Nobody; and yet
inexorable
fate dragged
us into it.
us into it.
Treitschke - 1914 - Life and Works
Vith;
if the Grand Duchy and French Luxemburg, together
with Diedenhof, were to be taken over in addition, that
misgoverned and mutilated country would at last be
united again under one crown--up to the Belgian por-
tion. But this solution, which is in every respect most
desirable, is not absolutely a necessity; German interests
primarily extend only so far that the Principality be
again adopted into our line of defence, into the life of
our State and culture. Should, therefore, the joint
House prefer to raise up a Nassau Prince as a Prince of
the Confederation to the throne of Luxemburg, Germany
cannot refuse; such an arrangement would at any rate
be far preferable to the unreal conditions of to-day.
Lastly, we are yet in need of the agreement of the Euro-
pean Powers. That also is obtainable; for right and
fairness are obviously on our side, if we intend to impose
similar charges on all members of the Customs Union;
moreover, England has long felt the guarantee under-
taken for the neutrality of Luxemburg to be a wearisome
burden. However, everything depends entirely on not
commencing negotiations prematurely, so that the
neutral Powers may not find welcome occasion to inter-
fere in the Franco-German negotiations.
Alsace, Lorraine, Luxemburg! What wounds have
been inflicted on German life in those Marches of the
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 241
Empire through the crimes of long centuries, and how
perseveringly will all the healthy forces of the German
State be obliged to bestir themselves in order to keep
in peace what the sword has won! The task seems
almost too heavy for this generation, which has only
just rescued our Northern March from alien rulers.
Still, what is being accomplished to-day is but the ripe
fruit of the work of many generations. All the industry,
all the honesty and active power, all the moral wealth,
which our fathers awoke anew in the deteriorated Father-
land, will work on our side if we now dare to adapt the
degenerate sons of our West to German life; and the
best that we can achieve in peace can yet never approach
the deeds and sufferings of the heroes who paid with
their blood for the dawn of the new times.
Q
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE.
Heidelberg,
15th December, 1871.
Once more Austria has emerged from a severe ordeal.
The Hohenwarte Cabinet has resigned, the plans of the
Slavs to upset the rights and the policy of the Germans
have been frustrated, and under the auspices of the
Magyars a Ministry has been formed which, to say the
least, may be credited with just intentions towards the
Germans and an honest desire for the preservation of
the State. But the cries of joy from German breasts
to greet the deliverance from threatening danger are
isolated. Hitherto it was customary that our country-
men on the Danube in days of stress should lose faith
in their Government only to regain confidence as soon as
the political clouds lifted again, and for a long time past
we Germans of the Empire have been accustomed to this
sudden change of feeling in German Austria, just as we
are accustomed to laws of nature. For the first time,
however, the old rule no longer applies; the news from
our Austrian friends reads gloomier than ever, despite
the slight change for the better which has now taken
242
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 243
place, and the question is wonderingly asked how in
such a country reckless men are still found ready to
accept a ministerial portfolio. What a weird spectacle
to behold ! --a great empire whose own people have lost
faith in themselves. Let us calmly examine these
serious matters. It does not admit of doubt what we
for the sake of Germany wish for Austria. We German
Unity-makers were never the enemies of Austria, we
only contested the preponderating power which Austria
exercised on German and Italian soil to the detriment
of all parties. Now, having fought victoriously, we are
more in favour of Austria than many Austrians them-
selves. Nowhere during the last few weeks have so
many warm and genuine wishes been exchanged for the
continuance of Austria as in the lobbies of the German
Parliament. Our Empire's ambition must simply be
directed towards the building up of an independent and
solid commonwealth within our boundaries, which will
suffice to us all completely. We have Italy's hasty agitation
for unity as a warning example before us, and must not
desire to embody, in addition to the strong centrifugal
powers fermenting in the interior of Germany and to
the inhabitants of our Polish, Danish, and French fron-
tiers, yet another eight million Czechs as our fellow-
citizens. In the days of Frederick the Great, when ideas
of a Slav Empire lay dormant, it was perhaps not very
difficult to turn over Bohemia entirely to German ideals.
The old race-hatred having, however, now been aroused
again with terrific ferocity, even the united forces of
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? 244 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
Germany might have to spend scores of years on this
difficult and perhaps sterile task should we ever step
into the sad heritage of the Hapsburgs. We already
have more than enough ultramontane enemies of the
Empire, and we will keep them in check; our Empire is,
however, well balanced only because of the preponder-
ance of Protestants. We should commit a crime against
the future liberty of thought were we to contemplate
absorbing fourteen million Catholics. Germany longs for
peace; the vapourings of the democracy regarding the
war-fanaticism of our government are lying statements,
disbelieved even by their originators. The collapse of
Austria, however, would mean an upheaval unexampled
in history, which would embroil us in endless wars and
threaten to destroy the development of a peaceful policy
for a long time to come.
We Germans have never understood the principle of
nationality in the crude and overbearing sense that all
German-speaking Europeans must belong to our Empire.
We consider it a boon for the peaceful intercourse of the
world that the boundaries of nations are not engraved
with a knife in the shell of the earth, that millions of
French live outside France, and outside the German
Empire millions of Germans. If the present-day situation
in Middle Europe consolidates, if in the middle of the
Continent there are two great empires--the one uniform
and purely German, the other Catholic and polyglot, yet
permeated by German ideas--who will contend that such
a state of affairs is humiliating to German national pride?
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 245
More magnificent and more brilliant than the day of
Koniggratz shines the glory of Sedan; but the
firm basis of our power to-day, the creative thoughts
of a new German policy, have been engendered by the
blessings of 1866. "Down with Austria! " was then our
battle-cry, and Germany breathed as if freed from a
nightmare when we separated from Austria. Every day of
German history has proved since then that this separation
was a necessity, and that only through it we have found
ourselves again. In order to satisfy unbridled greed are
we to demolish again the structure of 1866, the founda-
tions of our Empire? Are we to discard like old rubbish
that rich treasure of historic-political importance, amassed
during half a century by our serious thinkers as common
property of the Germans, solely because our countrymen
in Austria do not immediately succeed in adjusting them-
selves to the new order of things? Not an inch of land
was taken by the victor of 1866 from the vanquished;
such moderation not only arose from the desire to recon-
cile the adversary, it was also clearly evident that
those Austrian provinces which were for four centuries
estranged from German life and interdependent through
political ties, as well as through mutual commercial
interests, have a good right to stand side by side
independently with Germany. Austrian pessimists might
give as an example Moscow and Warsaw. The opinion
that the capital on the Danube is to become a German
provincial town is ridiculed as ludicrous in sober-thinking
Berlin. The German idealists of the Danube speak
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? 246 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
lightly of the disruption of Austria, as if a great Power
could easily be annihilated; we but ask what is to
become of the territories of the Crown of St. Stephen
after the collapse of the Monarchy, and, unable to find
a satisfactory reply, we desire the continuance of Austria
as a Power.
The dualism which so often is depicted as the begin-
ning of the end appears to us in a different light. The
agreement of 1867 has not exactly created a new state
of affairs, but merely re-connected the thoughts of the
only Austrian sovereign who intelligently and successfully
understood the handling of internal reforms. To leave the
lands of the Hungarian Crown under their former Con-
stitution, and to form the Crown lands of the West into one
political unit, were the plans formerly of Maria Theresa.
It is due to Deak that this long-forgotten policy has been
renewed in modern form. Our political pride may
revolt, yet we cannpt think it unnatural that Hungarians
have finally assumed political direction in the dual
Empire. Those six million Magyars, together with the
two million Hungarian-Germans who obey the former
almost blindly, form the biggest political entity of the
Empire. They have the firm legal basis of an old historic
Constitution--an immense advantage in comparison
with the chaotic conditions of public law in Cisleithania.
They alone amongst the people of Austria have con-
quered freedom by dint of hard work; they surpass all
others in political training and experience. Thus historic
necessity has finally brought it about that for the present
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 247
only a Hungarian Prime Minister is possible. We shall
not be expected to throw a stone at the deposed Count
Beust. The most spiteful remarks which could he made
about him are at the outset silenced by his charmingly
ingenious eulogies, which, in the style of the Duke of
Coburg, he himself has made regarding his own import-
ance. Credit is due to him for having recognised the
moment when it was in the interest of the Crown to
submit to the conditions of the Hungarians. In all
other matters he displayed as Imperial and Royal Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer exactly the same lack of tact and
foresight which in times gone by we admired in the
diplomatic faiseur of " Pure Germany. " Everything in
politics turned out with regularity differently to what he
anticipated. The neutrality of Austria during the last
war was not due to him but to our quick successes, to
the bad condition of the Austrian Army, to the threats
of Russia, the bravery of the German-Austrians, and
the clear-headedness of Count Andrassy. It was an
admission of weakness on the part of Austria that a
State ailing from severe moral troubles should have for
its salvation called upon such a frivolous man, who never
claimed to possess the moral seriousness of a reformer; and
it is perhaps still more regrettable that many an honest
citizen to-day waxes bitter in his outcry against the
fallen dignitary after having for five years been an eye-
witness of his debaucheries. Count Andrassy has at any
rate this advantage over his predecessor, that he believes
in himself and in his cause. He is an honest Hungarian
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? 248 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
patriot, and therefore must try to maintain the State
in its entirety, as Hungary is not yet powerful enough
to exist without German-Austria. He must also defend
the Constitution of Cisleithania, as it is only with constitu-
tional Cisleithania that constitutional Hungary has come
to a settlement. He never recognised the concordat for
Hungary, although it existed in Cisleithania, and for
that reason alone he is the enemy of the Ultramontanes
and the Feudalists. He cannot favour Federalism, because
Hungary, prefers discussing mutual imperial affairs with
the delegates of Parliament instead of with seventeen
Diets. Besides, Federalism in Bohemia, Moravia, and
Krain would inevitably throw the Germans under the
yoke of the Slavs; Hungary, however, can make
herself easier understood by the Germans than by
the Czechs. Count Andrassy solemnly assures us of his
love for peace, and we have no reason to mistrust him.
The weakness of Hungarian politics lies in the fact
that the mental and economical development of the
leading half of the Monarchy is vastly inferior to that
of Cisleithania. Only by continued and peaceful efforts
may Hungary expect to somewhat adjust this propor-
tion. A Magyar at the head of Austrian affairs should
therefore wish for peace if he honestly desires that
his country shall retain the leadership within the
Monarchy.
It is true that Austrian public authority assumes peculiar
and complex forms. In Transleithania a Parliament of two
houses and the Croatian Diet; in Cisleithania a Parlia-
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 249
ment of two houses and seventeen Diets; for both halves
of the Monarchy delegations with two divisions--alto-
gether twenty-one Parliaments with twenty-four Houses.
But these complicated forms are only the true reflection
of the variegated ethnographical and historic conditions
of the whole State, and does not our own Imperial State
teach us that even amongst complicated institutions a
healthy political life may prosper? Still, it does not appear
quite impossible that an intelligent plan may be adopted
which the best heads of German-Austria have conceived
unfortunately only very late in the day. If the
Germans in Cisleithania are desirous of obtaining pre-
dominance, which by rights is due to them, this over-
loaded body must be freed of some heterogeneous members.
Dalmatia, by virtue of her geographical position as well
as by virtue of her interests, belongs to the eastern half
of the Monarchy; the "triune Illyrian Kingdom" longed
for by the Slavs of the South in 1848 may materialise
and gain vitality if that South Slav State decides to
recognise the supremacy of the Crown of St. Stephen;
Galicia, on the other hand, justly claims independence
by the side of Cisleithania, in the same way as Croatia
by the side of Hungaria. If this separation were suc-
cessful, and at the same time direct parliamentary elec-
tions were introduced, German-Austria, as a country with
fourteen million inhabitants and an adjoining country
of about six millions, would face sixteen millions of the
Crown of St. Stephen, and the German element could
retain the upper hand in Parliament.
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? 250 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
We in Germany are willing to remain on good terms
with Austria as long as Count Andrassy does not depart
from his peaceful programme. The old feud is honestly
fought out, and in to-day's conditions of Austria there
are at present only two questions which might possibly
compel us to terminate friendly relations with the Empire.
If the Magyars misuse their power and upset the German
tendencies of the Suabians in Hungary, or even those
of the Transylvanian Saxons, the best German race in
the South-east, the friendly tendency in Germany will
rapidly disappear. Our national pride has, God be
praised, become more sensitive to-day, and we all feel
that our Empire cannot silently put up with acts of
violence against our own flesh and blood. The alliance
which for centuries has united the Hapsburgs with the
Polish Republic is still operative. During the last ten
years Austria has given free rein to Polish "Junker-
dom," and for the Poles Galicia is the stronghold of their
nationality. If Galicians obtain the desired autonomy
Polish liberty will quickly show its true colours, and will
reveal itself in overbearing tyranny against all non-
Poles. The principle of nationality which represents to-
day the forlorn hope of the Poles has not been so
shamelessly trampled upon by any nation in Europe as
by the Poles in the days of their good fortune. In
Cracow the last German professors of the University
have already been sent away, and the old German college
is in the hands of the Poles. Soon perhaps the Jews of
Kasimierz will be the sole representatives of Germany
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 251
in the old town, which owes its existence to the Germans.
Soon enough, also, the Ruthenian eastern half of the
country will have tales to tell of the atrocities of Polish
Junkers and of the clergy. All this does not touch us
immediately. West Prussia is preparing to gratefully
celebrate next summer the centenary of the first division
of Poland; in Posen, likewise, German culture and
German development is making progress; the Posen
peasant knows that his position under Polish nobility
was incomparably harder than under the present-day
Prussian sceptre. In this district we are immune from
any rising, provided no artificial agitation is introduced
from without. But moderation is not to be expected
from the hereditary political incapacity of the Polish
Junkers. Once masters of Galicia this province will be
the heart of busy Polish propaganda, and the frantic
cry, "Ancient Poland down to the green bridge of
Konigsberg," may soon be heard again. Thus Austria's
Polish policy cements the friendship between Prussia
and Russia, the old faithful allies, and prevents us
following unsuspiciously the Danube Empire's measures.
As long, however, as our Polish possessions are not
endangered, Germany is willing to extend benevolent
sentiments to her neighbour, an honest intention whch
does not lose its value because it is expressed without
sentimental tenderness. A State like Austria cannot
exact affection from independent people. Our interests
induce us to desire the continuance of the Empire of the
Lothrings, and these interests form the closest tie between
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? 252 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
the States. But are our devout wishes a power strong
enough to face fate? Who amongst us desired the
recent war?
Nobody; and yet inexorable fate dragged
us into it. The mutual interests of neighbouring
Powers may afford a small State an unjustified exist-
ence for centuries; a big Power, however, cannot
exist if it lacks vitality, and if it does not appear as a
blessing, or at any rate as a necessity, to its own people.
Were we to ask such questions regarding Austria, innumer-
able apprehensions and considerations present themselves.
The most confident can to-day only say it is possible that
Austria may keep together; but all the foundations of
that State belong to a period of the past.
When Austria lost her unnatural power over Germany
and Italy many hopeful prophecies were expressed
that the Empire on the Danube would rejuvenate and
breathe freely again, like the Prussian State after having
renounced Warsaw. Exactly the contrary has happened.
Austria's worries have incessantly increased since 1866.
By withdrawing from foreign territory she has not found
herself again, but abandoned her old historic character.
Ever since its existence the aims of the Austrian Empire
were exclusively directed to European politics. An
internal reign taken as a whole did not exist at all.
Once the creed of unity was established the Crown allowed
everything to go as it did, and was satisfied when its
people silently obeyed. Hardly ever has the House of
Hapsburg-Lothring bestowed a thought upon improving
her administrative machinery, the furtherance of the
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 253
people's welfare, popular education, and upon all the
seemingly insignificant tasks of internal politics which
to other countries are of cardinal importance; only
Maria Theresa and Jos< ph II realised the seriousness of
their duties. To-day, however, humbled and weakened,
hardly able to maintain the position of a big Power,
Austria finds herself compelled to reconsider her ways.
External politics which formerly meant to her every-
thing have now lost importance; the whole country's
powers are invoked to repair the internal damage, and
whilst the "Hofburg" (the Imperial Palace), although
unwillingly, is compelled to expiate the sins of neglect
of many centuries, the question is asked, with steadily
growing insistence, whether this age of national State
formations still has room left for an Empire which lacks
national stamina.
Undoubtedly the natural form of government for such
a conglomerate Empire is absolutism. An independent
monarch may maintain a neutral attitude over his
quarrelling people; he may in happy days lull his country
into comfortable slumber in order to play one nation
against the other in time of need; but these old tricks
have long ceased to be effective. In every conceivable
form absolutism has been tried by the " Hofburg," only
to finally prove its complete all-round inefficacy. Cis-
leithania's population owes its Constitution to the failure
of absolutism, and not to its own strength. To us Ger-
mans of the Empire it was clear beforehand that liberty
bestowed in this way could thrive but slowly, and only
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? 254 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
after severe relapses. True, some democratic dunces in
Berlin formerly applauded the juggling tricks of the
"People's Cabinet," and have claimed for Prussia
"liberty as in Austria. " But all sensible people in Germany
find it natural that the Constitution in Austria so far hj>>"
caused only venomous, complicated, and barren party
quarrels. More serious than the infantine diseases of
constitutionalism seems the terrible growth of race-
hatred. Here, as elsewhere, parliamentarism has accen-
tuated national contrasts. As Schleswig-Holstein experi-
enced it with the Danes, so Austria experiences it now,
that free people learn far more slowly than legitimate
Courts the virtue of political tolerance and self-restraint.
As was to be expected of the Hapsburg-Lothrings, the
constitutional Imperial Crown has remained thoroughly
despotic in sentiment. As yet none of the innumerable
ministers of the present Emperor have in reality guided
the country. Count Beust could be pardoned everything
except popular favour, which was his main support. The
just plaint of the Germans who are true to the Constitution
is that "mysterious forces"--a deeply veiled camarilla
of subaltern bureaucrats and ultramontane noblemen--
dominate the Court, and, in spite of the abolition of the
Concordat, the relations between the Hofburg and the
Roman Curia have not come to an end. Since Austria's
withdrawal from the German alliance the house of the
Lothrings, now fatherless, has no further inducement to
favour the Germans, and the Court already displays
marked coolness towards German ideals. The spokes-
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 255
men of the Germans are men of the Liberal party, who
in their dealings with the Crown have unfortunately
displayed clumsy ignorance about constitutional doctrine.
The Magyars show chivalrous respect for the wearer of
the Crown of St. Stephen, and the Court commences to
feel comfortable in Budapest. The feudal leaders of
the Slavs conscientiously display their dynastic tenden-
cies; the German ministers, however, behave as if the
Emperor were really the only fifth wheel of the cart
after Rotteck and Welcker, and in the lower Austrian Diet
Liberal passion recently descended to most unseemly
remarks against the imperial family. Does Vienna not
remember that the Hapsburgs never forget? Thus
the ties between the Crown and the Germans are
loosening.
The Army is no longer an absolutely reliable support
of the State, because it has undoubtedly lost in quality
since the day of Koniggratz. A State which resembles
the "Wallenstein Camp" can gain great victories only
by means of homeless mercenary troops. Any improve-
ment of modern warfare impairs the fighting capacity
of Austria. The more the moral element commences
to enter into the calculations of war the more the cruelty
of the private soldier and the deep-laid mistrust which
separates Slav troops from their German officers will give
rise to apprehension. The customary foolery about
clothing, which has finally led to concocting for the
Imperial and Royal Armies the ugliest uniform in the
universe, makes just as little for the fitness of the forces
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? 256 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
as the improvement of weapons. The introduction of
compulsory military service, which can serve a useful pur-
pose only in a National State, was in Austria a thought-
less precipitation; for the moment it has disorganized
discipline, and it is questionable whether the future will
show better results. German students, Polish noblemen,
fanatical Czechs join the ranks of the volunteers and
are promoted to officer's rank in the militia; but this
new corps of officers does not invariably, as of yore, seek
its home under the black and yellow standard. The
militiaman acquires at home all the prejudices of race-
hatred; the Hungarian "honveds" are certainly brave
soldiers, but equally surely cannot be led against an
enemy. The young noblemen who formerly gladly
gathered round the imperial standard now stay away,
and race-hatred impairs comradeship. The officers of the
German Army at times glance critically at the history
of Austria's military forces, who, with rare exceptions,
have for 130 years always fought bravely and--unsuccess-
fully; and they compare the days of Metz and Sedan
with the hopeless campaign against the Bochese. The
old remedy of hard-pressed Hapsburgs--a state of siege
--promises but scant success for an Army thus con-
stituted.
In addition thereto are public fuctionaries of generally
very inferior education, whose corruption does not admit
of doubt, servile and yet always argumentative; we refer
to the Czech bureaucracy, indescribably hated and
despised by Germans and Hungarians alike. In the
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 257
Church there is a strictly Roman party with very well-
meaning but also very vague Old Catholic aspirations,
and there exists widely diffused a shallow frivolity
which derides as Prussian hypocrisy all agitations for
moral seriousness. In the same way the quondam much-
talked-of inexhaustible resources of the Danube Empire
prove to-day a pleasant fairy tale. An Exchequer
which has twice within ninety years covered yearly ex-
penditure by regular receipts, and has now again just
weathered veiled bankruptcy--such incredible financial
mismanagement has not only destroyed the private
fortunes of thousands, it has also largely stimulated the
habit of gambling and of prodigality. In nearly all the
Crown lands of Cisleithania agriculture lacks a body of
educated middle-class farmers; it is the link between
farms and the vast estates of noblemen which is missing.
The development of industry is similarly handicapped.
Whilst in most provinces trade and commerce is in its
infancy, Vienna is agitated by feverishly excited specu-
lation. For ever so long the Vienna Stock Exchange has
drawn the "smart set " into its circle. Pools and syndi-
cates carry on the organized swindle, and the small man
is also dragged into the turmoil by innumerable com-
mission houses. The magnificent capital is of course a
grand centre for every kind of intercourse, but its corrup-
tion reacts detrimentally upon the commonwealth. The
bulk of the citizens is still healthy and capable, but
amongst the always immoral masses of the metropolis
an impudent socialism is to-day at work, which derides
R
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? 258 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
the spirit of the Fatherland as reactionary, and amongst
all the races of Austria most vehemently attacks the
Germans as "bourgeois. " Of the moral conditions of
the upper classes, and particularly of Stock Exchange
circles, the Vienna newspapers, which are closely allied
with the latter, give ample testimony. Vienna journalism,
although highly developed, is, on the whole, the most
immoral press of Europe--Paris by no means excluded.
The German party in Vienna is about to initiate the
Deutsche Zeitung, because an honest party cannot rely
upon the existing big German newspapers. All these
powerful journals are nothing else, and do not pretend
to be anything else, than industrial undertakings, and a
smile of compassion would greet those who were to speak
to those literary speculators about political tendencies. By
the side of the big organs of the Stock Exchange jobbers
there is a huge crowd of dirty halfpenny rags, which
live on extortion and journalistic piracy, for in this
frivolous town there are many with a bad conscience,
and liberal payments are made to stop the slanderous
tongue of the blackmailer. Since the first happy days of
Emperor Francis Joseph, when courts-martial condemned
to death, New Austria has attempted nearly every
imaginable political system; such a sudden change is
bound to unsettle the sense of justice and the people's
opinions respecting their country. The views of the
German-Austrian pessimists are very unpalatable to
Germans in the Empire, as they cross our political
calculations. But let us also be just, and let us try to
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 259
place ourselves in the position of a warmhearted, scien-
fically educated young German-Austrian. Why in the
world should this man love his country in its entirety?
Ancient faith, force of habit, fear of the uncertain future
and of radical changes, all these considerations retain
him within Austrian boundaries; but to rejoice his
heart he casts his eyes northwards, where he beholds
his countrymen in a respected, mighty Empire, in a well-
secured national commonwealth, with orderly economic
conditions, and he perceives them in every respect
happier than he is himself. He hates the "rugged
caryatid-heads of the servile classes," as Hebbel, amid
great cheers, once said of the German-Austrians, and
above all he hates the Czechs. To keep this slavedom
in subordination and to shield the best he calls his own,
i. e. , German thought and German sentiment, from the
aggressive waves of barbarism he looks to the Empire
for protection. We seriously point out to him the much-
praised "colonising vocation" of Germanism in Austria.
He, however, borrows from the rich treasure of the
imperial and royal bureaucratic language a beautiful
phrase, and bitterly suggests that this calling has
now gradually become obsolete (in Vcrstoss gekommen).
In Hungary, in Bohemia, in Cracow, in the Tyrol,
everywhere, Germanism is retrograding, and everywhere
it is proved that the atmosphere of the Hapsburg rule
is detrimental to German nationalism. He complains that
"centuries ago the liberty of German faith was wrested
from us, clerical pressure weighs upon the soul of the
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? 260 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
people, and we have not sufficient iron left in our
blood to protect ourselves against the numerical majority
of foreigners. " He tells us of the political leaders
of his race: how they are nearly all done for and worn
out, many of them ill-famed for being deserters, sellers
of titles, or promoters. Then he asks whether it behoves
Germans to be governed by Hungarians after the dicta
of Magyar policy, and confidently finishes up thus:
"Certainly Austria is a European necessity, but the
Austria of the future borders in the West on the Leitha,
and we Germans belong to you. " We give him to reflect
that after all it is an honour to belong to Austria, that
ancient mighty Power, whereupon he shrugs shoulders.
"Times of the past," he says. "When recently Count
Hohenwarte spoke to us of the real Austrian nationality
he was greeted by peals of derisive laughter on the part
of the Germans. We remind him of the Oriental mission
once entrusted by Prince Eugene to the realm on the
Danube. Dryly he replies: 'A State which can hardly
stand on its own legs will still less be able to subdue
foreign people, especially when violently hated by
them. '"
After the first great defeat of New Austria at the battle
of Solferino, Austrian-Germanism began to awake from
its deep slumber. Notably in the Universities a more
active national sentiment developed, and we subse-
quently witnessed the realisation of what we German
patriots always anticipated, i. e. , that Austria's exodus
from the German Alliance would greatly enliven and
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 261
strengthen the mental intercourse between us and the
Germans on the Danube. Never before has our political
work met with such friendly reception amongst the
Austrians as amongst the German Nationalists of Graz
and Vienna to-day. We heartily apologise for the severe
injustice done years ago to the German "Gothaern";
nothing is more touching than the youthful and amiable
enthusiasm which these circles harbour for our new
Empire; nowhere has Prussia warmer friends. From
the bottom of our hearts we wish that the noble German
national pride, the healthy political intellect of this
party, may display all its energy in the perfecting of the
Cisleithanian Constitution. The German-Austrian who
greets every shortcoming of his country with a jubilant
"Always livelier and livelier " does not assist Germany
in her great object; she has only use for the active man
who works physically and mentally in order to procure
for the Germans the leadership in Cisleithania. The
German national pride in Austria is a child of woe; it has
invariably been aroused by the defeats of the Monarchy,
and at each fresh awakening it has given proof of greater
power. Up till now only a small portion of the German-
Austrians evinces strong German national sentiment;
the history of the recent war shows to what extent.
The thinking middle classes follow our battles with a
hearty and active interest never to be forgotten, and
the brave German peasants in the Alps likewise recol-
lected their heroic wars against the Wallachs. The
high nobility, however, and the masses in the towns
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? 262 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
persevered in the old hatred against Prussia. The small
gentry of imperial and royal licensed coffee-house
keepers and tobacconists doted on the French Republic.
As always in Austria, the big financial interests gave
proof of their unprincipled meanness, and insufficient
attention has been paid in Germany to the great dispatch
of arms which went from Vienna via Trieste to France.
German national sentiment, however, is visibly in the
ascendant, and it grows daily on beholding the new
German Empire. National pride and hatred permeate,
so to say, the atmosphere of this unlucky State, whose
future entirely depends upon the reconciliation of national
interests. The growing hatred against the Slavs may
by-and-by press the broad masses of German population
into the ranks of the German Nationalists, and unless
fairly well-regulated constitutional life can be estab-
lished in the near future in Cisleithania the Germans
might finally also realise that their nationality is dearer
to them than their Government.
Closer ties attach the greater part of the Slavs to the
Austrian Monarchy. When from the distance we hear
only the uncouth blustering of Czech fanaticism, when
we listen to the assurances of German scientists in Prague,
that a Czech University by the side of a German one is
at any rate more endurable than a University with mixed
languages, which must infallibly lead to the destruction
of Germanism in Bohemia; when we thus behold the
battle of the elements in the territories of the Crown of
Wenceslaus, we are apt to think that such blind national
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 263
hatred would not shrink from the destruction of Austria.
On closer examination, however, secret fear and a singular
cowardice is easily detected, which hides behind the uproar
of the Czechs. They are noisy, they bluster and twist
the law, but they do not dare to start war. In the midst
of their roarings they feel that they cannot dispense
with the Monarchy because, unlike the Germans, no home
is open to them outside Austria. Not even the hot-
heads dare count with certainty upon the fulfilment of
Panslavist dreams, and that is why for the time being
the autonomous Crown of Wenceslaus or the division of
Cisleithania into five groups united by Federalism suffices
for them. The tameness of the Czechs is, however,
not due to honest intentions, but to the consciousness
of weakness, which can and will change as soon as Czech-
dom finds support in a great Slav power, and it is
already patent that the Poles regard Galician autonomy
only as the first step towards the re-establishment of
the Empire of the Sarmats.
Amongst all the nations of Austria the Magyars must
to-day display the greatest energy for the maintenance
of the Monarchy. The newly established Crown needs
Cisleithanian support; those people, with their lively an-
cestral recollections, know only too well how often Austria
and Hungary have mutually saved each other. The
convention was in every respect vastly in favour of the
Magyars. Hungary contributes thirty per cent, towards
the general expenditure of the Monarchy and to the
payment of interest on the debt of the country; if closely
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if the Grand Duchy and French Luxemburg, together
with Diedenhof, were to be taken over in addition, that
misgoverned and mutilated country would at last be
united again under one crown--up to the Belgian por-
tion. But this solution, which is in every respect most
desirable, is not absolutely a necessity; German interests
primarily extend only so far that the Principality be
again adopted into our line of defence, into the life of
our State and culture. Should, therefore, the joint
House prefer to raise up a Nassau Prince as a Prince of
the Confederation to the throne of Luxemburg, Germany
cannot refuse; such an arrangement would at any rate
be far preferable to the unreal conditions of to-day.
Lastly, we are yet in need of the agreement of the Euro-
pean Powers. That also is obtainable; for right and
fairness are obviously on our side, if we intend to impose
similar charges on all members of the Customs Union;
moreover, England has long felt the guarantee under-
taken for the neutrality of Luxemburg to be a wearisome
burden. However, everything depends entirely on not
commencing negotiations prematurely, so that the
neutral Powers may not find welcome occasion to inter-
fere in the Franco-German negotiations.
Alsace, Lorraine, Luxemburg! What wounds have
been inflicted on German life in those Marches of the
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 241
Empire through the crimes of long centuries, and how
perseveringly will all the healthy forces of the German
State be obliged to bestir themselves in order to keep
in peace what the sword has won! The task seems
almost too heavy for this generation, which has only
just rescued our Northern March from alien rulers.
Still, what is being accomplished to-day is but the ripe
fruit of the work of many generations. All the industry,
all the honesty and active power, all the moral wealth,
which our fathers awoke anew in the deteriorated Father-
land, will work on our side if we now dare to adapt the
degenerate sons of our West to German life; and the
best that we can achieve in peace can yet never approach
the deeds and sufferings of the heroes who paid with
their blood for the dawn of the new times.
Q
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE.
Heidelberg,
15th December, 1871.
Once more Austria has emerged from a severe ordeal.
The Hohenwarte Cabinet has resigned, the plans of the
Slavs to upset the rights and the policy of the Germans
have been frustrated, and under the auspices of the
Magyars a Ministry has been formed which, to say the
least, may be credited with just intentions towards the
Germans and an honest desire for the preservation of
the State. But the cries of joy from German breasts
to greet the deliverance from threatening danger are
isolated. Hitherto it was customary that our country-
men on the Danube in days of stress should lose faith
in their Government only to regain confidence as soon as
the political clouds lifted again, and for a long time past
we Germans of the Empire have been accustomed to this
sudden change of feeling in German Austria, just as we
are accustomed to laws of nature. For the first time,
however, the old rule no longer applies; the news from
our Austrian friends reads gloomier than ever, despite
the slight change for the better which has now taken
242
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 243
place, and the question is wonderingly asked how in
such a country reckless men are still found ready to
accept a ministerial portfolio. What a weird spectacle
to behold ! --a great empire whose own people have lost
faith in themselves. Let us calmly examine these
serious matters. It does not admit of doubt what we
for the sake of Germany wish for Austria. We German
Unity-makers were never the enemies of Austria, we
only contested the preponderating power which Austria
exercised on German and Italian soil to the detriment
of all parties. Now, having fought victoriously, we are
more in favour of Austria than many Austrians them-
selves. Nowhere during the last few weeks have so
many warm and genuine wishes been exchanged for the
continuance of Austria as in the lobbies of the German
Parliament. Our Empire's ambition must simply be
directed towards the building up of an independent and
solid commonwealth within our boundaries, which will
suffice to us all completely. We have Italy's hasty agitation
for unity as a warning example before us, and must not
desire to embody, in addition to the strong centrifugal
powers fermenting in the interior of Germany and to
the inhabitants of our Polish, Danish, and French fron-
tiers, yet another eight million Czechs as our fellow-
citizens. In the days of Frederick the Great, when ideas
of a Slav Empire lay dormant, it was perhaps not very
difficult to turn over Bohemia entirely to German ideals.
The old race-hatred having, however, now been aroused
again with terrific ferocity, even the united forces of
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? 244 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
Germany might have to spend scores of years on this
difficult and perhaps sterile task should we ever step
into the sad heritage of the Hapsburgs. We already
have more than enough ultramontane enemies of the
Empire, and we will keep them in check; our Empire is,
however, well balanced only because of the preponder-
ance of Protestants. We should commit a crime against
the future liberty of thought were we to contemplate
absorbing fourteen million Catholics. Germany longs for
peace; the vapourings of the democracy regarding the
war-fanaticism of our government are lying statements,
disbelieved even by their originators. The collapse of
Austria, however, would mean an upheaval unexampled
in history, which would embroil us in endless wars and
threaten to destroy the development of a peaceful policy
for a long time to come.
We Germans have never understood the principle of
nationality in the crude and overbearing sense that all
German-speaking Europeans must belong to our Empire.
We consider it a boon for the peaceful intercourse of the
world that the boundaries of nations are not engraved
with a knife in the shell of the earth, that millions of
French live outside France, and outside the German
Empire millions of Germans. If the present-day situation
in Middle Europe consolidates, if in the middle of the
Continent there are two great empires--the one uniform
and purely German, the other Catholic and polyglot, yet
permeated by German ideas--who will contend that such
a state of affairs is humiliating to German national pride?
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 245
More magnificent and more brilliant than the day of
Koniggratz shines the glory of Sedan; but the
firm basis of our power to-day, the creative thoughts
of a new German policy, have been engendered by the
blessings of 1866. "Down with Austria! " was then our
battle-cry, and Germany breathed as if freed from a
nightmare when we separated from Austria. Every day of
German history has proved since then that this separation
was a necessity, and that only through it we have found
ourselves again. In order to satisfy unbridled greed are
we to demolish again the structure of 1866, the founda-
tions of our Empire? Are we to discard like old rubbish
that rich treasure of historic-political importance, amassed
during half a century by our serious thinkers as common
property of the Germans, solely because our countrymen
in Austria do not immediately succeed in adjusting them-
selves to the new order of things? Not an inch of land
was taken by the victor of 1866 from the vanquished;
such moderation not only arose from the desire to recon-
cile the adversary, it was also clearly evident that
those Austrian provinces which were for four centuries
estranged from German life and interdependent through
political ties, as well as through mutual commercial
interests, have a good right to stand side by side
independently with Germany. Austrian pessimists might
give as an example Moscow and Warsaw. The opinion
that the capital on the Danube is to become a German
provincial town is ridiculed as ludicrous in sober-thinking
Berlin. The German idealists of the Danube speak
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? 246 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
lightly of the disruption of Austria, as if a great Power
could easily be annihilated; we but ask what is to
become of the territories of the Crown of St. Stephen
after the collapse of the Monarchy, and, unable to find
a satisfactory reply, we desire the continuance of Austria
as a Power.
The dualism which so often is depicted as the begin-
ning of the end appears to us in a different light. The
agreement of 1867 has not exactly created a new state
of affairs, but merely re-connected the thoughts of the
only Austrian sovereign who intelligently and successfully
understood the handling of internal reforms. To leave the
lands of the Hungarian Crown under their former Con-
stitution, and to form the Crown lands of the West into one
political unit, were the plans formerly of Maria Theresa.
It is due to Deak that this long-forgotten policy has been
renewed in modern form. Our political pride may
revolt, yet we cannpt think it unnatural that Hungarians
have finally assumed political direction in the dual
Empire. Those six million Magyars, together with the
two million Hungarian-Germans who obey the former
almost blindly, form the biggest political entity of the
Empire. They have the firm legal basis of an old historic
Constitution--an immense advantage in comparison
with the chaotic conditions of public law in Cisleithania.
They alone amongst the people of Austria have con-
quered freedom by dint of hard work; they surpass all
others in political training and experience. Thus historic
necessity has finally brought it about that for the present
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 247
only a Hungarian Prime Minister is possible. We shall
not be expected to throw a stone at the deposed Count
Beust. The most spiteful remarks which could he made
about him are at the outset silenced by his charmingly
ingenious eulogies, which, in the style of the Duke of
Coburg, he himself has made regarding his own import-
ance. Credit is due to him for having recognised the
moment when it was in the interest of the Crown to
submit to the conditions of the Hungarians. In all
other matters he displayed as Imperial and Royal Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer exactly the same lack of tact and
foresight which in times gone by we admired in the
diplomatic faiseur of " Pure Germany. " Everything in
politics turned out with regularity differently to what he
anticipated. The neutrality of Austria during the last
war was not due to him but to our quick successes, to
the bad condition of the Austrian Army, to the threats
of Russia, the bravery of the German-Austrians, and
the clear-headedness of Count Andrassy. It was an
admission of weakness on the part of Austria that a
State ailing from severe moral troubles should have for
its salvation called upon such a frivolous man, who never
claimed to possess the moral seriousness of a reformer; and
it is perhaps still more regrettable that many an honest
citizen to-day waxes bitter in his outcry against the
fallen dignitary after having for five years been an eye-
witness of his debaucheries. Count Andrassy has at any
rate this advantage over his predecessor, that he believes
in himself and in his cause. He is an honest Hungarian
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? 248 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
patriot, and therefore must try to maintain the State
in its entirety, as Hungary is not yet powerful enough
to exist without German-Austria. He must also defend
the Constitution of Cisleithania, as it is only with constitu-
tional Cisleithania that constitutional Hungary has come
to a settlement. He never recognised the concordat for
Hungary, although it existed in Cisleithania, and for
that reason alone he is the enemy of the Ultramontanes
and the Feudalists. He cannot favour Federalism, because
Hungary, prefers discussing mutual imperial affairs with
the delegates of Parliament instead of with seventeen
Diets. Besides, Federalism in Bohemia, Moravia, and
Krain would inevitably throw the Germans under the
yoke of the Slavs; Hungary, however, can make
herself easier understood by the Germans than by
the Czechs. Count Andrassy solemnly assures us of his
love for peace, and we have no reason to mistrust him.
The weakness of Hungarian politics lies in the fact
that the mental and economical development of the
leading half of the Monarchy is vastly inferior to that
of Cisleithania. Only by continued and peaceful efforts
may Hungary expect to somewhat adjust this propor-
tion. A Magyar at the head of Austrian affairs should
therefore wish for peace if he honestly desires that
his country shall retain the leadership within the
Monarchy.
It is true that Austrian public authority assumes peculiar
and complex forms. In Transleithania a Parliament of two
houses and the Croatian Diet; in Cisleithania a Parlia-
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 249
ment of two houses and seventeen Diets; for both halves
of the Monarchy delegations with two divisions--alto-
gether twenty-one Parliaments with twenty-four Houses.
But these complicated forms are only the true reflection
of the variegated ethnographical and historic conditions
of the whole State, and does not our own Imperial State
teach us that even amongst complicated institutions a
healthy political life may prosper? Still, it does not appear
quite impossible that an intelligent plan may be adopted
which the best heads of German-Austria have conceived
unfortunately only very late in the day. If the
Germans in Cisleithania are desirous of obtaining pre-
dominance, which by rights is due to them, this over-
loaded body must be freed of some heterogeneous members.
Dalmatia, by virtue of her geographical position as well
as by virtue of her interests, belongs to the eastern half
of the Monarchy; the "triune Illyrian Kingdom" longed
for by the Slavs of the South in 1848 may materialise
and gain vitality if that South Slav State decides to
recognise the supremacy of the Crown of St. Stephen;
Galicia, on the other hand, justly claims independence
by the side of Cisleithania, in the same way as Croatia
by the side of Hungaria. If this separation were suc-
cessful, and at the same time direct parliamentary elec-
tions were introduced, German-Austria, as a country with
fourteen million inhabitants and an adjoining country
of about six millions, would face sixteen millions of the
Crown of St. Stephen, and the German element could
retain the upper hand in Parliament.
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? 250 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
We in Germany are willing to remain on good terms
with Austria as long as Count Andrassy does not depart
from his peaceful programme. The old feud is honestly
fought out, and in to-day's conditions of Austria there
are at present only two questions which might possibly
compel us to terminate friendly relations with the Empire.
If the Magyars misuse their power and upset the German
tendencies of the Suabians in Hungary, or even those
of the Transylvanian Saxons, the best German race in
the South-east, the friendly tendency in Germany will
rapidly disappear. Our national pride has, God be
praised, become more sensitive to-day, and we all feel
that our Empire cannot silently put up with acts of
violence against our own flesh and blood. The alliance
which for centuries has united the Hapsburgs with the
Polish Republic is still operative. During the last ten
years Austria has given free rein to Polish "Junker-
dom," and for the Poles Galicia is the stronghold of their
nationality. If Galicians obtain the desired autonomy
Polish liberty will quickly show its true colours, and will
reveal itself in overbearing tyranny against all non-
Poles. The principle of nationality which represents to-
day the forlorn hope of the Poles has not been so
shamelessly trampled upon by any nation in Europe as
by the Poles in the days of their good fortune. In
Cracow the last German professors of the University
have already been sent away, and the old German college
is in the hands of the Poles. Soon perhaps the Jews of
Kasimierz will be the sole representatives of Germany
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 251
in the old town, which owes its existence to the Germans.
Soon enough, also, the Ruthenian eastern half of the
country will have tales to tell of the atrocities of Polish
Junkers and of the clergy. All this does not touch us
immediately. West Prussia is preparing to gratefully
celebrate next summer the centenary of the first division
of Poland; in Posen, likewise, German culture and
German development is making progress; the Posen
peasant knows that his position under Polish nobility
was incomparably harder than under the present-day
Prussian sceptre. In this district we are immune from
any rising, provided no artificial agitation is introduced
from without. But moderation is not to be expected
from the hereditary political incapacity of the Polish
Junkers. Once masters of Galicia this province will be
the heart of busy Polish propaganda, and the frantic
cry, "Ancient Poland down to the green bridge of
Konigsberg," may soon be heard again. Thus Austria's
Polish policy cements the friendship between Prussia
and Russia, the old faithful allies, and prevents us
following unsuspiciously the Danube Empire's measures.
As long, however, as our Polish possessions are not
endangered, Germany is willing to extend benevolent
sentiments to her neighbour, an honest intention whch
does not lose its value because it is expressed without
sentimental tenderness. A State like Austria cannot
exact affection from independent people. Our interests
induce us to desire the continuance of the Empire of the
Lothrings, and these interests form the closest tie between
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? 252 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
the States. But are our devout wishes a power strong
enough to face fate? Who amongst us desired the
recent war?
Nobody; and yet inexorable fate dragged
us into it. The mutual interests of neighbouring
Powers may afford a small State an unjustified exist-
ence for centuries; a big Power, however, cannot
exist if it lacks vitality, and if it does not appear as a
blessing, or at any rate as a necessity, to its own people.
Were we to ask such questions regarding Austria, innumer-
able apprehensions and considerations present themselves.
The most confident can to-day only say it is possible that
Austria may keep together; but all the foundations of
that State belong to a period of the past.
When Austria lost her unnatural power over Germany
and Italy many hopeful prophecies were expressed
that the Empire on the Danube would rejuvenate and
breathe freely again, like the Prussian State after having
renounced Warsaw. Exactly the contrary has happened.
Austria's worries have incessantly increased since 1866.
By withdrawing from foreign territory she has not found
herself again, but abandoned her old historic character.
Ever since its existence the aims of the Austrian Empire
were exclusively directed to European politics. An
internal reign taken as a whole did not exist at all.
Once the creed of unity was established the Crown allowed
everything to go as it did, and was satisfied when its
people silently obeyed. Hardly ever has the House of
Hapsburg-Lothring bestowed a thought upon improving
her administrative machinery, the furtherance of the
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 253
people's welfare, popular education, and upon all the
seemingly insignificant tasks of internal politics which
to other countries are of cardinal importance; only
Maria Theresa and Jos< ph II realised the seriousness of
their duties. To-day, however, humbled and weakened,
hardly able to maintain the position of a big Power,
Austria finds herself compelled to reconsider her ways.
External politics which formerly meant to her every-
thing have now lost importance; the whole country's
powers are invoked to repair the internal damage, and
whilst the "Hofburg" (the Imperial Palace), although
unwillingly, is compelled to expiate the sins of neglect
of many centuries, the question is asked, with steadily
growing insistence, whether this age of national State
formations still has room left for an Empire which lacks
national stamina.
Undoubtedly the natural form of government for such
a conglomerate Empire is absolutism. An independent
monarch may maintain a neutral attitude over his
quarrelling people; he may in happy days lull his country
into comfortable slumber in order to play one nation
against the other in time of need; but these old tricks
have long ceased to be effective. In every conceivable
form absolutism has been tried by the " Hofburg," only
to finally prove its complete all-round inefficacy. Cis-
leithania's population owes its Constitution to the failure
of absolutism, and not to its own strength. To us Ger-
mans of the Empire it was clear beforehand that liberty
bestowed in this way could thrive but slowly, and only
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? 254 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
after severe relapses. True, some democratic dunces in
Berlin formerly applauded the juggling tricks of the
"People's Cabinet," and have claimed for Prussia
"liberty as in Austria. " But all sensible people in Germany
find it natural that the Constitution in Austria so far hj>>"
caused only venomous, complicated, and barren party
quarrels. More serious than the infantine diseases of
constitutionalism seems the terrible growth of race-
hatred. Here, as elsewhere, parliamentarism has accen-
tuated national contrasts. As Schleswig-Holstein experi-
enced it with the Danes, so Austria experiences it now,
that free people learn far more slowly than legitimate
Courts the virtue of political tolerance and self-restraint.
As was to be expected of the Hapsburg-Lothrings, the
constitutional Imperial Crown has remained thoroughly
despotic in sentiment. As yet none of the innumerable
ministers of the present Emperor have in reality guided
the country. Count Beust could be pardoned everything
except popular favour, which was his main support. The
just plaint of the Germans who are true to the Constitution
is that "mysterious forces"--a deeply veiled camarilla
of subaltern bureaucrats and ultramontane noblemen--
dominate the Court, and, in spite of the abolition of the
Concordat, the relations between the Hofburg and the
Roman Curia have not come to an end. Since Austria's
withdrawal from the German alliance the house of the
Lothrings, now fatherless, has no further inducement to
favour the Germans, and the Court already displays
marked coolness towards German ideals. The spokes-
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 255
men of the Germans are men of the Liberal party, who
in their dealings with the Crown have unfortunately
displayed clumsy ignorance about constitutional doctrine.
The Magyars show chivalrous respect for the wearer of
the Crown of St. Stephen, and the Court commences to
feel comfortable in Budapest. The feudal leaders of
the Slavs conscientiously display their dynastic tenden-
cies; the German ministers, however, behave as if the
Emperor were really the only fifth wheel of the cart
after Rotteck and Welcker, and in the lower Austrian Diet
Liberal passion recently descended to most unseemly
remarks against the imperial family. Does Vienna not
remember that the Hapsburgs never forget? Thus
the ties between the Crown and the Germans are
loosening.
The Army is no longer an absolutely reliable support
of the State, because it has undoubtedly lost in quality
since the day of Koniggratz. A State which resembles
the "Wallenstein Camp" can gain great victories only
by means of homeless mercenary troops. Any improve-
ment of modern warfare impairs the fighting capacity
of Austria. The more the moral element commences
to enter into the calculations of war the more the cruelty
of the private soldier and the deep-laid mistrust which
separates Slav troops from their German officers will give
rise to apprehension. The customary foolery about
clothing, which has finally led to concocting for the
Imperial and Royal Armies the ugliest uniform in the
universe, makes just as little for the fitness of the forces
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? 256 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
as the improvement of weapons. The introduction of
compulsory military service, which can serve a useful pur-
pose only in a National State, was in Austria a thought-
less precipitation; for the moment it has disorganized
discipline, and it is questionable whether the future will
show better results. German students, Polish noblemen,
fanatical Czechs join the ranks of the volunteers and
are promoted to officer's rank in the militia; but this
new corps of officers does not invariably, as of yore, seek
its home under the black and yellow standard. The
militiaman acquires at home all the prejudices of race-
hatred; the Hungarian "honveds" are certainly brave
soldiers, but equally surely cannot be led against an
enemy. The young noblemen who formerly gladly
gathered round the imperial standard now stay away,
and race-hatred impairs comradeship. The officers of the
German Army at times glance critically at the history
of Austria's military forces, who, with rare exceptions,
have for 130 years always fought bravely and--unsuccess-
fully; and they compare the days of Metz and Sedan
with the hopeless campaign against the Bochese. The
old remedy of hard-pressed Hapsburgs--a state of siege
--promises but scant success for an Army thus con-
stituted.
In addition thereto are public fuctionaries of generally
very inferior education, whose corruption does not admit
of doubt, servile and yet always argumentative; we refer
to the Czech bureaucracy, indescribably hated and
despised by Germans and Hungarians alike. In the
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 257
Church there is a strictly Roman party with very well-
meaning but also very vague Old Catholic aspirations,
and there exists widely diffused a shallow frivolity
which derides as Prussian hypocrisy all agitations for
moral seriousness. In the same way the quondam much-
talked-of inexhaustible resources of the Danube Empire
prove to-day a pleasant fairy tale. An Exchequer
which has twice within ninety years covered yearly ex-
penditure by regular receipts, and has now again just
weathered veiled bankruptcy--such incredible financial
mismanagement has not only destroyed the private
fortunes of thousands, it has also largely stimulated the
habit of gambling and of prodigality. In nearly all the
Crown lands of Cisleithania agriculture lacks a body of
educated middle-class farmers; it is the link between
farms and the vast estates of noblemen which is missing.
The development of industry is similarly handicapped.
Whilst in most provinces trade and commerce is in its
infancy, Vienna is agitated by feverishly excited specu-
lation. For ever so long the Vienna Stock Exchange has
drawn the "smart set " into its circle. Pools and syndi-
cates carry on the organized swindle, and the small man
is also dragged into the turmoil by innumerable com-
mission houses. The magnificent capital is of course a
grand centre for every kind of intercourse, but its corrup-
tion reacts detrimentally upon the commonwealth. The
bulk of the citizens is still healthy and capable, but
amongst the always immoral masses of the metropolis
an impudent socialism is to-day at work, which derides
R
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? 258 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
the spirit of the Fatherland as reactionary, and amongst
all the races of Austria most vehemently attacks the
Germans as "bourgeois. " Of the moral conditions of
the upper classes, and particularly of Stock Exchange
circles, the Vienna newspapers, which are closely allied
with the latter, give ample testimony. Vienna journalism,
although highly developed, is, on the whole, the most
immoral press of Europe--Paris by no means excluded.
The German party in Vienna is about to initiate the
Deutsche Zeitung, because an honest party cannot rely
upon the existing big German newspapers. All these
powerful journals are nothing else, and do not pretend
to be anything else, than industrial undertakings, and a
smile of compassion would greet those who were to speak
to those literary speculators about political tendencies. By
the side of the big organs of the Stock Exchange jobbers
there is a huge crowd of dirty halfpenny rags, which
live on extortion and journalistic piracy, for in this
frivolous town there are many with a bad conscience,
and liberal payments are made to stop the slanderous
tongue of the blackmailer. Since the first happy days of
Emperor Francis Joseph, when courts-martial condemned
to death, New Austria has attempted nearly every
imaginable political system; such a sudden change is
bound to unsettle the sense of justice and the people's
opinions respecting their country. The views of the
German-Austrian pessimists are very unpalatable to
Germans in the Empire, as they cross our political
calculations. But let us also be just, and let us try to
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 259
place ourselves in the position of a warmhearted, scien-
fically educated young German-Austrian. Why in the
world should this man love his country in its entirety?
Ancient faith, force of habit, fear of the uncertain future
and of radical changes, all these considerations retain
him within Austrian boundaries; but to rejoice his
heart he casts his eyes northwards, where he beholds
his countrymen in a respected, mighty Empire, in a well-
secured national commonwealth, with orderly economic
conditions, and he perceives them in every respect
happier than he is himself. He hates the "rugged
caryatid-heads of the servile classes," as Hebbel, amid
great cheers, once said of the German-Austrians, and
above all he hates the Czechs. To keep this slavedom
in subordination and to shield the best he calls his own,
i. e. , German thought and German sentiment, from the
aggressive waves of barbarism he looks to the Empire
for protection. We seriously point out to him the much-
praised "colonising vocation" of Germanism in Austria.
He, however, borrows from the rich treasure of the
imperial and royal bureaucratic language a beautiful
phrase, and bitterly suggests that this calling has
now gradually become obsolete (in Vcrstoss gekommen).
In Hungary, in Bohemia, in Cracow, in the Tyrol,
everywhere, Germanism is retrograding, and everywhere
it is proved that the atmosphere of the Hapsburg rule
is detrimental to German nationalism. He complains that
"centuries ago the liberty of German faith was wrested
from us, clerical pressure weighs upon the soul of the
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? 260 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
people, and we have not sufficient iron left in our
blood to protect ourselves against the numerical majority
of foreigners. " He tells us of the political leaders
of his race: how they are nearly all done for and worn
out, many of them ill-famed for being deserters, sellers
of titles, or promoters. Then he asks whether it behoves
Germans to be governed by Hungarians after the dicta
of Magyar policy, and confidently finishes up thus:
"Certainly Austria is a European necessity, but the
Austria of the future borders in the West on the Leitha,
and we Germans belong to you. " We give him to reflect
that after all it is an honour to belong to Austria, that
ancient mighty Power, whereupon he shrugs shoulders.
"Times of the past," he says. "When recently Count
Hohenwarte spoke to us of the real Austrian nationality
he was greeted by peals of derisive laughter on the part
of the Germans. We remind him of the Oriental mission
once entrusted by Prince Eugene to the realm on the
Danube. Dryly he replies: 'A State which can hardly
stand on its own legs will still less be able to subdue
foreign people, especially when violently hated by
them. '"
After the first great defeat of New Austria at the battle
of Solferino, Austrian-Germanism began to awake from
its deep slumber. Notably in the Universities a more
active national sentiment developed, and we subse-
quently witnessed the realisation of what we German
patriots always anticipated, i. e. , that Austria's exodus
from the German Alliance would greatly enliven and
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 261
strengthen the mental intercourse between us and the
Germans on the Danube. Never before has our political
work met with such friendly reception amongst the
Austrians as amongst the German Nationalists of Graz
and Vienna to-day. We heartily apologise for the severe
injustice done years ago to the German "Gothaern";
nothing is more touching than the youthful and amiable
enthusiasm which these circles harbour for our new
Empire; nowhere has Prussia warmer friends. From
the bottom of our hearts we wish that the noble German
national pride, the healthy political intellect of this
party, may display all its energy in the perfecting of the
Cisleithanian Constitution. The German-Austrian who
greets every shortcoming of his country with a jubilant
"Always livelier and livelier " does not assist Germany
in her great object; she has only use for the active man
who works physically and mentally in order to procure
for the Germans the leadership in Cisleithania. The
German national pride in Austria is a child of woe; it has
invariably been aroused by the defeats of the Monarchy,
and at each fresh awakening it has given proof of greater
power. Up till now only a small portion of the German-
Austrians evinces strong German national sentiment;
the history of the recent war shows to what extent.
The thinking middle classes follow our battles with a
hearty and active interest never to be forgotten, and
the brave German peasants in the Alps likewise recol-
lected their heroic wars against the Wallachs. The
high nobility, however, and the masses in the towns
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? 262 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
persevered in the old hatred against Prussia. The small
gentry of imperial and royal licensed coffee-house
keepers and tobacconists doted on the French Republic.
As always in Austria, the big financial interests gave
proof of their unprincipled meanness, and insufficient
attention has been paid in Germany to the great dispatch
of arms which went from Vienna via Trieste to France.
German national sentiment, however, is visibly in the
ascendant, and it grows daily on beholding the new
German Empire. National pride and hatred permeate,
so to say, the atmosphere of this unlucky State, whose
future entirely depends upon the reconciliation of national
interests. The growing hatred against the Slavs may
by-and-by press the broad masses of German population
into the ranks of the German Nationalists, and unless
fairly well-regulated constitutional life can be estab-
lished in the near future in Cisleithania the Germans
might finally also realise that their nationality is dearer
to them than their Government.
Closer ties attach the greater part of the Slavs to the
Austrian Monarchy. When from the distance we hear
only the uncouth blustering of Czech fanaticism, when
we listen to the assurances of German scientists in Prague,
that a Czech University by the side of a German one is
at any rate more endurable than a University with mixed
languages, which must infallibly lead to the destruction
of Germanism in Bohemia; when we thus behold the
battle of the elements in the territories of the Crown of
Wenceslaus, we are apt to think that such blind national
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? AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE 263
hatred would not shrink from the destruction of Austria.
On closer examination, however, secret fear and a singular
cowardice is easily detected, which hides behind the uproar
of the Czechs. They are noisy, they bluster and twist
the law, but they do not dare to start war. In the midst
of their roarings they feel that they cannot dispense
with the Monarchy because, unlike the Germans, no home
is open to them outside Austria. Not even the hot-
heads dare count with certainty upon the fulfilment of
Panslavist dreams, and that is why for the time being
the autonomous Crown of Wenceslaus or the division of
Cisleithania into five groups united by Federalism suffices
for them. The tameness of the Czechs is, however,
not due to honest intentions, but to the consciousness
of weakness, which can and will change as soon as Czech-
dom finds support in a great Slav power, and it is
already patent that the Poles regard Galician autonomy
only as the first step towards the re-establishment of
the Empire of the Sarmats.
Amongst all the nations of Austria the Magyars must
to-day display the greatest energy for the maintenance
of the Monarchy. The newly established Crown needs
Cisleithanian support; those people, with their lively an-
cestral recollections, know only too well how often Austria
and Hungary have mutually saved each other. The
convention was in every respect vastly in favour of the
Magyars. Hungary contributes thirty per cent, towards
the general expenditure of the Monarchy and to the
payment of interest on the debt of the country; if closely
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