179
The Mamlūks conquer Armenia.
The Mamlūks conquer Armenia.
Cambridge Medieval History - v4 - Eastern Roman Empire
The tendency to avoid capital
punishment is illustrated by the credible record that during the reign of
John Comnenus there were no executions.
The fact that in domestic policy the Eastern Empire was far from being
obstinately conservative is also illustrated by the reform of legal educa-
tion in the eleventh century, when it was realised that a system which had
been in practice for a long time did not work well and another was substi-
tuted (as is explained in Chapter XXII, p. 719). That conception of the later
Empire which has made the word Byzantine almost equivalent to Chinese
was based on ignorance, and is now discredited. It is obvious that no
State could have lasted so long in a changing world, if it had not had
the capacity of adapting itself to new conditions. Its administrative
machinery was being constantly modified by capable and hardworking
rulers of whom there were many; the details of the system at the end of
the tenth century differed at ever so many points from those of the eighth.
As for art and literature, there were ups and downs, declines and renas-
cences, throughout the whole duration of the Empire. It is only in quite
recent years that Byzantine literature and Byzantine art have been
methodically studied; in these wide fields of research Krumbacher's
It has been commonly held that the codes known as the Rhodian (Maritime) Law,
the Farmer's (Rural) Law, and the Military Law were the work of the Isaurian
Emperors, and this view is taken below in Chapter 1 (pp. 4-5) and Chapter XXII
(pp. 708,710). In the opinion of the present writer the investigations of Mr Ashburner
have rendered it quite untenable, at least in regard to the two first.
1
## p. xiv (#20) #############################################
xiv
Introduction
Byzantine Literature and Strzygowski's Orient oder Rom were pioneer
works marking a new age. Now that we are getting to know the facts
better and the darkness is gradually lifting, we have come to see that the
history of the Empire is far from being a monotonous chronicle of
palace revolutions, circus riots, theological disputes, tedious ceremonies
in a servile court, and to realise that, as in any other political society,
conditions were continually changing and in each succeeding age new
political and social problems presented themselves for which some solution
had to be found. If the chief interest in history lies in observing such
changes, watching new problems shape themselves and the attempts of
rulers or peoples to solve them, and seeing how the characters of indi-
viduals and the accidents which befall them determine the course of
events, the story of the Eastern Empire is at least as interesting as that
any medieval State, or perhaps more interesting because its people
were more civilised and intellectual than other Europeans and had a
longer political experience behind them. On the ecclesiastical side it
offers the longest and most considerable experiment of a State-Church
that Christendom has ever seen.
of
The Crusades were, for the Eastern Empire, simply a series of bar-
barian invasions of a particularly embarrassing kind, and in the present
volume they are treated merely from this point of view and their general
significance in universal history is not considered. The full treatment of
their causes and psychology and the consecutive story of the movement
are reserved for Vol. V.
But the earlier history of Venice has been included in this volume. The
character of Venice and her career were decided by the circumstance that she
was subject to the Eastern Emperors before she became independent. She
was extra-Italian throughout the Middle Ages; she never belonged to
the Carolingian Kingdom of Italy. And after she had slipped into inde-
pendence almost without knowing it—there was never a violent breaking
away from her allegiance to the sovrans of Constantinople—she moved
still in the orbit of the Empire; and it was on the ruins of the Empire,
dismembered by the criminal enterprise of her Duke Dandolo, that she
reached the summit of her power as mistress in the Aegean and in Greece.
She was the meeting-place of two civilisations, but it was eastern not
western Europe that controlled her history and lured her ambitions. Her
citizens spoke a Latin tongue and in spiritual matters acknowledged the
supremacy of the elder Rome, but the influence from new Rome had
penetrated deep, and their great Byzantine basilica is a visible reminder
of their long political connexion with the Eastern Empire.
## p. xv (#21) ##############################################
XV
CORRIGENDA.
VOL. I.
p. xvi. For THE VISIGOTHS TO THE DEATH OF EURic read THE VISIGOTHS TO THE DEATH
OF ALARIC II.
INDEX.
p. 731. Under Marcellinus, Roman general, delete cited, 399, 431.
p. 731. Insert entry Marcellinus, count, his chronicle cited, 399, 431.
Vol. II.
INDEX.
p. 839. Under Columbanus (Columba), St, delete 510; in Scotland 512 sq. , 526, and
5:27.
p. 839. Insert entry Columba, St, apostle of Scotland, 510, 512 sq. , 526 sq.
ر•
VOL. III.
p. xxi, 1. 13. For Taube read Tauber.
p. 150, 1. 6 from end. For Moslem read Muslim.
p. 157, 1. 19. For Apscari's read Anscar's.
p. 177, 1. 18. For on the Tiber read near the Tiber.
p. 178, 1. 5. For 1006 read 1005.
p. 301, 1. 14 from end. For Archbishop read Bishop.
P. 404, l. 20. For Fores read Forest.
p. 460, 1. 4. For Ardre read Ardres.
p. 460, 1. 11. For Terouanne read Térouanne.
p. 467, 1. 8 from end. For flay read flog.
p. 560, 1. 20. For St Germigny read Germigny.
p. 561, 1. 16.
p. 567, 1. 7.
>
INDEX.
p. 669. Insert entry Germigny, church at, 560 sq. , 567.
p. 691. Delete entry St Germigny.
p. 692. Under Severus for Archbishop read Bishop.
MAPS.
No. 29. For Maconais read Mâconnais.
## p. xvi (#22) #############################################
xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
PAGB
By PROFESSOR J. B. Bury, F. B. A. .
vii
CHAPTER I.
LEO III AND THE ISAURIAN DYNASTY (717—802).
By CHARLES DIEHL, Member of the Institute of France, late
Professor of Byzantine History at the University of Paris.
Character of the Period
1
Leo III the Isaurian
2
Repulse of the Arabs from Constantinople
ib.
Domestic administration: the themes
3
the finances
4
the Codes and the Ecloga
5
Religion: the cult of images
6
Edict against images (726)
9
Opposition in East and West
10
Constantine V Copronymus
11
The revolt of Artavasdus
12
Successes at home and abroad
13
Reopening of the iconoclastic struggle
14
Persecution of image-worshippers .
15
Defeat of the monks
16
Alienation of Italy and the Papacy
17
Italy lost to the Empire
18
Leo IV the Chazar
19
Regency of Irene .
20
Restoration of images
21
Irene and Constantine VI
22
Constantine VI sole ruler: intrigues of Irene
23
Irene reigns as Emperor
24
Deposition of Irene
25
The achievements of the Isaurian Emperors .
26
CHAPTER II.
FROM NICEPHORUS I TO THE FALL OF THE
PHRYGIAN DYNASTY.
27
By Professor CHARLES DIEHL.
Nicephorus I
Opposition of the monks
Michael I Rangabé
Leo V the Armenian
Theodore of Studion and the freedom of the Church
28
29
30
31
## p. xvii (#23) ############################################
Contents
xvii
.
Murder of Leo V: accession of Michael the Amorian
Michael's tolerant policy
Theophilus: revival of persecution
Civil wars (802—823)
Recognition of the Western Empire (812)
Losses to the Arabs and Bulgarians
Struggle with the Caliphs
Internal government of Theophilus
Regency of Theodora
Final restoration of image worship (843)
Persecution of the Paulicians
Michael III and the Caesar Bardas
Intellectual revival under Bardas .
Conversion of Bulgaria to Orthodoxy
External dangers .
The Photian schism with Rome
Murder of Bardas and of Michael
PAGE
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
ill
CHAPTER III.
THE MACEDONIAN DYNASTY FROM 867 TO 976 A. D.
By the Rev. the Abbé ALBERT Vogt, late Extraordinary Professor
of History at the University of Fribourg.
Basil I (867—886)
49
His early life
50
The finances
51
52
Revival in legislation and the arts
Religious questions
53
Close of Basil l's reign
54
Leo VI (886–912)
ib.
End of the Photian schism
56
Leo's four marriages
57
Administration and legislation
58
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912—959)
59
Alexander: the Council of Regency
60
Romanus I Lecapenus (919—944).
61
His policy
62
End of the house of Leca penus
63
Constantine VII and his entourage
Religious affairs
65
Administration
Intellectual movement
67
Romanus II (959—963).
ib.
Foreign affairs
69
ib.
Early career of Nicephorus Phocas
The
regency of Theophano
70
Usurpation of Nicephorus Phocas (963—969)
72
His marriage with Theophano
73
His hostility to the monks
Ecclesiastical and military legislation
75
64
66
## p. xviii (#24) ###########################################
xviii
Contents
General discontent
Murder of Nicephorus
John Tzimisces (969—976)
First measures as Emperor
Ecclesiastical affairs
Secular affairs
Death of John Tzimisces
PAGE
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
CHAPTER IV.
THE MACEDONIAN DYNASTY FROM 976 TO 1057 A. D.
By the Rev. the Abbé ALBERT Vogt.
.
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Basil and Constantine
First years of Basil II
Revolt of Bardas Sclerus
Defeat of Sclerus: fall of the eunuch Basil
Conspiracy of Phocas and Sclerus .
Collapse of rebellion
Ecclesiastical affairs
Conversion of Russia
Religious controversies with the Latins .
Attempt at a compromise
Legislation against the powerful"
Secular relations with the West
Recurrence of revolt
Death of Basil II :
Constantine VIII :
Accession of Zoë
Character and government of Romanus III
Foreign affairs and conspiracies
Michael IV succeeds Romanus
Character of Michael IV
Government of John the Orphanotrophos
Death of Michael IV
Michael V: fall of the Orphanotrophos.
Exile of Zoë: popular rising .
Fall of Michael V.
Zoë and Theodora .
Constantine IX associated in the Empire
Revolt of Maniaces
Revolt of Tornicius
Annexation of Armenia: Michael Cerularius
Schism of the Eastern and Western Churches
Literary renaissance
Deaths of Zoë and Constantine IX
Death of Theodora. Michael VI Stratioticus .
Discontent of the army: revolt under Isaac Comnenus
Fall of Michael VI
: :
91
92
93
94
95
96
ib.
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
## p. xix (#25) #############################################
Contents
xix
CHAPTER V.
(A)
THE STRUGGLE WITH THE SARACENS (717—867).
By E. W. Brooks, M. A. , King's College, Cambridge.
vi
The last Arab attempt upon Constantinople .
Character of the wars
Battle of Acroïnon
Campaigns of Constantine V.
Expedition of the Caliph Mahdi
Expedition of Rashid
Campaigns of Constantine
Nicephorus and Rashid.
Recovery of Camacha
Campaigns of the Caliph Ma’mūn.
Sack of Sozopetra.
Fall of Amorium
Disintegration of the Caliphate
Expeditions to Damietta
Battle of Chonarium
Battle of Poson
Muslim invasion of Sicily
Fall of Palermo
Fall of Enna.
Expeditions of Khafāja .
PAGE
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
(B)
THE STRUGGLE WITH THE SARACENS (867—1057).
By A. A. Vasil'ev, late Professor of History at the
University of Dorpat.
Favourable position of Basil I
Loss of Syracuse
Disasters under Leo VI
Constantine VII: the decline of the Caliphate
War on the Euphrates
Advance under Nicephorus Phocas
Capture of Antioch and Aleppo
John Tzimisces in Syria
Basil II
War with the Fățimites
The successors of Basil II
139
140
141
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
(C)
SUMMARY.
151
By Professor J. B. Bury, F. B. A.
## p. xx (#26) ##############################################
XX
Contents
CHAPTER VI.
ARMENIA.
By Frédéric MacLER, Professor of Armenian at the École
nationale des Langues orientales vivantes, Paris.
PAGE
Position of Armenia
153
Periods of Armenian history
154
Persians and Greeks in Armenia
155
The Arab Conquest
156
Armenian Principalities
157
The Bagratuni Dynasty
158
The Katholikos: Ashot I: Smbat I
159
Armenia and Azarbā'ījān
160
Friendship between Armenia and the Arabs .
161
The civilisation of Greater Armenia
162
Civil war between John-Smbat and his brother
163
Armenia threatened by Greeks and Turks
164
Constantine Monomachus betrays Gagik II
165
Greater Armenia conquered by the Seljūqs
166
Character of the Armeno-Cilician kingdom
167
The foundation of Armeno-Cilicia .
168
Armeno-Cilicia attacked by Greeks and Turks
169
Thoros II successful against the Greeks
170
The Greeks driven from Cilicia
171
European connexions of Leo the Great .
172
Leo's achievements in peace and war
173
Succession problems after Leo's death
174
Armenian alliance with the Mongols
175
War with the Mamlūks and Seljūqs
176
Unstable government of Hethum II
177
Loss of the Mongol alliance
178
Overtures to the West. Nationalist reaction .
179
The Mamlūks conquer Armenia. The Lusignans
180
Failure and exile of Leo VI.
181
Armenia under Muslim rule .
182
CHAPTER VII.
(A)
THE EMPIRE AND ITS NORTHERN NEIGHBOURS.
By Dr CHARLES KADLEC, Professor of Slavonic Law at
the Charles University of Prague.
Scythians and Sarmatians
Alans, Goths, and Huns
Bulgars, Avars, and Turks
The Avars in Europe
Chazars and Turks
183
184
185
186
187
.
## p. xxi (#27) #############################################
Contents
xxi
.
.
Growing power of the Chazars
Relations with the Empire . .
Chazar institutions
Religious tolerance
The Burdas
The White Bulgars
The Magyars
Admixture of races
Magyar customs
Patzinaks and Magyars .
The Magyars migrate to Hungary
Russia. The “Varangian" theory
The Eastern Slavs
Trade Routes
The vólosti
Settlement of the Varangians
Oleg and Igor of Kiev
Trade and tribute .
Beginnings of Christianity in Kiev
Reign of Svyatoslav
Vladímir the Great
Russia accepts Christianity
The Magyars in Hungary
The Magyar raids
The Magyars become a settled people
Christianisation of Hungary
St Stephen.
PAGE
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
.
.
(B)
CONVERSION OF THE SLAVS.
By Dr V. JAGIĆ, Member of the Jugoslav Academy of Science and
Art at Agram, Emeritus Professor of Slavonic Philology at
the University of Vienna.
Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius
215
Sources for their history
216
Constantine's youth at Constantinople
217
His disputations.
218
Relations with Photius: mission to the Chazars
219
Discovery of the relics of St Clement
220
The invitation to Moravia
221
The invention of the Slavonic alphabet .
222
Constantine and Methodius in Moravia.
223
Their journey to Rome .
224
Cyril's death: his literary achievements
225
Methodius in Pannonia .
226
His imprisonment and return to Moravia
227
His victory at Rome
228
Opposition of Svatopluk: death of Methodius
229
C. MED. H. VOL. IV.
## p. xxii (#28) ############################################
xxii
Contents
CHAPTER VIIJ.
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE FIRST BULGARIAN EMPIRE
(679—1018).
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A. , Hertford College, Oxford, Hon.
LL. D. of the National University of Greece.
PAGE
Bulgarian settlement in Europe
230
Early Greco-Bulgarian Wars
231
Krum
232
Omurtag
234
First Serbo-Bulgarian War
235
Conversion of the Bulgarians
236
Simeon's love of learning
237
A Bulgarian Tsar and Patriarch
238
The Bogomile heresy
239
Fall of Eastern Bulgaria
240
Samuel and Basil II
241
Fall of Western Bulgaria
242
Bulgaria a Byzantine province
243
Bulgarian rising of 1040
244
Further risings
245
.
CHAPTER IX.
THE GREEK CHURCH: ITS RELATIONS WITH THE WEST
UP TO 1054.
By Louis BRÉHIER, Professor of History at the University of
Clermont-Ferrand.
.
The Greek Church and Rome
Ignatius and Photius
Conflict between Photius and Nicholas I
The schism of Photius
Deposition of Photius
Ecumenical Council (869—870)
Re-instatement of Photius
His disgrace and death .
Contemporary judgments on him
Restoration of communion with Rome (898)
Leo VI and Nicholas Mysticus
Concord of the two Churches
Lessened prestige of Rome
Independence of the Greek Church
Strained relations with Rome
Eustathius and the. autocephalia
The party of reform in the West
246
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
## p. xxiii (#29) ###########################################
Contents
xxiii
The two Churches up to 1054
Michael Cerularius
The Eastern Empire, Leo IX, and the Normans
Michael Cerularius and Rome
Correspondence between the Pope and the Patriarch
The Roman legates at Constantinople (1054)
Excommunication of Michael Cerularius
The Synodal Edict of 1054
Definitive rupture (20 July 1054)
The results of the Schism
PAGE
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
CHAPTER X.
(A)
MUSLIM CIVILISATION DURING THE ABBASID PERIOD.
By Sir THOMAS W. ARNOLD, C. I. E. , Litt. D. , Hon. Fellow of
Magdalene College, Cambridge, Professor of Arabic at the
University of London.
The Abbasid Empire
Character of the Abbasid dynasty
Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate
Ascendancy of the Buwaihids
The Seljūq Empire
The Mongol conguests
Muslim political theory
Theory of the Caliphate
Organisation of administrative machinery
The postal system.
Censorship of morals: judiciary: army.
The Turkish guard
Slavery:
Toleration
Religious persecution
Position of Christians
Literature under the Abbasids
Exegesis: law
Dogmatic systems.
Mysticism. Historical literature
Belles lettres
The encyclopaedists and geographers
Philosophy
Medicine
Mathematics and Astronomy.
commerce
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
62
## p. xxiv (#30) ############################################
xxiv
Contents
(B)
THE SELJŪQS.
By HERBERT M. J. LOEWE, M. A. , Queens' College, Cambridge.
Importance of the Seljüqs
Decay of the Caliphate.
The Shi'ites.
Islám saved by the Seljüqs
The dynasty of Seljūq .
ľughril Beg
The Vizier Nizam-al-Mulk
-
Alp Arslan
Malik Shah
Intrigues of the Turkān Khātūn
Barkiyāruq: civil wars.
Muḥammad .
Sanjar, the last Great Seljūq.
Revolts of Atsiz of Khwārazm
The Ghuzz: death of Sanjar .
The Atābegs and local Seljūq dynasties
The Seljūqs of Rūm
Coming of the Crusaders
End of the Seljūq power
PAGE
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
CHAPTER XI.
THE EARLIER COMNENI.
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON, Archiviste Paléographe.
First appearance of the Comneni
End of the Macedonian dynasty
Revolt of Isaac Comnenus
Fall of Michael VI
The reign of Isaac Comnenus
Michael Cerularius
Constantine Ducas
Situation of the Empire
Anna Dalassena
Accession of Alexius Comnenus
Alexius and the Ducas family
War with the Normans of Italy
The Patzinaks and Cumans
The Empire and the Turks in Asia Minor
Unpopularity of Alexius
The First Crusade
Alexius Comnenus and the crusaders
The first crusaders at Constantinople
Hugh of Vermandois. Godfrey of Bouillon
Bohemond and Alexius Comnenus
Siege of Antioch.
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
ib.
336
337
338
339
## p. xxv (#31) #############################################
Contents
XXV
Alexius and the crusaders of 1101
Bohemond Prince of Antioch
Bohemond's expedition against the Byzantine Empire
Peace with Bohemond
Alexius and the Turks
Alexius and the Papacy
Intrigues of Anna Comnena
The Byzantine army and navy
Financial administration
Alexius and the Church
Estimate of Alexius
PAGE
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
CHAPTER XII.
THE LATER COMNENI.
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON.
John Comnenus
Expedition against the Turks
The Venetians
The Hungarians
The Serbs
John Comnenus in Asia Minor
Italian affairs
John in Syria and Cilicia
John and the Western Empire
John and the Principality of Antioch
Accession of Manuel Comnenus
His character
His administration
Turkish attacks
The Second Crusade
Conrad III and Louis VII
Manuel and Roger II
The Greeks in Italy
Manuel and Alexander III
Manuel, Venice, and Barbarossa
Manuel and Hungary
Manuel and Serbia
The Latin East
Manuel's marriage with Mary of Antioch
Amaury of Jerusalem
Wars with the Turks
Battle of Myriocephalum
Death of Manuel .
Alexius II
Andronicus I
His coup d'état
His administration
His death
351
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
.
The Angeli
ib.
## p. xxvi (#32) ############################################
xxvi
Contents
CHAPTER XIII.
.
VENICE.
By HORATIO F. Brown, Hon. LL. D. , New College, Oxford.
PAGE
Earlier history of Venice
385
Lombard invasion. The Tribuni
386
Growth of the community
387
The first Doge
388
Relations with the Lombards
389
Relations with Byzantium
390
The Franks
391
Olivolo. Charles the Great
392
Fortunatus of Grado
393
Pepin of Italy's attack
394
Rialto, the City of Venice
395
Commerce
396
Constitution. Dynastic tendencies
397
The pactum of Pavia
398
Secular versus ecclesiastical power
399
Pacta and praecepta
400
The Candiani
401
The Emperor Otto I
402
Peter Orseolo I
403
Peter Orseolo II
404
Relations with East and West
405
Duux Dalmatiae
406
New Venice.
407
The Normans
408
The First Crusade
409
The Levant
411
The Emperor Manuel
412
The Constitution
413
The Peace of Venice
414
CHAPTER XIV.
THE FOURTH CRUSADE AND THE LATIN EMPIRE.
By Professor CHARLES DIEHL.
The beginning of the Crusade
The Crusaders and Venice
The diversion of the Crusade to Constantinople
Arrival at Constantinople
Breach with the Byzantine Government
Sack of Constantinople .
Partition of the Empire
Assises of Romania
Weakness of the Latin Empire
Defeat and death of the Emperor Baldwin I.
Accession of Henry of Flanders: his early successes
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
## p. xxvii (#33) ###########################################
Contents
xxyii
His internal government
Decline of the Empire after Henry's death
Wars with Greeks and Bulgarians
Reign of Baldwin II
Gradual advance of the Greeks
End of the Latin Empire
PAGE
426
427
428
429
430
431
CHAPTER XV.
GREECE AND THE AEGEAN UNDER FRANK AND
VENETIAN DOMINATION (1204–1571).
.
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
Partition of the Greek lands in Europe.
Conquest of Athens and the Morea
Corfù and Crete
Euboea and the Archipelago .
The Despotat of Epirus.
Organisation of Achaia .
The Latin Church.
Prosperity of Achaia
Guy I of Athens
Battle of Karýdi
Battle of Pelagonía
The Ladies' Parliament.
The Angevins and Greece
Career of Licario
Nicholas II de St Omer.
The Theban Court
Philip of Taranto .
Walter of Brienne. The Catalans.
Battle of the Cephisus .
Catalan organisation of Athens
The Infant Ferdinand of Majorca .
The Duchy of Neopatras
Rise of the Acciajuoli
The Serbians in Northern Greece
The Navarrese Company
Florentine capture of Athens
Nerio Acciajuoli
Condition of Athens
Greek revival in the Morea
Turkish capture of Joánnina.
Constantine Palaeologus in Greece
Mahomet II in the Morea
Turkish capture of Athens
The Gattilusi of Lesbos .
The dynasty of Tocco
The Duchy of the Archipelago
Turkish capture of Naxos and Chios
History of Cyprus
432
133
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
## p. xxviii (#34) ##########################################
xxviii
Contents
The Genoese in Cyprus.
Cyprus becomes a Venetian colony
Loss of the last Venetian colonies.
Frankish society
Frankish culture
Tables of Rulers
PAGE
470
471
472
473
474
ib.
CHAPTER XVI.
THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA AND THE RECOVERY
OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
.
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
Theodore Lascaris.
Description of Nicaea
Partition of Asia Minor.
The Franks in Asia Minor
Theodore I proclaimed Emperor
Second Frankisb Invasion
Defeat and death of Kai-Khusrū I
Third Frankish Invasion
Theodore's death. His character
John III Vatatzes succeeds
Conspiracies against him
Greco-Bulgarian alliance
Triple League against Vatatzes
First attack on Salonica
Reconquest of Macedonia from the Bulgarians
Annexation of Salonica .
Recovery of Rhodes. Defeat of Michael II
Second marriage of Vatatzes .
Career of Constance of Hohenstaufen
Futile attempts at Union with Rome
Ecclesiastical policy. Material prosperity
Literature
Death and canonisation of Vatatzes
Theodore II Lascaris: his education and writings
His Bulgarian campaigns
Early career of Michael Palaeologus
War in Epirus
The Union of the Churches. Domestic policy
Illness and death of Theodore
Regency and murder of Muzalon
Michael VIII Palaeologus crowned Emperor .
First attack on Constantinople
Diplomatic manœuvres of Palaeologus
Treaty of Nymphaeum.
Capture of Constantinople
Nicaea merges in Byzantium.
History of Trebizond
Vitality of Hellenism
Table of Rulers
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
516
ib.
## p. xxix (#35) ############################################
Contents
xxix
CHAPTER XVII,
THE BALKAN STATES.
I. THE ZENITA OF BULGARIA AND SERBIA (1186—1355).
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
1
C
The foundation of the Serbian monarchy
The Bogomile heresy
Second Bulgarian Empire
Kalojan's success
Stephen the "First-crowned
Zenith of Bulgaria
John Asên II
Decline of Bulgaria
Constantine Asên .
History of Bosnia .
Stephen Uroš I
Ivailo the Swineherd
The Dowager-Empress Maria
The Tartars in Bulgaria
Peaceful development of Serbia
Stephen Uroš II
His Greek marriage
Serbia and the Papacy
Policy of Stephen Uroš II
Stephen Dečanski and his court
Condition of Serbia
Battle of Velbužd, 1330
Accession of Stephen Dušan .
Foundation of Wallachia and Moldavia .
Dušan and Cantacuzene
Dušan crowned Emperor, 1346
Serbo-Greek treaty of 1350
First Turkish settlement in Europe
Dušan invades Bosnia
His death, 1355
Dušan's Code
His ecclesiastical policy.
Contemporary Slav culture
Character of Dušan's Empire
Its lack of unity
PAGE
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE BALKAN STATES.
II. THE TURKISH CONQUEST (1355—1483).
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
Break-up of the Serbian Empire
Vukašin's usurpation
Battle on the Maritza, 1371
Hegemony of Bosnia
The Turkish advance
552
554
555
556
557
## p. xxx (#36) #############################################
XXX
Contents
.
Battle of Kossovo, 1389
Zenith of Tvrtko I
End of the Bulgarian Empire
Battle of Nicopolis, 1396
Battle of Angora, 1402 .
Reign of Stephen Lazarević
Venice in Albania .
The Bosnian King-maker
Civil war in Bosnia
Mirčea " the Great” of Wallachia
Condition of Moldavia and Serbia .
Branković at Semendria
The loss of the last Serbian ports
John Hunyadi
Battle of Varna,
1444
Third Battle of Kossovo, 1448
The “Duchy of St Sava”
Policy of Mahomet li
Siege of Belgrade, 1456
Death of George Branković, 1456 .
End of medieval Serbia.
Coronation of Stephen Tomašević.
Turkish conquest of Bosnia, 1463 .
Hungarian banats of Jajce and Srebrenik
Turkish conquest of the Herzegovina
Venice in Albania .
Career of Skanderbeg
Turkish conquest of Albania .
History of Montenegro .
End of the “Black Princes”
The Danubian Principalities .
Jealousies of the Powers
Tables of Rulers
PAGE
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
.
CHAPTER XIX.
ATTEMPTS AT REUNION OF THE GREEK AND LATIN
CHURCHES.
By Professor Louis BRÉHIER.
Hindrances to the Union
The different points of view
Last attempts at alliance against the Normans
Union and the danger from the Turks .
Union and the First Crusade .
The Papacy and the Germanic Empire
Manuel Comnenus and the Union.
Failure of Manuel's policy
Rupture between Byzantium and the West
The Fourth Crusade
The compulsory Union
Innocent III and the Greek Church
594
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
.
## p. xxxi (#37) ############################################
Contents
xxxi
.
Fall of the Latin Empire
John Vatatzes and attempts at union
Policy of Michael Palaeologus
Schemes of Charles of Anjou .
Gregory X and Michael Palaeologus
Union at the Council of Lyons
Breach of the Union
Policy of Andronicus II
Clement VI and the Union
John VI Cantacuzene
John V Palaeologus
Manuel Palaeologus in the West
The Battle of Angora, 1402
The Greeks and the Council of Basle
The Council at Ferrara, 1438
The Council at Florence, 1439
The Union of Florence .
Byzantine opposition to the Union
Fall of Constantinople.
Conclusion
PAGE
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
.
CHAPTER XX.
THE MONGOLS.
By HERBERT M. J. LOEWE, M. A.
Character of Mongol history.
Extent of the Mongol invasions
Unification of Asia
Mongol and Tartar
Other tribes in the Mongol Confederation
Jenghiz Khan
Conquest of Turkestan and Khwārazm
Empire of Jenghiz Khan
Conquest of Northern China .
punishment is illustrated by the credible record that during the reign of
John Comnenus there were no executions.
The fact that in domestic policy the Eastern Empire was far from being
obstinately conservative is also illustrated by the reform of legal educa-
tion in the eleventh century, when it was realised that a system which had
been in practice for a long time did not work well and another was substi-
tuted (as is explained in Chapter XXII, p. 719). That conception of the later
Empire which has made the word Byzantine almost equivalent to Chinese
was based on ignorance, and is now discredited. It is obvious that no
State could have lasted so long in a changing world, if it had not had
the capacity of adapting itself to new conditions. Its administrative
machinery was being constantly modified by capable and hardworking
rulers of whom there were many; the details of the system at the end of
the tenth century differed at ever so many points from those of the eighth.
As for art and literature, there were ups and downs, declines and renas-
cences, throughout the whole duration of the Empire. It is only in quite
recent years that Byzantine literature and Byzantine art have been
methodically studied; in these wide fields of research Krumbacher's
It has been commonly held that the codes known as the Rhodian (Maritime) Law,
the Farmer's (Rural) Law, and the Military Law were the work of the Isaurian
Emperors, and this view is taken below in Chapter 1 (pp. 4-5) and Chapter XXII
(pp. 708,710). In the opinion of the present writer the investigations of Mr Ashburner
have rendered it quite untenable, at least in regard to the two first.
1
## p. xiv (#20) #############################################
xiv
Introduction
Byzantine Literature and Strzygowski's Orient oder Rom were pioneer
works marking a new age. Now that we are getting to know the facts
better and the darkness is gradually lifting, we have come to see that the
history of the Empire is far from being a monotonous chronicle of
palace revolutions, circus riots, theological disputes, tedious ceremonies
in a servile court, and to realise that, as in any other political society,
conditions were continually changing and in each succeeding age new
political and social problems presented themselves for which some solution
had to be found. If the chief interest in history lies in observing such
changes, watching new problems shape themselves and the attempts of
rulers or peoples to solve them, and seeing how the characters of indi-
viduals and the accidents which befall them determine the course of
events, the story of the Eastern Empire is at least as interesting as that
any medieval State, or perhaps more interesting because its people
were more civilised and intellectual than other Europeans and had a
longer political experience behind them. On the ecclesiastical side it
offers the longest and most considerable experiment of a State-Church
that Christendom has ever seen.
of
The Crusades were, for the Eastern Empire, simply a series of bar-
barian invasions of a particularly embarrassing kind, and in the present
volume they are treated merely from this point of view and their general
significance in universal history is not considered. The full treatment of
their causes and psychology and the consecutive story of the movement
are reserved for Vol. V.
But the earlier history of Venice has been included in this volume. The
character of Venice and her career were decided by the circumstance that she
was subject to the Eastern Emperors before she became independent. She
was extra-Italian throughout the Middle Ages; she never belonged to
the Carolingian Kingdom of Italy. And after she had slipped into inde-
pendence almost without knowing it—there was never a violent breaking
away from her allegiance to the sovrans of Constantinople—she moved
still in the orbit of the Empire; and it was on the ruins of the Empire,
dismembered by the criminal enterprise of her Duke Dandolo, that she
reached the summit of her power as mistress in the Aegean and in Greece.
She was the meeting-place of two civilisations, but it was eastern not
western Europe that controlled her history and lured her ambitions. Her
citizens spoke a Latin tongue and in spiritual matters acknowledged the
supremacy of the elder Rome, but the influence from new Rome had
penetrated deep, and their great Byzantine basilica is a visible reminder
of their long political connexion with the Eastern Empire.
## p. xv (#21) ##############################################
XV
CORRIGENDA.
VOL. I.
p. xvi. For THE VISIGOTHS TO THE DEATH OF EURic read THE VISIGOTHS TO THE DEATH
OF ALARIC II.
INDEX.
p. 731. Under Marcellinus, Roman general, delete cited, 399, 431.
p. 731. Insert entry Marcellinus, count, his chronicle cited, 399, 431.
Vol. II.
INDEX.
p. 839. Under Columbanus (Columba), St, delete 510; in Scotland 512 sq. , 526, and
5:27.
p. 839. Insert entry Columba, St, apostle of Scotland, 510, 512 sq. , 526 sq.
ر•
VOL. III.
p. xxi, 1. 13. For Taube read Tauber.
p. 150, 1. 6 from end. For Moslem read Muslim.
p. 157, 1. 19. For Apscari's read Anscar's.
p. 177, 1. 18. For on the Tiber read near the Tiber.
p. 178, 1. 5. For 1006 read 1005.
p. 301, 1. 14 from end. For Archbishop read Bishop.
P. 404, l. 20. For Fores read Forest.
p. 460, 1. 4. For Ardre read Ardres.
p. 460, 1. 11. For Terouanne read Térouanne.
p. 467, 1. 8 from end. For flay read flog.
p. 560, 1. 20. For St Germigny read Germigny.
p. 561, 1. 16.
p. 567, 1. 7.
>
INDEX.
p. 669. Insert entry Germigny, church at, 560 sq. , 567.
p. 691. Delete entry St Germigny.
p. 692. Under Severus for Archbishop read Bishop.
MAPS.
No. 29. For Maconais read Mâconnais.
## p. xvi (#22) #############################################
xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
PAGB
By PROFESSOR J. B. Bury, F. B. A. .
vii
CHAPTER I.
LEO III AND THE ISAURIAN DYNASTY (717—802).
By CHARLES DIEHL, Member of the Institute of France, late
Professor of Byzantine History at the University of Paris.
Character of the Period
1
Leo III the Isaurian
2
Repulse of the Arabs from Constantinople
ib.
Domestic administration: the themes
3
the finances
4
the Codes and the Ecloga
5
Religion: the cult of images
6
Edict against images (726)
9
Opposition in East and West
10
Constantine V Copronymus
11
The revolt of Artavasdus
12
Successes at home and abroad
13
Reopening of the iconoclastic struggle
14
Persecution of image-worshippers .
15
Defeat of the monks
16
Alienation of Italy and the Papacy
17
Italy lost to the Empire
18
Leo IV the Chazar
19
Regency of Irene .
20
Restoration of images
21
Irene and Constantine VI
22
Constantine VI sole ruler: intrigues of Irene
23
Irene reigns as Emperor
24
Deposition of Irene
25
The achievements of the Isaurian Emperors .
26
CHAPTER II.
FROM NICEPHORUS I TO THE FALL OF THE
PHRYGIAN DYNASTY.
27
By Professor CHARLES DIEHL.
Nicephorus I
Opposition of the monks
Michael I Rangabé
Leo V the Armenian
Theodore of Studion and the freedom of the Church
28
29
30
31
## p. xvii (#23) ############################################
Contents
xvii
.
Murder of Leo V: accession of Michael the Amorian
Michael's tolerant policy
Theophilus: revival of persecution
Civil wars (802—823)
Recognition of the Western Empire (812)
Losses to the Arabs and Bulgarians
Struggle with the Caliphs
Internal government of Theophilus
Regency of Theodora
Final restoration of image worship (843)
Persecution of the Paulicians
Michael III and the Caesar Bardas
Intellectual revival under Bardas .
Conversion of Bulgaria to Orthodoxy
External dangers .
The Photian schism with Rome
Murder of Bardas and of Michael
PAGE
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
ill
CHAPTER III.
THE MACEDONIAN DYNASTY FROM 867 TO 976 A. D.
By the Rev. the Abbé ALBERT Vogt, late Extraordinary Professor
of History at the University of Fribourg.
Basil I (867—886)
49
His early life
50
The finances
51
52
Revival in legislation and the arts
Religious questions
53
Close of Basil l's reign
54
Leo VI (886–912)
ib.
End of the Photian schism
56
Leo's four marriages
57
Administration and legislation
58
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912—959)
59
Alexander: the Council of Regency
60
Romanus I Lecapenus (919—944).
61
His policy
62
End of the house of Leca penus
63
Constantine VII and his entourage
Religious affairs
65
Administration
Intellectual movement
67
Romanus II (959—963).
ib.
Foreign affairs
69
ib.
Early career of Nicephorus Phocas
The
regency of Theophano
70
Usurpation of Nicephorus Phocas (963—969)
72
His marriage with Theophano
73
His hostility to the monks
Ecclesiastical and military legislation
75
64
66
## p. xviii (#24) ###########################################
xviii
Contents
General discontent
Murder of Nicephorus
John Tzimisces (969—976)
First measures as Emperor
Ecclesiastical affairs
Secular affairs
Death of John Tzimisces
PAGE
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
CHAPTER IV.
THE MACEDONIAN DYNASTY FROM 976 TO 1057 A. D.
By the Rev. the Abbé ALBERT Vogt.
.
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Basil and Constantine
First years of Basil II
Revolt of Bardas Sclerus
Defeat of Sclerus: fall of the eunuch Basil
Conspiracy of Phocas and Sclerus .
Collapse of rebellion
Ecclesiastical affairs
Conversion of Russia
Religious controversies with the Latins .
Attempt at a compromise
Legislation against the powerful"
Secular relations with the West
Recurrence of revolt
Death of Basil II :
Constantine VIII :
Accession of Zoë
Character and government of Romanus III
Foreign affairs and conspiracies
Michael IV succeeds Romanus
Character of Michael IV
Government of John the Orphanotrophos
Death of Michael IV
Michael V: fall of the Orphanotrophos.
Exile of Zoë: popular rising .
Fall of Michael V.
Zoë and Theodora .
Constantine IX associated in the Empire
Revolt of Maniaces
Revolt of Tornicius
Annexation of Armenia: Michael Cerularius
Schism of the Eastern and Western Churches
Literary renaissance
Deaths of Zoë and Constantine IX
Death of Theodora. Michael VI Stratioticus .
Discontent of the army: revolt under Isaac Comnenus
Fall of Michael VI
: :
91
92
93
94
95
96
ib.
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
## p. xix (#25) #############################################
Contents
xix
CHAPTER V.
(A)
THE STRUGGLE WITH THE SARACENS (717—867).
By E. W. Brooks, M. A. , King's College, Cambridge.
vi
The last Arab attempt upon Constantinople .
Character of the wars
Battle of Acroïnon
Campaigns of Constantine V.
Expedition of the Caliph Mahdi
Expedition of Rashid
Campaigns of Constantine
Nicephorus and Rashid.
Recovery of Camacha
Campaigns of the Caliph Ma’mūn.
Sack of Sozopetra.
Fall of Amorium
Disintegration of the Caliphate
Expeditions to Damietta
Battle of Chonarium
Battle of Poson
Muslim invasion of Sicily
Fall of Palermo
Fall of Enna.
Expeditions of Khafāja .
PAGE
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
(B)
THE STRUGGLE WITH THE SARACENS (867—1057).
By A. A. Vasil'ev, late Professor of History at the
University of Dorpat.
Favourable position of Basil I
Loss of Syracuse
Disasters under Leo VI
Constantine VII: the decline of the Caliphate
War on the Euphrates
Advance under Nicephorus Phocas
Capture of Antioch and Aleppo
John Tzimisces in Syria
Basil II
War with the Fățimites
The successors of Basil II
139
140
141
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
(C)
SUMMARY.
151
By Professor J. B. Bury, F. B. A.
## p. xx (#26) ##############################################
XX
Contents
CHAPTER VI.
ARMENIA.
By Frédéric MacLER, Professor of Armenian at the École
nationale des Langues orientales vivantes, Paris.
PAGE
Position of Armenia
153
Periods of Armenian history
154
Persians and Greeks in Armenia
155
The Arab Conquest
156
Armenian Principalities
157
The Bagratuni Dynasty
158
The Katholikos: Ashot I: Smbat I
159
Armenia and Azarbā'ījān
160
Friendship between Armenia and the Arabs .
161
The civilisation of Greater Armenia
162
Civil war between John-Smbat and his brother
163
Armenia threatened by Greeks and Turks
164
Constantine Monomachus betrays Gagik II
165
Greater Armenia conquered by the Seljūqs
166
Character of the Armeno-Cilician kingdom
167
The foundation of Armeno-Cilicia .
168
Armeno-Cilicia attacked by Greeks and Turks
169
Thoros II successful against the Greeks
170
The Greeks driven from Cilicia
171
European connexions of Leo the Great .
172
Leo's achievements in peace and war
173
Succession problems after Leo's death
174
Armenian alliance with the Mongols
175
War with the Mamlūks and Seljūqs
176
Unstable government of Hethum II
177
Loss of the Mongol alliance
178
Overtures to the West. Nationalist reaction .
179
The Mamlūks conquer Armenia. The Lusignans
180
Failure and exile of Leo VI.
181
Armenia under Muslim rule .
182
CHAPTER VII.
(A)
THE EMPIRE AND ITS NORTHERN NEIGHBOURS.
By Dr CHARLES KADLEC, Professor of Slavonic Law at
the Charles University of Prague.
Scythians and Sarmatians
Alans, Goths, and Huns
Bulgars, Avars, and Turks
The Avars in Europe
Chazars and Turks
183
184
185
186
187
.
## p. xxi (#27) #############################################
Contents
xxi
.
.
Growing power of the Chazars
Relations with the Empire . .
Chazar institutions
Religious tolerance
The Burdas
The White Bulgars
The Magyars
Admixture of races
Magyar customs
Patzinaks and Magyars .
The Magyars migrate to Hungary
Russia. The “Varangian" theory
The Eastern Slavs
Trade Routes
The vólosti
Settlement of the Varangians
Oleg and Igor of Kiev
Trade and tribute .
Beginnings of Christianity in Kiev
Reign of Svyatoslav
Vladímir the Great
Russia accepts Christianity
The Magyars in Hungary
The Magyar raids
The Magyars become a settled people
Christianisation of Hungary
St Stephen.
PAGE
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
.
.
(B)
CONVERSION OF THE SLAVS.
By Dr V. JAGIĆ, Member of the Jugoslav Academy of Science and
Art at Agram, Emeritus Professor of Slavonic Philology at
the University of Vienna.
Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius
215
Sources for their history
216
Constantine's youth at Constantinople
217
His disputations.
218
Relations with Photius: mission to the Chazars
219
Discovery of the relics of St Clement
220
The invitation to Moravia
221
The invention of the Slavonic alphabet .
222
Constantine and Methodius in Moravia.
223
Their journey to Rome .
224
Cyril's death: his literary achievements
225
Methodius in Pannonia .
226
His imprisonment and return to Moravia
227
His victory at Rome
228
Opposition of Svatopluk: death of Methodius
229
C. MED. H. VOL. IV.
## p. xxii (#28) ############################################
xxii
Contents
CHAPTER VIIJ.
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE FIRST BULGARIAN EMPIRE
(679—1018).
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A. , Hertford College, Oxford, Hon.
LL. D. of the National University of Greece.
PAGE
Bulgarian settlement in Europe
230
Early Greco-Bulgarian Wars
231
Krum
232
Omurtag
234
First Serbo-Bulgarian War
235
Conversion of the Bulgarians
236
Simeon's love of learning
237
A Bulgarian Tsar and Patriarch
238
The Bogomile heresy
239
Fall of Eastern Bulgaria
240
Samuel and Basil II
241
Fall of Western Bulgaria
242
Bulgaria a Byzantine province
243
Bulgarian rising of 1040
244
Further risings
245
.
CHAPTER IX.
THE GREEK CHURCH: ITS RELATIONS WITH THE WEST
UP TO 1054.
By Louis BRÉHIER, Professor of History at the University of
Clermont-Ferrand.
.
The Greek Church and Rome
Ignatius and Photius
Conflict between Photius and Nicholas I
The schism of Photius
Deposition of Photius
Ecumenical Council (869—870)
Re-instatement of Photius
His disgrace and death .
Contemporary judgments on him
Restoration of communion with Rome (898)
Leo VI and Nicholas Mysticus
Concord of the two Churches
Lessened prestige of Rome
Independence of the Greek Church
Strained relations with Rome
Eustathius and the. autocephalia
The party of reform in the West
246
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
## p. xxiii (#29) ###########################################
Contents
xxiii
The two Churches up to 1054
Michael Cerularius
The Eastern Empire, Leo IX, and the Normans
Michael Cerularius and Rome
Correspondence between the Pope and the Patriarch
The Roman legates at Constantinople (1054)
Excommunication of Michael Cerularius
The Synodal Edict of 1054
Definitive rupture (20 July 1054)
The results of the Schism
PAGE
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
CHAPTER X.
(A)
MUSLIM CIVILISATION DURING THE ABBASID PERIOD.
By Sir THOMAS W. ARNOLD, C. I. E. , Litt. D. , Hon. Fellow of
Magdalene College, Cambridge, Professor of Arabic at the
University of London.
The Abbasid Empire
Character of the Abbasid dynasty
Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate
Ascendancy of the Buwaihids
The Seljūq Empire
The Mongol conguests
Muslim political theory
Theory of the Caliphate
Organisation of administrative machinery
The postal system.
Censorship of morals: judiciary: army.
The Turkish guard
Slavery:
Toleration
Religious persecution
Position of Christians
Literature under the Abbasids
Exegesis: law
Dogmatic systems.
Mysticism. Historical literature
Belles lettres
The encyclopaedists and geographers
Philosophy
Medicine
Mathematics and Astronomy.
commerce
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
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298
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Contents
(B)
THE SELJŪQS.
By HERBERT M. J. LOEWE, M. A. , Queens' College, Cambridge.
Importance of the Seljüqs
Decay of the Caliphate.
The Shi'ites.
Islám saved by the Seljüqs
The dynasty of Seljūq .
ľughril Beg
The Vizier Nizam-al-Mulk
-
Alp Arslan
Malik Shah
Intrigues of the Turkān Khātūn
Barkiyāruq: civil wars.
Muḥammad .
Sanjar, the last Great Seljūq.
Revolts of Atsiz of Khwārazm
The Ghuzz: death of Sanjar .
The Atābegs and local Seljūq dynasties
The Seljūqs of Rūm
Coming of the Crusaders
End of the Seljūq power
PAGE
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
CHAPTER XI.
THE EARLIER COMNENI.
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON, Archiviste Paléographe.
First appearance of the Comneni
End of the Macedonian dynasty
Revolt of Isaac Comnenus
Fall of Michael VI
The reign of Isaac Comnenus
Michael Cerularius
Constantine Ducas
Situation of the Empire
Anna Dalassena
Accession of Alexius Comnenus
Alexius and the Ducas family
War with the Normans of Italy
The Patzinaks and Cumans
The Empire and the Turks in Asia Minor
Unpopularity of Alexius
The First Crusade
Alexius Comnenus and the crusaders
The first crusaders at Constantinople
Hugh of Vermandois. Godfrey of Bouillon
Bohemond and Alexius Comnenus
Siege of Antioch.
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
ib.
336
337
338
339
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XXV
Alexius and the crusaders of 1101
Bohemond Prince of Antioch
Bohemond's expedition against the Byzantine Empire
Peace with Bohemond
Alexius and the Turks
Alexius and the Papacy
Intrigues of Anna Comnena
The Byzantine army and navy
Financial administration
Alexius and the Church
Estimate of Alexius
PAGE
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
CHAPTER XII.
THE LATER COMNENI.
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON.
John Comnenus
Expedition against the Turks
The Venetians
The Hungarians
The Serbs
John Comnenus in Asia Minor
Italian affairs
John in Syria and Cilicia
John and the Western Empire
John and the Principality of Antioch
Accession of Manuel Comnenus
His character
His administration
Turkish attacks
The Second Crusade
Conrad III and Louis VII
Manuel and Roger II
The Greeks in Italy
Manuel and Alexander III
Manuel, Venice, and Barbarossa
Manuel and Hungary
Manuel and Serbia
The Latin East
Manuel's marriage with Mary of Antioch
Amaury of Jerusalem
Wars with the Turks
Battle of Myriocephalum
Death of Manuel .
Alexius II
Andronicus I
His coup d'état
His administration
His death
351
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
.
The Angeli
ib.
## p. xxvi (#32) ############################################
xxvi
Contents
CHAPTER XIII.
.
VENICE.
By HORATIO F. Brown, Hon. LL. D. , New College, Oxford.
PAGE
Earlier history of Venice
385
Lombard invasion. The Tribuni
386
Growth of the community
387
The first Doge
388
Relations with the Lombards
389
Relations with Byzantium
390
The Franks
391
Olivolo. Charles the Great
392
Fortunatus of Grado
393
Pepin of Italy's attack
394
Rialto, the City of Venice
395
Commerce
396
Constitution. Dynastic tendencies
397
The pactum of Pavia
398
Secular versus ecclesiastical power
399
Pacta and praecepta
400
The Candiani
401
The Emperor Otto I
402
Peter Orseolo I
403
Peter Orseolo II
404
Relations with East and West
405
Duux Dalmatiae
406
New Venice.
407
The Normans
408
The First Crusade
409
The Levant
411
The Emperor Manuel
412
The Constitution
413
The Peace of Venice
414
CHAPTER XIV.
THE FOURTH CRUSADE AND THE LATIN EMPIRE.
By Professor CHARLES DIEHL.
The beginning of the Crusade
The Crusaders and Venice
The diversion of the Crusade to Constantinople
Arrival at Constantinople
Breach with the Byzantine Government
Sack of Constantinople .
Partition of the Empire
Assises of Romania
Weakness of the Latin Empire
Defeat and death of the Emperor Baldwin I.
Accession of Henry of Flanders: his early successes
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
## p. xxvii (#33) ###########################################
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xxyii
His internal government
Decline of the Empire after Henry's death
Wars with Greeks and Bulgarians
Reign of Baldwin II
Gradual advance of the Greeks
End of the Latin Empire
PAGE
426
427
428
429
430
431
CHAPTER XV.
GREECE AND THE AEGEAN UNDER FRANK AND
VENETIAN DOMINATION (1204–1571).
.
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
Partition of the Greek lands in Europe.
Conquest of Athens and the Morea
Corfù and Crete
Euboea and the Archipelago .
The Despotat of Epirus.
Organisation of Achaia .
The Latin Church.
Prosperity of Achaia
Guy I of Athens
Battle of Karýdi
Battle of Pelagonía
The Ladies' Parliament.
The Angevins and Greece
Career of Licario
Nicholas II de St Omer.
The Theban Court
Philip of Taranto .
Walter of Brienne. The Catalans.
Battle of the Cephisus .
Catalan organisation of Athens
The Infant Ferdinand of Majorca .
The Duchy of Neopatras
Rise of the Acciajuoli
The Serbians in Northern Greece
The Navarrese Company
Florentine capture of Athens
Nerio Acciajuoli
Condition of Athens
Greek revival in the Morea
Turkish capture of Joánnina.
Constantine Palaeologus in Greece
Mahomet II in the Morea
Turkish capture of Athens
The Gattilusi of Lesbos .
The dynasty of Tocco
The Duchy of the Archipelago
Turkish capture of Naxos and Chios
History of Cyprus
432
133
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
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Contents
The Genoese in Cyprus.
Cyprus becomes a Venetian colony
Loss of the last Venetian colonies.
Frankish society
Frankish culture
Tables of Rulers
PAGE
470
471
472
473
474
ib.
CHAPTER XVI.
THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA AND THE RECOVERY
OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
.
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
Theodore Lascaris.
Description of Nicaea
Partition of Asia Minor.
The Franks in Asia Minor
Theodore I proclaimed Emperor
Second Frankisb Invasion
Defeat and death of Kai-Khusrū I
Third Frankish Invasion
Theodore's death. His character
John III Vatatzes succeeds
Conspiracies against him
Greco-Bulgarian alliance
Triple League against Vatatzes
First attack on Salonica
Reconquest of Macedonia from the Bulgarians
Annexation of Salonica .
Recovery of Rhodes. Defeat of Michael II
Second marriage of Vatatzes .
Career of Constance of Hohenstaufen
Futile attempts at Union with Rome
Ecclesiastical policy. Material prosperity
Literature
Death and canonisation of Vatatzes
Theodore II Lascaris: his education and writings
His Bulgarian campaigns
Early career of Michael Palaeologus
War in Epirus
The Union of the Churches. Domestic policy
Illness and death of Theodore
Regency and murder of Muzalon
Michael VIII Palaeologus crowned Emperor .
First attack on Constantinople
Diplomatic manœuvres of Palaeologus
Treaty of Nymphaeum.
Capture of Constantinople
Nicaea merges in Byzantium.
History of Trebizond
Vitality of Hellenism
Table of Rulers
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
516
ib.
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xxix
CHAPTER XVII,
THE BALKAN STATES.
I. THE ZENITA OF BULGARIA AND SERBIA (1186—1355).
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
1
C
The foundation of the Serbian monarchy
The Bogomile heresy
Second Bulgarian Empire
Kalojan's success
Stephen the "First-crowned
Zenith of Bulgaria
John Asên II
Decline of Bulgaria
Constantine Asên .
History of Bosnia .
Stephen Uroš I
Ivailo the Swineherd
The Dowager-Empress Maria
The Tartars in Bulgaria
Peaceful development of Serbia
Stephen Uroš II
His Greek marriage
Serbia and the Papacy
Policy of Stephen Uroš II
Stephen Dečanski and his court
Condition of Serbia
Battle of Velbužd, 1330
Accession of Stephen Dušan .
Foundation of Wallachia and Moldavia .
Dušan and Cantacuzene
Dušan crowned Emperor, 1346
Serbo-Greek treaty of 1350
First Turkish settlement in Europe
Dušan invades Bosnia
His death, 1355
Dušan's Code
His ecclesiastical policy.
Contemporary Slav culture
Character of Dušan's Empire
Its lack of unity
PAGE
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE BALKAN STATES.
II. THE TURKISH CONQUEST (1355—1483).
By WILLIAM MILLER, M. A.
Break-up of the Serbian Empire
Vukašin's usurpation
Battle on the Maritza, 1371
Hegemony of Bosnia
The Turkish advance
552
554
555
556
557
## p. xxx (#36) #############################################
XXX
Contents
.
Battle of Kossovo, 1389
Zenith of Tvrtko I
End of the Bulgarian Empire
Battle of Nicopolis, 1396
Battle of Angora, 1402 .
Reign of Stephen Lazarević
Venice in Albania .
The Bosnian King-maker
Civil war in Bosnia
Mirčea " the Great” of Wallachia
Condition of Moldavia and Serbia .
Branković at Semendria
The loss of the last Serbian ports
John Hunyadi
Battle of Varna,
1444
Third Battle of Kossovo, 1448
The “Duchy of St Sava”
Policy of Mahomet li
Siege of Belgrade, 1456
Death of George Branković, 1456 .
End of medieval Serbia.
Coronation of Stephen Tomašević.
Turkish conquest of Bosnia, 1463 .
Hungarian banats of Jajce and Srebrenik
Turkish conquest of the Herzegovina
Venice in Albania .
Career of Skanderbeg
Turkish conquest of Albania .
History of Montenegro .
End of the “Black Princes”
The Danubian Principalities .
Jealousies of the Powers
Tables of Rulers
PAGE
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
.
CHAPTER XIX.
ATTEMPTS AT REUNION OF THE GREEK AND LATIN
CHURCHES.
By Professor Louis BRÉHIER.
Hindrances to the Union
The different points of view
Last attempts at alliance against the Normans
Union and the danger from the Turks .
Union and the First Crusade .
The Papacy and the Germanic Empire
Manuel Comnenus and the Union.
Failure of Manuel's policy
Rupture between Byzantium and the West
The Fourth Crusade
The compulsory Union
Innocent III and the Greek Church
594
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
.
## p. xxxi (#37) ############################################
Contents
xxxi
.
Fall of the Latin Empire
John Vatatzes and attempts at union
Policy of Michael Palaeologus
Schemes of Charles of Anjou .
Gregory X and Michael Palaeologus
Union at the Council of Lyons
Breach of the Union
Policy of Andronicus II
Clement VI and the Union
John VI Cantacuzene
John V Palaeologus
Manuel Palaeologus in the West
The Battle of Angora, 1402
The Greeks and the Council of Basle
The Council at Ferrara, 1438
The Council at Florence, 1439
The Union of Florence .
Byzantine opposition to the Union
Fall of Constantinople.
Conclusion
PAGE
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
.
CHAPTER XX.
THE MONGOLS.
By HERBERT M. J. LOEWE, M. A.
Character of Mongol history.
Extent of the Mongol invasions
Unification of Asia
Mongol and Tartar
Other tribes in the Mongol Confederation
Jenghiz Khan
Conquest of Turkestan and Khwārazm
Empire of Jenghiz Khan
Conquest of Northern China .
