of Kühn's edi- for the writer to give more than the results of his
tion of Hippocrates ; Choulant's Handb.
tion of Hippocrates ; Choulant's Handb.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
and For.
Med.
Rev.
April, 1844, p.
Ages.
[ANDREAS.
]
459. )
The other fables concerning Hippocrates are te
Upon this slight foundation of historical truth be traced to the collection of Letters, &c. which go
has been built å vast superstructure of fabulous under his name, but which are universally rejected
error ; and it is curious to observe how all these as spurious. The most celebrated of these relates
tales receive a colouring from the times and coun- to his supposed conduct during the plague of
tries in which they appear to have been fabricated, Athens, which he is said to have stopped by burn.
whether by his own countrymen before the Chris- ing fires throughout the city, by suspending chap-
tian era, or by the Latin or Arabic writers of the lets of flowers, and by the use of an antidote, the
middle ages. One of the stories told of him by composition of which is preserved by Joannes Ac-
his Greek biograpners, which most modern critics tuarius (De Meth. Med. v. 6. p. 264, ed. H. Steph. )
are disposed to regard as fabulous, relates to his Connected with this, is the pretended letter from
being sent for, together with Euryphon [EURY- | Artaxerxes Longimanus, king of Persia, to Hippo-
112
ID
ani
I
Isaa
Stre
e bare
a
[F ಓಡಿದೆ
90 for
مجموع
Nested
## p. 484 (#500) ############################################
484
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
,26 بقراط Sokrat, with سقراط confounded the word
crates, inviting him by great offers to come to his erected a statue his honour as to a divinity. A
assistance during a time of pestilence, and the re- fair lady resolved to prove that this god was a
fusal of Hippocrates, on the ground of his being mere mortal ; and, accordingly, having made an
the enemy of his country.
assignation with him, she let down for him a
Another story, perhaps equally familiar to the basket from her window. When she had raised
readers of Burton's " Anatomy of Melancholy," him half way, she left him suspended in the air
contains the history of the supposed madness of all night, till he was found by the emperor in the
Democritus, and his interview with Hippocrates, morning, and thus became the laughing-stock of
who had been summoned by his countrymen to the court. Another story makes him professor of
come to his relief,
medicine in Rome, with a nephew of wondrous
If we turn to the Arabic writers, we find talents and medical skill, whom he despatched in
" Bokrát” represented as living at Hems, and his own stead to the king of Hungary, who had
studying in a garden near Damascus, the situation sent for him to heal his son. The young leech, by
of which was still pointed out in the time of Abu-l- his marvellous skill, having discovered that the
faraj in the thirteenth century. (Abu-l-faraj, Hist. prince was not the king's own son, directed him to
Dynast. p. 56; Anon. Arab. Philosoph. Bibl. apud feed on “contrarius drink, contrarius mete, beves
Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Ilisp. Escur. vol. i. p. 235. ) fiesch, and drink the brotht," and thereby soon
They also tell a story of his pupils taking his por- restored him to health. Upon his return home
trait to a celebrated physiognomist named Phile- laden with presents, “ Y pocras” became so jealous
mon, in order to try his skill; and that upon his of his fame, that he murdered him, and afterwards
saying that it was the portrait of a lascivious old “ he let all his bokes berne. " The vengeance of
man (which they strenuously denied), Hippocrates Heaven overtook him, and he died in dreadful
said that he was right, for that he was so by torments, confessing his crime, and vainly calling
nature, but that he had learned to overcome his on his murdered nephew for relief. (See Ellis,
amorous propensities. The confusion of names Spec. of Early Engl. Metr. Roman. vol. iii. p. 39;
that occurs in this last anecdote the writer has Weber, Metr. Rom. of the 13th, 14th, and 15th
never seen explained, though the difficulty admits Cent. , &-c. , vol. iii. p. 41 ; Way, Fabliaux or Tales
of an easy and satisfactory solution. It will no of the 12th and 13th Cent. , &c. vol. č. p. 173; Le
doubt have brought to the reader's recollection the grand d'Aussy, Fabliaur ou Contes, Fables et Ro
similar story told of Socrates by Cicero (Tusc. Disp. mans du 12ème et du 13ème Siècles, tome i. p. 288 ;
iv. 37, De Fato, c. 5), and accordingly he will be Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Essai sur les Fables
quite prepared to hear that the Arabic writers have Ind. fic. , p. 154, and Roman des Sept Sages, p.
If, from the personal history of Hippocrates, we
Bokrát, and have thus applied to Hippocrates an
turn to the collection of writings that go under his
anecdote that in reality belongs to Socrates. The name, the parallel with Homer will be still more
name of the physiognomist in Cicero is Zopyrus, exact and striking. In both cases we find a number
which cannot have been corrupted into Philemon ;
of works, the most ancient, and, in some respects,
but when we remember that the Arabians have no the most excellent of their kind, which, though
P, and are therefore often obliged to express this they have for centuries borne the same name, are
letter by an F, it will probably appear not unlikely discovered, on the most cursory examination, to
that either the writers, or their European trans- belong in reality to several different persons.
lators, have confounded Philemon with Polemon. Hence has arisen a question which has for ages
This conjecture is confirmed by the fact that Phile-exercised the learning and acuteness of scholars
mon is said by Abu-l-faraj to have written a work and critics, and which is in both cases still far from
on Physiognomy, which is true of Polemon, whose being satisfactorily settled. With respect to the
treatise on that subject is still extant, whereas no writings of the Hippocratic Collection the first
person of the name of Philemon (as far as the glance,” says M. Littré (vol. i. p. 44), shows that
writer is aware) is mentioned as a physiognomist some are complete in themselves, while others are
by any Greek author. " The only objection to merely collections of notes, which follow each other
this conjecture is the anachronism of making Pole without connection, and which are sometimes hardly
mon a contemporary of Hippocrates or Socrates ; intelligible. Some are incomplete and fragmentary,
but this difficulty will not appear very great to others form in the whole Collection particular series,
any one who is familiar with the extreme igno- which belong to the same ideas and the same
rance and carelessness displayed by the Arabic writer. In å word, however little we reflect on
writers on all points of Greek history and chro- the context of these numerous writings, we are led
nology.
to conclude that they are not the work of one and
It is, however, among the European story- the same author. This remark has in all ages
tellers of the middle ages that the name of “ Ypo- struck those persons who have given their atten-
" is most celebrated. In one story he is repre- tion to the works of Hippocrates; and even at the
sented as visiting Rome during the reign of Au- time when men commented on them in the Alex-
gustus, and restoring to life the emperor's nephew, andrian school, they already disputed about their
who was just dead ; for which service Augustus authenticity. "
But it is not merely from internal evidence
* There is at this present time among the MSS. (though this of itself would be sufficiently con-
at Leyden a little Arabic treatise on Physiognomy vincing) that we find that the Hippocratic Collec-
which bears the name of Philemon, and which (as | tion is not the work of Hippocrates alone, for it so
the writer has been informed by a gentleman who | happens that in two instances we find a passage
has compared the two works) bears a very great that has appeared from very early times as forming
resemblance to the Greek treatise by Polemon. part of this collection, quoted as belonging to a
(See Catal. Biblioth. Lugdun. p. 461. 8 1286. )
different person. Indeed if we had nothing but
cras
ܪ
1
## p. 485 (#501) ############################################
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
485
a divinity.
his god fai
Bring made
she had it
nded in the
- emperor inte
-ughing-stock of
Sim professor
er of rendre
e despatched
ugary, she had
Foung leech, by
corered that the
5, directed in a
erius mete, bere
and thereby sa
his recent home
became so janica
In, and aftermas
The rengeance of
died dra
and rainly calling
relief. (See
rag, vol di A39;
, 144, s. 150
, Falls Tale
vol ü. p. 173; La
ostes, Faltese
ecles, tome i p. 230;
ist les parties
* des Scute Seas
»
internal evidence to guide us in our task of ex- cherkunde für die Aellere Medicin ; Littré's Hip-
amining these writings, in order to decide which pocrates ; and other professed bibliographical works.
really belong to Hippocrates, we should come to The works of Hippocrates first appeared in a Latin
but few positive results; and therefore it is neces- translation by Fabius Calvus, Rom. 1525, fol. The
sary to collect all the ancient testimonies that can first Greek edition is the Aldine, Venet. 1526, fol. ,
still be found ; in doing which, it will appear that which was printed from MSS. with hardly any
the Collection, as a whole, can be traced no higher correction of the transcriber's errors. The first
than the period of the Alexandrian school, in the edition that had any pretensions to be called a
third century B. C. ; but that particular treatises critical edition was that by Hieron. Mercurialis,
are referred to by the contemporaries of Hippocrates Venet. 1588, fol. , Gr. and Lat. ; but this was much
and his immediate successors. (Brit. and For. surpassed by that of Anut. Foësius, Francof.
Med. Rev. p. 460. )
1595, fol. , Gr. and Lat. , which continues to the
We find that Hippocrates is mentioned or re- present day to be the best complete edition. Van-
ferred to by no less than ten persons anterior to der Linden's edition (Lugd. Bat. 1665, 8vo. 2 vols.
the foundation of the Alexandrian school, and Gr. and Lat. ) is neat and commodious for refer-
among them by Aristotle and Plato. At the time ence from his having divided the text into short
of the formation of the great Alexandrian library, paragraphs. Chartier's edition of the works of
the different treatises which bear the name of Hip-Galen and Hippocrates has been noticed under
pocrates were diligently sought for, and formed into GALEN; as has also Kühn's, of which it may be
a single collection ; and about this time commences said that its only advantages are its convenient
the series of Commentators, which has continued size, the reprint of Ackermann's Histor. Liter.
through a period of more than two thousand years Hippocr. (from Harless's ed. of Fabr. Bill. Gr. ) in
to the present day. The first person who is known the first vol. , and the noticing on each page the cor-
to have commented on any of the works of the responding pagination of the editions of Foës,
Hippocratic Collection is Herophilus. (HEROPHI- Chartier, and Vander Linden. By far the best
Lus. ] The most ancient commentary still in ex- edition in every respect is one which is now in
istence is that on the treatise “ De Articulis,” by the course of publication at Paris, under the super-
A pollonius Citiensis. (APOLLONIUS CITIENSIS. ] intendence of E. Littré, of which the first vol. ap-
By far the most voluminous, and at the same time peared in 1839, and the fourth in 1844. It
by far the most valuable commentaries that remain, contains a new text, founded upon a collation of
are those of Galen, who wrote several works in the MSS. in the Royal Library at Paris; a French
illustration of the writings of Hippocrates, besides translation; an interesting and learned general In-
those which we now possess. His Commentaries, troduction, and a copious argument prefixed to each
which are still extant, are those on the “De Na- treatise ; and numerous scientific and philological
tura Hominis," “ De Salubri Victus Ratione," " De notes. It is a work quite indispensable to every
Ratione Victus in Morbis Acutis," " Praenotiones," physician, critic, and philologist, who wishes to
"Praedictiones I. ," “ Aphorismi,” “ De Morbis study in detail the works of the Hippocratic Col-
Vulgaribus I. II. III. VI,” “ De Fracturis," “ De lection, and it has already done much more to-
Articulis," " De Officina Medici,” and “ De Hu- wards settling the text than any edition that has
moribus," with a glossary of difficult and obsolete preceded it; but at the same time it must not be
words, and fragments on the “ De Aëre, Aquis, et concealed that the editor does not seem to have
Locis," and "De Alimento. " The other ancient always made the best use of the materials that he
commentaries that remain are those of Palladius, has had at his command, and that the classical
Joannes Alexandrinus, Stephanus Atheniensis, reader cannot help now and then noticing a mani-
Meletius, Theophilus Protospatharius, and Damas fest want of critical (and even at times of gram-
cius ; besides å spurious work attributed to Ori- matical) scholarship.
basius, a glossary of obsolete and difficult words by The Hippocratic Collection consists of more
Erotianus, and some Arabic Commentaries that than sixty works; and the classification of these,
have never been published. (Brit. and For. Med. and assigning each (as far as possible) to its
Rev. p. 461. )
proper author, constitutes by far the most diffi-
His writings were held in the highest esteem by cult question connected with the ancient medical
the ancient Greek and Latin physicians, and most writers. Various have been the classifications
of them were translated into Arabic. (See Wen- proposed both in ancient and modern times, and
rich, De Auct. Graec. Vers. et Comment. Syr. various the rules by which their authors were
Arab. , &c. ) In the middle ages, however, they guided; some contenting themselves with following
were not so much studied as those of some other implicitly the opinions of Galen and Erotianus,
authors, whose works are of a more practical cha- others arguing chiefly from peculiarities of style,
racter, and better fitted for being made a class-book while a third class distinguished the books accord-
and manual of instruction. In more modern times, ing to the medical and philosophical doctrines
on the contrary, the works of the Hippocratic Col- contained in them. An account of each of these
lection have been valued more according to their classifications cannot be given here, much less can
real worth, while many of the most popular medical the objections that may be brought against each be
writers of the middle ages have fallen into complete pointed out: upon the whole, the writer is inclined
neglect. The number of works written in illustra- to think M. Littré's superior to any that has pre-
tion or explanation of the Collection is very great, ceded it; but by no means so unexceptionable as
as is also that of the editions of the whole or any to do away with the necessity of a new one. The
part of the treatises composing it. Of these only a following classification, though far enough from
very few can be here mentioned : a fuller account supplying the desideratum, differs in several in-
may be found in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. ; Haller, stances from any former one: it is impossible here
Bibl. Medic. Pract. ; the first vol.
of Kühn's edi- for the writer to give more than the results of his
tion of Hippocrates ; Choulant's Handb. der Bü- | investigation, referring for the data on which his
113
y of Hippocrates, :
ngs that go under in
ler will be still mare
ases se find a number
and, in some respect
kind, wbich, though
e the same rame, et
ursory examination, to
sal ditierent persius
on which has far 1978
I acuteness of schols
both cases still far from
With respect to the
ic Collection the first
l. i. p. 44), shows that
mselves, while otbers are
, which follow each other
nich are sometimes hardy
omplete and fragmenty
ollection particular series
me ideas and the be
werer little we refata
✓
erous writings, we are led
: not the work of one and
remark has in all ages
10 have given their ate?
pocrates; and even at the
inted on them in the Ales-
ready disputed about their
ly from internal eridesa
would be sufficiently com
that the Hippocratie Cola
Hippocrates alone, far it s
instinces we find a passo
very early times as farming
quoted as belonging to :
leed if we had nothing to
## p. 486 (#502) ############################################
486
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
I
Forte; Fue in
reness take
master
The Hippocratic Collection consists of
Works
perhape
:
Works certainly
written by Hip-
pocrales. (Class
1. )
Works certainly
not written by
Hippocrates.
pocrates. (Class
11. )
sca are
to be acceea iz
Hippocrates
are an
Worts earlier
than Hippo
crates. (Class
Works later
than Hippo.
crates.
Works
contemporary
with Hippo-
crates.
1
τοιι τα
focus taken in
lection
one perse
mata se
from those of of
but not genuine,
i. e. not wilful
Works whose Worts whose
author
author is
conjectured. unknown.
(Class IV. )
genuine nor
authentic, 1. e.
Ties.
VIII. )
Works by the
same author.
(Class VI. )
Works by va-
rious authors.
(Class V11. )
he was the ab
mase, and
te on
pats, not
peccan to sat,
Dedical writers
was, it is
may have been
no longer in es
prasable, rego
opinion in each particular case is founded to the Tvlw, De Insomniis (vol. ii. p. 1); Nepi Natøv, De
works of Gruner, Ackermann, and Littré, of which Affectionibus (vol. ii. p. 380); nepi Twv &VTOS
he has, of course, made free use. * Perhaps a tabular Nabw, De Internis Affectionibus (vol. ii. p. 427);
or genealogical view of the different divisions and Tepl Novow A, De Morbis i. (vol. ii
. p. 165); Népl
subdivisions of the Collection will be the best cal- | 'Entautvov, De Septimestri Partu (vol. i. p. 414);
i,
culated to put the reader at unce in possession of Tepl 'Okraunvou, De Octimestri Partu (vol. i. p.
the whole bearings of the subject.
455); 'Επιδημίων Βιβλία Β, Δ, Ζ, Epidemiorum,
or De Morbis Popularibus, ii. iv. vi. (vol. iii. pp.
428, 511, 583); Περί Χυμών, De IHumoribus (vol.
1. p. 120); Περί Υγρών Χρήσιος, De Usu Liqui-
written by Hip- dorum (vol. ii. p. 153).
Class VI. , containing Nepl Tovſis, De Genitura
(vol. i. p. 371); Περί Φύσιος Παιδίου, De Natura
about Pueri (vol. i. p. 382); Nepi Notown A, De Morbis
iv. (vol. ii. p. 324); Περί Γυναικείων, De Mu-
111. )
lierum fortis (vol. ii. p. 606); Περί Παρθενίων,
De Virginum Morbis (vol. ii. p. 526); Nepl’Apá
Works authentic, Works neither
pwv, De Sterilibus (vol. iii. p. 1).
Class VII. , containing 'Enridnulw Bienla E, H,
forgeries.
wilful forke-
(Class V. )
(Class
Epidemiorum, or De Morbis Popularibus v. vii.
(vol. iii. pp. 545, 631); Nepi Kapdins, De Corde
(vol. i. p. 485); Nepi Tpoçîs, De Alimento (vol. ii.
p. 17); Tepl Sáprwv, De Carnibus (vol. i. p. 424);
Περί Εβδομάδων, De Septimanis, a work which no
Class I. , containing MpoyvwoTiKÓv, Praenotiones longer exists in Greek, but of which M. Littré
or Prognosticon (vol. i. p. 88, ed. Kühn); 'Apo- has found a Latin translation ; IpopontiróY B,
prouol, Aphorismi (vol. iii. p. 706); 'Erionuiwv Prorrhetica (or Praedictiones) ii. (vol. i. p. 185);
Bibnía A, r, De Morbis Popularibus (or Epidemi- nepl 'Ootéwv súvios, De Natura Ossium, a work
orum), lib. i. and iii. (vol. i. pp. 382, 467); Tepl composed entirely of extracts from other treatises
Alaitns 'Océwy, De Ratione Victus in Morbis of the Hippocratic Collection, and from other an-
Acutis, or De Diaeta Acutorum (vol. ii. p. 25); cient authors, and which therefore M. Littré is
Περί Αέρων, Υδάτων, Τόπων, De Aire, Aquis, et going to suppress entirely (vol. 1. p. 502) ; Περί
Locis (vol. i. p. 523); Tepl TW v Kepalń Tpar l'Adévwv, De Glandulis (vol. i. p. 491); Tepl
Mátwv, De Capitis Vulneribus (vol. iii. p. 316). 'Int poû, De Medico (vol. i. p. 56); Depl Eú-
Class II. , containing Iepl Apxalns 'Intoikas, oxnuosúvns, De Decenti Habitu (vol. i. p. 66);
De Prisca Medicina (vol. i. p. 22); llepl "Apopwv, mapaygenlai, Praeceptiones (vol. i. p. 77); Nepl
De Articulis (vol. iii
. p. 135); Nepi 'Ayuâv, De 'Avatouñs, De Anatomia (or De Resectione Cor-
Fractis (vol. iii. p. 64); MoxAixós, Mochlicus or porum) (vol. iii. p. 379); Tepl 'Odovropuins, De
Vectiarius (vol. iii. p. 270); "Opkos, Jusjurandum Dentitione (vol. i. p. 482); Nep! Eykatatouſs 'Eu-
i
(vol. i. p. 1); Nõuos, Lex (vol. i. p. 3); Iep? Spúov, De Resectione Foetus (vol. iii
. p. 376); Nep?
'Elxwv, De Ulceribus (vol. iii. p. 307); Liep? Oylos, De Visu (vol. iii. p. 42); Nepi Kpioiwv, De
Evpiyywv, De Fistulis (vol. iii. p. 329); lepi Crisibus (or De Judicationibus) (vol. i. p. 136);
Ajuoppožbwe, De Haemorrhoidibus (vol. iii. p. 340); Nepl Kploiuwv, De Diebus Criticis (or De Diebus
Kar 'Intpelov, De Officina Medici (vol. iii. p. 48); Judicatoriis) (vol. i. p.
459. )
The other fables concerning Hippocrates are te
Upon this slight foundation of historical truth be traced to the collection of Letters, &c. which go
has been built å vast superstructure of fabulous under his name, but which are universally rejected
error ; and it is curious to observe how all these as spurious. The most celebrated of these relates
tales receive a colouring from the times and coun- to his supposed conduct during the plague of
tries in which they appear to have been fabricated, Athens, which he is said to have stopped by burn.
whether by his own countrymen before the Chris- ing fires throughout the city, by suspending chap-
tian era, or by the Latin or Arabic writers of the lets of flowers, and by the use of an antidote, the
middle ages. One of the stories told of him by composition of which is preserved by Joannes Ac-
his Greek biograpners, which most modern critics tuarius (De Meth. Med. v. 6. p. 264, ed. H. Steph. )
are disposed to regard as fabulous, relates to his Connected with this, is the pretended letter from
being sent for, together with Euryphon [EURY- | Artaxerxes Longimanus, king of Persia, to Hippo-
112
ID
ani
I
Isaa
Stre
e bare
a
[F ಓಡಿದೆ
90 for
مجموع
Nested
## p. 484 (#500) ############################################
484
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
,26 بقراط Sokrat, with سقراط confounded the word
crates, inviting him by great offers to come to his erected a statue his honour as to a divinity. A
assistance during a time of pestilence, and the re- fair lady resolved to prove that this god was a
fusal of Hippocrates, on the ground of his being mere mortal ; and, accordingly, having made an
the enemy of his country.
assignation with him, she let down for him a
Another story, perhaps equally familiar to the basket from her window. When she had raised
readers of Burton's " Anatomy of Melancholy," him half way, she left him suspended in the air
contains the history of the supposed madness of all night, till he was found by the emperor in the
Democritus, and his interview with Hippocrates, morning, and thus became the laughing-stock of
who had been summoned by his countrymen to the court. Another story makes him professor of
come to his relief,
medicine in Rome, with a nephew of wondrous
If we turn to the Arabic writers, we find talents and medical skill, whom he despatched in
" Bokrát” represented as living at Hems, and his own stead to the king of Hungary, who had
studying in a garden near Damascus, the situation sent for him to heal his son. The young leech, by
of which was still pointed out in the time of Abu-l- his marvellous skill, having discovered that the
faraj in the thirteenth century. (Abu-l-faraj, Hist. prince was not the king's own son, directed him to
Dynast. p. 56; Anon. Arab. Philosoph. Bibl. apud feed on “contrarius drink, contrarius mete, beves
Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Ilisp. Escur. vol. i. p. 235. ) fiesch, and drink the brotht," and thereby soon
They also tell a story of his pupils taking his por- restored him to health. Upon his return home
trait to a celebrated physiognomist named Phile- laden with presents, “ Y pocras” became so jealous
mon, in order to try his skill; and that upon his of his fame, that he murdered him, and afterwards
saying that it was the portrait of a lascivious old “ he let all his bokes berne. " The vengeance of
man (which they strenuously denied), Hippocrates Heaven overtook him, and he died in dreadful
said that he was right, for that he was so by torments, confessing his crime, and vainly calling
nature, but that he had learned to overcome his on his murdered nephew for relief. (See Ellis,
amorous propensities. The confusion of names Spec. of Early Engl. Metr. Roman. vol. iii. p. 39;
that occurs in this last anecdote the writer has Weber, Metr. Rom. of the 13th, 14th, and 15th
never seen explained, though the difficulty admits Cent. , &-c. , vol. iii. p. 41 ; Way, Fabliaux or Tales
of an easy and satisfactory solution. It will no of the 12th and 13th Cent. , &c. vol. č. p. 173; Le
doubt have brought to the reader's recollection the grand d'Aussy, Fabliaur ou Contes, Fables et Ro
similar story told of Socrates by Cicero (Tusc. Disp. mans du 12ème et du 13ème Siècles, tome i. p. 288 ;
iv. 37, De Fato, c. 5), and accordingly he will be Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Essai sur les Fables
quite prepared to hear that the Arabic writers have Ind. fic. , p. 154, and Roman des Sept Sages, p.
If, from the personal history of Hippocrates, we
Bokrát, and have thus applied to Hippocrates an
turn to the collection of writings that go under his
anecdote that in reality belongs to Socrates. The name, the parallel with Homer will be still more
name of the physiognomist in Cicero is Zopyrus, exact and striking. In both cases we find a number
which cannot have been corrupted into Philemon ;
of works, the most ancient, and, in some respects,
but when we remember that the Arabians have no the most excellent of their kind, which, though
P, and are therefore often obliged to express this they have for centuries borne the same name, are
letter by an F, it will probably appear not unlikely discovered, on the most cursory examination, to
that either the writers, or their European trans- belong in reality to several different persons.
lators, have confounded Philemon with Polemon. Hence has arisen a question which has for ages
This conjecture is confirmed by the fact that Phile-exercised the learning and acuteness of scholars
mon is said by Abu-l-faraj to have written a work and critics, and which is in both cases still far from
on Physiognomy, which is true of Polemon, whose being satisfactorily settled. With respect to the
treatise on that subject is still extant, whereas no writings of the Hippocratic Collection the first
person of the name of Philemon (as far as the glance,” says M. Littré (vol. i. p. 44), shows that
writer is aware) is mentioned as a physiognomist some are complete in themselves, while others are
by any Greek author. " The only objection to merely collections of notes, which follow each other
this conjecture is the anachronism of making Pole without connection, and which are sometimes hardly
mon a contemporary of Hippocrates or Socrates ; intelligible. Some are incomplete and fragmentary,
but this difficulty will not appear very great to others form in the whole Collection particular series,
any one who is familiar with the extreme igno- which belong to the same ideas and the same
rance and carelessness displayed by the Arabic writer. In å word, however little we reflect on
writers on all points of Greek history and chro- the context of these numerous writings, we are led
nology.
to conclude that they are not the work of one and
It is, however, among the European story- the same author. This remark has in all ages
tellers of the middle ages that the name of “ Ypo- struck those persons who have given their atten-
" is most celebrated. In one story he is repre- tion to the works of Hippocrates; and even at the
sented as visiting Rome during the reign of Au- time when men commented on them in the Alex-
gustus, and restoring to life the emperor's nephew, andrian school, they already disputed about their
who was just dead ; for which service Augustus authenticity. "
But it is not merely from internal evidence
* There is at this present time among the MSS. (though this of itself would be sufficiently con-
at Leyden a little Arabic treatise on Physiognomy vincing) that we find that the Hippocratic Collec-
which bears the name of Philemon, and which (as | tion is not the work of Hippocrates alone, for it so
the writer has been informed by a gentleman who | happens that in two instances we find a passage
has compared the two works) bears a very great that has appeared from very early times as forming
resemblance to the Greek treatise by Polemon. part of this collection, quoted as belonging to a
(See Catal. Biblioth. Lugdun. p. 461. 8 1286. )
different person. Indeed if we had nothing but
cras
ܪ
1
## p. 485 (#501) ############################################
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
485
a divinity.
his god fai
Bring made
she had it
nded in the
- emperor inte
-ughing-stock of
Sim professor
er of rendre
e despatched
ugary, she had
Foung leech, by
corered that the
5, directed in a
erius mete, bere
and thereby sa
his recent home
became so janica
In, and aftermas
The rengeance of
died dra
and rainly calling
relief. (See
rag, vol di A39;
, 144, s. 150
, Falls Tale
vol ü. p. 173; La
ostes, Faltese
ecles, tome i p. 230;
ist les parties
* des Scute Seas
»
internal evidence to guide us in our task of ex- cherkunde für die Aellere Medicin ; Littré's Hip-
amining these writings, in order to decide which pocrates ; and other professed bibliographical works.
really belong to Hippocrates, we should come to The works of Hippocrates first appeared in a Latin
but few positive results; and therefore it is neces- translation by Fabius Calvus, Rom. 1525, fol. The
sary to collect all the ancient testimonies that can first Greek edition is the Aldine, Venet. 1526, fol. ,
still be found ; in doing which, it will appear that which was printed from MSS. with hardly any
the Collection, as a whole, can be traced no higher correction of the transcriber's errors. The first
than the period of the Alexandrian school, in the edition that had any pretensions to be called a
third century B. C. ; but that particular treatises critical edition was that by Hieron. Mercurialis,
are referred to by the contemporaries of Hippocrates Venet. 1588, fol. , Gr. and Lat. ; but this was much
and his immediate successors. (Brit. and For. surpassed by that of Anut. Foësius, Francof.
Med. Rev. p. 460. )
1595, fol. , Gr. and Lat. , which continues to the
We find that Hippocrates is mentioned or re- present day to be the best complete edition. Van-
ferred to by no less than ten persons anterior to der Linden's edition (Lugd. Bat. 1665, 8vo. 2 vols.
the foundation of the Alexandrian school, and Gr. and Lat. ) is neat and commodious for refer-
among them by Aristotle and Plato. At the time ence from his having divided the text into short
of the formation of the great Alexandrian library, paragraphs. Chartier's edition of the works of
the different treatises which bear the name of Hip-Galen and Hippocrates has been noticed under
pocrates were diligently sought for, and formed into GALEN; as has also Kühn's, of which it may be
a single collection ; and about this time commences said that its only advantages are its convenient
the series of Commentators, which has continued size, the reprint of Ackermann's Histor. Liter.
through a period of more than two thousand years Hippocr. (from Harless's ed. of Fabr. Bill. Gr. ) in
to the present day. The first person who is known the first vol. , and the noticing on each page the cor-
to have commented on any of the works of the responding pagination of the editions of Foës,
Hippocratic Collection is Herophilus. (HEROPHI- Chartier, and Vander Linden. By far the best
Lus. ] The most ancient commentary still in ex- edition in every respect is one which is now in
istence is that on the treatise “ De Articulis,” by the course of publication at Paris, under the super-
A pollonius Citiensis. (APOLLONIUS CITIENSIS. ] intendence of E. Littré, of which the first vol. ap-
By far the most voluminous, and at the same time peared in 1839, and the fourth in 1844. It
by far the most valuable commentaries that remain, contains a new text, founded upon a collation of
are those of Galen, who wrote several works in the MSS. in the Royal Library at Paris; a French
illustration of the writings of Hippocrates, besides translation; an interesting and learned general In-
those which we now possess. His Commentaries, troduction, and a copious argument prefixed to each
which are still extant, are those on the “De Na- treatise ; and numerous scientific and philological
tura Hominis," “ De Salubri Victus Ratione," " De notes. It is a work quite indispensable to every
Ratione Victus in Morbis Acutis," " Praenotiones," physician, critic, and philologist, who wishes to
"Praedictiones I. ," “ Aphorismi,” “ De Morbis study in detail the works of the Hippocratic Col-
Vulgaribus I. II. III. VI,” “ De Fracturis," “ De lection, and it has already done much more to-
Articulis," " De Officina Medici,” and “ De Hu- wards settling the text than any edition that has
moribus," with a glossary of difficult and obsolete preceded it; but at the same time it must not be
words, and fragments on the “ De Aëre, Aquis, et concealed that the editor does not seem to have
Locis," and "De Alimento. " The other ancient always made the best use of the materials that he
commentaries that remain are those of Palladius, has had at his command, and that the classical
Joannes Alexandrinus, Stephanus Atheniensis, reader cannot help now and then noticing a mani-
Meletius, Theophilus Protospatharius, and Damas fest want of critical (and even at times of gram-
cius ; besides å spurious work attributed to Ori- matical) scholarship.
basius, a glossary of obsolete and difficult words by The Hippocratic Collection consists of more
Erotianus, and some Arabic Commentaries that than sixty works; and the classification of these,
have never been published. (Brit. and For. Med. and assigning each (as far as possible) to its
Rev. p. 461. )
proper author, constitutes by far the most diffi-
His writings were held in the highest esteem by cult question connected with the ancient medical
the ancient Greek and Latin physicians, and most writers. Various have been the classifications
of them were translated into Arabic. (See Wen- proposed both in ancient and modern times, and
rich, De Auct. Graec. Vers. et Comment. Syr. various the rules by which their authors were
Arab. , &c. ) In the middle ages, however, they guided; some contenting themselves with following
were not so much studied as those of some other implicitly the opinions of Galen and Erotianus,
authors, whose works are of a more practical cha- others arguing chiefly from peculiarities of style,
racter, and better fitted for being made a class-book while a third class distinguished the books accord-
and manual of instruction. In more modern times, ing to the medical and philosophical doctrines
on the contrary, the works of the Hippocratic Col- contained in them. An account of each of these
lection have been valued more according to their classifications cannot be given here, much less can
real worth, while many of the most popular medical the objections that may be brought against each be
writers of the middle ages have fallen into complete pointed out: upon the whole, the writer is inclined
neglect. The number of works written in illustra- to think M. Littré's superior to any that has pre-
tion or explanation of the Collection is very great, ceded it; but by no means so unexceptionable as
as is also that of the editions of the whole or any to do away with the necessity of a new one. The
part of the treatises composing it. Of these only a following classification, though far enough from
very few can be here mentioned : a fuller account supplying the desideratum, differs in several in-
may be found in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. ; Haller, stances from any former one: it is impossible here
Bibl. Medic. Pract. ; the first vol.
of Kühn's edi- for the writer to give more than the results of his
tion of Hippocrates ; Choulant's Handb. der Bü- | investigation, referring for the data on which his
113
y of Hippocrates, :
ngs that go under in
ler will be still mare
ases se find a number
and, in some respect
kind, wbich, though
e the same rame, et
ursory examination, to
sal ditierent persius
on which has far 1978
I acuteness of schols
both cases still far from
With respect to the
ic Collection the first
l. i. p. 44), shows that
mselves, while otbers are
, which follow each other
nich are sometimes hardy
omplete and fragmenty
ollection particular series
me ideas and the be
werer little we refata
✓
erous writings, we are led
: not the work of one and
remark has in all ages
10 have given their ate?
pocrates; and even at the
inted on them in the Ales-
ready disputed about their
ly from internal eridesa
would be sufficiently com
that the Hippocratie Cola
Hippocrates alone, far it s
instinces we find a passo
very early times as farming
quoted as belonging to :
leed if we had nothing to
## p. 486 (#502) ############################################
486
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
I
Forte; Fue in
reness take
master
The Hippocratic Collection consists of
Works
perhape
:
Works certainly
written by Hip-
pocrales. (Class
1. )
Works certainly
not written by
Hippocrates.
pocrates. (Class
11. )
sca are
to be acceea iz
Hippocrates
are an
Worts earlier
than Hippo
crates. (Class
Works later
than Hippo.
crates.
Works
contemporary
with Hippo-
crates.
1
τοιι τα
focus taken in
lection
one perse
mata se
from those of of
but not genuine,
i. e. not wilful
Works whose Worts whose
author
author is
conjectured. unknown.
(Class IV. )
genuine nor
authentic, 1. e.
Ties.
VIII. )
Works by the
same author.
(Class VI. )
Works by va-
rious authors.
(Class V11. )
he was the ab
mase, and
te on
pats, not
peccan to sat,
Dedical writers
was, it is
may have been
no longer in es
prasable, rego
opinion in each particular case is founded to the Tvlw, De Insomniis (vol. ii. p. 1); Nepi Natøv, De
works of Gruner, Ackermann, and Littré, of which Affectionibus (vol. ii. p. 380); nepi Twv &VTOS
he has, of course, made free use. * Perhaps a tabular Nabw, De Internis Affectionibus (vol. ii. p. 427);
or genealogical view of the different divisions and Tepl Novow A, De Morbis i. (vol. ii
. p. 165); Népl
subdivisions of the Collection will be the best cal- | 'Entautvov, De Septimestri Partu (vol. i. p. 414);
i,
culated to put the reader at unce in possession of Tepl 'Okraunvou, De Octimestri Partu (vol. i. p.
the whole bearings of the subject.
455); 'Επιδημίων Βιβλία Β, Δ, Ζ, Epidemiorum,
or De Morbis Popularibus, ii. iv. vi. (vol. iii. pp.
428, 511, 583); Περί Χυμών, De IHumoribus (vol.
1. p. 120); Περί Υγρών Χρήσιος, De Usu Liqui-
written by Hip- dorum (vol. ii. p. 153).
Class VI. , containing Nepl Tovſis, De Genitura
(vol. i. p. 371); Περί Φύσιος Παιδίου, De Natura
about Pueri (vol. i. p. 382); Nepi Notown A, De Morbis
iv. (vol. ii. p. 324); Περί Γυναικείων, De Mu-
111. )
lierum fortis (vol. ii. p. 606); Περί Παρθενίων,
De Virginum Morbis (vol. ii. p. 526); Nepl’Apá
Works authentic, Works neither
pwv, De Sterilibus (vol. iii. p. 1).
Class VII. , containing 'Enridnulw Bienla E, H,
forgeries.
wilful forke-
(Class V. )
(Class
Epidemiorum, or De Morbis Popularibus v. vii.
(vol. iii. pp. 545, 631); Nepi Kapdins, De Corde
(vol. i. p. 485); Nepi Tpoçîs, De Alimento (vol. ii.
p. 17); Tepl Sáprwv, De Carnibus (vol. i. p. 424);
Περί Εβδομάδων, De Septimanis, a work which no
Class I. , containing MpoyvwoTiKÓv, Praenotiones longer exists in Greek, but of which M. Littré
or Prognosticon (vol. i. p. 88, ed. Kühn); 'Apo- has found a Latin translation ; IpopontiróY B,
prouol, Aphorismi (vol. iii. p. 706); 'Erionuiwv Prorrhetica (or Praedictiones) ii. (vol. i. p. 185);
Bibnía A, r, De Morbis Popularibus (or Epidemi- nepl 'Ootéwv súvios, De Natura Ossium, a work
orum), lib. i. and iii. (vol. i. pp. 382, 467); Tepl composed entirely of extracts from other treatises
Alaitns 'Océwy, De Ratione Victus in Morbis of the Hippocratic Collection, and from other an-
Acutis, or De Diaeta Acutorum (vol. ii. p. 25); cient authors, and which therefore M. Littré is
Περί Αέρων, Υδάτων, Τόπων, De Aire, Aquis, et going to suppress entirely (vol. 1. p. 502) ; Περί
Locis (vol. i. p. 523); Tepl TW v Kepalń Tpar l'Adévwv, De Glandulis (vol. i. p. 491); Tepl
Mátwv, De Capitis Vulneribus (vol. iii. p. 316). 'Int poû, De Medico (vol. i. p. 56); Depl Eú-
Class II. , containing Iepl Apxalns 'Intoikas, oxnuosúvns, De Decenti Habitu (vol. i. p. 66);
De Prisca Medicina (vol. i. p. 22); llepl "Apopwv, mapaygenlai, Praeceptiones (vol. i. p. 77); Nepl
De Articulis (vol. iii
. p. 135); Nepi 'Ayuâv, De 'Avatouñs, De Anatomia (or De Resectione Cor-
Fractis (vol. iii. p. 64); MoxAixós, Mochlicus or porum) (vol. iii. p. 379); Tepl 'Odovropuins, De
Vectiarius (vol. iii. p. 270); "Opkos, Jusjurandum Dentitione (vol. i. p. 482); Nep! Eykatatouſs 'Eu-
i
(vol. i. p. 1); Nõuos, Lex (vol. i. p. 3); Iep? Spúov, De Resectione Foetus (vol. iii
. p. 376); Nep?
'Elxwv, De Ulceribus (vol. iii. p. 307); Liep? Oylos, De Visu (vol. iii. p. 42); Nepi Kpioiwv, De
Evpiyywv, De Fistulis (vol. iii. p. 329); lepi Crisibus (or De Judicationibus) (vol. i. p. 136);
Ajuoppožbwe, De Haemorrhoidibus (vol. iii. p. 340); Nepl Kploiuwv, De Diebus Criticis (or De Diebus
Kar 'Intpelov, De Officina Medici (vol. iii. p. 48); Judicatoriis) (vol. i. p.
