And
indeed it is notably the habit of this young King to
settle matters with himself in good time: and in regard
to all manner of points, he will be found, on the day
of bargaining about them, to have his own resolution
formed and definitely fixed; -- much to his advantage
over conflicting parties who have theirs still flying loose.
indeed it is notably the habit of this young King to
settle matters with himself in good time: and in regard
to all manner of points, he will be found, on the day
of bargaining about them, to have his own resolution
formed and definitely fixed; -- much to his advantage
over conflicting parties who have theirs still flying loose.
Thomas Carlyle
"-- "She never will consent," is Friedrich's opi-
nion. "But it is worth trying? " urge the Ministers. --
"Well," answers Friedrich, "be it in that form; that is
the soft-spokeSfe cautious form: any form will do, if the
fact he there. " That is understood to have been the
figure of the deliberation in this conclave at Reinsberg,
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? 152 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [b00KX[.
27th Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
during the four days* And now it remains only to fix
theMilitary details, to be ready in a minimum of time; and
to keep our preparations and intentions in impenetrable
darkness from all men, in the interim. Adieu, Messieurs.
And so, on the 1st of November, fifth morning
since they came, Schwerin and Podewils, a world of
new business silently ahead of them, return to Berlin,
intent to begin the same. All the Kings will have to
take their resolution on this matter; wisely, or else un-
wisely. King Friedrich's, let it prove the wisest or
not, is notably the rapidest, -- complete, and fairly
entering upon action, on November 1st. At London
the news of the Kaiser's death had arrived the day
before; Britannic Majesty and Ministry, thrown much
into the dumps by it, much into the vague, are nothing
like so prompt with their resolution on it. Somewhat
sorrowfully in the vague. In fact, they will go jum-
bling hither and thither for about three years to come,
before making up their minds to a resolution: so in-
tricate is the affair to the English Nation and them.
Intricate indeed; and even imaginary, -- definable
mainly as a bottomless abyss of nightmare dreams to
the English Nation and them! Productive of strong
somnambulisms, as my friend has it! --
Mystery in Berlin, for Seven Weeks, while the Prepara-
tions go on; Voltaire visits Friedrich to decipher it,
but cannot.
Podewils and Schwerin gone, King Friedrich, though
still very busy in working-hours, returns to his society
* Stenzel (from what sources he does not clearly say, no doubt from
sources of some authenticity) gives this as summary of it, iv. G1-65.
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 153
27lh Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
and its gaieties and brilliancies; apparently with in-
creased appetite after these four days of abstinence.
Still busy in his working-hours, as a King must be;
couriers coining and going, hundreds of businesses
despatched each day; and in the evening what a relish
for society, -- Pratorius is quite astonished at it.
Music, dancing, play-acting, suppers of the gods, "not
"done till four in the morning sometimes," these are
the accounts Pratorius hears at Berlin. "From all
persons who return from Reinsberg," writes he, the
"unanimous report is, That the King works, the whole
"day through, with an assiduity that is unique; and
"then, in the evening, gives himself to the pleasures
"of society, with a vivacity of mirth and sprightly
"humour which makes those Evening-Parties charm-
ing. "* So it had to last, with frequent short journeys
on Friedrich's part, and at last with change to Berlin
as headquarters, for about seven weeks to come, --
till the beginning of December, and the day of action,
namely. A notable little Interim in Friedrich's His-
tory and that of Europe.
Friedrich's secret, till almost the very end, remained
impenetrable; though, by degrees, his movements ex-
cited much guessing in the Gazetteer and Diplomatic
world everywhere. Military matters do seem to be
getting brisk in Prussia; arsenals much astir; troops
are seen mustering, marching, plainly to a singular
degree. Marching towards the Austrian side, towards
Silesia, some note. Yes; but also towards Cleve, cer-
tain detachments of troops are marching, -- do not
men see? And the Entrenchment at Buderich in those
parts, that is getting forward withal, -- though pri-
* Excerpt, in Preuss, Thronbcstcigung, p. d! 8.
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? 154 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE KEINS IN HAND. [book XI.
27th Oct. --13th Dec. 1710.
vately there is not the least prospect of using it, in
these altered circumstances. Friedrich already guesses
that if he could get Silesia, so invaluable on the one
skirt of him, he will probably have to give up his
Berg-Jiilich claims on the other: I fancy he is getting
ready to do so, should the time come for such alter-
native. But he labours at Buderich, all the same, and
"improves the roads in that quarter,"-- which at least
may help to keep an inquisitive public at bay. These
are seven busy weeks on Friedrich's part, and on the
world's: constant realities of preparation, on the one
part, industriously veiled; on the other part, such
shadows, guessings, spyings, spectral movements above
ground and below; Diplomatic shadows fencing, Ga-
zetteer shadows rumouring; -- dreams of a world as if
near awakening to something great! "All Officers on
"furlough have been ordered to their posts," writes Biel-
feld, on those vague terms of his: "On arriving at Ber-
"lin, you notice a great agitation in all departments of
"the State. The regiments are ordered to prepare their
"equipages, and to hold themselves in readiness for
"marching. There are magazines being formed at Frank-
"furt-on-the-Oder and at Crossen," -- handy for Sile-
sia, you would say? "There are considerable trains
of Artillery getting ready; and the King has frequent
"conferences with his Generals. "* The authentic fact
is: "By the middle of November, Troops, to the extent
"of 30,000 and more, had got orders to be ready for
"marching in three weeks hence;" their public motions
very visible ever since, their actual purpose a mystery
to all mortals except Three.
* Bielfeld, i. 165 (Berlin, 30th November, is the date he puts to it).
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REIXSBERG. 155
27tt Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
Towards the end of November, it becomes the pre-
vailing guess that the business is immediate, not pro-
spective; that Silesia may be in the wind, not Julich
and Berg. Which infinitely quickens the shadowy
mmourings and Diplomatic fencings of mankind. The
French have their special Ambassador here; a Marquis
de Beauvau, observant military gentleman, who came
with the Accession Compliment some time ago, and
keeps his eyes well open, but cannot see through mill-
stones. Fleury is intensely desirous to know Fried-
rich's secret; but would fain keep his own (if he yet
have one), and is himself quite tacit and reserved. To
Fleury's Marquis de Beauvau Friedrich is very gracious;
but in regard to secrets, is for a reciprocal procedure.
Could not Voltaire go and try? It is thought Fleury
had let fall some hint to that effect, carried by a bird
of the air. Sure enough Voltaire does go; is actually
on visit to his royal Friend, "six days with him at
"Eeinsberg;" perhaps near a fortnight in all (20 No-
vember -- 2 December or so), hanging about those
Berlin regions, on the survey. Here is an unexpected
pleasure to the parties; -- but in regard to penetrating
of secrets, an unproductive one!
Voltaire's ostensible errand was, To report progress
about the Anti-MaccMavel, the Van Duren nonsense;
and, at any rate, to settle the Money-accounts on these
and other scores; and to discourse Philosophies, for a
day or two, with the First of Men. The real errand,
it is pretty clear, was as above. Voltaire has always
a wistful eye towards political employment, and would
fain make himself useful in high quarters. Fleury and
he have their touches of direct Correspondence now and
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? 156 FKIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [book XI.
27th Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
then; and obliquely, there are always intermediates
and channels. Small hint, the slightest twinkle of
Fleury's eyelashes, would be duly speeded to Voltaire,
and set him going. We shall see him expressly mis-
sioned hither, on similar errand, by and by; though
with as bad success as at present.
Of this his First Visit to Berlin, his Second to Fried-
rich, Voltaire in the Vie Prive'e says nothing. But in
his Steele de Louis XV, he drops, with proud modesty,
a little foot-note upon it: "The Author was with the
"King of Prussia at that time; and can affirm that
"Cardinal de Fleury was totally astray in regard to the
"Prince he had now to do with. " To which a date
slightly wrong is added; the rest being perfectly cor-
rect. * No other details are to be got anywhere, if
they were of importance; the very dates of it in the
best Prussian Books are all slightly awry. Here, by
accident, are two poor flint-sparks caught from the dust
whirlwind, which yield a certain sufficing twilight,
when put in their place; and show us both sides of the
matter, the smooth side and the seamy:
1. Friedrich to Algarntti, at Berlin. From "Reinsberg, 21st
Nov. ," showing the smooth side.
"My dear Swan of Padua, Voltaire has arrived; all
"sparkling with new beauties, and far more sociable than at
"Cleve. He is in very good humour; and makes less com-
"plaining about his ailments than usual. Nothing can be
"more frivolous than our occupations here:" mere verse-
making, dancing, philosophising, then card-playing, dining,
flirting; merry as birds on the hough (and Silesia invisible,
except to oneself and two others). **
* (Euvres (Siecle de Louis XV, c. 6), xxviii. 74.
** (Vuvres de Frederic, xviii. 25.
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REIXSBERG. 157
2d Dec. 171. 0.
2. Fiiedrich to Jordan, at Berlin. "Kuppin, 28th November. "
* * "Thy Miser" (Voltaire, now gone to Berlin, of whom
Jordan is to send news, as of all things else), "thy Miser shall
"drink to the lees of his insatiable desire (sic) to enrich him-
"self: he shall have the 3,000 thalers (450/. ). He was with
"me six days: that will be at the rate of 150 thalers (75/. )
"a-day. That is paying dear for one's merry-andrew) c'est
"Men payer un fou); never had court-fool such wages be-
"fore. "*
Which latter, also at first hand, shows us the seamy
side. And here, finally, with date happily appended,
is a poetic snatch, in Voltaire's exquisito style, which
with the response gives us the medium view:
Voltaire's Adieu ("Billet de Conge', 2 December 1740").
"A'on, malgre vos vertus, non, malgre vos appas,
"Mon ame n'est point satisfuite;
"Non, vous ii'etes qu'une coquette,
"Qui subjuguez les cccurs, et ne vous donnez pas. "
Frcedeich's Response.
"Mon ame sent le prix de vos divins appas;
"Mais ne presumez point qu'elle soit satisfaite.
"Traitre, vous me quittez pour suivre unc coquette;
"Moijc ne vous quitterais pas. " **
-- Meaning, perhaps, in brief English: V. "Ah, you
are but a beautiful coquette; you charm away our
hearts, and do not give your own" (won't tell me your
secret at all)! F. "Treacherous Lothario, it is you
that quit me for a coquette" (your divine Emilie; and
won't stay here, and be of my Academy); "but how-
ever --! " -- Friedrich looked hopingly on the French,
* lb. xvii. 72. Particulars of the money-payment (travelling expenses
chiefly, rather exorbitant, and this journey added to the list; and no whisper
of the considerable Van-Duren moneys, and copyright of Anti-Macchiavel,
in abatement,) are in Rcidenbeck, i. 27. Exact sum paid is 3,300 thalers;
2,000 a good while ago, 1,300 at this time, which settles the greedy bill.
** lEuvres de Frederic (xiv. 167); (Euores de Voltaire; &c. &c.
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? 158 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IX HAND. [bOOKH.
2d Dec. 1740.
but could not give his secret except by degrees and
with reciprocity. Some days hence he said to Marquis
de Beauvau, in the Audience of leave, a word which
was remembered.
View of Friedrich behind the Veil.
As to Friedrich himself, since about the middle of
November his plans seem to have been definitely shaped
out in all points; Troops so many, when to be on
march, and how; no important detail uncertain since
then. November 17th, he jots down a little Note,
which is to go to Vienna, were the due hour come, by
a special Ambassador, one Count Gotter acquainted
with the ground there; and explain to her Hungarian
Majesty, what his exact demands are, and what the
exact services he will render. Of which important little
Paper readers shall hear again. Gotter's demands are
at first to be high: Our Four Duchies, due by law so
long; these and even more, considering the important
services we propose; this is to be his first word; --
but, it appears, he is privately prepared to put up with
Two Duchies, if he can have them peaceably: Duchies
of Sagan and Glogau, which are not of the Four at
all, but which lie nearest us, and are far below the
value of the Four, to Austria especially. This intricate
point Friedrich has already settled in his mind.
And
indeed it is notably the habit of this young King to
settle matters with himself in good time: and in regard
to all manner of points, he will be found, on the day
of bargaining about them, to have his own resolution
formed and definitely fixed; -- much to his advantage
over conflicting parties who have theirs still flying loose.
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? CHAP, ix. ] RESOLUTION FORMES AT REIXSBEKG. 159
2d Dec. 1740.
Another thing of much concernment is, To secure
himself from danger of Russian interference. To this
end he despatches Major Winterfeld to Russia, a man
well known to him; -- day of Winterfeld's departure
is not given; day of his arrival in Petersburg is "19th
December" just coming. Russia, at present, is rather
in a staggering condition; hopeful for Winterfeld'3 ob-
ject. On the 28th of October last, only eight days
after the Kaiser, Czarina Anne of Russia, she with the
big cheek, once of Courland, had died; "audacious
Death," as our poor friend had it, "venturing upon
another Crowned Head" there. Bieren her dear Cour-
lander, once little better than a Horse-groom, now
Duke of Courland, Quasi-Husband to the late Big
Cheek, and thereby sovereign of Russia, this long
while past, is left Official Head in Russia. Poor little
Anton Ulrich and his august Spouse, well enough
known to us, have indeed produced a Czar Iwan, some
months ago, to the joy of mankind: but Czar Iwan is
in his cradle; Father and Mother's function is little
other than to rock the cradle of Iwan; Bieren to be
Regent and Autocrat over him and them in the interim.
To their chagrin, to that of Feldmarschal Miinnich and
many others: the upshot of which will be visible be-
fore long. Czarina Anne's death had seemed to Fried-
rich the opportune removal of a dangerous neighbour,
known to be in the pay of Austria: here now are new
mutually hostile parties springing up; chance, surely,
of a bargain with some of them? He despatches Win-
terfeld on this errand; -- probably the fittest man in
Prussia for it. How soon and perfectly Winterfeld suc-
ceeded, and what Winterfeld was, and something of what
a Russia he found it, we propose to mention by and by.
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? 160 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE KEINS IN HAND. [book XI,
2d Dec. 1740.
These, and all points of importance, Friedrich has
settled with himself some time ago. What his own
private thoughts on the Silesian Adventure are, readers
will wish to know, since they can at first hand. Hear
Friedrich himself, whose veracity is unquestionable to
such as know anything of him:
"This Silesian Project fulfilled all his (theKing's)political
"views," -- summed them all well up into one head. "It was
"a means of acquiring reputation; of increasing the power of
"the State; and of terminating what concerned that long-
"litigated question of the Berg-Julich Succession;" -- can pe
sure of getting that, at lowest; intends to give that up, if
necessary.
"Meanwhile, before entirely determining, the King weighed
"the risks there were in undertaking such a War, and the ad-
vantages that were to be hoped from it. On one side, pre-
sented itself the potent House of Austria, not likely to want
"resources with so many vast Provinces under it; an Em-
"peror's Daughter attacked, who would naturally find allies
"in the King of England, in the Dutch Kepublic, and so
"many Princes of the Empire who had signed the Pragmatic
"Sanction. " Eussiawas, -- or had been, and might again
be, -- in the pay of Vienna. Saxony might have some clip-
pings from Bohemia thrown to it, and so be gained over.
Scanty Harvest, 1740, threatened difficulties as to provision-
ing of troops. "The risks were great. One had to apprehend
"the vicissitudes of war. A single battle lost might be de-
cisive. The King had no allies; and his troops, hitherto
"without experience, would have to front old Austrian
"soldiers, grown gray in harness, and trained to war by so
"many campaigns.
"On the other side were hopeful considerations," -- four
in number: First, Weak condition of the Austrian Court,
Treasury empty, War-Apparatus broken in pieces; inex-
perienced young Princess to defend a disputed succession, on
those terms. Second, There will be allies; France and Eng-
land always in rivalry, both meddling in these matters, King is
sure to get either the one or the other. Third, Silesian War
lies handy to us, and is the only kind of Offensive War that
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 161
2d Dee. 1740.
does; Country bordering on our frontier, and with the Oder
running through it as a sure highroad for everything. Fourth,
"What suddenly turned the balance," or at least what kept it
steady in that posture, -- "news of the Czarina's death ar-
"rives:" Russia has ceased to count against us; and become
a manageable quantity. On, therefore! --
"Add to these reasons," says the King, with a candour
which has not been well treated in the History Books, "Add to
"these reasons, an Army ready for acting; Funds, Supplies
"allfound" (lying barrelled in the Schloss atBerlin); -- "and
"perhaps the desire of making oneself a name," from which
few of mortals able to achieve it are exempt in their young
time: "all this was cause of the War which the King now en-
"teredupon. "*
"Desire to make himself a name; how shocking! "
exclaim several Historians. "Candour of confession that
"lie may have had some such desire; ? how honest! " is
what they do not exclaim. As to the justice of his
Silesian Claims, or even to his own belief about their
justice, Friedrich affords not the least light which can
be new to readers here. He speaks, when business
requires it, of "those known rights" of his, and with
the air of a man who expects to be believed on his
word; but it is cursorily, and in the business way
only; and there is not here or elsewhere the least
pleading: '--, a man, you would say, considerably in-
different to our belief on that head; his eye set on the
practical merely. "Just Rights? What are rights,
never so just, which you cannot make valid? The
world is full of such. If you have rights and can assert
them into facts, do it; that is worth doing! " --
We must add two Notes, two small absinthine
drops, bitter but wholesome, administered by him to
the Old Dessauer; whose gloomy wonder over all this
* (Enures de Frederic (Histoire de mon Temps), i. 128.
Cattle, Frederick the Great. VI. 11
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? 162 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [boOKXI.
2d Dec. 1740.
military whirl of Prussian things, and discontent that
he, lately the head authority, has never once been
spoken to on it, have been great. Guessing, at last,
that it was meant for Austria, a Power rather dear to
Leopold, he can suppress himself no longer; but breaks
out into Cassandra prophesyings, which have piqued
the young King, and provoke this return::
1. "Reinsberg, 24/A November 1740. -- I have received your
"Letter, and seen with what inquietude you view the ap-
proaching march of my Troops. I hope you will set your
"mind at ease on that score; and wait with patience what I in-
"tend with them and you. I have made all my dispositions;
"and Your Serenity will learn, time enough, what my orders
"are, without disquieting yourself about them, as nothing has
"been forgotten or delayed. " -- Friedbich.
Old Dessauef, cut to the bone, perceives he will
have to quit that method and never resume it; writes
next how painful it is to an old General to see himself
neglected, as if good for nothing, while his scholars
are allowed to gather laurels. Friedrich's answer is of
soothing character:
2. "Berlin, 2d December 1740. -- You may be assured I
"honour your merits and capacity as a young Officer ought to
"honour an old one, who has given the world so many proofs
"of his talent (Dexteritat); nor will I neglect Your Serenity on
"any occasion when you can help me by your good counsel
"and cooperation. " But it is a mere "bagatelle " this that I
am now upon; though, next year, it may become serious.
For the rest, Saxony being a neighbour whose intentions
one does not know, I have privately purposed Your Serenity
should keep an outlook that way, in my absence. Plenty of
employment coming for Your Serenity. "But as to this pre-
"sent Expedition, I reserve it for myself alone; that the world
"may not think the King of Prussia marches with a Tutor to
"the Field. " -- Friedbich. *
* Orlich: Geschichte ier Schleeischen Kriege (Berlin, 1841), i. 38, 39.
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? CHAP, n. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 163
6th Dec. 1740.
And therewith Leopold, eagerly complying, has to rest
satisfied; and beware of too much freedom with this
young King again.
"Berlin, December 2d," is the date of that last
Note to the Dessauer; date also of Voltaire's Adieu
with the Eesponse; -- on which same day, "Friday,
December 2d," as I find from the Old Books, his
Majesty, quitting the Reinsberg sojourn, "had arrived
in Berlin about 2 p. m. ; accompanied by Prince
August Wilhelm" (betrothed at Brunswick lately);
"such a crowd on the streets as if they had never seen
"him before. " He continued at Berlin or in the neigh-
bourhood thenceforth. Busy days these; and Berlin a
much-whispering City, as Regiment after Regiment
marches away. King soon to follow, as is thought,--
"who himself sometimes deigns to take the Regiments
"into highest own eye-shine, Hochst-eigcnen Augen-
"schein" (that is, to review them), say the reverential
Editors. December 6th -- But let us follow the strict
sequence of Phenomena at Berlin.
Excellency Botta has Audience; then Excellency Dickens,
and others: December 6th, the Mystery is out.
Of course her Hungarian Majesty, and her Barten-
steins and Ministries, heard enough of those Prussian
rumours, interior Military activities, and enigmatic
movements; but they seem strangely supine on the
matter; indeed they seem strangely supine on such
matters; and lean at ease upon the Sea-Powers, upon
Pragmatic Sanction and other Laws of Nature. But at
length even they become painfully interested as to
Friedrich's intentions; and despatch an Envoy to sift
n*
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? 164 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [boOKXI.
6tb. Dec. 1740.
him a little: an expert Marchese di Botta, Genoese by
birth, skilful in the Russian and other intricacies; who
was here at Berlin lately, doing the Accession Compli-
ment (rather ill received at that time), and is fit for
the job. Perhaps Botta will penetrate him? That is
becoming desirable, in spite of the gay Private
Theatricals at Reinsberg, and the Berlin Carnival Balls
he is so occupied with.
England is not less interested, and the diligent Sir
Guy is doing his best; but can make out nothing satis-
factory; -- much the reverse indeed; and falls into
angry black anticipations. "Nobody here, great or
"small," says his Excellency, "dares make any repre-
sentation to this young Prince against the measures
"he is pursuing; though all are sensible of the con-
"fusion which must follow. A Prince who had the
"least regard to honour, truth and justice, could not
"act the part he is going to do. " Alas, no, Excellency
Dickens! "But it is plain his only view was, to
"deceive us all, and conceal for a while his ambitious
"and mischievous designs. "* "Never was such dis-
"simulation! " exclaims the Diplomatic world every-
where, being angered at it, as if it were a vice on the
part of a King about to invade Silesia. Dissimulation,
if that mean mendacity, is not the name of the thing;
it is the art of wearing a polite cloak of darkness, and
the King is little disturbed what name they call it.
Botta did not get to Berlin till December 1st, had
no Audience till the 5th; -- by which time it is be-
coming evident to Excellency Dickens, and to every-
body, that Silesia is the thing meant. Botta hints as
much in that first Audience, December 5th: "Terrible
* Despatch, 29th November -- 3d December 1740: Raumer, p. 58.
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? CHAP. 'ix. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 165
6th Dec. 1740.
roads, those Silesian ones, your Majesty! " says Botta,
as if historically merely, but with a glance of the eye.
"Hm," answers his Majesty in the same tone, "the
worst that comes of them is a little mud! " -- Next day,
Dickens had express Audience, "Berlin, Tuesday 6th:"
a smartish, somewhat flurried Colloquy with the King;
which, well abridged, may stand as follows:
Dickens. * * "Indivisibility of the Austrian Monarchy,
Sire! " -- King. "Indivisibility? What do you mean? " --
Dickens. "The maintenance of the Pragmatic Sanction. " --
King. "Do you intend to support it? I hope not; for such is
not my intention. " (There is for you! ) * * *
Dickens. "England and Holland will much wonder at the
measures your Majesty was taking, at the moment when your
Majesty proposed to join with them, and were making
friendly proposals! " (Has been a deceitful man, Sir Guy, at
least an impenetrable; -- but this latter is rather strong on
your part! ) 'What shall I write to England? ' ("When I
"mentioned this," says Dickens, "the King grew red in the
"face," eyes considerably flashing, I should think. )
King. "You can have no instructions to ask that question!
And if you had, I have an answer ready for you. England has
no right to inquire into my designs. Your great Sea-Arma-
ments, did I ask you any questions about them? No; I was
and am silent on that head; only wishing you good luck, and
that you may not get beaten by the Spaniards. " (Dickens
hastily draws in his rash horns again; after a pass or two,
King's natural colour returns. ) * *
King. "Austria as a Power is necessary against the Turks.
nion. "But it is worth trying? " urge the Ministers. --
"Well," answers Friedrich, "be it in that form; that is
the soft-spokeSfe cautious form: any form will do, if the
fact he there. " That is understood to have been the
figure of the deliberation in this conclave at Reinsberg,
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? 152 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [b00KX[.
27th Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
during the four days* And now it remains only to fix
theMilitary details, to be ready in a minimum of time; and
to keep our preparations and intentions in impenetrable
darkness from all men, in the interim. Adieu, Messieurs.
And so, on the 1st of November, fifth morning
since they came, Schwerin and Podewils, a world of
new business silently ahead of them, return to Berlin,
intent to begin the same. All the Kings will have to
take their resolution on this matter; wisely, or else un-
wisely. King Friedrich's, let it prove the wisest or
not, is notably the rapidest, -- complete, and fairly
entering upon action, on November 1st. At London
the news of the Kaiser's death had arrived the day
before; Britannic Majesty and Ministry, thrown much
into the dumps by it, much into the vague, are nothing
like so prompt with their resolution on it. Somewhat
sorrowfully in the vague. In fact, they will go jum-
bling hither and thither for about three years to come,
before making up their minds to a resolution: so in-
tricate is the affair to the English Nation and them.
Intricate indeed; and even imaginary, -- definable
mainly as a bottomless abyss of nightmare dreams to
the English Nation and them! Productive of strong
somnambulisms, as my friend has it! --
Mystery in Berlin, for Seven Weeks, while the Prepara-
tions go on; Voltaire visits Friedrich to decipher it,
but cannot.
Podewils and Schwerin gone, King Friedrich, though
still very busy in working-hours, returns to his society
* Stenzel (from what sources he does not clearly say, no doubt from
sources of some authenticity) gives this as summary of it, iv. G1-65.
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 153
27lh Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
and its gaieties and brilliancies; apparently with in-
creased appetite after these four days of abstinence.
Still busy in his working-hours, as a King must be;
couriers coining and going, hundreds of businesses
despatched each day; and in the evening what a relish
for society, -- Pratorius is quite astonished at it.
Music, dancing, play-acting, suppers of the gods, "not
"done till four in the morning sometimes," these are
the accounts Pratorius hears at Berlin. "From all
persons who return from Reinsberg," writes he, the
"unanimous report is, That the King works, the whole
"day through, with an assiduity that is unique; and
"then, in the evening, gives himself to the pleasures
"of society, with a vivacity of mirth and sprightly
"humour which makes those Evening-Parties charm-
ing. "* So it had to last, with frequent short journeys
on Friedrich's part, and at last with change to Berlin
as headquarters, for about seven weeks to come, --
till the beginning of December, and the day of action,
namely. A notable little Interim in Friedrich's His-
tory and that of Europe.
Friedrich's secret, till almost the very end, remained
impenetrable; though, by degrees, his movements ex-
cited much guessing in the Gazetteer and Diplomatic
world everywhere. Military matters do seem to be
getting brisk in Prussia; arsenals much astir; troops
are seen mustering, marching, plainly to a singular
degree. Marching towards the Austrian side, towards
Silesia, some note. Yes; but also towards Cleve, cer-
tain detachments of troops are marching, -- do not
men see? And the Entrenchment at Buderich in those
parts, that is getting forward withal, -- though pri-
* Excerpt, in Preuss, Thronbcstcigung, p. d! 8.
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? 154 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE KEINS IN HAND. [book XI.
27th Oct. --13th Dec. 1710.
vately there is not the least prospect of using it, in
these altered circumstances. Friedrich already guesses
that if he could get Silesia, so invaluable on the one
skirt of him, he will probably have to give up his
Berg-Jiilich claims on the other: I fancy he is getting
ready to do so, should the time come for such alter-
native. But he labours at Buderich, all the same, and
"improves the roads in that quarter,"-- which at least
may help to keep an inquisitive public at bay. These
are seven busy weeks on Friedrich's part, and on the
world's: constant realities of preparation, on the one
part, industriously veiled; on the other part, such
shadows, guessings, spyings, spectral movements above
ground and below; Diplomatic shadows fencing, Ga-
zetteer shadows rumouring; -- dreams of a world as if
near awakening to something great! "All Officers on
"furlough have been ordered to their posts," writes Biel-
feld, on those vague terms of his: "On arriving at Ber-
"lin, you notice a great agitation in all departments of
"the State. The regiments are ordered to prepare their
"equipages, and to hold themselves in readiness for
"marching. There are magazines being formed at Frank-
"furt-on-the-Oder and at Crossen," -- handy for Sile-
sia, you would say? "There are considerable trains
of Artillery getting ready; and the King has frequent
"conferences with his Generals. "* The authentic fact
is: "By the middle of November, Troops, to the extent
"of 30,000 and more, had got orders to be ready for
"marching in three weeks hence;" their public motions
very visible ever since, their actual purpose a mystery
to all mortals except Three.
* Bielfeld, i. 165 (Berlin, 30th November, is the date he puts to it).
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REIXSBERG. 155
27tt Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
Towards the end of November, it becomes the pre-
vailing guess that the business is immediate, not pro-
spective; that Silesia may be in the wind, not Julich
and Berg. Which infinitely quickens the shadowy
mmourings and Diplomatic fencings of mankind. The
French have their special Ambassador here; a Marquis
de Beauvau, observant military gentleman, who came
with the Accession Compliment some time ago, and
keeps his eyes well open, but cannot see through mill-
stones. Fleury is intensely desirous to know Fried-
rich's secret; but would fain keep his own (if he yet
have one), and is himself quite tacit and reserved. To
Fleury's Marquis de Beauvau Friedrich is very gracious;
but in regard to secrets, is for a reciprocal procedure.
Could not Voltaire go and try? It is thought Fleury
had let fall some hint to that effect, carried by a bird
of the air. Sure enough Voltaire does go; is actually
on visit to his royal Friend, "six days with him at
"Eeinsberg;" perhaps near a fortnight in all (20 No-
vember -- 2 December or so), hanging about those
Berlin regions, on the survey. Here is an unexpected
pleasure to the parties; -- but in regard to penetrating
of secrets, an unproductive one!
Voltaire's ostensible errand was, To report progress
about the Anti-MaccMavel, the Van Duren nonsense;
and, at any rate, to settle the Money-accounts on these
and other scores; and to discourse Philosophies, for a
day or two, with the First of Men. The real errand,
it is pretty clear, was as above. Voltaire has always
a wistful eye towards political employment, and would
fain make himself useful in high quarters. Fleury and
he have their touches of direct Correspondence now and
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? 156 FKIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [book XI.
27th Oct. --13th Dec. 1740.
then; and obliquely, there are always intermediates
and channels. Small hint, the slightest twinkle of
Fleury's eyelashes, would be duly speeded to Voltaire,
and set him going. We shall see him expressly mis-
sioned hither, on similar errand, by and by; though
with as bad success as at present.
Of this his First Visit to Berlin, his Second to Fried-
rich, Voltaire in the Vie Prive'e says nothing. But in
his Steele de Louis XV, he drops, with proud modesty,
a little foot-note upon it: "The Author was with the
"King of Prussia at that time; and can affirm that
"Cardinal de Fleury was totally astray in regard to the
"Prince he had now to do with. " To which a date
slightly wrong is added; the rest being perfectly cor-
rect. * No other details are to be got anywhere, if
they were of importance; the very dates of it in the
best Prussian Books are all slightly awry. Here, by
accident, are two poor flint-sparks caught from the dust
whirlwind, which yield a certain sufficing twilight,
when put in their place; and show us both sides of the
matter, the smooth side and the seamy:
1. Friedrich to Algarntti, at Berlin. From "Reinsberg, 21st
Nov. ," showing the smooth side.
"My dear Swan of Padua, Voltaire has arrived; all
"sparkling with new beauties, and far more sociable than at
"Cleve. He is in very good humour; and makes less com-
"plaining about his ailments than usual. Nothing can be
"more frivolous than our occupations here:" mere verse-
making, dancing, philosophising, then card-playing, dining,
flirting; merry as birds on the hough (and Silesia invisible,
except to oneself and two others). **
* (Euvres (Siecle de Louis XV, c. 6), xxviii. 74.
** (Vuvres de Frederic, xviii. 25.
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REIXSBERG. 157
2d Dec. 171. 0.
2. Fiiedrich to Jordan, at Berlin. "Kuppin, 28th November. "
* * "Thy Miser" (Voltaire, now gone to Berlin, of whom
Jordan is to send news, as of all things else), "thy Miser shall
"drink to the lees of his insatiable desire (sic) to enrich him-
"self: he shall have the 3,000 thalers (450/. ). He was with
"me six days: that will be at the rate of 150 thalers (75/. )
"a-day. That is paying dear for one's merry-andrew) c'est
"Men payer un fou); never had court-fool such wages be-
"fore. "*
Which latter, also at first hand, shows us the seamy
side. And here, finally, with date happily appended,
is a poetic snatch, in Voltaire's exquisito style, which
with the response gives us the medium view:
Voltaire's Adieu ("Billet de Conge', 2 December 1740").
"A'on, malgre vos vertus, non, malgre vos appas,
"Mon ame n'est point satisfuite;
"Non, vous ii'etes qu'une coquette,
"Qui subjuguez les cccurs, et ne vous donnez pas. "
Frcedeich's Response.
"Mon ame sent le prix de vos divins appas;
"Mais ne presumez point qu'elle soit satisfaite.
"Traitre, vous me quittez pour suivre unc coquette;
"Moijc ne vous quitterais pas. " **
-- Meaning, perhaps, in brief English: V. "Ah, you
are but a beautiful coquette; you charm away our
hearts, and do not give your own" (won't tell me your
secret at all)! F. "Treacherous Lothario, it is you
that quit me for a coquette" (your divine Emilie; and
won't stay here, and be of my Academy); "but how-
ever --! " -- Friedrich looked hopingly on the French,
* lb. xvii. 72. Particulars of the money-payment (travelling expenses
chiefly, rather exorbitant, and this journey added to the list; and no whisper
of the considerable Van-Duren moneys, and copyright of Anti-Macchiavel,
in abatement,) are in Rcidenbeck, i. 27. Exact sum paid is 3,300 thalers;
2,000 a good while ago, 1,300 at this time, which settles the greedy bill.
** lEuvres de Frederic (xiv. 167); (Euores de Voltaire; &c. &c.
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? 158 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IX HAND. [bOOKH.
2d Dec. 1740.
but could not give his secret except by degrees and
with reciprocity. Some days hence he said to Marquis
de Beauvau, in the Audience of leave, a word which
was remembered.
View of Friedrich behind the Veil.
As to Friedrich himself, since about the middle of
November his plans seem to have been definitely shaped
out in all points; Troops so many, when to be on
march, and how; no important detail uncertain since
then. November 17th, he jots down a little Note,
which is to go to Vienna, were the due hour come, by
a special Ambassador, one Count Gotter acquainted
with the ground there; and explain to her Hungarian
Majesty, what his exact demands are, and what the
exact services he will render. Of which important little
Paper readers shall hear again. Gotter's demands are
at first to be high: Our Four Duchies, due by law so
long; these and even more, considering the important
services we propose; this is to be his first word; --
but, it appears, he is privately prepared to put up with
Two Duchies, if he can have them peaceably: Duchies
of Sagan and Glogau, which are not of the Four at
all, but which lie nearest us, and are far below the
value of the Four, to Austria especially. This intricate
point Friedrich has already settled in his mind.
And
indeed it is notably the habit of this young King to
settle matters with himself in good time: and in regard
to all manner of points, he will be found, on the day
of bargaining about them, to have his own resolution
formed and definitely fixed; -- much to his advantage
over conflicting parties who have theirs still flying loose.
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? CHAP, ix. ] RESOLUTION FORMES AT REIXSBEKG. 159
2d Dec. 1740.
Another thing of much concernment is, To secure
himself from danger of Russian interference. To this
end he despatches Major Winterfeld to Russia, a man
well known to him; -- day of Winterfeld's departure
is not given; day of his arrival in Petersburg is "19th
December" just coming. Russia, at present, is rather
in a staggering condition; hopeful for Winterfeld'3 ob-
ject. On the 28th of October last, only eight days
after the Kaiser, Czarina Anne of Russia, she with the
big cheek, once of Courland, had died; "audacious
Death," as our poor friend had it, "venturing upon
another Crowned Head" there. Bieren her dear Cour-
lander, once little better than a Horse-groom, now
Duke of Courland, Quasi-Husband to the late Big
Cheek, and thereby sovereign of Russia, this long
while past, is left Official Head in Russia. Poor little
Anton Ulrich and his august Spouse, well enough
known to us, have indeed produced a Czar Iwan, some
months ago, to the joy of mankind: but Czar Iwan is
in his cradle; Father and Mother's function is little
other than to rock the cradle of Iwan; Bieren to be
Regent and Autocrat over him and them in the interim.
To their chagrin, to that of Feldmarschal Miinnich and
many others: the upshot of which will be visible be-
fore long. Czarina Anne's death had seemed to Fried-
rich the opportune removal of a dangerous neighbour,
known to be in the pay of Austria: here now are new
mutually hostile parties springing up; chance, surely,
of a bargain with some of them? He despatches Win-
terfeld on this errand; -- probably the fittest man in
Prussia for it. How soon and perfectly Winterfeld suc-
ceeded, and what Winterfeld was, and something of what
a Russia he found it, we propose to mention by and by.
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? 160 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE KEINS IN HAND. [book XI,
2d Dec. 1740.
These, and all points of importance, Friedrich has
settled with himself some time ago. What his own
private thoughts on the Silesian Adventure are, readers
will wish to know, since they can at first hand. Hear
Friedrich himself, whose veracity is unquestionable to
such as know anything of him:
"This Silesian Project fulfilled all his (theKing's)political
"views," -- summed them all well up into one head. "It was
"a means of acquiring reputation; of increasing the power of
"the State; and of terminating what concerned that long-
"litigated question of the Berg-Julich Succession;" -- can pe
sure of getting that, at lowest; intends to give that up, if
necessary.
"Meanwhile, before entirely determining, the King weighed
"the risks there were in undertaking such a War, and the ad-
vantages that were to be hoped from it. On one side, pre-
sented itself the potent House of Austria, not likely to want
"resources with so many vast Provinces under it; an Em-
"peror's Daughter attacked, who would naturally find allies
"in the King of England, in the Dutch Kepublic, and so
"many Princes of the Empire who had signed the Pragmatic
"Sanction. " Eussiawas, -- or had been, and might again
be, -- in the pay of Vienna. Saxony might have some clip-
pings from Bohemia thrown to it, and so be gained over.
Scanty Harvest, 1740, threatened difficulties as to provision-
ing of troops. "The risks were great. One had to apprehend
"the vicissitudes of war. A single battle lost might be de-
cisive. The King had no allies; and his troops, hitherto
"without experience, would have to front old Austrian
"soldiers, grown gray in harness, and trained to war by so
"many campaigns.
"On the other side were hopeful considerations," -- four
in number: First, Weak condition of the Austrian Court,
Treasury empty, War-Apparatus broken in pieces; inex-
perienced young Princess to defend a disputed succession, on
those terms. Second, There will be allies; France and Eng-
land always in rivalry, both meddling in these matters, King is
sure to get either the one or the other. Third, Silesian War
lies handy to us, and is the only kind of Offensive War that
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? CHAP. IX. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 161
2d Dee. 1740.
does; Country bordering on our frontier, and with the Oder
running through it as a sure highroad for everything. Fourth,
"What suddenly turned the balance," or at least what kept it
steady in that posture, -- "news of the Czarina's death ar-
"rives:" Russia has ceased to count against us; and become
a manageable quantity. On, therefore! --
"Add to these reasons," says the King, with a candour
which has not been well treated in the History Books, "Add to
"these reasons, an Army ready for acting; Funds, Supplies
"allfound" (lying barrelled in the Schloss atBerlin); -- "and
"perhaps the desire of making oneself a name," from which
few of mortals able to achieve it are exempt in their young
time: "all this was cause of the War which the King now en-
"teredupon. "*
"Desire to make himself a name; how shocking! "
exclaim several Historians. "Candour of confession that
"lie may have had some such desire; ? how honest! " is
what they do not exclaim. As to the justice of his
Silesian Claims, or even to his own belief about their
justice, Friedrich affords not the least light which can
be new to readers here. He speaks, when business
requires it, of "those known rights" of his, and with
the air of a man who expects to be believed on his
word; but it is cursorily, and in the business way
only; and there is not here or elsewhere the least
pleading: '--, a man, you would say, considerably in-
different to our belief on that head; his eye set on the
practical merely. "Just Rights? What are rights,
never so just, which you cannot make valid? The
world is full of such. If you have rights and can assert
them into facts, do it; that is worth doing! " --
We must add two Notes, two small absinthine
drops, bitter but wholesome, administered by him to
the Old Dessauer; whose gloomy wonder over all this
* (Enures de Frederic (Histoire de mon Temps), i. 128.
Cattle, Frederick the Great. VI. 11
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? 162 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [boOKXI.
2d Dec. 1740.
military whirl of Prussian things, and discontent that
he, lately the head authority, has never once been
spoken to on it, have been great. Guessing, at last,
that it was meant for Austria, a Power rather dear to
Leopold, he can suppress himself no longer; but breaks
out into Cassandra prophesyings, which have piqued
the young King, and provoke this return::
1. "Reinsberg, 24/A November 1740. -- I have received your
"Letter, and seen with what inquietude you view the ap-
proaching march of my Troops. I hope you will set your
"mind at ease on that score; and wait with patience what I in-
"tend with them and you. I have made all my dispositions;
"and Your Serenity will learn, time enough, what my orders
"are, without disquieting yourself about them, as nothing has
"been forgotten or delayed. " -- Friedbich.
Old Dessauef, cut to the bone, perceives he will
have to quit that method and never resume it; writes
next how painful it is to an old General to see himself
neglected, as if good for nothing, while his scholars
are allowed to gather laurels. Friedrich's answer is of
soothing character:
2. "Berlin, 2d December 1740. -- You may be assured I
"honour your merits and capacity as a young Officer ought to
"honour an old one, who has given the world so many proofs
"of his talent (Dexteritat); nor will I neglect Your Serenity on
"any occasion when you can help me by your good counsel
"and cooperation. " But it is a mere "bagatelle " this that I
am now upon; though, next year, it may become serious.
For the rest, Saxony being a neighbour whose intentions
one does not know, I have privately purposed Your Serenity
should keep an outlook that way, in my absence. Plenty of
employment coming for Your Serenity. "But as to this pre-
"sent Expedition, I reserve it for myself alone; that the world
"may not think the King of Prussia marches with a Tutor to
"the Field. " -- Friedbich. *
* Orlich: Geschichte ier Schleeischen Kriege (Berlin, 1841), i. 38, 39.
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? CHAP, n. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 163
6th Dec. 1740.
And therewith Leopold, eagerly complying, has to rest
satisfied; and beware of too much freedom with this
young King again.
"Berlin, December 2d," is the date of that last
Note to the Dessauer; date also of Voltaire's Adieu
with the Eesponse; -- on which same day, "Friday,
December 2d," as I find from the Old Books, his
Majesty, quitting the Reinsberg sojourn, "had arrived
in Berlin about 2 p. m. ; accompanied by Prince
August Wilhelm" (betrothed at Brunswick lately);
"such a crowd on the streets as if they had never seen
"him before. " He continued at Berlin or in the neigh-
bourhood thenceforth. Busy days these; and Berlin a
much-whispering City, as Regiment after Regiment
marches away. King soon to follow, as is thought,--
"who himself sometimes deigns to take the Regiments
"into highest own eye-shine, Hochst-eigcnen Augen-
"schein" (that is, to review them), say the reverential
Editors. December 6th -- But let us follow the strict
sequence of Phenomena at Berlin.
Excellency Botta has Audience; then Excellency Dickens,
and others: December 6th, the Mystery is out.
Of course her Hungarian Majesty, and her Barten-
steins and Ministries, heard enough of those Prussian
rumours, interior Military activities, and enigmatic
movements; but they seem strangely supine on the
matter; indeed they seem strangely supine on such
matters; and lean at ease upon the Sea-Powers, upon
Pragmatic Sanction and other Laws of Nature. But at
length even they become painfully interested as to
Friedrich's intentions; and despatch an Envoy to sift
n*
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? 164 FRIEDRICH TAKES THE REINS IN HAND. [boOKXI.
6tb. Dec. 1740.
him a little: an expert Marchese di Botta, Genoese by
birth, skilful in the Russian and other intricacies; who
was here at Berlin lately, doing the Accession Compli-
ment (rather ill received at that time), and is fit for
the job. Perhaps Botta will penetrate him? That is
becoming desirable, in spite of the gay Private
Theatricals at Reinsberg, and the Berlin Carnival Balls
he is so occupied with.
England is not less interested, and the diligent Sir
Guy is doing his best; but can make out nothing satis-
factory; -- much the reverse indeed; and falls into
angry black anticipations. "Nobody here, great or
"small," says his Excellency, "dares make any repre-
sentation to this young Prince against the measures
"he is pursuing; though all are sensible of the con-
"fusion which must follow. A Prince who had the
"least regard to honour, truth and justice, could not
"act the part he is going to do. " Alas, no, Excellency
Dickens! "But it is plain his only view was, to
"deceive us all, and conceal for a while his ambitious
"and mischievous designs. "* "Never was such dis-
"simulation! " exclaims the Diplomatic world every-
where, being angered at it, as if it were a vice on the
part of a King about to invade Silesia. Dissimulation,
if that mean mendacity, is not the name of the thing;
it is the art of wearing a polite cloak of darkness, and
the King is little disturbed what name they call it.
Botta did not get to Berlin till December 1st, had
no Audience till the 5th; -- by which time it is be-
coming evident to Excellency Dickens, and to every-
body, that Silesia is the thing meant. Botta hints as
much in that first Audience, December 5th: "Terrible
* Despatch, 29th November -- 3d December 1740: Raumer, p. 58.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:23 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hwiijk Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHAP. 'ix. ] RESOLUTION FORMED AT REINSBERG. 165
6th Dec. 1740.
roads, those Silesian ones, your Majesty! " says Botta,
as if historically merely, but with a glance of the eye.
"Hm," answers his Majesty in the same tone, "the
worst that comes of them is a little mud! " -- Next day,
Dickens had express Audience, "Berlin, Tuesday 6th:"
a smartish, somewhat flurried Colloquy with the King;
which, well abridged, may stand as follows:
Dickens. * * "Indivisibility of the Austrian Monarchy,
Sire! " -- King. "Indivisibility? What do you mean? " --
Dickens. "The maintenance of the Pragmatic Sanction. " --
King. "Do you intend to support it? I hope not; for such is
not my intention. " (There is for you! ) * * *
Dickens. "England and Holland will much wonder at the
measures your Majesty was taking, at the moment when your
Majesty proposed to join with them, and were making
friendly proposals! " (Has been a deceitful man, Sir Guy, at
least an impenetrable; -- but this latter is rather strong on
your part! ) 'What shall I write to England? ' ("When I
"mentioned this," says Dickens, "the King grew red in the
"face," eyes considerably flashing, I should think. )
King. "You can have no instructions to ask that question!
And if you had, I have an answer ready for you. England has
no right to inquire into my designs. Your great Sea-Arma-
ments, did I ask you any questions about them? No; I was
and am silent on that head; only wishing you good luck, and
that you may not get beaten by the Spaniards. " (Dickens
hastily draws in his rash horns again; after a pass or two,
King's natural colour returns. ) * *
King. "Austria as a Power is necessary against the Turks.
