No More Learning

2. )
Graec. aut loc. )
Respecting the Hermaphrodite of Polycles, it
Lastly, there are gems bearing the name of Po- cannot be determined with certainty which of the
lycleitus, respecting which it is doubtful whether extant works of this class represents its type, or
the engraver was the same person as the great whether it was a standing or a recumbent figure.
Argive statuary ; but it is more probable that he The prevailing opinion among archaeologists is
was a different person. (Bracci, tab. 96 ; Stosch, that the celebrated recumbent Hermaphrodite, of
de Gemm. 76 ; Lewezow, über den Raub des Palla- which we have two slightly different examples, in
dium, pp. 31, &c. ; Sillig, Catal. Artif. s. v. ) [P. S. ] marble, the one in the Florentine Gallery, the other
POCYCLETUS (Nonúknectos), a favourite in the Louvre (formerly in the Villa Borghese), is
freedman of Nero, was sent by that emperor into copied from the bronze statue of Polycles. (Meyer,
Britain to inspect the state of the island. (Tac. Kunstgeschichte, vol. i. pp. 98, 99, and plate 9;
Ann. xiv. 39, Hist. i. 37, ii. 95 ; Dion Cass. xliii. Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, $ 392, n. 2 ; Osann,
12. )
Ueber eine in Pompeii Ausgegrabene Hermaphrodi.
POLYCLES (IoAukinis). 1. A Macedonian tenstatue ; and Böttiger, Veber die Hermaphroditen-
general who was left in the command of Thessaly Fubel und Bildung, in the Amalthea, vol. i. pp. 312
by Antipater, when the latter crossed over into -366. )
Asia to the support of Craterus, B. C. 321. The The younger Polycles, from the date assigned
Aetolians took advantage of the absence of An- to him by Pliny, and from the mention of a statie
tipater to invade Locris, and laid siege to Am- of Juno by Polycles in the portico of Octavin at
phissa ; whereupon Polycles hastened to its relief, Rome (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4. s. 5. § 10), would
but was totally defented, his army utterly de- seem to have been one of the Greek artists who
stroyed, and he himself slain. (Diod. xviii. 38. ) flourished at Rome about the time of the original
2. One of the partisans and counsellors of erection of that portico by Metellus Macedonicus.
Eurydice, who shared in her defeat by Olympias But it is evident, on a careful examination of the
(15. c. 317), and accompanied her on her flight to latter passage of Pliny, and it is probable, from
Amphipolis, where she was soon after taken pri- the nature of the case, that many, if not most of
(Id. xix. 11. )
(E. H. B. ] the works of art, with which Metellus decorated
POʻLYCLES (IIoAuklas), artists. 1. 2. Two his portico, were not the original productions of
statuaries of this name are mentioned by Pliny living artists, but either the works of former
(H. N. xxxiv. 8. 6. 19); one, as flourishing in the masters, transported from Greece, or marble copies
102d Olympiad (B. C. 370), contemporary with taken from such works. It contained, for example,
Cephisodotus, Leochares, and Hypatodorus ; the works by Praxiteles, one of which stood in the
other, as one of a number of statuaries, who flou very part of the edifice in which the statue by
rished at the revival of the art in the 156th Olym- Polycles was placed. Hence arises the suspicion
piad (B. C. 155), and who, though far inferior to that this Polycles may be no other than the great
those who lived from the time of Pheidias down to Athenian artist already mentioned ; that, like other
the 120th Olympiad (B. C. 300), were nevertheless statuaries of that era (Praxiteles, for instance), he
artists of reputation. In this list the name of wrought in marble as well as in bronze, or else
Polycles is followed by the word Athenaeus, that the marble statue of Juno in the portico of
which is usually taken for the name of another Metellus was only a copy from one of his works,
artist, but which may perhaps, as Sillig has ob- and that Pliny places him erroneously at the 156th
served, indicate the city to which Polycles be- Olympiad, because, finding him mentioned among
longed ; for it is not at all improbable that Pliny the artists whose works stood in the portico of
would copy the words Monukañis 'Aonvaios, which Metellus, he mistook him for an artist living at
he found in his Greek authority, either through the period of its erection. It is true that this is
carelessness, or because he mistook the second uncertain conjecture ; but Pliny is very apt to
for the name of a person. It is also extremely make mistakes, and still more the copyists, espe-
probable that the elder Polycles was an Athenian, cially in lists of names, and a sound critic is very
and that he was, in fact, one of the artists of the reluctant to consent to the unnecessary multiplica-
later Athenian school, who obtained great celebrity tion of persons bearing distinguished names.
by the sensual charms exhibited in their works. The name, however, occurs in Pausanias as
For not only does Pliny mention Polycles I. in well as Pliny. In his enumeration of the statues
connection with Cephisodotus I. and Leochares, of Olympic victors, after mentioning statues by
whom we know to have been two of the most dis- Pheidias and Silanion, he says that another sta-
tinguished artists of that school; but he also tuary of the Athenians, Polycles, the disciple of
ascribes to Polycles (without, however, specifying Stadieus the Athenian, made an Ephesian boy, a
which of the two) a celebrated statue of an Her- pancratiast, Amyntas the son of Hellanicus. (Paus.
maphrodite, a work precisely in keeping with the vi. 4. § 3. 6. 5. ) It is evident from this passage
character of the school which produced the Gany- that this Polycles was a very distinguished Athe-
mede of Leochares. (Plin. l. c. $ 20. ) From the nian artist, and the context seems to show that he
comparison, then, of these two statements, the in- flourished between the times of Pheidias and Ly-
ference is highly probable that the Hermaphrodite sippus, and nearer to the latter. If, therefore,
was the work of the elder Polycles, who was an there were two artists of the name, he is probably
artist of the later Athenian school of statuary. the same as the elder. In another passage he
Müller strongly confirms this view by the inge- mentions the statue of the Olympic victor Age-
nious observation, that, in Pliny's alphabetical sarchus, as the work of the sons of Polycles, whose
lists of artists, the names under each letter come names he does not give, but of whom he promises


## p. 459 (#475) ############################################

FOLYCRATES.
459
POLYCRATES.
he says,
to say more in a subsequent part of his work | Amasis and Polycrates in his most dramatic man-
(vi. 12. & 3. & 9). Accordingly, at the end of ner. In a letter which Amasis wrote to Poly-
the chapter in which he describes Elateia in Phocis, crates, the Egyptian monarch advised him to throw
after mentioning the temple of Asclepius, with the away one of his most valuable possessions, in order
bearded statue of the god in it, made by Timocles that he might thus inflict some injury upon him-
and Timarchides, who were of Athenian birth, he self. In accordance with this advice Polycrates
proceeds to give an account of the temple of Athena threw into the sea a seal-ring of extraordinary
Cranaea, in which was a statue of the goddess, beauty ; but in a few days it was found in the
equipped as if for battle, and with works of art belly of a fish, which had been presented to him
upon the shield in imitation of the shield of the by a fisherman. Thereupon Amasis immediately
Athena of the Parthenon ; "and this statue also,” | broke off his alliance with him. Of course the
was made by the sons of Polycles. " story is a fiction ; and Mr. Grote remarks (Hist. of
(Paus. x. 34. § 3. s. 6—8. ) Froin this passage, Greece, vol. iv. p. 3:23) with justice, that the facts
tirken in its connection, it is evident that the sons related by Herodotus rather lead us to believe that
of Polycles were no other than Timocles and it was Polycrates, who, with characteristic faith-
Timarchides, and that these were Athenian artists lessness, broke off his alliance with Amasis, find.
of considerable reputation. Now, reverting to ing it more for his interest to cultivate friendship
Pliny, we find in the same list of statuaries at the with Cambyses, when the latter was preparing to
revival of the art in Ol. 156, in which the name invade Egypt, B. C. 525. He sent to the assistance
of Polycles occurs, the name of Timocles ; and in of the Persian monarch forty ships, on which he
the passage respecting the works in the portico of placed all the persons opposed to his government,
Octavia, immediately after the mention of the and at the same time privately requested Cambyses
statue of Juno by Polycles, he mentions that of that they might never be allowed to return. But
Jupiter by the sons of T'imarchides, in the adjacent these malcontents either never went to Egypt, or
temple. It follows that, if there be no mistake in found means to escape ; they sailed back to Samos,
Pliny, the Polycles of the two latter passages of and nade war upon the tyrant, but were de-
l'ausanias (and perhaps, therefore, of the first) feated by the latter. Thereupon they repaired
was the younger Polycles. At all events, we to Sparta for assistance, which was readily granted.
establish the existence of a family of Athenian | The Corinthians likewise, who had a special
statuaries, Polycles, his sons Timocles and Timar- cause of quarrel against the Samians, joined the
chides, and the sons of Timarchides, who either Spartans, and their united forces uc
accompanied
belonged (supposing Pliny to have made the mis- by the exiles sailed against Samos. They laid
take above suggested) to the later Attic school of siege to the city for forty days, but at length de-
the times of Scopas and Praxiteles, or (if Pliny bespairing of taking it, they abandoned the island,
right) to the period of that revival of the art, and left the exiles to shift for themselves. The
about b. c. 155, which was connected with the power of Polycrates now became greater than ever.
employment of Greek artists at Rome. (Comp. The great works which Herodotus saw and ad-
TIMARCHIDES and TIMOCLES. ) There is still mired at Samos were probably executed by him.
one more passage in which the name of Polycles He lived in great pomp and luxury, and like some
occurs, as the maker of some statues of the Muses, of the other Greek tyrants was a patron of litera-
in bronze. (Varro, ap. Nonium, s. v. Ducere. ) ture and the arts. The most eminent artists and
3. Of Adramyttium, a painter, mentioned by poets found a ready welcome at his court ; and his
Vitruvius among those artists who deserved fame, friendship for Anacreon is particularly celebrated.
but who failed through adverse fortune to attain But in the midst of all his prosperity he fell by the
to it. (iii. Praef. & 2. )
(P. S. ] most ignominious fate. Oroetes, the satrap of
POŻY'CRATES (IIoA vrpárns), historical. 1. Sardis, bad for some reason, which is quite un-
Of Samos, one of the most fortunate, ambitious, known, formed a deadly hatred against Polycrates.
and treacherous of the Greek tyrants. With the By false pretences, the satrap contrived to allure
assistance of his brothers Pantagnotus and Sylo- him to the mainland, where he was arrested soon
son, he made himself master of the island towards after his arrival, and crucified, B. c. 522. (Herod.
the latter end of the reign of Cyrus. At first he i. 39–47, 54-56, 120—125 ; Thuc. i. 13 ;
shared the supreme power with his brothers ; but Athen. xii. p. 540. )
he shortly afterwards put Pantagnotus to death 2. An Athenian, a lochagus in the army of the
and banished Syloson. Having thus become sole Cyrean Greeks, is mentioned several times by
despot, he raised a fleet of a hundred ships, and Xenophon, whom he defended on one occasion.
took a thousand bowmen into his pay. With this (Xen. Anab. iv. 5. § 24, v. 1. $ 16, vii. 2. $S 17,
ſurce he conquered several of the islands, and even 29, vii. 6. § 41. )
some towns on the main land; he made war upon 3. An Argive, the son of Mnasiades, descended
Miletus, and defeated in a sea-fight the Lesbians, from an illustrious family at Argos, came over to
who had come to the assistance of the latter city. the court of the Egyptian monarch Ptolemy Philo-
His navy became the most formidable in the Gre- pator, just before his campaign against Antiochus
cian world; and he formed the design of conquer- 111. , in B. c. 217. Polycrates was of great service
ing all the Ionian cities as well as the islands in in drilling and encouraging the Egyptian troops,
the Aegean. He had formed an alliance with and he commanded the cavalry on the left wing at
Amasis, king of Egypt, who, however, finally re- the battle of Raphia, in B. c.
217, in which Antia
nounced it through alarm at the amazing good forchus was defeated, and which secured to Ptolemy
tune of Polycrates, which never met with any the provinces of Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Pa-
check or disaster, and which therefore was sure, lestine. Although Polycrates was still young he
sooner or later, to incur the envy of the gods. was second to no one, says Polybius, in the king's
Such, at least, is the account of Herodotus, who court, and was accordingly appointed by Ptolemy
has varrated the story of the rupture between governor of Cyprus. The duties of this office ho


## p. 460 (#476) ############################################

460
POLYCRATES.
POLYDAMNA.
a
his style.
discharged with the utmost fidelity and integrity : 1 p. 150, n. ; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp.
he secured the island for Ptolemy Epiphanes, the 389—390. )
infant son and successor of Philopator, and on his 2. An engraver of precious stones, known by an
return to Alexandria about B. c. 196, he brought inscription on a gem representing Eros and Psyche.
with him a considerable sum of money for the use (Mariette, Traité, ge. vol. i. p. 421 ; R. Rochette,
of the monarch. He was received at Alexandria Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 149. )
(P. S. )
with great applause, and forth with obtained great POLY'CRITUS (Tlonúkpitos), of Mendae in
power in the kingdom ; but as he advanced in Sicily, wrote a work on Dionysius, the tyrant of
years, his character changed for the worse, and he Syracuse, which is referred to by Diogenes Laërtius
indulged in every kind of vice and wickedness. (ii. 63). Aristotle likewise quotes a work by Po-
We are ignorant of his subsequent career, in con- lycritus on Sicilian Affairs, in poetry (Mirab. Aus-
sequence of the loss of the later books of Polybius ; cult. 1/2), which is probably the same work as the
but we learn from a fragment of the historian that one referred to by Diogenes. It is doubtful
it was through his evil advice that Ptolemy took whether this Polycritus is the same person as the
no part in military affairs, although he had reached Polycritus who wrote on the East, and whose work
the age of twenty-five. (Polyb. v. 64, 65, 82, 84, is referred to by Strabo (xv. p. 735), Plutarch
xviii. 38, xxiii. 16. )
(Aler. 46), Antigonus of Carystus (c. 150, or 135,
POLY'CRATES (Hol ukpátns), an Athenian ed. Westermann), and as one of the writers from
rhetorician and sophist of some repute, a contempo- whoin Pliny compiled the 11th and 12th books of
rary of Socrates and Isocrates, taught first at Athens his Natural History.
and afterwards at Cyprus. He is mentioned as the POLY'CRITUS (Ponúkpitos), a physician at
teacher of Zoilus. He is named along with some the court of Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia,
of the most distinguished orators of his time by in the fourth century B. C. (Plut. Artaz. 21).
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (de Isaeo, c. 8, de Dem. He was a native of Mende in Macedonia, and not
Eloc. c. 20), who, however, finds great fault with son of Mendaeus," as Fabricius states (Bibl.
He wrote, 1. An accusation of So-Gr. vol. xiii. p. 376, ed. vet. ). (W. A. G. ]
crates (katnyopía Ewapátovs), which is said by POLY'CRITI'S (Ilonúkpitos), a mythical ar-
some writers to have been the speech delivered by chitect, mentioned by the Pseudo-Plutarch, in con-
Melitus at the trial of Socrates ; but as it contained nection with the story of Poemander. (Quaest.
allusion to an event which occurred six years after Graec. 37, p. 299, c. )
[P. S. ]
the death of the philosopher, it would seem to have POLYCTOR (Nonúktwp). 1. A son of Ae-
been simply a declamation on the subject composed gyptus and Caliande. (Apollod. ii. 1. $ 5. )
at a subsequent period. (Diog. Laërt. ii. 38, 39, 2. A son of Pterelaus, prince of Ithaca. A place
with the note of Menagius ; Aelian, V. H. xi. 10, in Ithaca, Polyctorium, was believed to have de-
with the note of Perizonius ; Isocr. Busiris, § 4, rived its name from him. (Hom. Od. xvii. 207 ;
&c. ; Quintil. ii. 17. $ 1, ii. 1. $ 11; Suidas, s. v. Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1815. )
Πολυκράτης. ) 2. Bovolpidos 'Atomoyla. The There is one more mythical personage of this
oration of Isocrates, entitled Busiris, is addressed name. (Hom. Od. xviii. 298. ) (L. S. )
to Polycrates, and points out the faults which the POLYDAMAS (No vdánas), a son of Pan-
latter had committed in his oration on this subject. thous and Phrontis, was a Trojan hero, a friend of
3. 'Eynulov Opasubotaov (Schol. ad Arist. Rhet. Hector, and brother of Euphorbus. (Hom. Il. xi.
p. 48). 4. Περί 'Αφροδισίων, an obscene poem on | 57, xvi. 535, xvii. 40. )
(L. S. )
love, which he published under the name of the
POLY'DAMAS (Ilova voduas). 1. Of Sco-
poetess Philaenis, for the purpose of injuring her tussa in Thessaly, son of Nicias, conquered in the
reputation (Athen. viii. p. 335, c. d. ). It is doubt- Pancratium at the Olympic games, in Ol. 93, B. C.
ful whether the above-mentioned Polycrates is 408. His size was immense, and the most mar-
the same as the Polycrates who wrote a work on vellous stories are related of his strength, how he
Laconia (Aakwvirá) referred to by Athenaeus (iv. killed without arms a huge and fierce lion on
p. 139, d. ). Spengel supposes that the rhetorician mount Olympus, how he stopped a chariot at full
Polycrates is the author of the Panegyric on gallop, &c. His reputation led the Persian king,
Helen, which has come down to us as the work of Dareius Ochus, to invite him to his court, where he
Gorgias. (Westermann, Geschichte der Griech. performed similar feats. (Euseb. ‘EXA, OA. p. 41;
Beredtsamkeit, $ 50, n. 22. )
Paus. vi. 5, vii. 27. $ 6, who calls him Novvdduas;
POLY'CRATES (IloAukpárns). 1. A statuary, Diod. Fragm. vol. ii
. p. 640, ed. Wesseling;
whom Pliny mentions among those who made Lucian, Quomodo Hist. conscrib. 35, et alibi;
athletas et armatos et venatores sacrifwantesque (H. Suidas, s. v. Monudáuas ; Krause, Olympia, p. 360. )
N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 34). There is a fragment of 2. Of Pharsalus in Thessaly, was entrusted by
a Hermes in the Villa Mattei, bearing the muti- his fellow-citizens about B. c. 375, with the supreme
lated inscription,
government of their native town. Polydamas
forined an alliance with Sparta, with which state
ΤΙΜΟΘΕΟΣ ΑΘΗ. . . .
his family had long been connected by the bonds
ΠΟΛΥΚΡ
of public hospitality ; but he soon after entered
into a treaty with Jason of Pherae. The history
on which slight basis Visconti rests the hypothesis of this treaty is related elsewhere (Vol. II. p. 554,
that Polycrates was an Athenian artist, contem- b. ). On the murder of Jason in B.