while checked, her rcal power was vastly in-
mentioned by Strabo (xiv. p. 649) among the cele creased by the law of Valentinian (367) after-
brated orators of Tralles. He is surnamed Scom- wards enforced and extended by Gratian (378),
brus (Exou pos), and is in all probability the same in virtue of which the clergy were relieved from
## p. 934 (#954) ############################################
934
DAMASUS.
DAMIO.
the jurisdiction of the civil magistrate, and ren- DA'MEAS (Aquéas) or DE’MEAS. 1. A sta-
dered amonable to their own courts alone.
tuary of Croton, who made a bronze statue of his
The extant works of Damasus are :
fellow-citizen, Milo, which Milo carried on his
I. Seven epistles written between the years shoulders into the Altis. This fixes the artist's
372—384, addressed to the bishops of Illyria, to date at about B. c. 530. (Paus, vi. 14. 2. )
Paulinus, to Acholius and other bishops of Mace- 2. Also called Damias, a statuary, born at Clei-
donia, and to St. Jerome, together with an Epistola tor, a city in Arcadii, was the disciple of Poly-
Synodica against Apollinaris and Timotheus. cleitus, and was associated with other artists in
These refer, for the most part, to the controversies the execution of the great votive offering which
then agitating the religious world, and are not the Lacedaemonians made at Delphi after the vic-
without value as materials for ecclesiastical history. tory of Acgospotami. (1. C. 405. ) Dameas cast
The second, to Paulinus, consists of two parts, the statues of Athena, Poseidon, and Lysander.
which in some editions are arranged separately, so (Paus. X. 9. § 4; Plin. xxxiv. 3. 8. 19; Thiersch.
as to make the whole number amount to eight. In | Epochen. p. 276. )
[P. S. ]
addition to the above, which are entire, we have DAMIA. [Auxesia. ]
several fragments of letters, and it is known that DAMIANUS (Aaulavós), of Ephesus, a cele-
many have perished. See the “ Epistolae Pontifi- brated rhetorician and contemporary of Philostra-
cum Romanorum," by Coustant, Paris, 1721. tus, who visited him at Ephesus, and who has
II. Upwards of forty short poems in various preserved a few particulars respecting his life. In
measures and styles, religious, descriptive, lyrical, his youth Damianus was a pupil of Adrianus and
and panegyrical, including several epitaphs. None Aelius Aristeides, whom he afterwards followed as
of these, notwithstanding the testimony of St. Je- his models. He appears to have taught rhetoric in
rome (1. c. ), dictated probably by partial friendship, his native place, and his reputation as a rhetorician
are remarkable for any felicity either in thought and sophist was so great, that even when he had
or in expression. The rules of classical prosody arrived at an advanced age and had given up rhe-
are freely disregarded; we observe a propensity to toric, many persons flocked to Ephesus to have an
indulge in jingling cadences, thus leading the way opportunity of conversing with hiin. He belonged
to the rhyming versification of the monks, and to a very illustrious family, and was possessed of
here and there some specimens of acrostic dexte- great wealth, of which he made generous use, for he
rity. These pieces were published separately in not only instructed gratis such young men as were
several of the early editions of the Christian poets; unable to remunerate him, but he erected or restored
by A. M. Merenda, Rom. fol. 1754 ; and a selec- at his own expense sereral useful and public institu-
tion comprising his “Sanctorum Elogia" is included tions and buildings. He died at the age of seventy,
in the “Opera Veterum Poëtarum Latinorum” by and was buried in one of the suburbs of Ephesus.
Maittaire, 2 vols. fol. Lond. 1713.
It is not known whether he ever published any
Among the lost works of this author are to be scientific treatise on rhetoric or any orations or
reckoned several epistles; a tract de Virginitate, in declamations. (Philostr. Vit. Soph. ii. 23; Suid.
which prose and poetry were combined ; summaries s. r. Aaulavós; Eudocia, p. 130. ) (L. S. )
in hexameter verse of certain books of the Old and DAMIANUS (aquiavos), a celebrated saint
New Testament (Hieron. Epist. ad Eustoch. de and martyr, who was a physician by profession
Custod. Virgin. ), and Acta Martyrum Romanorum and lived in the third and fourth centuries after
Petri Erorcistae et Marcellini (Eginhart. ap. Suri- Christ. He is said to have been the brother of
um, de probatis sanctt. Histor. vol. iii. p. 561). St. Cosmas, with whose name and life his own is
Several Decreta; a book entitled Liber de Vitis commonly associated, and whose joint history ap-
Pontificum Romanorum ; and all the epistles not pears to have been as follows. They were born
named above are deemed spurious.
in Arabia : their father's name is not known,
The earliest edition of the collected works is their mother's was Theodora, and both are said to
that prepared by Sarrazanius and published by have been Christians. After receiving an excel-
Ubaldinus under the patronage of cardinal Fran- | lent education, they chose the medical profession,
cesco Barberini, Rom. 4to. 1638. They are con- as being that in which they thought they could
tained also in the Bibliothec. Mar. Patrum. vol. iv. most benefit their fellow men; and accordingly
p. 543, and vol. xxvii. p. 81, and appear in their they constantly practised gratuitously, thus
most correct form in the Billiotheca Patrum of earning for themselves the title of 'Avapyupou, by
Galland, vol. vi.
which they are constantly distinguished. They
(For the life and character of Damasus, see the were at last put to death with the most cruel tor-
testimonies and biographies collected in the edition tures, in company with several other Christians,
of Sarrazanius ; Hieron. de l'iris. Ill. c. 103, Chro during the persecution by Diocletian, A. D. 303-
nic. p. 186, ad Nepot. ; Ambros. adv. Symmach. ii. ; 311. Justinian, in the sixth century, built a
Augustin. Serm. 49; Suidas, s. r. Aduacus; Amm. church in their honour at Constantinople, and an-
Marc. xxvii. 3, a very remarkable passage. The other in Pamphylia, in consequence of bis having
petition of two presbyters opposed to Damasus is been (as be supposed) cured of a dangerous illness
preserved in the first volume of the works of P. through their intercession. (Cosmas. ] [W. A. G. ]
Sirmond. -Nic. Antonius, Bibliothec. Vet. Hispan DAMIANUS HELIODO’RUS. [HELIO-
ii. 6; Bayerus, Damasus el Laurentius Hispanis DORUS.
