His
masterpieces
are:
(Oliver) (1762), a poem of chivalry after the
manner of Ariosto; and (The Devil in Love)
(1772), a tale of wonder which is still a popu-
lar favorite.
(Oliver) (1762), a poem of chivalry after the
manner of Ariosto; and (The Devil in Love)
(1772), a tale of wonder which is still a popu-
lar favorite.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
Anne's College until 1859, and afterward
vicar at Quebec Cathedral from 1860 till 1873.
Among his most important works are: (History
of the Hôtel Dieu de Quebec); My Cana-
dian Parish in the Seventeenth Century. A
collection of his entire works was published in
1886.
Cass, Lewis. A famous American states-
man, diplomatist, and soldier; born at Exeter,
X. H. , Oct. 9, 1872; died at Detroit, Mich. ,
June 17, 1866. He served in the War of 1812;
was governor of Michigan Territory (1813-
31); Secretary of War (1831-36); minister to
France (1836-42); United States Senator (1845-
48); Presidential candidate (1848); United
States Senator (1849-57); Secretary of State
(1857-60). He wrote: (History, Traditions,
and Languages of the Indians) (1823); France,
its King, Court, and Government'; etc.
Cassin, John. An American ornithologist;
born near Chester, Pa. , Sept. 6, 1813; died in
Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1869. Among his more
important works may be named : Mammalogy
and Ornithology of the Wilkes Exploring Ex-
pedition); (Ornithology of Perry's Expedition
to Japan'; etc.
Castanheda, Fernão Lopez de (käs-tän-
ā'dä). A Portuguese historian; born 1500 (? );
died 1559. His father having been appointed
to an important post in India, he was taken
thither in youth, and was thus led to make
the careful and unremitting researches em-
bodied in the History of the Discovery and
Conquest of India by the Portuguese) (1551-
61), a work upon which Camoens drew largely
in the course of his epic activity.
Castelar, Emilio (käs-tā-lär'). An eminent
Spanish orator, statesman, and writer; born at
Cadiz, Sept. 8, 1832. In early manhood he was
a journalist. In 1864, he became professor of
history in the University of Madrid. He was
always a “Progressist," and gradually became
a leader in all the struggles of the Liberal
party of Spain. His eloquence is poetic and
rhetorical, of marvelous Auency and enthusiasm.
He has written many historical and political
works; among them : (Civilization in the First
Five Centuries of Christianity); Questions Po.
litical and Social); (History of the Republican
Movement in Europe); (Historical Gallery of
Celebrated Women'; (History's Tragedies.
Castelein, Matthijs de (käs-tel-in'). A Dutch
poet (1485-1550); born at Pamele (Oudenarde).
He was the acknowledged lawgiver and pat-
tern of all the Dutch rhetoricians of his time,
in his (Art of Rhetoric. He composed many
plays, but only two of them were published :
one of these is the Story of Pyramus and
Thisbe. He wrote also "Ballads) and a vol.
ume of Various Lays,' in melodious verse.
Castelli, Ignaz Franz (käs-tel'lē). An Aus-
trian poet (1781-1862). He wrote many war
songs; one of which, War-Song of the Aus-
trian Army) (1809), was deemed not unworthy
of notice by the official organ of the French
government. His opera “The Swiss Family)
(1811) was produced on every German stage.
His theatrical pieces numbered over 200.
Castello-Branco, Camillo (käs-tel'lo
bränk'ā). A notable Portuguese novelist and
poet; born in Lisbon, March 16, 1826; died at
San Miguel de Seide, June 6, 1890. He is the
most popular of the modern romancists of
Portugal, and at the same time the most na-
tional in tone, spirit, and form. Realism char-
acterizes his numerous novels (over 100); the
best known being : Love of Perdition (1862);
(The Marquis of Torres Novas); (Brilliants
7
## p. 98 (#114) #############################################
98
CASTELNOVO-CATO
was
from Brazil. All of them are genuine pictures
of Portuguese life. Among his poetic composi-
tions, the collection published under the title
(A Book) (1854) holds the first place.
Castelnovo, Leo di (käs-tel-no'vo), pseudo-
nym of Count Leopoldo Pullè. An Italian
dramatist and poet; born in Verona, April 17,
1835. He is conspicuous politically, and has
written a number of plays, mostly comedies;
the best being probably Drink or Choke)
[“O bere o affogare, meaning a case of Hob-
son's choice) and (A Dead Heart. Harp
and Guitar) is a verse collection. Notable too
is his novel, Do the Dead Return ? )
Castelnuovo, Enrico (käs''tel-nö-õ'vo). An
Italian novelist; born at Florence, 1839. His
stories have attained great popularity; among
them: Prof. Romualdo) (1878); (Two Con-
ventions) (1885); (Reminiscences and Fancies)
(1886). He is one of the acknowledged Ital-
ian masters of the (novel of the inner life »
(romano intimo).
Castelvecchio, Riccardo (käs''tel-vek'e-),
pseudonym of Count Giulio Pulle. An Ital-
ian dramatist, father of Count Leopoldo Pulle;
born in Verona. His greatest success
(The Romantic Lady and the Homeopathic
Doctor) (new ed. 1869), a comedy; another,
(The Discreet [Lady's] Maid, is also very
popular.
Casti, Giambattista (käs'tē). An Italian
poet (1721-1803). He entered the service of
the Emperor Joseph II. ; accompanied embas-
sies to St. Petersburg, etc. He won fame by
his "Gay Stories in Ottava Rima, and acided
to it by his witty satiric (Talking Animals)
(1802). The latter work was immediately trans-
lated into most of the languages of Europe.
The English translation, with numerous addi-
tions, was made by W. S. Rose, and published
as (The Court and Parliament of Beasts)
(1819). Casti wrote also two very successful
comic operas, and a poetic satire on court life
in the reign of Catharine II. of Russia.
Castiglione, Baldassare, Count (käs-tēl.
yo'nē). An Italian poet and statesman (1478–
1529); born in the district of Mantua. He
wrote a volume of Poems Vernacular and
Latin. But the work to which he owes his
literary fame is "The Book of the Courtier,
a masterpiece of elegant and ornate prose.
It lays down the laws of courtesy and of courtly
manners, and incidentally gives a view of life
in the highest society in the author's time. *
Castilho, Antonio Feliciano (käs-tēl'o). A
Portuguese poet (1800-75). Though almost
blind, he studied jurisprudence at Coimbra.
His first poetical composition, Letters of Echo
and Narcissus, published while he was a
student, won him great celebrity. He excelled
in pastorals; and to this class belong his
(Spring,' and 'Love and Melancholy, or the
Latest Heloise. ) He had a deep sympathy
with nature, and was a master of elegiac verse.
Castillejo, Christóval de (käs-tēl-yā'ho).
The last representative of the ancient Spanish
poetry (1490-1556); born at Ciudad Rodrigo.
He opposed the introduction of Italian styles
into the poetry of Spain, and justified his oppo.
sition by demonstrating in his own work the
competence of the traditional styles of Spain
for the expression of all moods and all senti-
ments. His satiric vein, especially in the Dia-
logue on the Condition of Women and the (Ser-
mon on Loves,' offended both clergy and laity.
Castillo-Solorzano, Alonso del (käs-tēl'yo-
sõ-lör'thäʼno). A Spanish romancer and poet
of the 17th century. His stories, (The Gar-
rulous Humbug, (The Allurement of Money,'
and others, are still popular and are still re-
printed. Of his comedies the most notable is
(The Marquis of Cigarral. ? His fables after
the manner of Ovid would not be deemed un-
worthy of the Roman poet.
Castlemon, Harry. See Fosdick, Charles
Austin.
Castro, Agustin (käs'tro). A Mexican poet;
born in Cordova, Vera Cruz, Jan. 24, 1728;
died in Bologna, Italy, 1790. A Jesuit priest,
an unpedantic scholar, he taught philosophy,
and also translated masterpieces with almost
unfailing sureness of touch. His original verse,
always warm and pure, includes (Hernán Cor-
tés,' and Charts) to guide the budding poetic
genius; while the versions he made of Seneca,
Horace, Sappho, Milton, Fénelon, and Euripi-
des, receive merited praise.
Catherine, St. , of Sienna. An Italian saint
and religious writer; born in Sienna, Italy,
1347; died 1380. Her letters and treatises are
greatly admired. She is styled the seraphic
virgin” on account of her insight into spiritual
things. A new edition of her Writings,' dic-
tated to her secretary by the saint in moments
of ecstasy, appeared in 1896.
Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. An Ameri.
can writer of historical romances; born in
Luray, O. , Dec. 16, 1847. She is author of
Craque-o'-Doom (1881); (The Romance of
Dollard' (1889); (The Story of Tonty) (1890);
(A Woman in Armor); (The Lady of Fort
St. John); "The Chase of St. Castin, and
Other Tales); (The Spirit of an Illinois Town);
(The White Islander); and other novels.
Catlin, George. An American prose-writer
and painter; born in Wilkesbarre, Pa. , 1796;
died in Jersey City, N. J. , Dec. 23, 1872. From
1832 till 1839 he traveled and lived among
the Indians of America, of whom he painted
hundreds of portraits; in 1841 he published
(Illustrations of the Manners, etc. , of the North
American Indians ;) and subsequently, Life
among the Indians) and (The Breath of Life.
His little book “Shut Your Mouth) was widely
read; it was founded on his theory that the
Indians owed their vigor of health to their
habit of breathing through the nose.
Cato, Marcus Porcius (kā'to), the Censor.
A Roman statesman and pamphleteer (234-
## p. 99 (#115) #############################################
CATON – CECCO D'ASCOLI
99
8
(
149 B. C. ). He exercised the broad powers of
the censor's office with inflexible, almost fanat.
ical rigor, and absolute impartiality. In his
eyes nothing was good that was not ancient.
He wrote many tractates on different subjects;
but one only of them is extant, 'On Farming,
a collection of the rules of good husbandry.
Of his summary of the early annals of Rome,
(Beginnings, we have only a few fragments. *
Caton, John Dean. A prominent American
lawyer and miscellaneous writer; born at Mon-
roe, N. Y. , 1812. He was Chief Justice of Illinois
(1855-64). He wrote : (A Summer in Norway)
(1875); (The Last of the Illinois, and a Sketch
of the Pottawatomies) (1876); (The Antelope
and Deer of America) (1877); etc.
Cats, Jacob (käts). A Dutch poet; born in
Brouwershaven, Zeeland, Nov. 10, 1577; died at
his estate of Zorgvliet, near the Hague, Sept.
12, 1660. He had a distinguished public career
as a diplomat, jurist, and educator; but his en-
during renown depends upon his various poems,
(Emblems,' (Maiden Duty, Inward Strife,'
and others, in all of which the ethics of domes-
tic life are expounded with much cheerful dull-
ness. The collected edition, under the title of
(Father Cats's Book,' has attained a practically
universal circulation throughout Holland. *
Catullus, Caius Valerius (ka-tul'us). The
greatest of Roman lyric poets (84-54 B. C. );
born at Verona. Of his compositions 116 have
come down to our time. The finest are those
"To Lesbia); "The Boat); and (Address to
Himself. *
Cavalcanti, Guido (kä-väl-kän'tē). One of
the earliest Italian poets (about 1235-1300).
His poems consist of sonnets, ballads, and songs,
to a young woman whose acquaintance he
made at Toulouse on a pilgrimage to Santiago.
Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista (kä-väl.
kä'sel). An Italian historian of art; born at
Legnano, Jan. 22, 1820; died November 1897.
He became the literary associate of J. A.
Crowe, with whom he produced the epoch-
making History of Painting in Italy) (1864-
71), the most complete work on the subject;
(Early Flemish Painters) (1857–72); Life of
Titian' (1877); and others.
Cavallotti, Felice (kä-väl-ot'tē). An Italian
poet; born at Milan, Nov. 6, 1842. His Polit-
ical Poems) brought upon him censure from
the public authorities. With his tragedies,
(Agnes de Gonzaga) and (Alcibiades) (1874),
he established his reputation as a dramatist.
He is the author of several other dramas and
of two volumes of lyric poetry. His best work
is (The Canticle of Canticles.
Cavendish, Margaret (Duchess of New-
castle). An English writer; born in Essex,
1024(? ); died 1674. She wrote Philosophical
Fancies); and a collection of poems, (The Pas-
time and Recreation of the Queen of Fairies.
Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (kä-vör').
A celebrated Italian statesman; was born at
Turin, Aug. 10, 1810; died June 6, 1861. His
great services to Italy are apparent in his
Letters) (1821-61): 'Unprinted Letters) (1862);
(Parliamentary Speeches) (1863); and (Corre-
spondence and Writings) (1892).
Cawein, Madison Julius. An American
poet; born in Louisville, Ky. , March 23, 1865.
Among his works are: Blooms of the Berry)
(1887); (The Triumph of Music) (1888); 'Lyrics
and Idyls) (1890); Days and Dreams); (Moods
and Memories ); (Intimations of the Beautiful”;
(Accolon of Gaul); Poems of Nature and
Love); (Red Leaves and Roses); and (Under-
tones. '
Caxton, William. An English printer and
scholar; born in the Weald of Kent, 1422 (? );
died 1491. His Recuyell (collection) of the
Histories of Troy,' translated by him from the
French, appears to have been printed in 1974,
most probably at Bruges in Belgium. It
was the first book in English reproduced by
typography. He set up a printing-office in
Westminster, 1477 ; and on Nov. 18 of that
year issued (The Dictes and Sayings of the
Philosophers, folio, a work ever memorable
as the first book printed in England -only
420 years ago! He printed in all 71 separate
works, very many of them translated by him
from the French; his translations even of Latin
classic authors were made, not directly from
the original language, but from French ver-
sions.
Caylus, Marthe Marguerite de Villette,
Marquise de (kā'lüs). A French writer of
memoirs; born in Poitou, 1673; died at Paris
(? ), April 15, 1729. Long an ornament of the
brilliant court of Louis XIV. , she passed her
declining years in dictating My Recollections,
in which a valuable insight into the life of
Louis XIV. is afforded, through the medium
of a singularly happy style.
Cazotte, Jacques (kä-zot). A French poet
and humorist (1719-92).
His masterpieces are:
(Oliver) (1762), a poem of chivalry after the
manner of Ariosto; and (The Devil in Love)
(1772), a tale of wonder which is still a popu-
lar favorite. He had extraordinary skill in
versifying, as shown by his adding a seventh
canto to Voltaire's (Civil War of Geneva) with
such perfect imitation of Voltaire's style and
manner as to deceive all Paris,
Cecchi, Giammaria (chek'ē). An Italian
dramatist; born in Florence, April 14, 1518;
died there, Oct. 28, 1587. He was the rival of
Bibbiena, Machiavelli, and Ariosto in portrait-
ure of character and in liveliness of dialogue.
Of his plays, 95 in number, but few have been
printed. These are mainly imitations of Plau-
tus and Terence; the best of them are: (The
Hammer,' (The Slave,' and (the most famous
of all) (The Owl. ? He wrote also religious
dramas; among them (The Exaltation of the
Holy Cross) (1589).
Cecco d'Ascoli (chek'o däs-koʻlē), properly
Francesco Stabili. An Italian poet; born at
## p. 100 (#116) ############################################
CECH - CESAROTTI
100
Ascoli, about 1257; died in Florence, Sept. 16,
1327. He was a devoted student of astrology
and of demonology. For the expression and
defense of certain erroneous opinions he was
burned at the stake. His heretical or impious
doctrines are contained in a poem, unfinished
but of encyclopædic compass, Bitternesses,' of
which he lived to complete four books. The
subject of the first book was astronomy with
meteorology; of the second, stellar influence
with physiognomy; of the third, minerals ;
of the fourth, sundry problems, moral and
physical.
Cech, Svatopluk (chech). A notable Czech
poet and prose writer; born at Ostredek, Feb.
21, 1846. He was editor in succession of
several journals, and at the same time prac-
ticed law. After winning some celebrity as a
writer of stories and short poems, he made a
bolder Aight in 1872 with Dreams, in which
he shows great epic power. Besides (Dreams,
he has written several other poems, as (The
Adamites); “The Storm); (Songs of Morning. '
He is the most popular of Czech poets. As a
novelist he excels in lively wit and rich humor.
Among his works of prose fiction may be
named: Stories, Arabesques, and Humor-
esques, and the most amusing (Candidate for
Immortality. He wrote also (1885) Memories
from the Orient,' fruit of his travels.
Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (chel'ä-
kõv"skē). A Czech poet and philologist; born
in Strakonitz, March 7, 1799; died in Prague,
Aug. 5, 1852. His earlier work was journal-
istic and pedagogical, his reputation in poesy
dating from the appearance of (Slav Folk-
Songs) (1822), to which succeeded various brill-
iant performances of a like nature : Echo of
Russian Folk Songs) (1829); "Echo of Bohe-
mian Folk Songs) (1840); etc. He translated
Herder and Scott into his own vernacular
with felicitous results.
Cellini, Benvenuto (chel-lē'nē). An Ital-
ian sculptor, metal-worker, and writer of
memoirs; born in Florence, Nov. 3, 1500; died
there, Feb. 13, 1571. His tremendous advent-
ures and his miraculous genius (as set forth
by himself in his (Autobiography') gives the
fascinating story of his life an important place
in letters, particularly as he is a master of
style. *
Celsus (sel'sus). A Roman controversial
writer; flourished in the second century. His
(True Discourse,' an attack on Christianity, is
lost; but it figures conspicuously in the history
of the early Church.
Celtes, Konrad (tsel'tes ). [The Greek
equivalent of his real name, Pickel. ] A cele-
brated German humanist; born 1459; died 1508.
His most celebrated work is a volume of
(Odes) (1513). He did much to promote the
study of the classics, and wrote his own poems
in Latin.
Centlivre, Susannah. An English drama-
tist; born (Freeman ? ) in Ireland (? ), 1667 (? );
died in London, Dec. 1, 1723. Her third hus-
band, from whom she derives the name by
which she is known in literature, was cook to
Queen Anne. (The Gamester) and (The Busy
Body) are her best comedies, but (The Per-
jured Husband is widely known. These plays
are very witty in dialogue. but unoriginal in
plot.
Ceo, Violante do (sā'o) A famed Portu-
guese poet; born in Lisbon, 1601; died, 1693.
She was styled the tenth Muse. Her (Por.
tuguese Parnassus) and miscellaneous poems
are greatly admired.
Cerretti, Luigi (cher-et'tē). An Italian poet
and rhetorician; born in Modena, Nov. I, 1738;
died in Pavia, March 5, 1808. The purity and
elegance of his diction made him, at an early
age, the most distinguished professor of rheto-
ric and oratory in Italy. His Poems and Select
Prose, collected into a posthumous volume,
were instantly successful, and have retained
their rank ever since.
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (sér-van'.
tēz or ther-vän'tes sä-ä-vā'drä). A celebrated
Spanish romancist; born at Alcalá de Henares
in 1547; died at Madrid, April 23, 1616. He
wrote many romances and stories, but he lives
in fame through (Don Quixote. He served
some years in the army; was captured by cor-
sairs and held five years in servitude. His
fellow captives testified to his self-denying
services to them while in the hands of the Al.
gerines. His first attempt in literature was the
composition of a pastoral romance, (Galatea,
in the traditional style and spirit. Of twenty
or thirty plays written by him, two only sur-
vive, and they have no celebrity. The first
part of Don Quixote) was published in 1605,
and it had a hearty reception from the begin-
ing among the populace, though not among
the cultured classes. Before the year was out.
five editions, some authorized, others pirated,
were published, and the Don and his grotesque
retainer appeared like immemorial traditional
characters in every pageant. The continuation
of the immortal story, however, did not appear
till 1615— and then because spurious continu-
ations published under his name fairly forced
Cervantes's hand. Meanwhile he busied him-
self with writing poems and novels now for-
gotten. On all these dead works he bestowed
great care before he gave them to the public:
he wrote (Don Quixote) with running pen. ” *
Cesarotti, Melchiore (chā-sär-õt'tē). A dis-
tinguished Italian poet and scholar; born in
Padua, May 15, 1730; died at Solvaggiano,
Nov. 3, 1808. He held a professorship at Padua.
His translation of "Ossian) (1763) was hailed
as a work of genius. (A Course in Greek
Literature) remains incomplete ; but an Essay
on the Philosophy of Language Applied to
the Italian Tongue) (1785), and on analogous
theses, are perfect specimens of criticism; and
his poetry, though now falling into secondary
rank, is tasteful and ornate.
## p. 101 (#117) ############################################
CESNOLA - CHAMBERS
IOI
Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count (ches-nõʻlä).
A noted Italian-American archæologist ; born
at Rivarola, near Turin, July 29, 1832. Ap-
pointed United States consul at Cyprus, he
discovered a large number of antiquities there ;
the collection is now in the Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York, which he is a director.
He has written : (Cyprus, its Ancient Cities,
Tombs, and Temples) (1877); (The Metro-
politan Museum of Art) (1882).
Cetina, Gutierre de (chet-e-nä or thā-te'nä).
A Spanish poet; born at Seville, early in the
16th century; died there (? ), about 1560. He
was a soldier, and served the Prince of Ascoli
till the death of that patron, when he departed
for Mexico. He spent some years in New
Spain, returning to Seville shortly before he
died. He chose to write in Italian measures
and forms, though in the Spanish tongue. His
sonnets, ballads, and epistles in terza rima, are
consummately graceful in expression, simple in
form, and inspired by tender feeling.
Ceva, Tommaso (chā'vä). An Italian poet
and mathematician; born in Milan, Dec. 20,
1648; died there, Feb. 3, 1736. He was a Jesuit
who attained peculiar proficiency in geometry,
and who also aided in spreading a knowledge
of Newton's discovery of the law of gravita-
tion. His poetry comprises a rhymed history
of Christ's youth, (The Boy Jesus' (1699); and
a New-Ancient Philosophy) (1729).
Chadbourne, Paul Ansel (chad bérn). A
distinguished American educator and miscel-
laneous writer; born at North Berwick, Me. ,
Oct. 21, 1823; died in New York, Feb. 23, 1883.
He was president of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College at Amherst (1867 and 1882);
of the University of Wisconsin (1867-70); of
Williams College (1872-81). He wrote : Nat-
ural Theology) (1867); Instinct in Animals
and Men (1872); etc.
Chadwick, John White. An American poet,
prose-writer, and Unitarian divine; born in
Marblehead, Mass. , Oct. 19, 1840. His radical
semmons have attracted attention, and he has
been a liberal contributor to current literature.
Among his works are: (A Book of Poems)
(1875); (The Bible of To-Day' (1878); “Origin
and Destiny' (1883); (A Daring Faith) (1885);
(The Man Jesus); (The Faith of Reason);
(Old and New Unitarian Belief); (The Power
of an Endless Life); and others.
Chaillé-Long. Charles (shä-yā'lôn). An
American explorer; born of French parent-
age, at Baltimore, Md. 1843. After serving in
the Confederate army he went to Egypt, where
he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by the
Khedive (1870). Gordon made him chief-of-
staff and sent him on a mission to King Mtesa
of Uganda. He wrote : (The Three Prophets)
(1886); (Central Africa) (1887).
Chalkley, Thomas (châk'li). A noted Amer-
ican Quaker itinerant preacher; born in Lon-
don, sch 3, 1675;
Tortola, West In-
dies, Sept. 4, 1741. He spent his life preaching
in New England and the Southern colonies;
toward its end he made his home near Phil.
adelphia. His chief work was his "Life, La.
bors, and Travels,' whose quaintness made it
popular even outside the Society of Friends, and
has caused it to be several times reprinted.
Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (shäl-mel'
lä-kör'). A French statesman; born at Av.
ranches, May 19, 1827. He has figured con-
spicuously in journalism, and has published
Individualist Philosophy) (1864) and numerous
essays.
Chalmers, George. A Scottish historian;
born at Fochabers, 1742; died in London,
May 31, 1825. In 1763 he came to America
and settled in Baltimore, where he practiced
law for several years. At the beginning of the
Revolutionary War, he opposed the action of
the colonists; not meeting with success, he re-
turned to England. His writings are political,
historical, and biographical. Among his works
are : Churchyard Chips Concerning Scotland);
"Life of Daniel Defoe); and (Caledonia,' an
account of Scotland from the earliest period
(1807-24).
Chalmers, Thomas. A Scotch theologian
and social reformer; born at Anstruther, Fife-
shire, March 17, 1780; died in Edinburgh, May
1847. He was one of the greatest pulpit ora-
tors of Great Britain. His most important works
are : (Political Economy) (1832); “On the
Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral
and Intellectual Constitution of Man) (1833);
and many widely read volumes of sermons.
Chamberlain, Nathan Henry. An Amer.
ican Episcopal divine, biographer, and essay-
ist; born in Massachusetts, 1830. He has
written : Autobiography of a New England
Farmhouse) (1864); (Samuel Sewall and the
World He Lived in (1895); (The Sphinx in
Aubrey Parish.
Chamberlin, Joseph Edgar. An Amer.
ican journalist; born in Vermont, 1851. He
is known as the Listener) of the Boston
Transcript, and is also attached to the Youth's
Companion. He has written (The Listener in
the Town) and (The Listener in the Country.
Chambers, Charles Julius. An American
novelist; born in Bellefontaine, O. , Nov 21,
1850. In 1870 he traveled through the West
Indies, Europe, the United States, and Canada,
as special correspondent of the New York
Herald. In 1876 he published an account of
his few weeks of experience (incognito) in an
insane institution, entitled (A Mad World,'
which excited great interest. He is a con-
tributor to various periodicals; also author of
the two novels : (On a Margin) (1884); and
(Lovers Four and Maidens Five) (1886).
Chambers, Robert. An eminent Scotch
prose-writer and publisher; born at Peebles,
July 10, 1802; died at St. Andrews, March 17,
1871. He and his brother began in poverty
as small booksellers; issued penny leaflets of
useful information for the people, written in a
:
## p. 102 (#118) ############################################
CHAMBERS-CHAMPLIN
102
clear and simple though not infantile style,
which became very popular, and at last took
regular periodical form in Chambers' Journal;
and the great publishing-house which bears
the name of both developed gradually. The
excellent (Chambers' Encyclopædia for the
People) was an outgrowth of the Journal,
and edited by the brothers. Robert wrote also
(Traditions of Edinburgh and works on Scotch
history; but his most noted book was the
anonymous (Vestiges of Creation, for years
an unequaled theologic-scientific sensation.
Chambers, Robert William. An American
artist and novelist; born in Long Island, N. Y. ,
1865. His home is in New York. He has
written : (The King in Yellow); (The Red
Republic); (A King and a Few Dukes); etc. ;
and “With the Band,' a volume of ballads.
Chambers, William. A Scotch prose-writer
and editor, brother and partner of Robert, -
whom see for their joint work; born at Pee-
bles, April 16, 1800; died in Edinburgh, May
20, 1883. He wrote: (Things as They Are in
America' (1854); (American Slavery and Color)
(1857); France, its History and Revolutions)
(1871); (Stories of Old Families and Remark-
able Persons) (1878). He also compiled a
(Hand-Book of American Literature) (1857).
Chambray, Georges, Marquis de (shäm-
brā'). A French soldier and military writer;
born in Paris, 1783; died 1848. He served in
the Napoleonic wars, was in the fatal Russian
campaign, and during his active service saw
much fighting. (The History of the Expedi-
tion to Russia in 1812) (3d ed. 1839) is widely
known.
Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas, called
(shon-for'). A French moralist and critic (1741-
1794). Among his works are comedies, literary
criticisms, political articles, and poems; but
none compare with his Maxims and Thoughts,'
which are worthy to rank next after La Roche-
foucauld's Maxims. Sainte-Beuve says of
them that they are like a well-minted coins
that retain their value. Chamfort's tragedy
(Mustapha and Zeangir) has some scenes of
genuine passion, but as a whole it is artificial.
He wrote some tales in verse, but their licen-
tiousness is not redeemed even by grace of
style.
Chamier, Frederick. An English novelist ;
born in London in 1796; died at Liverpool (? ),
October 1870. He was a naval officer. He wrote
(Ben Brace); (Tom Bowline); Jack Adams);
(The Arethusa); and other once popular sea
tales, now neglected. He employs the methods
of Marryat.
Chamisso, Adelbert von (shä-mēs'so). A
German lyrist; born at the castle of Boncourt,
Champagne, Jan. 30, 1781; died at Berlin, Aug.
21, 1838. His love of poetry brought him into
intimate association with many kindred spir-
its, as Varnhagen von Ense, Theremin, Hitzig,
and La Motte Fouqué. He made a voyage of
circumnavigation as a naturalist on a Russian
ship, 1815-18. The first of his poetical compo-
sitions were published (1804) in “The Muses'
Almanac.
vicar at Quebec Cathedral from 1860 till 1873.
Among his most important works are: (History
of the Hôtel Dieu de Quebec); My Cana-
dian Parish in the Seventeenth Century. A
collection of his entire works was published in
1886.
Cass, Lewis. A famous American states-
man, diplomatist, and soldier; born at Exeter,
X. H. , Oct. 9, 1872; died at Detroit, Mich. ,
June 17, 1866. He served in the War of 1812;
was governor of Michigan Territory (1813-
31); Secretary of War (1831-36); minister to
France (1836-42); United States Senator (1845-
48); Presidential candidate (1848); United
States Senator (1849-57); Secretary of State
(1857-60). He wrote: (History, Traditions,
and Languages of the Indians) (1823); France,
its King, Court, and Government'; etc.
Cassin, John. An American ornithologist;
born near Chester, Pa. , Sept. 6, 1813; died in
Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1869. Among his more
important works may be named : Mammalogy
and Ornithology of the Wilkes Exploring Ex-
pedition); (Ornithology of Perry's Expedition
to Japan'; etc.
Castanheda, Fernão Lopez de (käs-tän-
ā'dä). A Portuguese historian; born 1500 (? );
died 1559. His father having been appointed
to an important post in India, he was taken
thither in youth, and was thus led to make
the careful and unremitting researches em-
bodied in the History of the Discovery and
Conquest of India by the Portuguese) (1551-
61), a work upon which Camoens drew largely
in the course of his epic activity.
Castelar, Emilio (käs-tā-lär'). An eminent
Spanish orator, statesman, and writer; born at
Cadiz, Sept. 8, 1832. In early manhood he was
a journalist. In 1864, he became professor of
history in the University of Madrid. He was
always a “Progressist," and gradually became
a leader in all the struggles of the Liberal
party of Spain. His eloquence is poetic and
rhetorical, of marvelous Auency and enthusiasm.
He has written many historical and political
works; among them : (Civilization in the First
Five Centuries of Christianity); Questions Po.
litical and Social); (History of the Republican
Movement in Europe); (Historical Gallery of
Celebrated Women'; (History's Tragedies.
Castelein, Matthijs de (käs-tel-in'). A Dutch
poet (1485-1550); born at Pamele (Oudenarde).
He was the acknowledged lawgiver and pat-
tern of all the Dutch rhetoricians of his time,
in his (Art of Rhetoric. He composed many
plays, but only two of them were published :
one of these is the Story of Pyramus and
Thisbe. He wrote also "Ballads) and a vol.
ume of Various Lays,' in melodious verse.
Castelli, Ignaz Franz (käs-tel'lē). An Aus-
trian poet (1781-1862). He wrote many war
songs; one of which, War-Song of the Aus-
trian Army) (1809), was deemed not unworthy
of notice by the official organ of the French
government. His opera “The Swiss Family)
(1811) was produced on every German stage.
His theatrical pieces numbered over 200.
Castello-Branco, Camillo (käs-tel'lo
bränk'ā). A notable Portuguese novelist and
poet; born in Lisbon, March 16, 1826; died at
San Miguel de Seide, June 6, 1890. He is the
most popular of the modern romancists of
Portugal, and at the same time the most na-
tional in tone, spirit, and form. Realism char-
acterizes his numerous novels (over 100); the
best known being : Love of Perdition (1862);
(The Marquis of Torres Novas); (Brilliants
7
## p. 98 (#114) #############################################
98
CASTELNOVO-CATO
was
from Brazil. All of them are genuine pictures
of Portuguese life. Among his poetic composi-
tions, the collection published under the title
(A Book) (1854) holds the first place.
Castelnovo, Leo di (käs-tel-no'vo), pseudo-
nym of Count Leopoldo Pullè. An Italian
dramatist and poet; born in Verona, April 17,
1835. He is conspicuous politically, and has
written a number of plays, mostly comedies;
the best being probably Drink or Choke)
[“O bere o affogare, meaning a case of Hob-
son's choice) and (A Dead Heart. Harp
and Guitar) is a verse collection. Notable too
is his novel, Do the Dead Return ? )
Castelnuovo, Enrico (käs''tel-nö-õ'vo). An
Italian novelist; born at Florence, 1839. His
stories have attained great popularity; among
them: Prof. Romualdo) (1878); (Two Con-
ventions) (1885); (Reminiscences and Fancies)
(1886). He is one of the acknowledged Ital-
ian masters of the (novel of the inner life »
(romano intimo).
Castelvecchio, Riccardo (käs''tel-vek'e-),
pseudonym of Count Giulio Pulle. An Ital-
ian dramatist, father of Count Leopoldo Pulle;
born in Verona. His greatest success
(The Romantic Lady and the Homeopathic
Doctor) (new ed. 1869), a comedy; another,
(The Discreet [Lady's] Maid, is also very
popular.
Casti, Giambattista (käs'tē). An Italian
poet (1721-1803). He entered the service of
the Emperor Joseph II. ; accompanied embas-
sies to St. Petersburg, etc. He won fame by
his "Gay Stories in Ottava Rima, and acided
to it by his witty satiric (Talking Animals)
(1802). The latter work was immediately trans-
lated into most of the languages of Europe.
The English translation, with numerous addi-
tions, was made by W. S. Rose, and published
as (The Court and Parliament of Beasts)
(1819). Casti wrote also two very successful
comic operas, and a poetic satire on court life
in the reign of Catharine II. of Russia.
Castiglione, Baldassare, Count (käs-tēl.
yo'nē). An Italian poet and statesman (1478–
1529); born in the district of Mantua. He
wrote a volume of Poems Vernacular and
Latin. But the work to which he owes his
literary fame is "The Book of the Courtier,
a masterpiece of elegant and ornate prose.
It lays down the laws of courtesy and of courtly
manners, and incidentally gives a view of life
in the highest society in the author's time. *
Castilho, Antonio Feliciano (käs-tēl'o). A
Portuguese poet (1800-75). Though almost
blind, he studied jurisprudence at Coimbra.
His first poetical composition, Letters of Echo
and Narcissus, published while he was a
student, won him great celebrity. He excelled
in pastorals; and to this class belong his
(Spring,' and 'Love and Melancholy, or the
Latest Heloise. ) He had a deep sympathy
with nature, and was a master of elegiac verse.
Castillejo, Christóval de (käs-tēl-yā'ho).
The last representative of the ancient Spanish
poetry (1490-1556); born at Ciudad Rodrigo.
He opposed the introduction of Italian styles
into the poetry of Spain, and justified his oppo.
sition by demonstrating in his own work the
competence of the traditional styles of Spain
for the expression of all moods and all senti-
ments. His satiric vein, especially in the Dia-
logue on the Condition of Women and the (Ser-
mon on Loves,' offended both clergy and laity.
Castillo-Solorzano, Alonso del (käs-tēl'yo-
sõ-lör'thäʼno). A Spanish romancer and poet
of the 17th century. His stories, (The Gar-
rulous Humbug, (The Allurement of Money,'
and others, are still popular and are still re-
printed. Of his comedies the most notable is
(The Marquis of Cigarral. ? His fables after
the manner of Ovid would not be deemed un-
worthy of the Roman poet.
Castlemon, Harry. See Fosdick, Charles
Austin.
Castro, Agustin (käs'tro). A Mexican poet;
born in Cordova, Vera Cruz, Jan. 24, 1728;
died in Bologna, Italy, 1790. A Jesuit priest,
an unpedantic scholar, he taught philosophy,
and also translated masterpieces with almost
unfailing sureness of touch. His original verse,
always warm and pure, includes (Hernán Cor-
tés,' and Charts) to guide the budding poetic
genius; while the versions he made of Seneca,
Horace, Sappho, Milton, Fénelon, and Euripi-
des, receive merited praise.
Catherine, St. , of Sienna. An Italian saint
and religious writer; born in Sienna, Italy,
1347; died 1380. Her letters and treatises are
greatly admired. She is styled the seraphic
virgin” on account of her insight into spiritual
things. A new edition of her Writings,' dic-
tated to her secretary by the saint in moments
of ecstasy, appeared in 1896.
Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. An Ameri.
can writer of historical romances; born in
Luray, O. , Dec. 16, 1847. She is author of
Craque-o'-Doom (1881); (The Romance of
Dollard' (1889); (The Story of Tonty) (1890);
(A Woman in Armor); (The Lady of Fort
St. John); "The Chase of St. Castin, and
Other Tales); (The Spirit of an Illinois Town);
(The White Islander); and other novels.
Catlin, George. An American prose-writer
and painter; born in Wilkesbarre, Pa. , 1796;
died in Jersey City, N. J. , Dec. 23, 1872. From
1832 till 1839 he traveled and lived among
the Indians of America, of whom he painted
hundreds of portraits; in 1841 he published
(Illustrations of the Manners, etc. , of the North
American Indians ;) and subsequently, Life
among the Indians) and (The Breath of Life.
His little book “Shut Your Mouth) was widely
read; it was founded on his theory that the
Indians owed their vigor of health to their
habit of breathing through the nose.
Cato, Marcus Porcius (kā'to), the Censor.
A Roman statesman and pamphleteer (234-
## p. 99 (#115) #############################################
CATON – CECCO D'ASCOLI
99
8
(
149 B. C. ). He exercised the broad powers of
the censor's office with inflexible, almost fanat.
ical rigor, and absolute impartiality. In his
eyes nothing was good that was not ancient.
He wrote many tractates on different subjects;
but one only of them is extant, 'On Farming,
a collection of the rules of good husbandry.
Of his summary of the early annals of Rome,
(Beginnings, we have only a few fragments. *
Caton, John Dean. A prominent American
lawyer and miscellaneous writer; born at Mon-
roe, N. Y. , 1812. He was Chief Justice of Illinois
(1855-64). He wrote : (A Summer in Norway)
(1875); (The Last of the Illinois, and a Sketch
of the Pottawatomies) (1876); (The Antelope
and Deer of America) (1877); etc.
Cats, Jacob (käts). A Dutch poet; born in
Brouwershaven, Zeeland, Nov. 10, 1577; died at
his estate of Zorgvliet, near the Hague, Sept.
12, 1660. He had a distinguished public career
as a diplomat, jurist, and educator; but his en-
during renown depends upon his various poems,
(Emblems,' (Maiden Duty, Inward Strife,'
and others, in all of which the ethics of domes-
tic life are expounded with much cheerful dull-
ness. The collected edition, under the title of
(Father Cats's Book,' has attained a practically
universal circulation throughout Holland. *
Catullus, Caius Valerius (ka-tul'us). The
greatest of Roman lyric poets (84-54 B. C. );
born at Verona. Of his compositions 116 have
come down to our time. The finest are those
"To Lesbia); "The Boat); and (Address to
Himself. *
Cavalcanti, Guido (kä-väl-kän'tē). One of
the earliest Italian poets (about 1235-1300).
His poems consist of sonnets, ballads, and songs,
to a young woman whose acquaintance he
made at Toulouse on a pilgrimage to Santiago.
Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista (kä-väl.
kä'sel). An Italian historian of art; born at
Legnano, Jan. 22, 1820; died November 1897.
He became the literary associate of J. A.
Crowe, with whom he produced the epoch-
making History of Painting in Italy) (1864-
71), the most complete work on the subject;
(Early Flemish Painters) (1857–72); Life of
Titian' (1877); and others.
Cavallotti, Felice (kä-väl-ot'tē). An Italian
poet; born at Milan, Nov. 6, 1842. His Polit-
ical Poems) brought upon him censure from
the public authorities. With his tragedies,
(Agnes de Gonzaga) and (Alcibiades) (1874),
he established his reputation as a dramatist.
He is the author of several other dramas and
of two volumes of lyric poetry. His best work
is (The Canticle of Canticles.
Cavendish, Margaret (Duchess of New-
castle). An English writer; born in Essex,
1024(? ); died 1674. She wrote Philosophical
Fancies); and a collection of poems, (The Pas-
time and Recreation of the Queen of Fairies.
Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (kä-vör').
A celebrated Italian statesman; was born at
Turin, Aug. 10, 1810; died June 6, 1861. His
great services to Italy are apparent in his
Letters) (1821-61): 'Unprinted Letters) (1862);
(Parliamentary Speeches) (1863); and (Corre-
spondence and Writings) (1892).
Cawein, Madison Julius. An American
poet; born in Louisville, Ky. , March 23, 1865.
Among his works are: Blooms of the Berry)
(1887); (The Triumph of Music) (1888); 'Lyrics
and Idyls) (1890); Days and Dreams); (Moods
and Memories ); (Intimations of the Beautiful”;
(Accolon of Gaul); Poems of Nature and
Love); (Red Leaves and Roses); and (Under-
tones. '
Caxton, William. An English printer and
scholar; born in the Weald of Kent, 1422 (? );
died 1491. His Recuyell (collection) of the
Histories of Troy,' translated by him from the
French, appears to have been printed in 1974,
most probably at Bruges in Belgium. It
was the first book in English reproduced by
typography. He set up a printing-office in
Westminster, 1477 ; and on Nov. 18 of that
year issued (The Dictes and Sayings of the
Philosophers, folio, a work ever memorable
as the first book printed in England -only
420 years ago! He printed in all 71 separate
works, very many of them translated by him
from the French; his translations even of Latin
classic authors were made, not directly from
the original language, but from French ver-
sions.
Caylus, Marthe Marguerite de Villette,
Marquise de (kā'lüs). A French writer of
memoirs; born in Poitou, 1673; died at Paris
(? ), April 15, 1729. Long an ornament of the
brilliant court of Louis XIV. , she passed her
declining years in dictating My Recollections,
in which a valuable insight into the life of
Louis XIV. is afforded, through the medium
of a singularly happy style.
Cazotte, Jacques (kä-zot). A French poet
and humorist (1719-92).
His masterpieces are:
(Oliver) (1762), a poem of chivalry after the
manner of Ariosto; and (The Devil in Love)
(1772), a tale of wonder which is still a popu-
lar favorite. He had extraordinary skill in
versifying, as shown by his adding a seventh
canto to Voltaire's (Civil War of Geneva) with
such perfect imitation of Voltaire's style and
manner as to deceive all Paris,
Cecchi, Giammaria (chek'ē). An Italian
dramatist; born in Florence, April 14, 1518;
died there, Oct. 28, 1587. He was the rival of
Bibbiena, Machiavelli, and Ariosto in portrait-
ure of character and in liveliness of dialogue.
Of his plays, 95 in number, but few have been
printed. These are mainly imitations of Plau-
tus and Terence; the best of them are: (The
Hammer,' (The Slave,' and (the most famous
of all) (The Owl. ? He wrote also religious
dramas; among them (The Exaltation of the
Holy Cross) (1589).
Cecco d'Ascoli (chek'o däs-koʻlē), properly
Francesco Stabili. An Italian poet; born at
## p. 100 (#116) ############################################
CECH - CESAROTTI
100
Ascoli, about 1257; died in Florence, Sept. 16,
1327. He was a devoted student of astrology
and of demonology. For the expression and
defense of certain erroneous opinions he was
burned at the stake. His heretical or impious
doctrines are contained in a poem, unfinished
but of encyclopædic compass, Bitternesses,' of
which he lived to complete four books. The
subject of the first book was astronomy with
meteorology; of the second, stellar influence
with physiognomy; of the third, minerals ;
of the fourth, sundry problems, moral and
physical.
Cech, Svatopluk (chech). A notable Czech
poet and prose writer; born at Ostredek, Feb.
21, 1846. He was editor in succession of
several journals, and at the same time prac-
ticed law. After winning some celebrity as a
writer of stories and short poems, he made a
bolder Aight in 1872 with Dreams, in which
he shows great epic power. Besides (Dreams,
he has written several other poems, as (The
Adamites); “The Storm); (Songs of Morning. '
He is the most popular of Czech poets. As a
novelist he excels in lively wit and rich humor.
Among his works of prose fiction may be
named: Stories, Arabesques, and Humor-
esques, and the most amusing (Candidate for
Immortality. He wrote also (1885) Memories
from the Orient,' fruit of his travels.
Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (chel'ä-
kõv"skē). A Czech poet and philologist; born
in Strakonitz, March 7, 1799; died in Prague,
Aug. 5, 1852. His earlier work was journal-
istic and pedagogical, his reputation in poesy
dating from the appearance of (Slav Folk-
Songs) (1822), to which succeeded various brill-
iant performances of a like nature : Echo of
Russian Folk Songs) (1829); "Echo of Bohe-
mian Folk Songs) (1840); etc. He translated
Herder and Scott into his own vernacular
with felicitous results.
Cellini, Benvenuto (chel-lē'nē). An Ital-
ian sculptor, metal-worker, and writer of
memoirs; born in Florence, Nov. 3, 1500; died
there, Feb. 13, 1571. His tremendous advent-
ures and his miraculous genius (as set forth
by himself in his (Autobiography') gives the
fascinating story of his life an important place
in letters, particularly as he is a master of
style. *
Celsus (sel'sus). A Roman controversial
writer; flourished in the second century. His
(True Discourse,' an attack on Christianity, is
lost; but it figures conspicuously in the history
of the early Church.
Celtes, Konrad (tsel'tes ). [The Greek
equivalent of his real name, Pickel. ] A cele-
brated German humanist; born 1459; died 1508.
His most celebrated work is a volume of
(Odes) (1513). He did much to promote the
study of the classics, and wrote his own poems
in Latin.
Centlivre, Susannah. An English drama-
tist; born (Freeman ? ) in Ireland (? ), 1667 (? );
died in London, Dec. 1, 1723. Her third hus-
band, from whom she derives the name by
which she is known in literature, was cook to
Queen Anne. (The Gamester) and (The Busy
Body) are her best comedies, but (The Per-
jured Husband is widely known. These plays
are very witty in dialogue. but unoriginal in
plot.
Ceo, Violante do (sā'o) A famed Portu-
guese poet; born in Lisbon, 1601; died, 1693.
She was styled the tenth Muse. Her (Por.
tuguese Parnassus) and miscellaneous poems
are greatly admired.
Cerretti, Luigi (cher-et'tē). An Italian poet
and rhetorician; born in Modena, Nov. I, 1738;
died in Pavia, March 5, 1808. The purity and
elegance of his diction made him, at an early
age, the most distinguished professor of rheto-
ric and oratory in Italy. His Poems and Select
Prose, collected into a posthumous volume,
were instantly successful, and have retained
their rank ever since.
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (sér-van'.
tēz or ther-vän'tes sä-ä-vā'drä). A celebrated
Spanish romancist; born at Alcalá de Henares
in 1547; died at Madrid, April 23, 1616. He
wrote many romances and stories, but he lives
in fame through (Don Quixote. He served
some years in the army; was captured by cor-
sairs and held five years in servitude. His
fellow captives testified to his self-denying
services to them while in the hands of the Al.
gerines. His first attempt in literature was the
composition of a pastoral romance, (Galatea,
in the traditional style and spirit. Of twenty
or thirty plays written by him, two only sur-
vive, and they have no celebrity. The first
part of Don Quixote) was published in 1605,
and it had a hearty reception from the begin-
ing among the populace, though not among
the cultured classes. Before the year was out.
five editions, some authorized, others pirated,
were published, and the Don and his grotesque
retainer appeared like immemorial traditional
characters in every pageant. The continuation
of the immortal story, however, did not appear
till 1615— and then because spurious continu-
ations published under his name fairly forced
Cervantes's hand. Meanwhile he busied him-
self with writing poems and novels now for-
gotten. On all these dead works he bestowed
great care before he gave them to the public:
he wrote (Don Quixote) with running pen. ” *
Cesarotti, Melchiore (chā-sär-õt'tē). A dis-
tinguished Italian poet and scholar; born in
Padua, May 15, 1730; died at Solvaggiano,
Nov. 3, 1808. He held a professorship at Padua.
His translation of "Ossian) (1763) was hailed
as a work of genius. (A Course in Greek
Literature) remains incomplete ; but an Essay
on the Philosophy of Language Applied to
the Italian Tongue) (1785), and on analogous
theses, are perfect specimens of criticism; and
his poetry, though now falling into secondary
rank, is tasteful and ornate.
## p. 101 (#117) ############################################
CESNOLA - CHAMBERS
IOI
Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count (ches-nõʻlä).
A noted Italian-American archæologist ; born
at Rivarola, near Turin, July 29, 1832. Ap-
pointed United States consul at Cyprus, he
discovered a large number of antiquities there ;
the collection is now in the Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York, which he is a director.
He has written : (Cyprus, its Ancient Cities,
Tombs, and Temples) (1877); (The Metro-
politan Museum of Art) (1882).
Cetina, Gutierre de (chet-e-nä or thā-te'nä).
A Spanish poet; born at Seville, early in the
16th century; died there (? ), about 1560. He
was a soldier, and served the Prince of Ascoli
till the death of that patron, when he departed
for Mexico. He spent some years in New
Spain, returning to Seville shortly before he
died. He chose to write in Italian measures
and forms, though in the Spanish tongue. His
sonnets, ballads, and epistles in terza rima, are
consummately graceful in expression, simple in
form, and inspired by tender feeling.
Ceva, Tommaso (chā'vä). An Italian poet
and mathematician; born in Milan, Dec. 20,
1648; died there, Feb. 3, 1736. He was a Jesuit
who attained peculiar proficiency in geometry,
and who also aided in spreading a knowledge
of Newton's discovery of the law of gravita-
tion. His poetry comprises a rhymed history
of Christ's youth, (The Boy Jesus' (1699); and
a New-Ancient Philosophy) (1729).
Chadbourne, Paul Ansel (chad bérn). A
distinguished American educator and miscel-
laneous writer; born at North Berwick, Me. ,
Oct. 21, 1823; died in New York, Feb. 23, 1883.
He was president of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College at Amherst (1867 and 1882);
of the University of Wisconsin (1867-70); of
Williams College (1872-81). He wrote : Nat-
ural Theology) (1867); Instinct in Animals
and Men (1872); etc.
Chadwick, John White. An American poet,
prose-writer, and Unitarian divine; born in
Marblehead, Mass. , Oct. 19, 1840. His radical
semmons have attracted attention, and he has
been a liberal contributor to current literature.
Among his works are: (A Book of Poems)
(1875); (The Bible of To-Day' (1878); “Origin
and Destiny' (1883); (A Daring Faith) (1885);
(The Man Jesus); (The Faith of Reason);
(Old and New Unitarian Belief); (The Power
of an Endless Life); and others.
Chaillé-Long. Charles (shä-yā'lôn). An
American explorer; born of French parent-
age, at Baltimore, Md. 1843. After serving in
the Confederate army he went to Egypt, where
he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by the
Khedive (1870). Gordon made him chief-of-
staff and sent him on a mission to King Mtesa
of Uganda. He wrote : (The Three Prophets)
(1886); (Central Africa) (1887).
Chalkley, Thomas (châk'li). A noted Amer-
ican Quaker itinerant preacher; born in Lon-
don, sch 3, 1675;
Tortola, West In-
dies, Sept. 4, 1741. He spent his life preaching
in New England and the Southern colonies;
toward its end he made his home near Phil.
adelphia. His chief work was his "Life, La.
bors, and Travels,' whose quaintness made it
popular even outside the Society of Friends, and
has caused it to be several times reprinted.
Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (shäl-mel'
lä-kör'). A French statesman; born at Av.
ranches, May 19, 1827. He has figured con-
spicuously in journalism, and has published
Individualist Philosophy) (1864) and numerous
essays.
Chalmers, George. A Scottish historian;
born at Fochabers, 1742; died in London,
May 31, 1825. In 1763 he came to America
and settled in Baltimore, where he practiced
law for several years. At the beginning of the
Revolutionary War, he opposed the action of
the colonists; not meeting with success, he re-
turned to England. His writings are political,
historical, and biographical. Among his works
are : Churchyard Chips Concerning Scotland);
"Life of Daniel Defoe); and (Caledonia,' an
account of Scotland from the earliest period
(1807-24).
Chalmers, Thomas. A Scotch theologian
and social reformer; born at Anstruther, Fife-
shire, March 17, 1780; died in Edinburgh, May
1847. He was one of the greatest pulpit ora-
tors of Great Britain. His most important works
are : (Political Economy) (1832); “On the
Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral
and Intellectual Constitution of Man) (1833);
and many widely read volumes of sermons.
Chamberlain, Nathan Henry. An Amer.
ican Episcopal divine, biographer, and essay-
ist; born in Massachusetts, 1830. He has
written : Autobiography of a New England
Farmhouse) (1864); (Samuel Sewall and the
World He Lived in (1895); (The Sphinx in
Aubrey Parish.
Chamberlin, Joseph Edgar. An Amer.
ican journalist; born in Vermont, 1851. He
is known as the Listener) of the Boston
Transcript, and is also attached to the Youth's
Companion. He has written (The Listener in
the Town) and (The Listener in the Country.
Chambers, Charles Julius. An American
novelist; born in Bellefontaine, O. , Nov 21,
1850. In 1870 he traveled through the West
Indies, Europe, the United States, and Canada,
as special correspondent of the New York
Herald. In 1876 he published an account of
his few weeks of experience (incognito) in an
insane institution, entitled (A Mad World,'
which excited great interest. He is a con-
tributor to various periodicals; also author of
the two novels : (On a Margin) (1884); and
(Lovers Four and Maidens Five) (1886).
Chambers, Robert. An eminent Scotch
prose-writer and publisher; born at Peebles,
July 10, 1802; died at St. Andrews, March 17,
1871. He and his brother began in poverty
as small booksellers; issued penny leaflets of
useful information for the people, written in a
:
## p. 102 (#118) ############################################
CHAMBERS-CHAMPLIN
102
clear and simple though not infantile style,
which became very popular, and at last took
regular periodical form in Chambers' Journal;
and the great publishing-house which bears
the name of both developed gradually. The
excellent (Chambers' Encyclopædia for the
People) was an outgrowth of the Journal,
and edited by the brothers. Robert wrote also
(Traditions of Edinburgh and works on Scotch
history; but his most noted book was the
anonymous (Vestiges of Creation, for years
an unequaled theologic-scientific sensation.
Chambers, Robert William. An American
artist and novelist; born in Long Island, N. Y. ,
1865. His home is in New York. He has
written : (The King in Yellow); (The Red
Republic); (A King and a Few Dukes); etc. ;
and “With the Band,' a volume of ballads.
Chambers, William. A Scotch prose-writer
and editor, brother and partner of Robert, -
whom see for their joint work; born at Pee-
bles, April 16, 1800; died in Edinburgh, May
20, 1883. He wrote: (Things as They Are in
America' (1854); (American Slavery and Color)
(1857); France, its History and Revolutions)
(1871); (Stories of Old Families and Remark-
able Persons) (1878). He also compiled a
(Hand-Book of American Literature) (1857).
Chambray, Georges, Marquis de (shäm-
brā'). A French soldier and military writer;
born in Paris, 1783; died 1848. He served in
the Napoleonic wars, was in the fatal Russian
campaign, and during his active service saw
much fighting. (The History of the Expedi-
tion to Russia in 1812) (3d ed. 1839) is widely
known.
Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas, called
(shon-for'). A French moralist and critic (1741-
1794). Among his works are comedies, literary
criticisms, political articles, and poems; but
none compare with his Maxims and Thoughts,'
which are worthy to rank next after La Roche-
foucauld's Maxims. Sainte-Beuve says of
them that they are like a well-minted coins
that retain their value. Chamfort's tragedy
(Mustapha and Zeangir) has some scenes of
genuine passion, but as a whole it is artificial.
He wrote some tales in verse, but their licen-
tiousness is not redeemed even by grace of
style.
Chamier, Frederick. An English novelist ;
born in London in 1796; died at Liverpool (? ),
October 1870. He was a naval officer. He wrote
(Ben Brace); (Tom Bowline); Jack Adams);
(The Arethusa); and other once popular sea
tales, now neglected. He employs the methods
of Marryat.
Chamisso, Adelbert von (shä-mēs'so). A
German lyrist; born at the castle of Boncourt,
Champagne, Jan. 30, 1781; died at Berlin, Aug.
21, 1838. His love of poetry brought him into
intimate association with many kindred spir-
its, as Varnhagen von Ense, Theremin, Hitzig,
and La Motte Fouqué. He made a voyage of
circumnavigation as a naturalist on a Russian
ship, 1815-18. The first of his poetical compo-
sitions were published (1804) in “The Muses'
Almanac.
