(ATAULPHUS)
the army assembled at Pavia, where the emperor While Honorius (A.
the army assembled at Pavia, where the emperor While Honorius (A.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
) died shortly after making this arrangement, Jan.
HONO'RIA. [GRATA, No. 2. ]
17. 395, and Honorius succeeded to the possession
HONOʻRIUS. 1. This name is given by Ad- of the West, under the energetic guardianship of
relius Victor (Epit. 48) to the father of the em- Stilicho, who had married Serena, daughter of Ho-
peror Theodosius 1. the Great ; but all other writers norius, the late emperor's brother (see above, No.
call him Theodosius. [THEODOSIUR. )
2], and therefore first cousin to the young emperor. ,
2. A brother of the emperor Theodosius the Honorius was but little more than ten years old
Great, died before A. D. 384. He left by bio wife, at his father's death, and his tender years com-
who is thought to be the Maria mentioned by bined with his natural inertness of character to
Claudian (Luws Seren. 69), two daughters, Ther- render him a mere cipher in the state. Milan was
mancia and Serena, the former married to a military for some years his place of residence, while Stilicho
officer, whose name is not known, the latter to was negotiating with the Franks on the Rhenish
Stilicho. (SBRENA ; STILICHO. ) (Zosim. v. 4. ; frontier, or attempting to engross the management
Claudian, Laus Serenae. passim ; Ducange, Fam. of affairs in the Eastern as well as in the Western
Byzant. p. 75; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol v. empire. (STILICHO. ] The exemption from tribute
p. 190. )
was granted at the commencement of his reign to a
3. Flavius HONORIU8 AUGUSTUS (reigned A. D. considerable district of Campania; the acts of grace
395–423), was the second son of Theodosius the towards the partisans of Eugenius, and the pay-
Great, by his first wife, Aelia Flacilla. (FLACILLA. ] ment of the legacies bequeathed by Theodosius to
Honorius was born, according to the most trust- individuals, are to be ascribed less to Honorius than
worthy accounts, 9th Sept. A. D. 384. There is to his ministers, though consistent enough with the
some difference in the ancient authorities, but we generally mild and humane disposition of the young
agree with Tillemont, who has discussed the matter emperor. In a. D. 396 he was consul for the third
in a careful note, that Constantinople was his birth- time, and still remained at Milan, while Stilicho
place. (Claudian. In IV. Consulat. Honorii, 121 was engaged in Greece, carrying on the war against
-140. ) He was made consul A. D. 386, and ap- Alaric, king of the Visi-Goths (ALARICUS. ] In
pears in the Fasti of Idatius with the designation A. D. 398 he was consul for the fourth time. This
of Nobilissimus, and in the Chronicon of Prosper year was distinguished by the war against Gildo,
Aquitanicus of Nobilissimus Puer ; but in the who, being taken and imprisoned, destroyed himself
Chronicon of Marcellinus and the Chronicon Pas (GILDO); and, by the marriage of Honorius, who
chale with that of Caesar. In A. D. 388 or 389, espoused Maria, the daughter of Stilicho and of
most probably the latter, at any rate after the Serena, the cousin of Honorius. The marriage was
usurper Maximus had been defeated, Honorius was a marriage of form only, for the bridegroom was not
sent for from Constantinople into Italy by his fa- yet fourteen, and the bride apparently still younger.
ther, whom he accompanied (A. D. 389) when with Claudian composed two poems (De Nuptiis Ho-
Valentinian II. he made his triumphal entry into norii et Mariae, and Fescennina in Nuptias Honor.
Rome.
et Mar. ) in honour of the nuptials of these children;
In A. D. 393, while his father was preparing but the regal progeny which he foretold was to
for the war against Eugenius, he was declared spring from the union never appeared. Maria died
Augustns, or, according to Marcellinus, Caesar. a virgin long before the year 408 ; but the exact
But Marcellinus is in this instance not consistent year of her death does not seem to be known.
with himself, having designated Honorius Caesar (Zosim. v. 28. ) About the close of the year 398
in his first consulship. The time of year at which Honorius appears to have had some transactions at
Honorius was declared Augustus has been disputed, Milan, under the guidance of Stilicho, with the
and is discussed very minutely by Tillemont; but envoys of the Germanic nations, but the nature of
he is misled in his decision, we think, by identify them can hardly be ascertained from the vague pa-
ing the darkness,“ tenebrae,” which is said by negyric of Claudian. (In Eutrop. i. 378, &c. ) In
Marcellinus and Prosper to have occurred at the 399 Honorius left Milan, apparently for the first
time of his inauguration, with an eclipse of the sun, time since his accession ; and the Theodosian Code
1
which the description of Claudian (In IV. Consulat. enables us to trace his progress. His first journey
Honor. 172, &c. ) shows it was not but simply an was in February to Ravenna, from whence he re-
unusually thick darkness from clouds or fog. The turned to Milan ; his subsequent journeys were in
inauguration took place at the palace or justice June and the following months to Brixia (Brescia),
court, Hebdomum (Ebdomov), near Constantinople. Verona, Patavium (Padua), and Altinum (Al-
(Comp. Ducange, Constantinop. Christian. ï. 6. & tino).
3. ) The statement of the Chronicon Paschale that The year 399 was distinguished by the rigorous
Theodosius had crowned Honorius Augustus (els persecution of paganism. From Constantine to
Baginéa) at Rome, on occasion of their triumpbal Valentinian I. , with the exception of the short
entry in A. D. 389, must be rejected, as inconsistent reign of Julian, the Christian religion had indeed
with the recognised right of Valentinian II. (then been supported by the example and countenance of
living) the dominion of the West. It is pro the emperors ; but direct persecution appears to
bable that the error arose from the circumstance, have been avoided. The decay of paganism had
that Theodosius, after bis victory over Eugenius, perhaps been somewhat retarded by the patronage
the successor of Valentinian II. , A. D. 394, again of the Roman senate (Zosim. iv. 59), jealous of the
sent for Honorius, who was consul for the second favour which the Christian emperors had shown to
time that year, into Italy, and at Milan (or, ac Constantinople, Milan, and Trèves; and increasing
cording to Zosimus, at Rome) solemnly declared by their opposition in religious matters the repug-
him emperor of the West, assigning to him Gaul, nance of the emperors to Rome as a permanent
Spain, Italy, and Africa, of which he had now come residence. Under Gratian (GRATIANUS), and still
into undisputed possession, and appointing Stilicho more under Theodosius, the force of prohibitory
aged to hare their
lun. 13. ) Hadis
s and coins 21
ling on a pube, &
and a spear in bo
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justin (de Cit. Derin
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Marseille about tie
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VOL. II.
LL
## p. 514 (#530) ############################################
614
HONORIUS.
HONORIUS.
laws was employed to hasten the downfal of the due to Honorius himself, and the populace of Rome
corrupt and worn-out system of paganism ; and perhaps sacrificed their own inclination, in hope of
under Honorius the prohibition was completed by se- propitiating his favour, and securing his abode
veral laws, cspecially by one very stringent ordinance among them. The people of Milan were anxious
(Cod. Theod. 16. tit. 10. s. 19), dated from Rome, for his return to that city ; but Honorius had been
and addressed to the praetorian praefect of Italy, too thoroughly alarmed by the Gothic invasion to
confiscating the revenues (annonce) of the temples fix his permanent residence any where but in the
for the support of the army, ordaining that all impregnable fortress of Ravenna.
statues yet remaining in the temples, and to which He soon had to congratulate himself on the choice
any religious worship was paid, should be thrown he had made. Italy was devastated by a new host
down, all altars pulled down, the temples them- of barbarians from Germany, under the pagan Goth
selves, if the property of the crown, converted to Radagaisus, or Rhadagaisus, or Rhodogaisus ('Par
public uses ; or, if private property, to be pulled dovážoos). His army, according to Orosius, con.
down by their owners; and all benthen rites abo- sisted of 200,000 Goths: the other nations swelled
lished. To the discontent caused by this sup- the amount, if we may trust Zosimus, to 400,000.
pression of all the ordinances of the old religion | It was divided into three parts: that which Rada-
may perhaps be ascribed the frequent revolts of the gaisus in person commanded was stopped at Florence
following years, and which might have been by the valiant resistance of the townsmen, and
avoided, had the now triumphant Christians been driven into the Apennines above Fesulae (Fiezole),
content to trust to the native power of truth in its and starved into a surrender by the generalship of
conflict with heathen error,
Stilicho. Of the remainder of the barbarian host,
The years 400—403 were marked by the ravage part probably (see Gibbon) constituted the force
of the northern part of Italy by the Visi-Goths, which (A. D. 407) ravaged Gaul; and some were
under Alaric. Tillemont doubts whether this in- perhaps, as Zosimus states, driven across the Da-
vasion was made by Alaric as an independent nube, and surprised and cut to pieces by Stilicho
prince, or as an officer of the Eastern emperor Ar- on their native soil. The defeat of Radagaisus is
cadius, who had appointed him praefect of Eastern placed by Prosper Aquitanicus and Tillemont, in
Illyricum. Honorius had never been on good terms A. D. 405; by Marcellinus and by Gibbon in A. D.
with his brother since the death of Theodosius; or 406. Possibly he invaded Italy in A. D. 405, and
rather, the two divisions of the empire were con- was defeated in 406.
tinually embroiled by the intrigues or hostilities of The interval of peace in Italy which followed the
their rival ministers, Stilicho in the West, and Ru- defeat of Radagaisus, was occupied by Honorius in
finus and Eutropius in the East. It is probable interceding for Chrysostom, then at variance with
that his invasion of Italy was on his own account, the court of Constantinople; and by Stilicbo in
as independent king of the Visi-Goths. Jomandes negotiations with Alaric to deprive the Eastern
ascribes his hostility to the diminution or with empire of that part of Illyricum which belonged to
holding of the subsidies paid to the Goths, the sons it, and incorporate it with the Western empire.
of Theodosius wasting in luxury the revenues ap- Meanwhile, Gaul was ravaged by a promiscuous
plicable to this purpose. Whether Alaric con- multitude, consisting for the most part of Vandals,
tinued in Italy during the whole of the three Suevi, and Alans, which Orosius, Marcellinus, and
years 400—402, or whether, as is more likely, Prosper Tiro, and apparently Jerome, state to have
he was compelled or induced for a time to recross been excited by Stilicho: and while the tide of bar-
the Julian Alps, is not quite clear. In 400, ap- barian invasion yet rolled over that province, the
parently near the end of the year, he ravaged the troops in Britain revolted, and after electing and
neighbourhood of Aquileia, and besieged that city; murdering two emperors in succession, crossed over
and in 402 he ravaged Venetia and Liguria. Rome into Gaul, under the guidance of Constantine, the
was alarmed, and the ancient walls of the city. were third usurper whom they had invested with the
repaired, in apprehension of the approach of the purple. Some successes against the German in-
Goths; and Honorius, if we may trust Claudian, vaders aided apparently in obtaining his recognition
was contemplating a flight into Gaul, or, which is by the provincials; and establishing himself in
more likely, had actually secured himself within Gaul, he sent his son Constans to secure Spain.
the walls of Ravenna. The forces of the West Stilicho sent Sarus, a Goth, to attack him, but
were chiefly engaged in Rhaetia, but the diligence Sarus was compelled to retreat. Meanwhile, alien-
of Stilicho collected a force with which he defeated ation was taking place between Honorius and
the Visi-Goths at Pollentia (Polenza, on the Ta- Stilicho. The ambition of Stilicho appears to have
naro, in Piedmont, on or about the 29th March, led him to aspire to the direction of affairs in the
403), and compelled them to retrcat into Pannonia. Eastern empire, when, by the death of Arcadius,
Honorius remained during the greater part of the the crown devolved about this time to Theodosius
year 403 at Ravenna (which, from this alarming 11. , a child of seven years. But Serena, anxious
crisis, became his ordinary residence); but during to maintain the peace between the two empires,
several months of the year 404, which was the year did not co-operate with her husband; and Stilicho,
of his sixth consulship (his fifth was in A. D. 402), by her opposition, lost much of the benefit of his
he was at Rome. The abolition of the gladiatorial connection with the imperial fainily. Another
combats, which the edicts of Constantine had not cause of estrangement existed : Maria was dead,
been able to suppress, is ascribed to this year ; and and Honorius wished to marry her sister, Ther-
the incident which gave immediate occasion to it, mantia. Serena was favourable to his wish ; but
by working on the feelings of the young emperor Stilicho, if we may judge from the mutilated text
[TELEMACH US, the Ascetic), is simply told by of Zosimus, was opposed to it. The marriage,
Theodoret in his Ecclesiastical Hist. ( v. 26). The however, took place. The intrigues of Olympius,
progress of Christianity had prepared the way for an officer of the imperial household, who, according
this act, but much of the credit of it seems to be to Zosimus, concealed his great malignity under a
:
## p. 515 (#531) ############################################
HONORIUS
HONORIUS.
HONORIUS.
315
.
orius himself
, and the populace of Rear
crificed their own inclination, in hoped
his favour, and securing his abude
The people of Milan were am
n to that city ; but Honorias had been
ly alarmed by the Gothic invasion D)
nent residence any where but in die
fortress of Ravenna
d to congratulate himself ep the chart
Italy was devastated by a mv hes
from Germany, under the pegun Gren
· Rhadagaisus
, or Rhodouisa ? -
lis army, according to Urosins
, ein
00 Goths: the other nation speld
we may trust Zosimus, to hold
into three parts: that which has
commanded was stopped at Floete
Tesistance of the townseen, and
Apennines above Fesuhe (Fiezes
a surrender by the generalehi dd
! rerpainder of the bastana, best
ee Gibbon) constituted the litt
) ravaged Gaul; and somit per
aus states, driven across the lost
d and cut to pieces by Selde
1. The defeat of Redaccisus b
Aquitanicus and Tillenat i
rcellinus and by Gibben in 1. A
in vaded Italy in a. D. 405, and
i
eace in Italy which followed the
was occupied by Harian
pisostom, then at variable with
ntinople; and by Stiche in
laric to deprive the E2:27
Illyricum which belezas na
t with the Western
- ravaged by a promises
or the most part of Vandek
ch Orosius, Marcellinus, and
rently Jerome, state to have
: and while the tide af hus
Jed over that province, the
ed, and after clecting and
in succession, crossed out
dance of Constantine, the
- had invested wih tle
against the Geria
obtaining his recoga: 301
veil of assumed piety, aggravated the emperor's, after a time, into Gaul (A. D. 412), and Italy was
suspicions and fears, and a mutiny was excited in once more left free from invaders.
(ATAULPHUS)
the army assembled at Pavia, where the emperor While Honorius (A. D. 409) was hard pressed
was, in which a number of officers of rank, friends by the Visi-Goths and by the revolt of Alaric,
or supposed friends of Stilicho, were slain. Sti-Constantine the usurper, who hnd established him-
licho himself was at Ravenna ; but Olympius, send self in Gaul, proposed to come into Italy professedly
ing to the troops there, directed them to seize him, to assist him, but probably with the intention of
and he was taken from a church in which he had aggrandising his own power. In effect he entered
taken refuge, and put to death by the hand of Italy and advanced to Verona ; but alarmed by the
Heraclian (HERACLIANUS), his son, Eucherius, execution of Allobichus, with whom he seems to
escaping, for a time, to Rome. The plea for the have been in correspondence, and apprehending an
execution of Stilicho was that he was conspiring attack from his own partisan, Gerontius, who had
the deposition, if not the denth of Honorius, in revolted in Spain, he returned into Gaul, and was
order to make his own son, Eucherius, emperor in defeated and obliged to surrender (A. D. 411), on
his room. Eucherius is said to have been a heathen; promise of his life, to Constantius, the general of
and this circumstance may have either led him to Honorius, who besieged him in Arles. [Con-
cherish ambitious hopes, from a reliance on the stanTIUS III. ; Constantinus the tyrant ; GB-
support of the still numerous heathens ; or may RONTIUS. ] His life was spared at the time, but
have inspired a jealousy which led the emperor and he was sent into Italy, where Honorius had him
his court to impute evil designs to him and his put to death, in violation of the promise on which
father. The Christian writers, Orosius, Marcel- he had surrendered. Fear, the source of cruelty,
linus, and Prosper Tiro, speak of the alleged treason rendered Honorius regardless of a breach of faith
without doubt. Sozomen gives it as a rumour ; where his own safety was concerned.
while the heathen historians, Zosimus and Olym- Constantius was now the person of chief influ-
piodorus, appear to have believed him innocent : ence in the West. He had probably already
an indication that his death was connected with aspired to the hand of Placidia or Galla Placidia
the struggle of expiring Paganism with Christianity. [GALLA, No. 3), the emperor's sister, who had
By his death, which took place a. D. 408, Olym- fallen into the hands of the Visi-Gothic king,
pius became for a while the ruler of affairs. A Alaric, and was now in those of his successor,
severe prosecution was carried on against the Ataulphus. The energy and talent of Constantius
friends of Stilicho: his daughter, Thermantia, was rendered him of the greatest service to Honorius,
repudiated and sent home, still a virgin, to her around whom fresh difficulties were rising. Jovinus,
mother, Serena, and died soon after.
commander apparently of Moguntiacum, or some
The death of Stilicho furnished Alaric with a fortress on the Rhenish frontier, revolted; and At-
pretence for the invasion of Italy, now deprived of talus, the ex-emperor, who had, for his own safety,
its former defender. His demand of a sum of remained with the Visi-Goths, incited Ataulphus
money which he said was due to him being re- to make an alliance with him. The alliance, however,
jected, he crossed the Alps. Honorius sheltered did not take place : the intended confederates quar-
himself in Ravenna, while Alaric besieged Rome relled, Ataulphus made a treaty with Honorius,
(A. D. 408), which was obliged to pay a heavy seized Sebastian, brother of Jovinus, whom Jovinus
ransom. During the siege the unhappy Serena, bad proclaimed emperor, and sent his head to Hono-
who was in the city, was put to death, on a charge rius; and having drawn Jovinus himself into Valentia
of corresponding with the enemy. In A. D. 409 (Valence), and obliged him to surrender, delivered
Rome was again besieged and taken by him, and him up (A. D. 412 or 413) to Dardanus, one of
Attalus proclaimed emperor under his protection. Honorius' officers, who, without waiting for the
[ALARICUS ; ATTALUS. ) The court of Honorius emperor's authority, put him to death. About the
was the scene of intrigue ; Olympius was supplanted same time Sallustius, either an accomplice of Jo-
by Jovius, who became praefectus praetorio, but was, vinus or a rebel on his own account, was put to
in turn, succeeded by Eusebius, who was himself put death ; and Heraclian, who, in 409, had preserved
to death at the instigation of Allobichus, one of the Africa for Honorius, but had since revolted, was
generals of Honorius. Allobichus was executed not also defeated, taken, and executed. [HERACLI-
long after. Alaric and Attalus marched against Ra- ANUs. ] Ataulphus, who had again proclaimed
venna, which Honorius was on the point of abandon- Attalus emperor, rendered him no effective support;
ing, and fleeing by sea into the Eastern empire, when and having married (A. D. 414) Placidia, sister of
he was encouraged to hold out by a reinforcement Honorius (Galla, No. 3), became sincerely de-
of 4000 men (the corrupted text of Zosimus says sirous of peace. This was, however, prevented by
40,000)
from his nephew, Theodosius II. , emperor Constantius, who had also aspired to the hand of
of the East Africa was saved for him by the Placidia, and who attacked the Visi-Goths, drove
ability and good faith of Heraclian ; and in A. D. them out of Narbonne, which they bad taken, and
410 Attalus was deposed by Alaric, with whom he compelled them to retire into Spain, where Ataul-
had quarrelled, and a negotiation begun and almost phus was soon after assassinated (A. D. 415). At-
concluded between Honorius and the Visi-Gothic talus was afterwards taken; and Honorius, whose
king. The treaty was, however, broken off, ap- natural clemency was not now counteracted by his
parently from some act of hostility on the part of fears, contented himself with banishing him. For
Sarus, a Goth in the Roman service, and the other offenders a general amnesty was issued. We
bitter enemy of Alaric, who, in his irritation, re- have omitted during these stirring events to notice
stored to Attalus the imperial title, but almost im- the consulships of Honorius since A. D. 404. He
mediately again deprived him of it. He then was consul in a. D. 407, 409, 411, or rather 412,
marched to Rome, which he took and plundered. 415 and 417. Ravenna was his almost constant
He died soon after ; and his brother-in-law, Ataul- residence, except in 407 and 408.
phus, who succeeded him, retired with his army, The year 417 was distinguished by the marriage
LL 2
:
establisbing himsel in
istans to secure Spaz
h, to attack bis, bo
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But Serena, 2018
en the two ampio
band; and Suche
f the beseft elbis
family. Another
: Maria was dead
her sister, The
to his wish; best
be mutilated test
The main
nes of Olapas
1, whe, zoning
valignity udaa
## p. 516 (#532) ############################################
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of Constantius (who was colleague of Honorius in | for the first time since its apture by the Gauls,
the consulship) with Placidia, who, after the death under Brennus, B. Co 390 ; and the barbarians ao
of A taulphus, had suffered much ill usage from quired a permanent settlement in the provinces ;
his murderer, but had been restored by Valia or the Visi-Goths, the Franks, and the Burgundians
Wallia, the successor (not immediately) of Ataul- in Gaul ; and the Suevi, Vandals, and Alans, in
phus ; and the year 418 (when Honorius was Spain ; while Britain and Armorica became vir-
consul for the twelfth time) by a treaty with the tually independent. The vigour of Theodosius the
Goths, ceding to them the south-western part of Great, and the energy of Stilicho, had deferred
Gaul, with Toulouse for their capital, in a sort of these calamities for a while; but the downfal of
feudal subordination to the empire of the West. the latter left the remote parts of the empire de-
The Franks were gradually occupying the left bank fenceless; and all the military ability of Constantius
of the lower Rhine, and the Armoricans, who alone just protected Italy, and preserved with difficulty
of the Gauls exhibited anything of a military some portions of the transalpine provinces. Ho-
spirit, were acquiring a precarious and turbulent norius, shut up in Ravenna, appears, from an anec-
independence ; and their revolt perhaps induced dote preserved by Procopius, as resting, however,
Honorius to concede to the portion of Gaul remain- on report only, and repeated with some variation
ing in the hands of the Romans a popular repre by Zonaras, to have looked on these calamities
sentative body. In Spain, which had been miserably with apathy. When Rome was plundered by
ravaged by Suevi, Alans, Vandals, and Visi-Goths, Alaric, a eunuch who had the care of the poultry
a new claimant of the purple arose in Maximus, of Honorius announced to him that “ Rome was
who occupied some part of that country for three destroyed " ('Puun arolwe). “And yet she just
years, when he was taken and sent to Ravenna. now ate out of my bands," was the reply of the
According to Prosper Tiro, who alone notices the emperor, referring to a favourite hen, of unusual
beginning of his revolt, it appears to have taken size, which he called “Rome. ” “I mean,” said
place in 418: its suppression is fixed by the better the eunuch, " that the city of Rome has been de-
authority of Marcellinus in a. D. 422. Meanwhile, stroyed by Alaric. " “ But 1," said the emperor,
troops of Honorius maintained some footing in the thought that my hen • Rome' was dead. "
country, and a part at least of the inhabitants re- stupid (adds Procopius) do they say this emperor
mained faithful to him.
Yet, weak and stupid as he was, he re-
In A. D. 421 the importunity of Placidia extorted tained his crown, so firmly had the ability of Theo-
from Honorius a share in the empire for her hus- dosius fixed the power of his family. (Zosimus, v.
band Constantius [CONSTANTIUS III. ), the dignity 58, 59, vi. ; Orosius, vii. 36–43 ; Olympiodor.
of Augusta for herself (Galla, No. 3), and that apud Phot. Bibl. cod. 80 ; Claudian, Opera, passim;
of Nobilissimus Puer for her infant son Valentinian Marcellin. Chron. ; Idatius, Fasti and Chronicon ;
(VALENTINIANUS III. ] The death of Constantius Prosper Aquitan. Chron. ; Prosper Tiro, Ckron. ;
a few months after delivered Honorius from a col-Cassiodor. Chron. ; Chron. Paschal, pp. 304–313,
league whom he had unwillingly accepted. His ed. Paris, vol. i. pp. 563—579, ed. Bonn ; Pro-
manifestations of affection for the widow, especially copius, De Bell. Vand. i. 1–3; Jornandes, De
" their incessant kissing,” according to Olympio. Reb. Getic. c. 29—32 ; Socrat. H. E. vi. 1, vii. 10;
dorus, gave occasion to some scandalous reports ; Sozom. H. E. viii. i, ix. 4, 6–16; Theodoret.
but their love was succeeded by hatred, and Placidia H. E. v. 26 ; Theophan. Chronog. pp. 63–72, ed.
fied with her children, Valentinian and Honoria Paris, pp. 116-130, ed. Bonn ; Zonaras, xiii. 21;
[Grata, No. 2], to her nephew Theodosius II. at Gothofred. Chronol. Cod. Theodos. ; Tillemont,
Constantinople, A. D. 423. The death of Honorius Hist. des Empereurs, vol. v. ; Gibbon, ch. 29, 30,
took place soon after his sister's flight. He died of 31, 33 ; Eckhel, vol. viii. pp. 171-174 ; Ducange,
dropsy, 27th Aug. 423, aged 39, after a disastrous Famil. Byzantinae. )
(J. C. M. ]
reign of twenty-eight years and eight months.
The place of his burial appears to have been at
Ravenna, where his tomb is still shown in a build-
ing said to have been erected by Placidia his sister;
though it was pretended that his body and that of
his two wives, Maria and Thermantia, were dis-
covered buried under the church of St. Peter at
Rome A. D. 1543. His thirteenth and last consul-
ship was a. D. 422, the year before his death.
The character of Honorius presents little that is
attractive. His weakness was not accompanied HONOʻRIUS, JU'LIUS, the name prefixed to
either by the accomplishments or the amiableness a short geographical tract first published by J.
of Gratian and Valentinian II. ; and though not Gronovius, in his edition of Pomponius Mela (Lug.
naturally cruel, his fears impelled him occasionally Bat. 1685), from an imperfect MS. in the Thu-
to acts of blood and violations of good faith ; and anean library at Paris, under the title Julii Honorü
the interference of the secular power in the affairs Oratoris Excerpta quae ad Cosmographiam per-
of religion led to persecution and consequent dis- tinent. According to the arrangement here adopted,
content. His feebleness prevented all personal the world is divided into four Oceans, the Eastern,
exertion for the safety of his dominions ; and his Western, Northern, Southern (Oceanus Orientalis,
long reign, the longest the empire bad known, with Occidentalis, Septentrionalis, Meridianus), and a
the exception of those of Augustus and Constantine catalogue is given of the seas, islands, mountains,
the Great, determined the downfal of the Roman provinces, towns, rivers, and nations contained in
empire. A long catalogue of usurpers, the sure each, furnishing nought sare a bare enumeration of
indication of a weak government, is given by Oro- names, except in the case of the rivers, whose
Bius. Rome itself was taken by a foreign invader, source, termination, and occasionally length of
the weatbet,
ozding to the
is the pdiese
pases under »
107, 469,
are kind and be
was ther. g ta
454; comp. H
IT. ! 05; 05. 1
FANUCE
COIN OP HONORIUS.
!
has the power
dends, they are
Ketimes also
Mischus Ingle
in dient circt
or the seasons
epiteta are ac
(Tec. I. I
Carm ir. 7. 8
of the seasons
by the dance o
with the Charit
dite, they
Apoia's playa
(Hom. Hymn in
it. 2; Xen.
HONO'RIA. [GRATA, No. 2. ]
17. 395, and Honorius succeeded to the possession
HONOʻRIUS. 1. This name is given by Ad- of the West, under the energetic guardianship of
relius Victor (Epit. 48) to the father of the em- Stilicho, who had married Serena, daughter of Ho-
peror Theodosius 1. the Great ; but all other writers norius, the late emperor's brother (see above, No.
call him Theodosius. [THEODOSIUR. )
2], and therefore first cousin to the young emperor. ,
2. A brother of the emperor Theodosius the Honorius was but little more than ten years old
Great, died before A. D. 384. He left by bio wife, at his father's death, and his tender years com-
who is thought to be the Maria mentioned by bined with his natural inertness of character to
Claudian (Luws Seren. 69), two daughters, Ther- render him a mere cipher in the state. Milan was
mancia and Serena, the former married to a military for some years his place of residence, while Stilicho
officer, whose name is not known, the latter to was negotiating with the Franks on the Rhenish
Stilicho. (SBRENA ; STILICHO. ) (Zosim. v. 4. ; frontier, or attempting to engross the management
Claudian, Laus Serenae. passim ; Ducange, Fam. of affairs in the Eastern as well as in the Western
Byzant. p. 75; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol v. empire. (STILICHO. ] The exemption from tribute
p. 190. )
was granted at the commencement of his reign to a
3. Flavius HONORIU8 AUGUSTUS (reigned A. D. considerable district of Campania; the acts of grace
395–423), was the second son of Theodosius the towards the partisans of Eugenius, and the pay-
Great, by his first wife, Aelia Flacilla. (FLACILLA. ] ment of the legacies bequeathed by Theodosius to
Honorius was born, according to the most trust- individuals, are to be ascribed less to Honorius than
worthy accounts, 9th Sept. A. D. 384. There is to his ministers, though consistent enough with the
some difference in the ancient authorities, but we generally mild and humane disposition of the young
agree with Tillemont, who has discussed the matter emperor. In a. D. 396 he was consul for the third
in a careful note, that Constantinople was his birth- time, and still remained at Milan, while Stilicho
place. (Claudian. In IV. Consulat. Honorii, 121 was engaged in Greece, carrying on the war against
-140. ) He was made consul A. D. 386, and ap- Alaric, king of the Visi-Goths (ALARICUS. ] In
pears in the Fasti of Idatius with the designation A. D. 398 he was consul for the fourth time. This
of Nobilissimus, and in the Chronicon of Prosper year was distinguished by the war against Gildo,
Aquitanicus of Nobilissimus Puer ; but in the who, being taken and imprisoned, destroyed himself
Chronicon of Marcellinus and the Chronicon Pas (GILDO); and, by the marriage of Honorius, who
chale with that of Caesar. In A. D. 388 or 389, espoused Maria, the daughter of Stilicho and of
most probably the latter, at any rate after the Serena, the cousin of Honorius. The marriage was
usurper Maximus had been defeated, Honorius was a marriage of form only, for the bridegroom was not
sent for from Constantinople into Italy by his fa- yet fourteen, and the bride apparently still younger.
ther, whom he accompanied (A. D. 389) when with Claudian composed two poems (De Nuptiis Ho-
Valentinian II. he made his triumphal entry into norii et Mariae, and Fescennina in Nuptias Honor.
Rome.
et Mar. ) in honour of the nuptials of these children;
In A. D. 393, while his father was preparing but the regal progeny which he foretold was to
for the war against Eugenius, he was declared spring from the union never appeared. Maria died
Augustns, or, according to Marcellinus, Caesar. a virgin long before the year 408 ; but the exact
But Marcellinus is in this instance not consistent year of her death does not seem to be known.
with himself, having designated Honorius Caesar (Zosim. v. 28. ) About the close of the year 398
in his first consulship. The time of year at which Honorius appears to have had some transactions at
Honorius was declared Augustus has been disputed, Milan, under the guidance of Stilicho, with the
and is discussed very minutely by Tillemont; but envoys of the Germanic nations, but the nature of
he is misled in his decision, we think, by identify them can hardly be ascertained from the vague pa-
ing the darkness,“ tenebrae,” which is said by negyric of Claudian. (In Eutrop. i. 378, &c. ) In
Marcellinus and Prosper to have occurred at the 399 Honorius left Milan, apparently for the first
time of his inauguration, with an eclipse of the sun, time since his accession ; and the Theodosian Code
1
which the description of Claudian (In IV. Consulat. enables us to trace his progress. His first journey
Honor. 172, &c. ) shows it was not but simply an was in February to Ravenna, from whence he re-
unusually thick darkness from clouds or fog. The turned to Milan ; his subsequent journeys were in
inauguration took place at the palace or justice June and the following months to Brixia (Brescia),
court, Hebdomum (Ebdomov), near Constantinople. Verona, Patavium (Padua), and Altinum (Al-
(Comp. Ducange, Constantinop. Christian. ï. 6. & tino).
3. ) The statement of the Chronicon Paschale that The year 399 was distinguished by the rigorous
Theodosius had crowned Honorius Augustus (els persecution of paganism. From Constantine to
Baginéa) at Rome, on occasion of their triumpbal Valentinian I. , with the exception of the short
entry in A. D. 389, must be rejected, as inconsistent reign of Julian, the Christian religion had indeed
with the recognised right of Valentinian II. (then been supported by the example and countenance of
living) the dominion of the West. It is pro the emperors ; but direct persecution appears to
bable that the error arose from the circumstance, have been avoided. The decay of paganism had
that Theodosius, after bis victory over Eugenius, perhaps been somewhat retarded by the patronage
the successor of Valentinian II. , A. D. 394, again of the Roman senate (Zosim. iv. 59), jealous of the
sent for Honorius, who was consul for the second favour which the Christian emperors had shown to
time that year, into Italy, and at Milan (or, ac Constantinople, Milan, and Trèves; and increasing
cording to Zosimus, at Rome) solemnly declared by their opposition in religious matters the repug-
him emperor of the West, assigning to him Gaul, nance of the emperors to Rome as a permanent
Spain, Italy, and Africa, of which he had now come residence. Under Gratian (GRATIANUS), and still
into undisputed possession, and appointing Stilicho more under Theodosius, the force of prohibitory
aged to hare their
lun. 13. ) Hadis
s and coins 21
ling on a pube, &
and a spear in bo
erb. ii. p. 111. It
justin (de Cit. Derin
(LS)
Marseille about tie
enerally considered
Hilari sreza,
Parona Sanctie ir
Surios unda id
s, however, asked
Rerereatin ar RS
ius in his episcopal
11. 99. ) (. . )
INUS, bistand
I during the perset
andal Gensere He
e and graceful kete
pro Cirit feruis
4. D. 437–410 to
jus, who haring het
ith, is here caracted
1 greater hardship i
shed br Ja Sconto
Hares, fal Bas.
he Maca Al P
iii, in Big Mat.
iii. , in the BI! PA
1. riii. p. 60. ), and is
VOL. II.
LL
## p. 514 (#530) ############################################
614
HONORIUS.
HONORIUS.
laws was employed to hasten the downfal of the due to Honorius himself, and the populace of Rome
corrupt and worn-out system of paganism ; and perhaps sacrificed their own inclination, in hope of
under Honorius the prohibition was completed by se- propitiating his favour, and securing his abode
veral laws, cspecially by one very stringent ordinance among them. The people of Milan were anxious
(Cod. Theod. 16. tit. 10. s. 19), dated from Rome, for his return to that city ; but Honorius had been
and addressed to the praetorian praefect of Italy, too thoroughly alarmed by the Gothic invasion to
confiscating the revenues (annonce) of the temples fix his permanent residence any where but in the
for the support of the army, ordaining that all impregnable fortress of Ravenna.
statues yet remaining in the temples, and to which He soon had to congratulate himself on the choice
any religious worship was paid, should be thrown he had made. Italy was devastated by a new host
down, all altars pulled down, the temples them- of barbarians from Germany, under the pagan Goth
selves, if the property of the crown, converted to Radagaisus, or Rhadagaisus, or Rhodogaisus ('Par
public uses ; or, if private property, to be pulled dovážoos). His army, according to Orosius, con.
down by their owners; and all benthen rites abo- sisted of 200,000 Goths: the other nations swelled
lished. To the discontent caused by this sup- the amount, if we may trust Zosimus, to 400,000.
pression of all the ordinances of the old religion | It was divided into three parts: that which Rada-
may perhaps be ascribed the frequent revolts of the gaisus in person commanded was stopped at Florence
following years, and which might have been by the valiant resistance of the townsmen, and
avoided, had the now triumphant Christians been driven into the Apennines above Fesulae (Fiezole),
content to trust to the native power of truth in its and starved into a surrender by the generalship of
conflict with heathen error,
Stilicho. Of the remainder of the barbarian host,
The years 400—403 were marked by the ravage part probably (see Gibbon) constituted the force
of the northern part of Italy by the Visi-Goths, which (A. D. 407) ravaged Gaul; and some were
under Alaric. Tillemont doubts whether this in- perhaps, as Zosimus states, driven across the Da-
vasion was made by Alaric as an independent nube, and surprised and cut to pieces by Stilicho
prince, or as an officer of the Eastern emperor Ar- on their native soil. The defeat of Radagaisus is
cadius, who had appointed him praefect of Eastern placed by Prosper Aquitanicus and Tillemont, in
Illyricum. Honorius had never been on good terms A. D. 405; by Marcellinus and by Gibbon in A. D.
with his brother since the death of Theodosius; or 406. Possibly he invaded Italy in A. D. 405, and
rather, the two divisions of the empire were con- was defeated in 406.
tinually embroiled by the intrigues or hostilities of The interval of peace in Italy which followed the
their rival ministers, Stilicho in the West, and Ru- defeat of Radagaisus, was occupied by Honorius in
finus and Eutropius in the East. It is probable interceding for Chrysostom, then at variance with
that his invasion of Italy was on his own account, the court of Constantinople; and by Stilicbo in
as independent king of the Visi-Goths. Jomandes negotiations with Alaric to deprive the Eastern
ascribes his hostility to the diminution or with empire of that part of Illyricum which belonged to
holding of the subsidies paid to the Goths, the sons it, and incorporate it with the Western empire.
of Theodosius wasting in luxury the revenues ap- Meanwhile, Gaul was ravaged by a promiscuous
plicable to this purpose. Whether Alaric con- multitude, consisting for the most part of Vandals,
tinued in Italy during the whole of the three Suevi, and Alans, which Orosius, Marcellinus, and
years 400—402, or whether, as is more likely, Prosper Tiro, and apparently Jerome, state to have
he was compelled or induced for a time to recross been excited by Stilicho: and while the tide of bar-
the Julian Alps, is not quite clear. In 400, ap- barian invasion yet rolled over that province, the
parently near the end of the year, he ravaged the troops in Britain revolted, and after electing and
neighbourhood of Aquileia, and besieged that city; murdering two emperors in succession, crossed over
and in 402 he ravaged Venetia and Liguria. Rome into Gaul, under the guidance of Constantine, the
was alarmed, and the ancient walls of the city. were third usurper whom they had invested with the
repaired, in apprehension of the approach of the purple. Some successes against the German in-
Goths; and Honorius, if we may trust Claudian, vaders aided apparently in obtaining his recognition
was contemplating a flight into Gaul, or, which is by the provincials; and establishing himself in
more likely, had actually secured himself within Gaul, he sent his son Constans to secure Spain.
the walls of Ravenna. The forces of the West Stilicho sent Sarus, a Goth, to attack him, but
were chiefly engaged in Rhaetia, but the diligence Sarus was compelled to retreat. Meanwhile, alien-
of Stilicho collected a force with which he defeated ation was taking place between Honorius and
the Visi-Goths at Pollentia (Polenza, on the Ta- Stilicho. The ambition of Stilicho appears to have
naro, in Piedmont, on or about the 29th March, led him to aspire to the direction of affairs in the
403), and compelled them to retrcat into Pannonia. Eastern empire, when, by the death of Arcadius,
Honorius remained during the greater part of the the crown devolved about this time to Theodosius
year 403 at Ravenna (which, from this alarming 11. , a child of seven years. But Serena, anxious
crisis, became his ordinary residence); but during to maintain the peace between the two empires,
several months of the year 404, which was the year did not co-operate with her husband; and Stilicho,
of his sixth consulship (his fifth was in A. D. 402), by her opposition, lost much of the benefit of his
he was at Rome. The abolition of the gladiatorial connection with the imperial fainily. Another
combats, which the edicts of Constantine had not cause of estrangement existed : Maria was dead,
been able to suppress, is ascribed to this year ; and and Honorius wished to marry her sister, Ther-
the incident which gave immediate occasion to it, mantia. Serena was favourable to his wish ; but
by working on the feelings of the young emperor Stilicho, if we may judge from the mutilated text
[TELEMACH US, the Ascetic), is simply told by of Zosimus, was opposed to it. The marriage,
Theodoret in his Ecclesiastical Hist. ( v. 26). The however, took place. The intrigues of Olympius,
progress of Christianity had prepared the way for an officer of the imperial household, who, according
this act, but much of the credit of it seems to be to Zosimus, concealed his great malignity under a
:
## p. 515 (#531) ############################################
HONORIUS
HONORIUS.
HONORIUS.
315
.
orius himself
, and the populace of Rear
crificed their own inclination, in hoped
his favour, and securing his abude
The people of Milan were am
n to that city ; but Honorias had been
ly alarmed by the Gothic invasion D)
nent residence any where but in die
fortress of Ravenna
d to congratulate himself ep the chart
Italy was devastated by a mv hes
from Germany, under the pegun Gren
· Rhadagaisus
, or Rhodouisa ? -
lis army, according to Urosins
, ein
00 Goths: the other nation speld
we may trust Zosimus, to hold
into three parts: that which has
commanded was stopped at Floete
Tesistance of the townseen, and
Apennines above Fesuhe (Fiezes
a surrender by the generalehi dd
! rerpainder of the bastana, best
ee Gibbon) constituted the litt
) ravaged Gaul; and somit per
aus states, driven across the lost
d and cut to pieces by Selde
1. The defeat of Redaccisus b
Aquitanicus and Tillenat i
rcellinus and by Gibben in 1. A
in vaded Italy in a. D. 405, and
i
eace in Italy which followed the
was occupied by Harian
pisostom, then at variable with
ntinople; and by Stiche in
laric to deprive the E2:27
Illyricum which belezas na
t with the Western
- ravaged by a promises
or the most part of Vandek
ch Orosius, Marcellinus, and
rently Jerome, state to have
: and while the tide af hus
Jed over that province, the
ed, and after clecting and
in succession, crossed out
dance of Constantine, the
- had invested wih tle
against the Geria
obtaining his recoga: 301
veil of assumed piety, aggravated the emperor's, after a time, into Gaul (A. D. 412), and Italy was
suspicions and fears, and a mutiny was excited in once more left free from invaders.
(ATAULPHUS)
the army assembled at Pavia, where the emperor While Honorius (A. D. 409) was hard pressed
was, in which a number of officers of rank, friends by the Visi-Goths and by the revolt of Alaric,
or supposed friends of Stilicho, were slain. Sti-Constantine the usurper, who hnd established him-
licho himself was at Ravenna ; but Olympius, send self in Gaul, proposed to come into Italy professedly
ing to the troops there, directed them to seize him, to assist him, but probably with the intention of
and he was taken from a church in which he had aggrandising his own power. In effect he entered
taken refuge, and put to death by the hand of Italy and advanced to Verona ; but alarmed by the
Heraclian (HERACLIANUS), his son, Eucherius, execution of Allobichus, with whom he seems to
escaping, for a time, to Rome. The plea for the have been in correspondence, and apprehending an
execution of Stilicho was that he was conspiring attack from his own partisan, Gerontius, who had
the deposition, if not the denth of Honorius, in revolted in Spain, he returned into Gaul, and was
order to make his own son, Eucherius, emperor in defeated and obliged to surrender (A. D. 411), on
his room. Eucherius is said to have been a heathen; promise of his life, to Constantius, the general of
and this circumstance may have either led him to Honorius, who besieged him in Arles. [Con-
cherish ambitious hopes, from a reliance on the stanTIUS III. ; Constantinus the tyrant ; GB-
support of the still numerous heathens ; or may RONTIUS. ] His life was spared at the time, but
have inspired a jealousy which led the emperor and he was sent into Italy, where Honorius had him
his court to impute evil designs to him and his put to death, in violation of the promise on which
father. The Christian writers, Orosius, Marcel- he had surrendered. Fear, the source of cruelty,
linus, and Prosper Tiro, speak of the alleged treason rendered Honorius regardless of a breach of faith
without doubt. Sozomen gives it as a rumour ; where his own safety was concerned.
while the heathen historians, Zosimus and Olym- Constantius was now the person of chief influ-
piodorus, appear to have believed him innocent : ence in the West. He had probably already
an indication that his death was connected with aspired to the hand of Placidia or Galla Placidia
the struggle of expiring Paganism with Christianity. [GALLA, No. 3), the emperor's sister, who had
By his death, which took place a. D. 408, Olym- fallen into the hands of the Visi-Gothic king,
pius became for a while the ruler of affairs. A Alaric, and was now in those of his successor,
severe prosecution was carried on against the Ataulphus. The energy and talent of Constantius
friends of Stilicho: his daughter, Thermantia, was rendered him of the greatest service to Honorius,
repudiated and sent home, still a virgin, to her around whom fresh difficulties were rising. Jovinus,
mother, Serena, and died soon after.
commander apparently of Moguntiacum, or some
The death of Stilicho furnished Alaric with a fortress on the Rhenish frontier, revolted; and At-
pretence for the invasion of Italy, now deprived of talus, the ex-emperor, who had, for his own safety,
its former defender. His demand of a sum of remained with the Visi-Goths, incited Ataulphus
money which he said was due to him being re- to make an alliance with him. The alliance, however,
jected, he crossed the Alps. Honorius sheltered did not take place : the intended confederates quar-
himself in Ravenna, while Alaric besieged Rome relled, Ataulphus made a treaty with Honorius,
(A. D. 408), which was obliged to pay a heavy seized Sebastian, brother of Jovinus, whom Jovinus
ransom. During the siege the unhappy Serena, bad proclaimed emperor, and sent his head to Hono-
who was in the city, was put to death, on a charge rius; and having drawn Jovinus himself into Valentia
of corresponding with the enemy. In A. D. 409 (Valence), and obliged him to surrender, delivered
Rome was again besieged and taken by him, and him up (A. D. 412 or 413) to Dardanus, one of
Attalus proclaimed emperor under his protection. Honorius' officers, who, without waiting for the
[ALARICUS ; ATTALUS. ) The court of Honorius emperor's authority, put him to death. About the
was the scene of intrigue ; Olympius was supplanted same time Sallustius, either an accomplice of Jo-
by Jovius, who became praefectus praetorio, but was, vinus or a rebel on his own account, was put to
in turn, succeeded by Eusebius, who was himself put death ; and Heraclian, who, in 409, had preserved
to death at the instigation of Allobichus, one of the Africa for Honorius, but had since revolted, was
generals of Honorius. Allobichus was executed not also defeated, taken, and executed. [HERACLI-
long after. Alaric and Attalus marched against Ra- ANUs. ] Ataulphus, who had again proclaimed
venna, which Honorius was on the point of abandon- Attalus emperor, rendered him no effective support;
ing, and fleeing by sea into the Eastern empire, when and having married (A. D. 414) Placidia, sister of
he was encouraged to hold out by a reinforcement Honorius (Galla, No. 3), became sincerely de-
of 4000 men (the corrupted text of Zosimus says sirous of peace. This was, however, prevented by
40,000)
from his nephew, Theodosius II. , emperor Constantius, who had also aspired to the hand of
of the East Africa was saved for him by the Placidia, and who attacked the Visi-Goths, drove
ability and good faith of Heraclian ; and in A. D. them out of Narbonne, which they bad taken, and
410 Attalus was deposed by Alaric, with whom he compelled them to retire into Spain, where Ataul-
had quarrelled, and a negotiation begun and almost phus was soon after assassinated (A. D. 415). At-
concluded between Honorius and the Visi-Gothic talus was afterwards taken; and Honorius, whose
king. The treaty was, however, broken off, ap- natural clemency was not now counteracted by his
parently from some act of hostility on the part of fears, contented himself with banishing him. For
Sarus, a Goth in the Roman service, and the other offenders a general amnesty was issued. We
bitter enemy of Alaric, who, in his irritation, re- have omitted during these stirring events to notice
stored to Attalus the imperial title, but almost im- the consulships of Honorius since A. D. 404. He
mediately again deprived him of it. He then was consul in a. D. 407, 409, 411, or rather 412,
marched to Rome, which he took and plundered. 415 and 417. Ravenna was his almost constant
He died soon after ; and his brother-in-law, Ataul- residence, except in 407 and 408.
phus, who succeeded him, retired with his army, The year 417 was distinguished by the marriage
LL 2
:
establisbing himsel in
istans to secure Spaz
h, to attack bis, bo
at. Meanwhile, ale
Sireen Honorius and
ilicho appears to have
tion of stars in the
e death of Arad
s time to Theodosies
But Serena, 2018
en the two ampio
band; and Suche
f the beseft elbis
family. Another
: Maria was dead
her sister, The
to his wish; best
be mutilated test
The main
nes of Olapas
1, whe, zoning
valignity udaa
## p. 516 (#532) ############################################
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of Constantius (who was colleague of Honorius in | for the first time since its apture by the Gauls,
the consulship) with Placidia, who, after the death under Brennus, B. Co 390 ; and the barbarians ao
of A taulphus, had suffered much ill usage from quired a permanent settlement in the provinces ;
his murderer, but had been restored by Valia or the Visi-Goths, the Franks, and the Burgundians
Wallia, the successor (not immediately) of Ataul- in Gaul ; and the Suevi, Vandals, and Alans, in
phus ; and the year 418 (when Honorius was Spain ; while Britain and Armorica became vir-
consul for the twelfth time) by a treaty with the tually independent. The vigour of Theodosius the
Goths, ceding to them the south-western part of Great, and the energy of Stilicho, had deferred
Gaul, with Toulouse for their capital, in a sort of these calamities for a while; but the downfal of
feudal subordination to the empire of the West. the latter left the remote parts of the empire de-
The Franks were gradually occupying the left bank fenceless; and all the military ability of Constantius
of the lower Rhine, and the Armoricans, who alone just protected Italy, and preserved with difficulty
of the Gauls exhibited anything of a military some portions of the transalpine provinces. Ho-
spirit, were acquiring a precarious and turbulent norius, shut up in Ravenna, appears, from an anec-
independence ; and their revolt perhaps induced dote preserved by Procopius, as resting, however,
Honorius to concede to the portion of Gaul remain- on report only, and repeated with some variation
ing in the hands of the Romans a popular repre by Zonaras, to have looked on these calamities
sentative body. In Spain, which had been miserably with apathy. When Rome was plundered by
ravaged by Suevi, Alans, Vandals, and Visi-Goths, Alaric, a eunuch who had the care of the poultry
a new claimant of the purple arose in Maximus, of Honorius announced to him that “ Rome was
who occupied some part of that country for three destroyed " ('Puun arolwe). “And yet she just
years, when he was taken and sent to Ravenna. now ate out of my bands," was the reply of the
According to Prosper Tiro, who alone notices the emperor, referring to a favourite hen, of unusual
beginning of his revolt, it appears to have taken size, which he called “Rome. ” “I mean,” said
place in 418: its suppression is fixed by the better the eunuch, " that the city of Rome has been de-
authority of Marcellinus in a. D. 422. Meanwhile, stroyed by Alaric. " “ But 1," said the emperor,
troops of Honorius maintained some footing in the thought that my hen • Rome' was dead. "
country, and a part at least of the inhabitants re- stupid (adds Procopius) do they say this emperor
mained faithful to him.
Yet, weak and stupid as he was, he re-
In A. D. 421 the importunity of Placidia extorted tained his crown, so firmly had the ability of Theo-
from Honorius a share in the empire for her hus- dosius fixed the power of his family. (Zosimus, v.
band Constantius [CONSTANTIUS III. ), the dignity 58, 59, vi. ; Orosius, vii. 36–43 ; Olympiodor.
of Augusta for herself (Galla, No. 3), and that apud Phot. Bibl. cod. 80 ; Claudian, Opera, passim;
of Nobilissimus Puer for her infant son Valentinian Marcellin. Chron. ; Idatius, Fasti and Chronicon ;
(VALENTINIANUS III. ] The death of Constantius Prosper Aquitan. Chron. ; Prosper Tiro, Ckron. ;
a few months after delivered Honorius from a col-Cassiodor. Chron. ; Chron. Paschal, pp. 304–313,
league whom he had unwillingly accepted. His ed. Paris, vol. i. pp. 563—579, ed. Bonn ; Pro-
manifestations of affection for the widow, especially copius, De Bell. Vand. i. 1–3; Jornandes, De
" their incessant kissing,” according to Olympio. Reb. Getic. c. 29—32 ; Socrat. H. E. vi. 1, vii. 10;
dorus, gave occasion to some scandalous reports ; Sozom. H. E. viii. i, ix. 4, 6–16; Theodoret.
but their love was succeeded by hatred, and Placidia H. E. v. 26 ; Theophan. Chronog. pp. 63–72, ed.
fied with her children, Valentinian and Honoria Paris, pp. 116-130, ed. Bonn ; Zonaras, xiii. 21;
[Grata, No. 2], to her nephew Theodosius II. at Gothofred. Chronol. Cod. Theodos. ; Tillemont,
Constantinople, A. D. 423. The death of Honorius Hist. des Empereurs, vol. v. ; Gibbon, ch. 29, 30,
took place soon after his sister's flight. He died of 31, 33 ; Eckhel, vol. viii. pp. 171-174 ; Ducange,
dropsy, 27th Aug. 423, aged 39, after a disastrous Famil. Byzantinae. )
(J. C. M. ]
reign of twenty-eight years and eight months.
The place of his burial appears to have been at
Ravenna, where his tomb is still shown in a build-
ing said to have been erected by Placidia his sister;
though it was pretended that his body and that of
his two wives, Maria and Thermantia, were dis-
covered buried under the church of St. Peter at
Rome A. D. 1543. His thirteenth and last consul-
ship was a. D. 422, the year before his death.
The character of Honorius presents little that is
attractive. His weakness was not accompanied HONOʻRIUS, JU'LIUS, the name prefixed to
either by the accomplishments or the amiableness a short geographical tract first published by J.
of Gratian and Valentinian II. ; and though not Gronovius, in his edition of Pomponius Mela (Lug.
naturally cruel, his fears impelled him occasionally Bat. 1685), from an imperfect MS. in the Thu-
to acts of blood and violations of good faith ; and anean library at Paris, under the title Julii Honorü
the interference of the secular power in the affairs Oratoris Excerpta quae ad Cosmographiam per-
of religion led to persecution and consequent dis- tinent. According to the arrangement here adopted,
content. His feebleness prevented all personal the world is divided into four Oceans, the Eastern,
exertion for the safety of his dominions ; and his Western, Northern, Southern (Oceanus Orientalis,
long reign, the longest the empire bad known, with Occidentalis, Septentrionalis, Meridianus), and a
the exception of those of Augustus and Constantine catalogue is given of the seas, islands, mountains,
the Great, determined the downfal of the Roman provinces, towns, rivers, and nations contained in
empire. A long catalogue of usurpers, the sure each, furnishing nought sare a bare enumeration of
indication of a weak government, is given by Oro- names, except in the case of the rivers, whose
Bius. Rome itself was taken by a foreign invader, source, termination, and occasionally length of
the weatbet,
ozding to the
is the pdiese
pases under »
107, 469,
are kind and be
was ther. g ta
454; comp. H
IT. ! 05; 05. 1
FANUCE
COIN OP HONORIUS.
!
has the power
dends, they are
Ketimes also
Mischus Ingle
in dient circt
or the seasons
epiteta are ac
(Tec. I. I
Carm ir. 7. 8
of the seasons
by the dance o
with the Charit
dite, they
Apoia's playa
(Hom. Hymn in
it. 2; Xen.
