1804) has been
proposed
by C.
Beowulf
and acc.
are associated.
l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram. , p. 167, for declension of wōh, _wrong_
= gen. wōs or wōges, dat. wō(u)m, etc. ; pl. gen. wōra, dat. wō(u)m, etc. ;
and cf. declension of hēah, hrēoh, rūh, etc.
l. 1748. wergan gāstes; cf. _Blickl. Hom. _ vii. ; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld
Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, . . . to mean the
devil. "--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist. _ contains (naturally) many examples of
the expression = devil.
l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit. _ xii. 95); Ha. translates
_boastfully_; G. , _for boasting_; Gr. , _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf.
_Christ_, l. 818.
l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the
evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais ǣil_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl. _ iii. 103. He
remarks that Pius IX. , Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their
enemies with possessing this weapon.
l. 1784. wigge geweorðad (MS. wigge weorðad) is C. 's conjecture; cf.
_Elene_, l. 150. So G. , _honored in war_.
l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of bēon is plainly
seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc.
l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person
affected; others (as þyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688,
1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc. --March,
A. -S. Gram. , p. 145.
l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as
opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the
regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028;
_Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc.
l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after
darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho. , p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before
"the warriors. " For ōnettan, cf. Sw. 's Gloss, and Bright's Read. , Gloss.
ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct
sunu (MS. ) to suna Ecglāfes (i. e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo. ) _thanked him_
(Un. ) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915.
ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be
what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true
knight'"--E.
l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelāce.
l. 1835 gār-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. æsc-holt.
l. 1855. sēl = _better_ (Grundt. ; B. , _Beit. _ xii. 96), instead of MS. wēl.
ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the
experience and doctrine of the eighth century. "--E.
l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemǣne, agreeing with sib. --_Beit. _ ix. 140,
190.
l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a
considerable height, such as forty feet. "--E.
l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_.
l. 1865. B. proposes geþōhte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l.
611.
l. 1876. gesēon = _see again_ (Kl. , _Beit. _ ix. 190). S. and B. insert nā
to modify gesēon and explain Hrōðgār's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's
text. Cf. l. 567.
l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn? ) of l. 67? or more likely = born,
barn, = _burned? _--S. , Th.
l. 1887. orleahtre is a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless"
king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the gōd cyning of l. 11.
l. 1896. scaðan = _warriors_ (cf. l.
1804) has been proposed by C. ; but cf.
l. 253.
l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of
Hrōðgār's men; at l. 1901 the bāt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf
with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire. "--E. This circumstance appears
to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb
ān-tīd ōþres dōgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both
passages (fāmig-heals, clifu, næssas, sǣlde, brim, etc. ). --The nautical
terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.
l. 1904. R. proposes, gewāt him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on
alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr. _ iii. 402). B. reads on
nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit. _ xii. 97).
l. 1913. Cf. the same use of cēol, = _ship_, in the _A. -S. Chron. _, ed.
Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc.
l. 1914. S. inserts þæt hē before on lande.
l. 1916. B. makes lēofra manna depend on wlātode, = _looked for the dear
men ready at the coast_ (_Beit. _ xii. 97).
l. 1924. Gr. , W. , and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S.
conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit. _ ix. 141).
l. 1927 _seq. _ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted
and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle,
and holding their place with dignity. "--Br. , p. 67. Thrytho is the
exception, l. 1932 _seq. _
l. 1933. C. suggests frēcnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be
called "excellent. " G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd
seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l.
902 _seq. _, Sigemund and Heremōd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc. , cf.
Gr. , _Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit. _ iv. 279; Müllenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr. _
xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit. _ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers
Zeitschr. _ iii. 402; B. , _ibid. _ iv. 206; Körner, _Eng. Stud. _ i. 489-492;
H. -So. , p. 106.
l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical
Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þrȳðo
(Gr. 's _Drida_ of the _Vita Offǣ Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale
is told of her, not of Hygd.
l. 1936. Suchier proposes andǣges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes āndǣges, =
_the whole day_; G. , _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to
govqern hire, = _on her_, and dæges be explained (like nihtes, etc. ) as a
genitive of time, = _by day_.
l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsēce, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955.
l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod. _ l. 115 (Hunt). Shak. 's 'night's
candles. '
l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq. _ for the actual slayer of Ongenþēow, i. e. Eofor,
to whom Hygelāc gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998.
l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G. , Ha. );
_draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw. ).
l. 1982. K. , Th. , W. , H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [hēa-].
l. 1984. B. defends the MS. , reading hǣ nū (for hǣðnū), which he regards as
= Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (hǣð). Cf. H. -So. , p. 107;
_Beit. _ xii. 9.
l. 1985. sīnne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third
person, sīn (declined like mīn). It is used not only as a true reflexive,
but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw. ; Cook's Sievers' Gram. ,
p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790.
l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of sēað; cf. to "glow" with emotion,
"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used;
cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc.
l. 2010. B. proposes fācne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l.
350; _Beit. _ xii. 97.
l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the
poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_
(as here: ealu-wǣg), _mead, beer, wine, līð_ (cider? Goth. _leiþus_, Prov.
Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc.
l. 2025. Kl.
l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram. , p. 167, for declension of wōh, _wrong_
= gen. wōs or wōges, dat. wō(u)m, etc. ; pl. gen. wōra, dat. wō(u)m, etc. ;
and cf. declension of hēah, hrēoh, rūh, etc.
l. 1748. wergan gāstes; cf. _Blickl. Hom. _ vii. ; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld
Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, . . . to mean the
devil. "--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist. _ contains (naturally) many examples of
the expression = devil.
l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit. _ xii. 95); Ha. translates
_boastfully_; G. , _for boasting_; Gr. , _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf.
_Christ_, l. 818.
l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the
evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais ǣil_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl. _ iii. 103. He
remarks that Pius IX. , Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their
enemies with possessing this weapon.
l. 1784. wigge geweorðad (MS. wigge weorðad) is C. 's conjecture; cf.
_Elene_, l. 150. So G. , _honored in war_.
l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of bēon is plainly
seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc.
l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person
affected; others (as þyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688,
1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc. --March,
A. -S. Gram. , p. 145.
l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as
opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the
regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028;
_Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc.
l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after
darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho. , p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before
"the warriors. " For ōnettan, cf. Sw. 's Gloss, and Bright's Read. , Gloss.
ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct
sunu (MS. ) to suna Ecglāfes (i. e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo. ) _thanked him_
(Un. ) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915.
ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be
what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true
knight'"--E.
l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelāce.
l. 1835 gār-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. æsc-holt.
l. 1855. sēl = _better_ (Grundt. ; B. , _Beit. _ xii. 96), instead of MS. wēl.
ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the
experience and doctrine of the eighth century. "--E.
l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemǣne, agreeing with sib. --_Beit. _ ix. 140,
190.
l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a
considerable height, such as forty feet. "--E.
l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_.
l. 1865. B. proposes geþōhte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l.
611.
l. 1876. gesēon = _see again_ (Kl. , _Beit. _ ix. 190). S. and B. insert nā
to modify gesēon and explain Hrōðgār's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's
text. Cf. l. 567.
l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn? ) of l. 67? or more likely = born,
barn, = _burned? _--S. , Th.
l. 1887. orleahtre is a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless"
king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the gōd cyning of l. 11.
l. 1896. scaðan = _warriors_ (cf. l.
1804) has been proposed by C. ; but cf.
l. 253.
l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of
Hrōðgār's men; at l. 1901 the bāt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf
with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire. "--E. This circumstance appears
to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb
ān-tīd ōþres dōgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both
passages (fāmig-heals, clifu, næssas, sǣlde, brim, etc. ). --The nautical
terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.
l. 1904. R. proposes, gewāt him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on
alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr. _ iii. 402). B. reads on
nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit. _ xii. 97).
l. 1913. Cf. the same use of cēol, = _ship_, in the _A. -S. Chron. _, ed.
Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc.
l. 1914. S. inserts þæt hē before on lande.
l. 1916. B. makes lēofra manna depend on wlātode, = _looked for the dear
men ready at the coast_ (_Beit. _ xii. 97).
l. 1924. Gr. , W. , and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S.
conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit. _ ix. 141).
l. 1927 _seq. _ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted
and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle,
and holding their place with dignity. "--Br. , p. 67. Thrytho is the
exception, l. 1932 _seq. _
l. 1933. C. suggests frēcnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be
called "excellent. " G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd
seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l.
902 _seq. _, Sigemund and Heremōd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc. , cf.
Gr. , _Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit. _ iv. 279; Müllenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr. _
xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit. _ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers
Zeitschr. _ iii. 402; B. , _ibid. _ iv. 206; Körner, _Eng. Stud. _ i. 489-492;
H. -So. , p. 106.
l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical
Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þrȳðo
(Gr. 's _Drida_ of the _Vita Offǣ Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale
is told of her, not of Hygd.
l. 1936. Suchier proposes andǣges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes āndǣges, =
_the whole day_; G. , _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to
govqern hire, = _on her_, and dæges be explained (like nihtes, etc. ) as a
genitive of time, = _by day_.
l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsēce, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955.
l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod. _ l. 115 (Hunt). Shak. 's 'night's
candles. '
l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq. _ for the actual slayer of Ongenþēow, i. e. Eofor,
to whom Hygelāc gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998.
l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G. , Ha. );
_draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw. ).
l. 1982. K. , Th. , W. , H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [hēa-].
l. 1984. B. defends the MS. , reading hǣ nū (for hǣðnū), which he regards as
= Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (hǣð). Cf. H. -So. , p. 107;
_Beit. _ xii. 9.
l. 1985. sīnne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third
person, sīn (declined like mīn). It is used not only as a true reflexive,
but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw. ; Cook's Sievers' Gram. ,
p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790.
l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of sēað; cf. to "glow" with emotion,
"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used;
cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc.
l. 2010. B. proposes fācne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l.
350; _Beit. _ xii. 97.
l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the
poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_
(as here: ealu-wǣg), _mead, beer, wine, līð_ (cider? Goth. _leiþus_, Prov.
Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc.
l. 2025. Kl.
