, _forced pledge, pledge
demanded
by force_: acc.
Beowulf
n.
, _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc.
pl.
under næssa genipu, 1361;
ofer flōda genipu, 2809.
nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan.
nīwe, nīowe, adj. , _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. swēg up ā-stāg nīwe
geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh . . . nīwe (_a
newly-raised(? ) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. nīwe sibbe (_the new
kinship_), 950; instr. sg. nīwan stefne (properly, novā voce; here = de
novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; nīowan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. nīwra
spella (_new tidings_), 2899.
ge-nīwian, w. v. , _to renew_: pret. part. ge-nīwod, 1304, 1323; genīwad,
2288.
nīw-tyrwed, pret. part. , _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne,
MS. ) nacan, 295.
nīð, st. m. , properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor,
hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg. , 2318; acc. sg. nīð, 184, 276; Wedera nīð
(_enmity against the W. , the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wið
(æt) nīðe, 828, 2586; instr. nīðe, 2681; gen. pl. nīða, 883, 2351, 2398,
etc. ; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207. --Comp. :
bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nīð.
nīð-draca, w. m. , _battle-dragon_: nom. sg. , 2274.
nīð-gast, st. m. , _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. þone nīð-gæst (_the
dragon_), 2700.
nīð-geweorc, st. n. , _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca,
684.
nīð-grim, adj. , _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg. , 193.
nīð-heard, adj. , _valiant in war_: nom. sg. , 2418.
nīð-hȳdig, adj. , _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nīð-hȳdige men,
3167.
ge-nīðla, w. m. , _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferhð-,
feorh-genīðla.
nīð-wundor, st. n. , _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg. ,
1366.
nīpan, st. v. , _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nīpende niht,
547, 650.
nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan.
norð, adv. , _northward_, 859.
norðan, adv. , _from the north_, 547.
nose, w. f. , _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hlīðes nosan, 1893; æt
brimes nosan, 2804.
nō (strengthened neg. ), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755,
842, 969, 1736, etc. ; strengthened by following ne, 459(? ), 1509; nō . . . nō
(_neither . . . nor_), 541-543; so, nō . . . ne, 168. See ne.
nōðer (from nā-hwæðer), neg. , _and not, nor_, 2125.
ge-nōh, adj. , _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fǣhðo genōge, 2490; acc. pl.
genōge . . . bēagas, 3105.
nōn, st. f. , [Eng. _noon_], _ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the
afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the
morning; cf. Bouterwek Scrēadunga, 24 _2_: wē hātað ǣnne dæg fram sunnan
upgange oð ǣfen): nom. sg. nōn, 1601.
nū, adv. : l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc. : nū
gȳt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nū gēn (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now
yet, still_), 3169. --2) conj. , _since, inasmuch as_: nū þū lungre geong . . .
nū se wyrm ligeð (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so,
2248; þæt þū mē ne forwyrne . . . nū ic þus feorran cōm (_that do not thou
refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nū ic on māðma hord
mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (_as I now. . . , so do ye_),
2800; so, 3021.
nymðe, conj. w. subj. , _if not, unless_, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (_if God
had not shielded me_), 1659.
nyt, st. f. , _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. þegn nytte
behēold (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119. --Comp. : sund-, sundor-nyt.
nyt, adj. , _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.
ge-nyttian, w. v. , _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. hæfde eorð-scrafa
ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047.
nȳd, st. f. , _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. þurh dēaðes nȳd,
2455; instr. sg. nȳde, 1006. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, consanguineus, in
AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7,
ibid. , p. 258); also, _tie of blood. _--Comp. þrēa-nȳd.
ge-nȳdan, w. v. : 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. nīðe ge-nȳded
(_forced by hostile power_), 2681. --2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc.
sg. f. nȳde genȳdde . . . gearwe stōwe (_the inevitable place prepared for
each_, i. e. the bed of death), 1006.
nȳd-bād, st. f.
, _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl.
nȳd-bāde, 599.
nȳd-gestealla, w. m. , _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom.
pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883.
nȳd-gripe, st. m. , _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe,
MS. ), 977.
nȳd-wracu, st. f. , _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg. ,
193.
nȳhst. See nēah.
O
oððe, conj. : 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765,
etc. --2) _and_(? ), _till_(? ), 650, 2476, 3007.
of, prep. w. dat. , _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah
of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (_shineth from
heaven_), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (_from the cliff's
projection_), 1893; of þām lēoma stōd (_from which light streamed_), 2770;
þǣr wæs māðma fela of feorwegum . . . gelǣded (_from distant lands_), 37; þā
cōm of mōre (_from the moor_), 711, 922. --2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf
of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þā ic of
searwum cōm (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419;
þā him Hrōðgār gewāt . . . ūt of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558,
2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (_black
wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of
horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lēt þā of brēostum . . . word ūt faran
(_from his breast_), 2551; dyde . . . helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_),
673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous
vessels_), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan . . . flāne geswencte
(_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep.
postponed: þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_),
672.
ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc. , _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest,
locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer
eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (_over the earth, among mankind_),
900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rāde (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287,
1290, etc. ; ofer ealowǣge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481. --2) w. acc.
of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer ȳðe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer
swan-rāde (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wǣgholm, 217; ofer
geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc. ; ofer bolcan
(_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so,
1405, 1406; ofer hēahne hrōf (_along upon (under? ) the high roof_), 984;
ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on
all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc
(_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall,
2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þā niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b)
w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: hē ofer benne spræc,
2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mīn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence,
_against, contrary to_: hē ofer willan gīong (_went against his will_),
2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i. e. the ten
commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wīg ofer wǣpen (_war sans,
dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin
(_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782.
ofer-hygd, st. n. , _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741;
ofer-hȳda, 1761.
ofer-māðum, st. m. , _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-māðmum, 2994.
ofer-mægen, st. n. , _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid
ofer-mægene, 2918.
ofer-þearf, st. f. , _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe],
2227.
oft, adv. , _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc. ; oft [nō]
seldan, 2030; oft nalles ǣne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580.
Superl. oftost, 1664.
om-, on-. see am-, an-.
ombiht. See ambiht.
oncer. See ancer.
ond. See and.
onsȳn. See ansȳn.
on, prep. w. dat. and acc. , signifying primarily _touching on, contact
with_: I. local, w. dat. : a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on
hēah-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (_in my native
place_), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þām holmclife, 1422;
so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence
(_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the
dapple-greys_), 857, etc. ; on ræste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at,
near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wāge (_on the wall_), 1663; on
þǣm wæl-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_),
817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in
his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scān (_on him shone the
corselet_), 405; on ōre (_at the front_), 1042; on corðre (_at the head of,
among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; þæt hē
on heoðe ge-stōd (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on fæder stǣle (_in a
father's place_), 1480; on ȳðum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421,
534, 1438; on holme, 543; on ēg-strēamum, 577; on segl-rāde, 1438, etc. ; on
flōde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frēslondum on, 2358. --b) _in, inside of_
(of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963;
on wīg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (_in which the mighty one
abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele,
492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc. ; on burgum (_in
the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (_in my mind_),
473; on mōde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc. ; on aldre (_in his
vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706. --c) _among, amid_: on searwum
(_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on þām
lēod-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule
(_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with,
touched by, possessing something_: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (_then was
the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrēon mōde,
1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (_she was in
haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þā wæs on blōde brim weallende (_there was
the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (_was
a-swimming_), 1619; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (_too powerful in
speed_), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg . . . on gylpsprǣce (_there was the
champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of,
representing, something_: on weres wæstmum (_in man's form_), 1353. --d)
_attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hȳrde on
Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610;
þæt hē ne mētte . . . on elran men mund-gripe māran, 753;--hence, with verbs
of taking: on ræste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr
on þē gōde be-geāton (_took it before from thee_), 2249. --e) _with_: swā
hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (_as it, too, soon
painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312. --f) _by_:
mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may
perceive by the gold_), 1485. --g) _to_, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle
wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.
With acc. : a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc. , _up to, on,
upon, in_: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden . . . on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on
wang) stigon, 212, 225; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42;
sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (_who strovest in a swimming-match with
B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe
efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on
fēonda geweald sīðian, 809; þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on
lufan lǣteð hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love? , to
possessions? _), 1729; him on mōd bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to
him_), 67; rǣsde on þone rōfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwōm)
on worðig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580,
677, 726, etc. ; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097. --b) _towards,
on_: gōde gewyrcean . . . on fæder wine (pl. ), 21. --c) aim or object, _to,
for the object, for, as, in, on_: on þearfe (_in his need, in his strait_),
1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrāðum on andan (_as a
terror to the foe_), 709; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (_said to him in
reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (_on the pyre ready_),
1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wearð on bīd
wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963. --d) ground, reason, _according to, in
conformity with_: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (_decided it in
accordance with right_), 1556; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (_swore no
oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spēd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp
seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750;
on sīnne selfes dōm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold
wendeð on willan (_according to his will_), 1740. --e) w. verbs of buying,
_for, in exchange for_: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege
(_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800. --f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelāce wāt,
Gēata dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H. _), 1831; so, 2651;
þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (_that she should rely on
any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; þā hīe ge-truwedon on twā healfa
(_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft
. . . on þā healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676. --g) after superlatives or
virtual superlatives = _among_: næs . . . sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs
sinc-māðma sēlest) on sweordes hād (_there was no better jewel in sword's
shape_, i. e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sē wæs Hrōðgāre
hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (_dearest of men as, in the character of,
follower_, etc. ), 1298.
II. Of time: a) w. dat. , _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time,
within the time appointed_), 76; on ūhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne
(_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on
tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc. ; on geogoðe (_in youth_),
409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_),
1327; hū lomp ēow on lāde (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en
route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582. --b) w. acc. , _towards,
about_: on undern-mǣl (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on
morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (_toward the end, at
last_), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (_far oftener than once_),
1580.
III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on
innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in
there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its
case: þē ic hēr on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; þē gē þǣr on
standað (_that ye there stand in_), 2867.
on-cȳð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI. , 412), st. f. , _pain,
suffering_: nom. sg. , 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, 831.
on-drysne, adj. , _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.
ōnettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_),
w. v. , _to hasten_: pret. pl. ōnetton, 306, 1804.
on-līcnes, st. f. , _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg. , 1352.
ofer flōda genipu, 2809.
nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan.
nīwe, nīowe, adj. , _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. swēg up ā-stāg nīwe
geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh . . . nīwe (_a
newly-raised(? ) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. nīwe sibbe (_the new
kinship_), 950; instr. sg. nīwan stefne (properly, novā voce; here = de
novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; nīowan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. nīwra
spella (_new tidings_), 2899.
ge-nīwian, w. v. , _to renew_: pret. part. ge-nīwod, 1304, 1323; genīwad,
2288.
nīw-tyrwed, pret. part. , _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne,
MS. ) nacan, 295.
nīð, st. m. , properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor,
hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg. , 2318; acc. sg. nīð, 184, 276; Wedera nīð
(_enmity against the W. , the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wið
(æt) nīðe, 828, 2586; instr. nīðe, 2681; gen. pl. nīða, 883, 2351, 2398,
etc. ; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207. --Comp. :
bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nīð.
nīð-draca, w. m. , _battle-dragon_: nom. sg. , 2274.
nīð-gast, st. m. , _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. þone nīð-gæst (_the
dragon_), 2700.
nīð-geweorc, st. n. , _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca,
684.
nīð-grim, adj. , _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg. , 193.
nīð-heard, adj. , _valiant in war_: nom. sg. , 2418.
nīð-hȳdig, adj. , _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nīð-hȳdige men,
3167.
ge-nīðla, w. m. , _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferhð-,
feorh-genīðla.
nīð-wundor, st. n. , _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg. ,
1366.
nīpan, st. v. , _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nīpende niht,
547, 650.
nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan.
norð, adv. , _northward_, 859.
norðan, adv. , _from the north_, 547.
nose, w. f. , _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hlīðes nosan, 1893; æt
brimes nosan, 2804.
nō (strengthened neg. ), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755,
842, 969, 1736, etc. ; strengthened by following ne, 459(? ), 1509; nō . . . nō
(_neither . . . nor_), 541-543; so, nō . . . ne, 168. See ne.
nōðer (from nā-hwæðer), neg. , _and not, nor_, 2125.
ge-nōh, adj. , _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fǣhðo genōge, 2490; acc. pl.
genōge . . . bēagas, 3105.
nōn, st. f. , [Eng. _noon_], _ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the
afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the
morning; cf. Bouterwek Scrēadunga, 24 _2_: wē hātað ǣnne dæg fram sunnan
upgange oð ǣfen): nom. sg. nōn, 1601.
nū, adv. : l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc. : nū
gȳt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nū gēn (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now
yet, still_), 3169. --2) conj. , _since, inasmuch as_: nū þū lungre geong . . .
nū se wyrm ligeð (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so,
2248; þæt þū mē ne forwyrne . . . nū ic þus feorran cōm (_that do not thou
refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nū ic on māðma hord
mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (_as I now. . . , so do ye_),
2800; so, 3021.
nymðe, conj. w. subj. , _if not, unless_, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (_if God
had not shielded me_), 1659.
nyt, st. f. , _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. þegn nytte
behēold (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119. --Comp. : sund-, sundor-nyt.
nyt, adj. , _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.
ge-nyttian, w. v. , _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. hæfde eorð-scrafa
ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047.
nȳd, st. f. , _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. þurh dēaðes nȳd,
2455; instr. sg. nȳde, 1006. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, consanguineus, in
AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7,
ibid. , p. 258); also, _tie of blood. _--Comp. þrēa-nȳd.
ge-nȳdan, w. v. : 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. nīðe ge-nȳded
(_forced by hostile power_), 2681. --2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc.
sg. f. nȳde genȳdde . . . gearwe stōwe (_the inevitable place prepared for
each_, i. e. the bed of death), 1006.
nȳd-bād, st. f.
, _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl.
nȳd-bāde, 599.
nȳd-gestealla, w. m. , _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom.
pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883.
nȳd-gripe, st. m. , _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe,
MS. ), 977.
nȳd-wracu, st. f. , _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg. ,
193.
nȳhst. See nēah.
O
oððe, conj. : 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765,
etc. --2) _and_(? ), _till_(? ), 650, 2476, 3007.
of, prep. w. dat. , _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah
of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (_shineth from
heaven_), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (_from the cliff's
projection_), 1893; of þām lēoma stōd (_from which light streamed_), 2770;
þǣr wæs māðma fela of feorwegum . . . gelǣded (_from distant lands_), 37; þā
cōm of mōre (_from the moor_), 711, 922. --2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf
of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þā ic of
searwum cōm (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419;
þā him Hrōðgār gewāt . . . ūt of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558,
2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (_black
wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of
horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lēt þā of brēostum . . . word ūt faran
(_from his breast_), 2551; dyde . . . helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_),
673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous
vessels_), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan . . . flāne geswencte
(_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep.
postponed: þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_),
672.
ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc. , _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest,
locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer
eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (_over the earth, among mankind_),
900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rāde (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287,
1290, etc. ; ofer ealowǣge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481. --2) w. acc.
of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer ȳðe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer
swan-rāde (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wǣgholm, 217; ofer
geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc. ; ofer bolcan
(_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so,
1405, 1406; ofer hēahne hrōf (_along upon (under? ) the high roof_), 984;
ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on
all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc
(_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall,
2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þā niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b)
w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: hē ofer benne spræc,
2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mīn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence,
_against, contrary to_: hē ofer willan gīong (_went against his will_),
2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i. e. the ten
commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wīg ofer wǣpen (_war sans,
dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin
(_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782.
ofer-hygd, st. n. , _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741;
ofer-hȳda, 1761.
ofer-māðum, st. m. , _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-māðmum, 2994.
ofer-mægen, st. n. , _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid
ofer-mægene, 2918.
ofer-þearf, st. f. , _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe],
2227.
oft, adv. , _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc. ; oft [nō]
seldan, 2030; oft nalles ǣne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580.
Superl. oftost, 1664.
om-, on-. see am-, an-.
ombiht. See ambiht.
oncer. See ancer.
ond. See and.
onsȳn. See ansȳn.
on, prep. w. dat. and acc. , signifying primarily _touching on, contact
with_: I. local, w. dat. : a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on
hēah-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (_in my native
place_), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þām holmclife, 1422;
so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence
(_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the
dapple-greys_), 857, etc. ; on ræste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at,
near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wāge (_on the wall_), 1663; on
þǣm wæl-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_),
817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in
his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scān (_on him shone the
corselet_), 405; on ōre (_at the front_), 1042; on corðre (_at the head of,
among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; þæt hē
on heoðe ge-stōd (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on fæder stǣle (_in a
father's place_), 1480; on ȳðum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421,
534, 1438; on holme, 543; on ēg-strēamum, 577; on segl-rāde, 1438, etc. ; on
flōde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frēslondum on, 2358. --b) _in, inside of_
(of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963;
on wīg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (_in which the mighty one
abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele,
492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc. ; on burgum (_in
the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (_in my mind_),
473; on mōde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc. ; on aldre (_in his
vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706. --c) _among, amid_: on searwum
(_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on þām
lēod-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule
(_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with,
touched by, possessing something_: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (_then was
the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrēon mōde,
1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (_she was in
haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þā wæs on blōde brim weallende (_there was
the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (_was
a-swimming_), 1619; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (_too powerful in
speed_), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg . . . on gylpsprǣce (_there was the
champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of,
representing, something_: on weres wæstmum (_in man's form_), 1353. --d)
_attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hȳrde on
Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610;
þæt hē ne mētte . . . on elran men mund-gripe māran, 753;--hence, with verbs
of taking: on ræste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr
on þē gōde be-geāton (_took it before from thee_), 2249. --e) _with_: swā
hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (_as it, too, soon
painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312. --f) _by_:
mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may
perceive by the gold_), 1485. --g) _to_, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle
wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.
With acc. : a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc. , _up to, on,
upon, in_: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden . . . on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on
wang) stigon, 212, 225; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42;
sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (_who strovest in a swimming-match with
B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe
efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on
fēonda geweald sīðian, 809; þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on
lufan lǣteð hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love? , to
possessions? _), 1729; him on mōd bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to
him_), 67; rǣsde on þone rōfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwōm)
on worðig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580,
677, 726, etc. ; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097. --b) _towards,
on_: gōde gewyrcean . . . on fæder wine (pl. ), 21. --c) aim or object, _to,
for the object, for, as, in, on_: on þearfe (_in his need, in his strait_),
1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrāðum on andan (_as a
terror to the foe_), 709; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (_said to him in
reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (_on the pyre ready_),
1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wearð on bīd
wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963. --d) ground, reason, _according to, in
conformity with_: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (_decided it in
accordance with right_), 1556; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (_swore no
oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spēd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp
seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750;
on sīnne selfes dōm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold
wendeð on willan (_according to his will_), 1740. --e) w. verbs of buying,
_for, in exchange for_: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege
(_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800. --f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelāce wāt,
Gēata dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H. _), 1831; so, 2651;
þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (_that she should rely on
any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; þā hīe ge-truwedon on twā healfa
(_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft
. . . on þā healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676. --g) after superlatives or
virtual superlatives = _among_: næs . . . sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs
sinc-māðma sēlest) on sweordes hād (_there was no better jewel in sword's
shape_, i. e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sē wæs Hrōðgāre
hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (_dearest of men as, in the character of,
follower_, etc. ), 1298.
II. Of time: a) w. dat. , _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time,
within the time appointed_), 76; on ūhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne
(_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on
tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc. ; on geogoðe (_in youth_),
409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_),
1327; hū lomp ēow on lāde (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en
route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582. --b) w. acc. , _towards,
about_: on undern-mǣl (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on
morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (_toward the end, at
last_), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (_far oftener than once_),
1580.
III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on
innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in
there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its
case: þē ic hēr on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; þē gē þǣr on
standað (_that ye there stand in_), 2867.
on-cȳð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI. , 412), st. f. , _pain,
suffering_: nom. sg. , 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, 831.
on-drysne, adj. , _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.
ōnettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_),
w. v. , _to hasten_: pret. pl. ōnetton, 306, 1804.
on-līcnes, st. f. , _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg. , 1352.
