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In words of this class the Latins sometimes omit the final
N ; as Macedo, Agamemno, Plato, Sfiado, &c.
Luc. Cum tibi sacrato Macedo servetur in antro.
Stat. Conclamant Danai stimulatque Agamemno volentes.
Saxo, Seno, and some other gentile nouns, increase short.
Brito has the increment common, being short in Juvenal,
and long in Martial. Fee to and Axo are made to increase
long by Lucan.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Sidon, Orion, and JEgteon, have the penult of the genitive
common.
Virg. Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona.
Ovid. Diversasque urbes, nitidumque Oridnis ensem. .
Exception II. --Genitives in ORIS, from Latin nouns of
the neuter gender, have the penult short; as Marmor, mar-
mdris ,? corfius, corfldris ; ebur, eboris.
Ador, however, which is of the masculine gender, makes
addris and addris ; it being found short in Ausonius, and
both long and short in Gannius, an old poet quoted by
Priscian. "
Auson. Mox ador, atque addris de polline pullificum far.
Gann. Mam sponti satos addris stravissc maniplos.
Idem. Emicat in mtbes nidoribus ardor addris.
Os, oris, and adjectives of the comparative degree, have
Iheir increase long; as majoris, fiejoris.
Virg, Adjiciam,faciamque omnes una ore Latinos.
Juv. Vendit agros, sed majores Apulia vendit.
The compounds of Htvf, as Trifius, Polyfius, and also
memor, arbor, lefi us, bos, comfios, imfios, have their increase
short.
Juv. Stantibus oznaphorum, tripddas, armaria, cistas.
Virg. Arbdris obnixus trunco, ventosque lacessit.
Prop. Cur serus versare bdves et plaustra Bootes.
Exception III. --Cafifiadox, Allobrox, firacox,mi nouns
ending in S impure, that is, which have a consonant imme-
diately preceding S, in the nominative; as Scrobs, JEthiofis,
Cecrofis, Dolofis, have their increase short; except Cyclofis)
cercofis, hydrofis, which increase long.
Mart. Cappaddcum s re vis Antistius occidit oris.
Virg. Hie Doldpum manus, hie savus tendebat Achilles.
' Ovid. Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Gyclopum.
b Priscian considers ador an irregular noun, for which he is censured
by Scaliger, who maintains that ador properly makes only addrit in the
genitive, and that adfris comes from the obsolete nominative ndus, of the
neuter gender, for which, in time, ador alone began to be used, as corpor
for coif* s. Vide Seal, ad Fett. 7. 31. --Vossius, Etymol. L. L. maintaina
the same doctrine. --The analogy is certainly very striking between fldafrj
ador, and decus, decor.
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? 2$ INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
INCREMENT IN U.
U crescent breve ait. Verum genitivua in URIS,
UDIS, et UTIS, ab US, flroducitur: adjice Fur, Fmx,
Lux, Pollux. Brevia Intercusjrue, Pecusjwe, Ligusywr,
THE increase of the third declension in U, is, for the
most part short; at Murmur, murmuria ; furfur, furfuris ;
turtur, turturis ; dux, ducia ; prxaul, firxsulia.
Yirg. Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuria aura.
Seren. Furfuribusque novis durum miscebis acetum.
Yirg. Magnanimosque duces, totiusque ex ordine gentis.
Exceptions. --Genitives in UDIS, URIS, and UTIS,
from nominatives in Us, have the penult long; as fialus,
fialudis ; incua, inciidia ; tellua, telluria; virtua, virtutis ;
also Pollux, Pollucia ; lux, litcia; and frugis, from the
old nominative frux, But intercua, fiecua, and Liguf, fall
under the general rule, and increase short.
Virg. Quid dominifacient, audent cum talia fires ?
Tib. Lwce sacra requiescat humus, requiescat arator.
SECT. XIX.
PLURAL INCREMENT OF NOUNS.
THE penult of the genitive or dative plural, is called the
plural increment of a noun, when either of those cases con-
tains more syllables than the nominative plural; as Muatc,
Muaarum ; Ambo, amborum, ambobus ; Rea, rerum, rebua.
In the first, SA; in the second, BO ; in the third, RE; afe
the respective plural increments. So also BI, in JVubium
and nubibua ; QUO, in Quorum ; QUI, in Quibua.
PLURAL INCREMENTS IN A, E, O, I, U.
Fluralis casus, si crescat, protrahit A, E,
Atque O. Corripies 1, U: verum excipe Bubus.
A, E, O, in the increase of the plural, are long; as Qui-
rum, hg,rum, ambdbus ; Rerum, rebua; Horum, quorum.
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? FLCRAL INCREMENT OF NOUNS.
Ovid. Cum tanten a turbd rerum requieverit h&rum.
Virg. At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti.
I and U, in the increase of the plural, are short; as Qui-,
bus, tribus, montibus; lacubus, verubus. Bubus has al-
ready been explained under Section xvi.
Virg. Montibus in nostris solus tibi certet Amyntas.
Ovid. Pramia de lacubus proximo, musta tuts.
SECT. XX.
INCREMENT OF VERBS.
THE second person singular of the present tense indica-
tive active, is the measure by which to estimate the incre-
ments of verbs. If any tense, or person of a verb, do not
contain a greater number of syllables than the above stand-
ard, the verb is said, in that tense or person, to have'no in-
crement. Thus, in amaC, amant, ama, amem, amans, the;
verb amo has no increment, because they all contain only
two syllables, like amas.
If however, a tense or person exceed the given standard,
then, if that excess be by one syllable, the verb is said to
have in that part a single increment; if by two syllables, a
double; if by three, a triple; if by four, a fourfold incre-
ment. Thus, in aMAmus there is a single increment, which
is the penult, for the final syllable is never called the incre-
ment; in oMABAmw there is a double increment; in
eMAVERImu* a triple increment; and in aaDIEBAMInj
a fourfold increment.
In the case of deponent verbs, we may either imagine an
active voice, and obtain from this the requisite standard for
the regulation of the increments, or we may be guided by
analogy, and estimate thenv. by means of other verbs of the
same conjugation which have an active voice. Thus, for
the verb Largior, we may either form an imaginary active
Largio, largis, of the fourth conjugation, or be guided by
the tenses of Audior, which has a real active.
The final syllable, as has just been observed, is never re-
garded as an increment. The first however, becomes one,
when the standard tense is a monosyllable. Thus, in the
case of Do and Fleo, the tenses by which we are to estimate
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? 30
INCREMENT OF VERBS.
their respective increments, are Das and Fles, and conse-
quently in Damus, dabam, dare; Flemus,fiebam,fl? re i the
initial syllables are the increments of the verbs.
VERBAL INCREMENT IN A.
A crescens produc. Do incremento excipe firimo.
A is long in every increment of verbs, of whatever conju-
gation; as Sedbam, stdret, firofieramus, docebdmus, audit-
bdmini, &c.
Virg. Trqjaque nunc stares, Priamique arx alia maneres.
Ovid. Serius out citius metam properamus ad unam.
Exception--The first increase of the verb Do is short;
as Damus, ddbunt, dare; and hence the pronunciation of
circumdamus, circumddbunt, circumdare; venumddbo, ve-
numddre ; &c. with the penult short.
Virg. His lacrymis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultro.
Ovid. Jussit et ambit* circumdare littora terra.
The second increase of Do, not being excepted, follows
the general rule, and is long; as Dabdmus, ddbdtis, dabd-
mur, ddbdtur, ddbdmini.
Virg. Nam quod consilium, aut quajamfortuna dabdtur ?
VERBAL INCREMENT IN E.
E quoque producunt verba increscentia verum
Prima E corripiunt ante R duo lempora Ternte.
Die Beris atque Bere; at Reiis producito Rere.
Sit brevis E, quando Ram, Rim, Ro, adjuncta sequuntur.
Corripit interdum Steterunl, Dederuntgue Po'eta.
E, in the increase of verbs, is long; as Flebam, rebar,
iacereris, docerem, legerunt.
Ovid. Flebat Aristaus, quod apes cum stirpe necatas.
Virg. Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum.
Mart. Dxdale Lucano cum sic Iacereris ab urso.
Exception I. --E before R in the first increase of every
jiresent and imperfect of the third conjugation, and in Befit
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? INCREMENT OP VERBS.
31
and Sere, is short; as Gognoscere, Itgerem, legeremus, lege-
ria, legere, Celebraberis, celebrabere.
Virg. Jam legere, et qu<e sit poteris cognoscere virtus.
Idem. Semper honore meo, semper celebrabere donis.
But in the second increment, where the word terminates
in Reria. or Rere, the E is long; as Loquerere, firosequerere.
Mart. Hoc tibi Roma caput, cum loquereris, erat.
Velim, velis, velit, kc. have the E short; as,
Horat. Musa, velim memores: et quo patre natus uterque.
Mart. Esse velis oro serus conviva Tonantis.
Exception II. --E before RAM, RIM, RO, of* every
conjugation, is short; as amaveram, amaverim, amavero;
Peceram, fecerim, fecero ;c and the quantity remains the
same in the other persons ; as amaveris, amavirit, amaveri-
mus, amaveritis; Fecerimus, feceritis, &c.
Ovid. Fecerat exiguas jam Sol altissimus umbras.
The poets sometimes shorten E before RUNT in the
perfect of the indicative. 4
Virg. Obstupui, steteruntque come, et vox faucibus hxsit.
Hor.
Di tibi divitias dederunt artemque fruendi.
Sil. Terruerunt pavidos accensa Ceraunia nautas.
Tib. Nec cithara, intonsa profueruntve coma.
Mart. Nec tua defuerunt verba Thalasse mihi.
Phsedr. Abiturus illuc, quo priores abierunt.
----
VERBAL INCREMENT IN I.
Com'pit I crescens verbum. --Sed deme Vellmus^
Nolimus, ST in us, quxque hinc formantur ; et IVI
Prateritum. Pariter quart* prius incrementum,
Consona cum sequitur, tu protraxisse memento.
RI conjunctivum, possunt variare Po'ete.
o This rule only applies to verbs in their natural state, as Fleviram,
Jlevirim, JUvSro; and not to sueh as have suffered contraction by Svncope
or otherwise, as Fliram, flirim, flirt ,? for in these last the E retains the
same quantity which it possessed previously to the Syncope. Yiz. /Yffve) ram.
jfc(ve) rim, flHve)ro. *
d See the remarks upon the figure " Syttole"
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? 32
ntCREMEXT OF VERBS.
I, in any of the increments of verbs, is short; as Linqui-
mui, amsbimw, docebimus, audiebamini, Ecc. and Venxmu*t
comfiertmus, refiertmus, &x. of the perfect tense.
Virg. Ldnquimus Ortygite partus, pelagoque volamus.
Idem. Venimus, et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnes.
Exception --I is long in Nolito, noKte, nolimus, nolitis ;
Velimus, velitis; Malimus, malitis ; Simus, sitia ; and their
compounds, Poseimus, adsimus, firosimus, 8ec.
Ovid. Et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati.
Idem. Si quit ul in populo, qui sitis, et unde, requirat.
The penult of the preterite in IVI, of any conjugation, is
long; as Petivi, audivi f and also the first increase of the
fourth conjugation, whenever a consonant immediately fol-
lows ; as Audimus, audit is, audite, audirem, audire, audi-
mur, auditor, audirer, auditor, audiri; to which add the
contracted form of the imperfect, audibam, and the old form
of the future, audibo, which are found in ibam and ibo, from
Eo; and in quibam and quibo, from Queo. Venimus, com-
perimus, refiertmus, Sec. of the present tense, fall under this
exception, and are long; whereas venimus, comfiertmus, re-
fiertmus, See. of the perfect tense, have the penult short, as
has been above mentioned, according to the general rule.
Vlrg. Crssi, et sublato montem genitore petivi.
Idem. I'm ne cede malis, sed contra audientior ito.
Idem. Jungimus hospiiio dextras, et tecta subimus.
But when a vowel, and not a consonant, immediately fol-
lows the I, the latter becomes consequently short by its
position; as Audiunt, audiebam, audiam, audiar, audxensy
tec.
e The letter V, in the preterites of many Latin verbs, is one of tbe
numerous traces of the old ? fi(>lic or Tuscan digamma, with which the lan-
guage abounds. According to Priscian, it had the power of making the
preceding Yowel long, which would otherwise be short; as cupivi, cuptt;
audiveram, autktram. This remark of the ancient grammarian is con-
firmed by the authority of Vari o and Servius. From an observation made
by the first-mentioned writer, it appears probable Jhat the Romans were
accustomed, in sOme cases, to express this V in pronunciation, though it was
emitted in writing. Thus in Ennius--*' Nunc tumu' Jtomani, qui fiumus
ante Rudini/" i. e. fuvimus: and again--"Jlnnuit eete mecum decemere
fitrro," i. e. annuvit. Instances of this are also to be found in Plautus and
Phaedrus. On the other hand, the V was sometimes expressed. Thus, in
Lucilius--" Tantalus qui pcenas <<b facta nejantia lunit. " So also, "Jlu-
vida," Lucr. 2. 463; "fiuvidum," lb. 465; " incubuVerit," Phodrus, S.
Prol. 22; "plmcrat," Planum Men. Prol. S3.
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? INCREMENT OF VERBS,
With regard to the quantity of the I in RIMUS and
R. ITIS of the subjunctive mood, which has afforded so fer-
tile a theme of discussion to both ancient and modern proso-
dians, the best doctrine appears to be this: that RIMUS
and RITIS are common, both in the fircterite and the fu-
ture; and that, since the RI is common in them, it follows
by analogy, that the preterite and future RIS are also com*
mon; and consequently, that, in the examples which have
been cited by some, of the preterite RIS being made long
by caesura, the RIS is long therein by its own power, and
not by the effect of the caesura/
* VERBAL INCREMENT IN O AND U.
O incremenium produc, U corripe semper*
U fit in exlremo penultima longafutv. ro.
O, in the increase of verbs, is always long 5 as Facit$u%
hdbetote.
Ovid. Cumque loqui poterit, matremfacitote salutet.
U, in the increase of verbs, is short; as S&mus, fiassumus^
volumus.
Hor. Nos numerus sumus, etfruges constimere nati%
Idem. Si patriot volumus, si nobis vivere chari.
Virg. Dicite Pierides, non omnia possumus omnet.
Exception. --But U, in the penult of the future participle
in RUS, is always long ; as Amatiirus, fieriturus, facturys*
Virg. Si perituris abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum.
Idem. Tarda venit, $@risfactura nepotibus uinbram.
SECT. XXI.
FINAL SYLLABLES.
THE quantity of final syllables is ascertained, in some
cases, by position; as Prudens, firacox ; in others, by their
f See the point fully and ably discussed in Carey's Latin Prosody,.
p. <<r--78.
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? 34
INCREMENT OF VERBS.
containing a diphthongal sound; as Mu$m) ftenna ; b<<t>> in -
most, by special rules, which follow.
7INAL A.
A Jinita data longis. Ita, Postea, deme,
Eia, Quia, et casus filerosque : at firotrahe sextum,
Cui Grecos (quot ab AS recto) conjunge -vocandi.
A, in the end of words not declined by cases, is long; as
Memorap amd,frustrd, ergd, intrd.
Virg. Musa mihi causas memord : quo numine laso.
Idem. 2Ve quid inexpertum,frustrd moritura, relinquat.
Exceptions. --Eia, ita, fiuta, fiostea,b quia, have the A
short, though, strictly speaking, the final letter in fiostea''
and quia should be regarded as common, the former having
it long in Plautus, and the latter in Phaedrus.
Val. Flac. Ferret ad auriger* caput arboris, Eia, fier
ifisum.
Virg. Sublime exfiujsam eruerent: ita turbine nigro.
Ovid. Posted mirabar, cur non sine litibus esset.
g In imperatives of the first conjugation, the final a is long, because
formed by contraction from ae. Thus, memorae, memord; amae, amd;
just as in the Greek contracted verbs, <<,<<<<1, o. /aix, mete; ti/itu, ti/*&,
&c.
h Puta is short only when taken adverbially; when it stands as an im-
perative, the a is long. Great doubt however, has been attempted to be
thrown upon the quantity of the final letter in puta when an adverb. It is
found in Fersius, i. 10. and in Martial, 5. 26. ; but, in both instances, the
text has been considered by many to be corrupt, and puto has been substi-
tuted. Whatever may be the opinion of critics with respect to the true
reading in these two particular instances, it is conceived that the authority
of Servius should be deemed decisive on thb general question, who, itrhis
comments on the 1AJH:\ after observing that adverbs in a are long, ex-
pressly excepts puld and ilit.
i Some prosodians maintain, that when the a in postea is short, the
word should be separated, and read post ea. This mode of writing it, is in
fact adopted toy Burmann, in the line from Ovid above quoted, Fast. 1. 105,
and also in 2. 255, though without any comment in either case. Others think
that the a in postea is always long; and thit when said to be short, the ea
is in fact made one long syllable by synseresis, as aurea, Virg. JEn. 1. 698,
It is simplest, however, to terra the a in postea common; although, if called
on'to decide merely between the two positions which have just been men-
tioned, the second would appear to be more correct than the first, the in-
stances of synxrcsis in the case of Is and its compounds being very fre-
quently met with- ,
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? Increment of verbs.
35
Plaut. St auctoritatem floated defugeris.
Horat. Et quia desfieres invicti membra Glyconis.
Phaedr. Ego firimam tollo, nominor quid leo.
The final A is likewise short in all cases of nouns, except
the ablative singular of the first declension,* and Greek vo-
catives from nominatives in AS; as Anchord, de firord,
JEned, PaUd.
Virg. Anchora de firord jacitur, at ant littore flufiflea.
Idem. Quid miserum, JEned, laceras ? jam fiarce sefiulto.
Greek nouns in ES and E, are frequently changed by the
Latins into A; as Atrida for Atrides, Oresta for Orestes,
Circa for Circe. In nouns of this class, the final A, in the
vocative, is short. Anchisa (Mti. 3. 475. ) comes from a
Doric nominative in AS, and therefore falls under the pre-
ceding rule.
Horat. JVe quia humaaae velit Ajacem, Atrida, vetas cur ?
Ovid. Feceruntfuricc, tristis Oresta, tu&.
The numerals in GINTA have the A common, but more
frequently long than short.
Virg. Trigintd cafiitum fatus enixa jacetit.
Manil. Ter trigintd quadrum fiartes fief sidcra reddant.
Petron. Sanguine Romano, sexagintdque triumfihist
Mart. Sexaginta teras cum limina mane senator.
Contra,1 and Juxta, are usually long in the more polished
writers, though sometimes found short.
Virg. Contra non ulla est oleis cultura nec ilia.
k The final a, in the ablative singular of the first declension, is long,
because contracted from ai. The ablative is a case peculiar to the Latin
language, and derived its origin from the dative. The Latins originally had
no ablative, but, like the Greeks, made use of the dative to supply its place.
In process of time, however, a division was made, and the dative retained
its name only when standing alone; whereas, when it was governed by a
p'reposition expressed or understood, it was styled the ablative. A gradual
change of termination in the latter case, contributed still farther to distin-
guish it from its parent source, until in some words the resemblance became
scarcely perceptible.
I Vossius, A. G. 2. 24, quotes the following line from ManiKus, in which
he contends that the a in contra is short: " Contra jacens cancer pauUwm
distentus in alvum.