The reverses which had befallen
the army at the commencement of the campaign, had scarce-
ly left a hope for America short of unconditional submis-
sion; but when, in the language of Colonel Hamilton,*
"after escaping the grasp of a disciplined and victorious
enemy, this little band of patriots were seen skilfully avoid-
ing an engagement until they could contend with advan-
tage, and then, by the masterly enterprises of Trenton and
Princeton, cutting them up in detachments, rallying the
* Eulogium on General Greene.
the army at the commencement of the campaign, had scarce-
ly left a hope for America short of unconditional submis-
sion; but when, in the language of Colonel Hamilton,*
"after escaping the grasp of a disciplined and victorious
enemy, this little band of patriots were seen skilfully avoid-
ing an engagement until they could contend with advan-
tage, and then, by the masterly enterprises of Trenton and
Princeton, cutting them up in detachments, rallying the
* Eulogium on General Greene.
Hamilton - 1834 - Life on Hamilton - v1
49
At this time, the popular commotions became frequent;
the royalists who had fled from the other colonies to New-
York for safety, were compelled to leave it; and such was
the distempered state of feeling, that Tryon, the last royal
governor, a man of intrepid courage, fearful of his life, took
refuge on board the Halifax packet, whence he issued his
disregarded mandates.
The press of Rivington, the tory printer, was the last ob-
ject of attack. By occasionally printing for the popular
side, he had preserved some appearance of neutrality, but
as the controversy ripened, he took a decided part with the
royalists. On the twenty-third of November, a party of
horse from Connecticut, under the command of Sears, ap-
peared in the city, with the avowed design of destroying
his press. Heading the mob, they proceeded in the dusk
of evening to rifle its contents. Hamilton again appeared
the advocate of order, and relying on his former success,
renewed his appeals to the discretion of the citizens, and,
indignant at the encroachment of unlicensed troops from
another colony, offered to join in opposition to the intruders,
and check their progress. His exhortation was unsuccess-
ful. The outrage was perpetrated, but his interference
was not without happy consequences. It elevated him
still more in the estimation of the patriots, who saw in his
love of order and respect for the authority of the laws, as-
surances of those high qualities which, rising above the wild
uproar of the times, disdained to win popularity from popu-
lar delusion.
VOl. I.
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? CHAPTER IV.
During the winter of seventeen hundred and seventy-
six, while England was making a powerful effort for the
subjugation of her colonies, and an act of parliament had
been passed declaring them in open rebellion, the general
congress were chiefly occupied with measures to repair
the losses that attended the northern campaign, which, after
the most arduous exertions, had terminated with the fall of
Montgomery, before the walls of Quebec ; an event which,
from the recollection of the death of Wolfe, the heroism of
the attempt, the immense efforts which had been made,
and the hardships encountered, deeply engaged the sym-
pathies of his countrymen, and caused his loss to be de-
plored as a great national calamity. *
The failure of this expedition changed the whole aspect
of affairs. Instead of securing the co-operation of the Ca-
nadas, and presenting to the enemy an unbroken line of
hostility, the utmost exertions were requisite to maintain
the posts which had been won with so much gallantry in
the preceding spring, to suppress the disaffection that eagerly
displayed itself, and to prevent a junction of the forces of
the enemy, which must have left the larger portion of the
colonies an easy and unassisted prey to their overwhelming
numbers.
Hamilton, during the previous winter, foreseeing that the
course of events must soon lead to an open rupture, deter-
mined to apply himself to the study of arms, and before any
steps were taken to organize a regular force, had by great
* It was announced in these words, -- " Weep, America! for tho<< hast
lost one of thy most virtuous and bravest sons. "
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? 52 THE LIFE OF
assiduity, made such progress as books and the instruction
of a British bombardier could give him in pyrotechnics and
gunnery.
The convention of New-York having determined to aug-
ment its military establishment, among other arrangements
ordered a company of artillery to be raised. * Hamilton
seized this opportunity to enter the service, and was recom-
mended to the convention by his friend McDougal, who
had been appointed colonel of the first regiment raised in
the province. A doubt having been intimated of his know-
ledge of that branch of arms, McDougal proposed that he
should undergo an examination, and on a certificate being
given of his competency, he was appointed, on the four-
teenth day of March, seventeen hundred and seventy-six,
"Captain of the Provincial Company of Artillery," and
within a short time after was directed to guard the records
of the colony. "Hamilton," says Mulligan, by whom he
was aided, "recruited his men, and with the remnant of the
second and last remittance which he received from Santa
Cruz, equipped them. He attended to their drill and his
other duties with a degree of zeal and diligence which soon
made his company conspicuous for their appearance, and
the regularity of their movements. "
His first lieutenant having been transferred to another
command, he took this occasion to enforce, in a letter to
the convention, the policy of advancing officers in succes-
sion, in which he added, " I would beg the liberty warmly
to recommend to your attention the first sergeant in my
company, -- a man highly deserving notice and preferment.
He has discharged his duty in his present station with un-
common fidelity, assiduity, and expertness; he is a very
good disciplinarian, possesses the advantage of having seen
a good deal of service in Germany, and has a tolerable share
* January 6,1776.
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? HAMILTON. 53
of common sense. In a word, I verily believe he will make
an excellent lieutenant, and his advancement will be a
great encouragement and benefit to my company in parti-
cular, and will be an animating example to all men of merit
to whose knowledge it comes. " Hamilton, in this sugges-
tion, paid a debt of gratitude, and, at the same time, incul-
cated a measure, the efficacy of which was demonstrated
in various instances.
The convention adopted the suggestion. The brave
bombardier was promoted to a lieutenancy, and rising to
the command of a company, Captain Thomson fell at the
battle of Springfield, at the head of his men, after gallantly
repulsing a desperate charge of the enemy. A general
resolution was at the same time published by the conven-
tion, assuring " promotion to such privates and non-commis-
sioned officers as should distinguish themselves. " Captain
Hamilton seems not to have permitted the duties of his pro-
fession to divert him wholly from the course of study in
which he had been engaged. His military books of this
period give an interesting exhibition of his train of thought.
In the pay book of his company, amid various general spe-
culations and extracts from the ancients, chiefly relating to
politics and war, are intermingled tables of political arith-
metic, considerations on commerce, the value of the rela-
tive productions which are its objects, the balance of trade,
the progress of population, and the principles on which de-
pend the value of a circulating medium; and among his
papers, there remains a carefully digested outline of a plan
for the political and commercial history of British Ameri-
ca, compiled at this time.
Thus a fund of knowledge was early gathered by him,
which his powerful intellect soon after applied to the con-
dition of the new republic, and rapidly matured into results
of extensive utility.
But the term of these studies was soon closed. The
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? 54 THE LIFE OF
independence of the American states was declared by con-
gress, and on the same day Lord Howe with his invading
army landed in the vicinity of New-York.
The heights of Brooklyn, a small village opposite New-
York, on the southern banks of the Sound, was the posi-
tion selected by General Lee to meet the first impression
of the enemy. Its natural advantages for defence were
not great. The extensive line of approach rendered a di-
vision of the defensive force unavoidable, and there was
little in its situation to prevent the expected battle being
fought on nearly equal terms, while the difficulty of retreat
filled the minds of the undisciplined troops with dismay.
Washington balanced between the dangers of this post,
and the alarming effects which he apprehended from a
surrender of New-York without an attempt at defence.
The British took advantage of the interval, and the battle
of Long Island ensued.
The result of this action proved the perilous position of
the army; and although the mode of its escape was a sub-
ject of commendation, yet the course of the engagement
and conduct of the troops disclosed to the eye of the com-
mander all the weakness and disorganized state of his forces,
and filled his mind with a sad presage of the future. In the
retreat, Captain Hamilton brought up the rear, having lost
his baggage and a field-piece.
An important question as to the course to be pursued
with regard to the city of New-York had meanwhile occu-
pied the mind of Washington. Was it to be destroyed or
not? The subsequent events of the war proved the impo-
licy of the national councils on this point; but the follow-
ing extract from a letter* of the commander-in chief to con-
gress shows, that in this decision he had no part.
"If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it
to stand as winter quarters for the enemy? They would
* September 2, 1776.
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? HAMILTON. 55
derive great convenience from it on the one hand, and much
property would be destroyed on the other. It is an im-
portant question, and will admit of but little time for deli-
beration. At present, I dare say, the enemy mean to pre-
serve it if they can. If congress should resolve upon the
destruction of it, the resolution should be kept a profound
secret, as the knowledge of it will make a capital change
in their plan. " Congress resolved to save the city. *
Immediately after the action, the Americans evacuated
the city of New-York, leaving a small force in the field-
works which hadbeen erected on the eminences that skirted
the Sound, opposite to which a portion of the British fleet
were soon after moored, to cover the approach of that part
of the troops which were ordered to take possession of the
city. "I recollect," says a survivor of the scene, "as though
it were yesterday, the day when the British fleet came up.
Fascines had been extended across the Broadway near the
Bowling Green, where the statue of Chatham was thrown
down. On the west side of the town the barricades were
built of a cargo of mahogany; but this was all a show to
keep up the spirits of the people; for I myself heard Ge-
neral Wooster laugh at the idea of defence.
"Along the shores of the Hudson were piled in little heaps,
by which the women and children were sitting, the gather-
ed furniture of the timid, who were anxiously but vainly
looking for the means of transportation from the opposite
shores of the Jersey. The half-armed militia were seen
parading in small parties through the streets, who, incensed
at the approach of the enemy, every now and then dischar-
ged a volley on some unfortunate tory who was skulking
away; while at intervals were heard the ringing of the
small brass pieces on the battery, which the two frigates
that passed up the Hudson hardly cared to answer. As the
* September 3.
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? 56 THE LIFE OF
boats came near, filled with soldiers, they were drawn by
the tide into the form of a crescent. I never saw so beau-
tiful a sight; the sun shone out bright, and the water was
without a ripple. "
The next position taken was the heights of Harlem, at
which place, says Benson, Hamilton first attracted the ob-
servant eye of Washington, who, on the inspection of the
works which he was engaged in throwing up, entered into
conversation with him, invited him to his marquee, and
formed a high estimate of his military capacity.
Captain Hamilton remained with the main army until
the battle of White Plains,* where Ms conduct was remark-
ed; whence, on the retreat of Washington to North Cas-
tle, and the advance of Knyphausen to Kingsbridge, he was
detached to cover a post in the neighbourhood of Fort
Washington. The fall of that fortress, which sealed the
fate of the city of New-York, and cut off so large a portion
of the army, awakened all the soldier's spirit in his breast;
and, after a careful observation of the post, he volunteered
to General Washington to storm it; saying, that if he
would confide to him an adequate number of men, one half
under the command of Major Stevens, f the residue of him-
self, he would promise him success. But the small num-
ber of the troops, and the position and strength of the ene-
my forbade this gallant enterprise, to which Hamilton was
encouraged by a knowledge of its defences, and by the ease
with which it had fallen.
After the British had crossed the Hudson, he succeeded
in joining the army on the west side of that river.
On the approach of the enemy, they retreated first to
Hackensack, and thence to Newark. Here Washington,
reinforced by Stirling's and Hand's brigades, called a coun-
cil of officers.
* October 28.
f The late General Ebenezer Stevens.
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? HAMILTON. 57
By some of the members it was urged to move the army
to Morristown, to form a junction with the northern troops,
who were winding along the mountains of Sussex; but
Washington and Greene concurred in the more hazardous
and intrepid determination, if possible, to make a stand at
Brunswick; but, at all events, to dispute the passage of the
Delaware.
After a short repose, with a force not exceeding three
thousand men, half clothed, many of them unarmed, with-
out cavalry to protect them from surprises, debilitated by
fatigue, and worn down by a series of disasters, Washing-
ton was compelled again to retire, closely pursued by a de-
tachment of eight thousand men under the command of
Lord Cornwallis. The Americans succeeded in making
an undisturbed retreat until they approached the vicinity
of New-Brunswick; there, as the rear of the American
levies crossed the Raritan, the van of the British came in
sight. The bridge having been destroyed, and knowing
that the river was fordable, Hamilton, while the army was
parading, planted his field-pieces on the high grounds which
command the river, and, by a spirited cannonade, aided in
checking the progress of the British, while Washington de-
camping after night-fall, reached Princeton on the morning
of the first of December.
"Well do I recollect the day," said a friend, "when Ha-
milton's company marched into Princeton. It was a model
of discipline; at their head was a boy, and I wondered at
his youth; but what was my surprise, when struck with his
diminutive figure, he was pointed out to me as that Hamil-
ton of whom we had already heard so much. "
He continued with his company, which, from the severity
of the weather, and its exposure in the brilliant enterprises
of Trenton and Princeton, was reduced to a fragment of five-
and-twenty men, until the establishment of head quarters
at Morristown, when, at the invitation of General Wash-
vol. i. 8
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? 58 THE LIFE OF
ington, on the first of March, seventeen hundred and seven-
ty-seven, he was appointed his aid-de-camp, with the rank
of lieutenant colonel.
The situation of New-Jersey during the progress of the
hostile armies, was more calamitous than that of any por-
tion of the country under all the trials of the revolution.
Its position between the two great central colonies of
America, had for a long time, protected it from the harass-
ing exposure to which the out settlements were subject, and
the great body of its people were pursuing their rural oc-
cupations in quiet and security.
With but little foreign commerce to feel directly the ex-
actions of Great Britain, and with few causes of internal
dissatisfaction with their governors, the spirit of resistance
which this colony evinced, is a remarkable evidence of the
rapid growth of popular sentiments. New-Jersey was, in
fact, as to any present evils, scarcely a party to the question
then in agitation; but there, as in other parts of America,
the love of liberty which had been cultivated in a few ge-
nerous bosoms,* quickened the mass of the people, and no
sooner was opposition aroused, than she was seen entrust-
ing her fortunes to committees and conventions, the great
instruments of political hostility.
But the ardour which had enkindled the inhabitants of
that colony, had neither anticipated nor prepared them for
the scenes in which they were so early to participate.
* The exertions of Mr. Alexander, (Lord Stirling,) were particularly con-
spicuous. At the beginning of the controversy, he was a member of the king's
council of that state, and his correspondence with the governor gives an amu-
sing view of that doubtful allegiance to the king and to the people which was
sought to be preserved and justified. He served through the war, and died
in 1783, when Washington, in a letter to congress, paid this high tribute to
his courage and patriotism, -- " The remarkable bravery, intelligence, and
promptitude of his lordship, to perform his duty as an officer, had endeared him
to the whole army, and now make his loss the more sincerely regretted. "--
Dated January 20, 1783.
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? HAMILTON. 59
The arrival of the British army in New-York seemed
hardly to have awakened them from their security; and
when the determination of Washington to cross the Hud-
son, threw upon them, of a sudden, the whole weight of war,
scenes of unmitigated suffering ensued.
In the track of the pursuing army bridges were broken
down, dwellings destroyed, granaries plundered, and even
the traces of the fugitives were seen printed on the snow
with their blood. While many fled before the enemy, the
condition of those who remained was doubly pitiable. Some
sought security in protections; intestine feuds followed; eve-
ry social feeling seemed to be suspended; and in the gene-
ral insecurity, suspicion was deemed a virtue. Straggling
bands of plunderers were seen stealing along the margin of
the water courses, and by the unfrequented roads. Parties
of horse, foraging at a distance, broke in, during the night,
upon the unhappy people who had taken shelter in the woods,
directed by the fires near which they were cowering. The
rich had removed their wives and children to New-Eng-
land, while the women of the poor were seized, flying in
terror to the interior, where, at the recital of the barbari-
ties they had endured, parties were formed, who came down
upon the disaffected with infuriated passions, to wreak ven-
geance for their wrongs. Even the friends of the cause
were compelled to wrestle with the famished American
soldiers for their secreted provisions.
Amidst all which, their patriotic governor was constantly
issuing mandates against disaffection, and giving to resist-
ance the stronger motive of religious duty. The places of
worship were deserted, and the clergy were seen inciting
the people to arms, thus rendering fiercer and more odious
the ferocious face of war.
The Americans, at the close of this campaign, were re-
duced to few more than twelve hundred troops, enlisted
for short terms of service, at the expiration of which, scarce-
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? 60 THE LIFE OF
ly an inducement could be offered for their re-enlistment.
The selection of the post at Morristown was, under these
circumstances, particularly eligible, and had been made at
the instance of the unfortunate St. Clair. Protected by
inaccessible heights and heavy forests from the approach
of any large body of the enemy, it had the advantage of
being almost equi-distant from Amboy, Newark, and New-
Brunswick, their principal positions, which were all held
in check, while it was secure of a retreat by various denles
in its rear, leading to a fertile and well-peopled country.
But deficient as was the army, if it may so be called, in
numbers, the severe campaign of the Jersies had produced
the happiest effect, in disclosing to the commander-in-chief
the character of his officers, and in drawing around him in
a common devotion to its cause, the most gallant patriots
of the country.
Surrounded by the greatest difficulties, they had them-
selves learned, and their example had taught the American
people the all-important lesson, that their enemy was not
invincible, and their common dangers had inspired a mutual
confidence, which, towards the person of their chief, rose to
the highest point of enthusiasm.
Indeed, in the long life of glory with which Washington
was blessed, this may be selected as the moment when his
popularity was greatest.
The reverses which had befallen
the army at the commencement of the campaign, had scarce-
ly left a hope for America short of unconditional submis-
sion; but when, in the language of Colonel Hamilton,*
"after escaping the grasp of a disciplined and victorious
enemy, this little band of patriots were seen skilfully avoid-
ing an engagement until they could contend with advan-
tage, and then, by the masterly enterprises of Trenton and
Princeton, cutting them up in detachments, rallying the
* Eulogium on General Greene.
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? HAMILTON. 61
scattered energies of the country, infusing terror into the
breasts of their invaders, and changing the whole tide and
fortune of the war," a general spirit of enthusiasm per-
vaded the nation, and every bosom swelled with gratitude
to Washington and his illustrious companions.
Among these, the reputation of General Greene de-
servedly stood highest.
Connected with every important movement of the main
army from the investment of Boston until this moment, he
displayed, in all its various difficulties, an unbending con-
stancy, a readiness of decision, a fertility of resource, and
a masterly self-possession, which proved him in every emi-
nent military qualification second to no other officer of the
army, and had given him an influence with the comman-
der-in-chief, which in the future incidents of the revolution,
was exerted most happily for the service. Of him it was
not less truly than eloquently said, "that he carried in his
native genius all the resources of war, and the balance of
every extreme of fortune. " His eminent and distinguished
excellence early attracted the respect of Colonel Hamilton;
an intimacy followed of the closest character; by none of
his comrades were the merits of General Greene more
fully understood, and, as will be seen in the future pages
of this work, by none could they have been more warmly
portrayed.
Next in rank to Greene was Major General Sullivan.
This gentleman having acquired an extensive reputation as
a lawyer in the colony of New-Hampshire, was elected to
represent it in the celebrated congress of seventy-four. In
this situation he commanded respect and confidence as a
man of firmness and intelligence; and having been re-
elected a delegate, on the selection of the general staff of
the army, Sullivan was appointed to the command of a bri-
gade, then on duty near Boston. Early in seventy-six. he re-
ceived orders for the northern army, with which he served
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? 62 thi lifi 01
until the approaching invasion of New-York, when he
again rejoined the main army, and was captured in the bat-
tle of Long Island. Immediately after his exchange, he re-
sumed his command, and in the action of Trenton, at the
head of the right wing, discovered equal gallantry and good
conduct. Of proverbial courage, quick apprehension, and
observing a scrupulous obedience to his instructions, he
was usually selected for stations which required deter-
mined intrepidity, and in no instance did he disappoint the
trust which was reposed in him.
The first regiment of artillery raised on the continental
establishment had been confided to Henry Knox, a native
of Boston, who, leaving a lucrative employment, joined the
army as a volunteer in the battle of Bunker's Hill. Alarmed
at the deficiency of ordnance which gave the enemy such
vast superiority, Knox, full of ardour, hastened to the Ca-
nadian frontier, where, by great personal exertions, he was
enabled in some measure to supply this essential want.
The enterprise he displayed in this instance received the
grateful approbation of the commander-in-chief. He was
appointed a colonel of artillery, and on the increase of that
corps obtained the rank of Major General.
Of great integrity, a sound understanding, and undaunt-
ed courage, he was soon classed among the individuals who
most deserved the public confidence; and on occasions
when the service was the more meritorious, because it was
necessarily secret, he was eminently useful. Frank, open,
and sincere, he won and preserved the regard of his bro-
ther officers, and could boast that which was alone a suffi-
cient passport to consideration, of being the man whom
"Washington loved. "
But the officer who at this time, next to Greene, pos-
sessed most the personal confidence of the commander,
was General John Cadwallader. This gentleman, formed
by education to adorn the most polished circles of society,
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? HAMILTON. 63
combined with a clear and vigorous understanding, a bold
spirit of enterprise and generosity of temper, which rose
above the difficulties of every situation, and inspired among
his followers the highest sense of personal attachment.
Hurried away by his ardour, he had suffered himself to
be taken a prisoner at the same time with General Sullivan.
His manly qualities made a strong impression in the camp
of the enemy, and great, but vain, exertions were used to in-
duce him to influence Washington in favour of conciliation.
On his liberation, he returned to the army; and in the bold
attempts to repulse the British from the borders of the De-
laware, he was entrusted with a most important and difficult
share in the enterprise. His merits soon forced him upon
the attention of Congress. At the close of the campaign he
was promoted to the command of a brigade, and continued
during a great part of the Revolution serving under the im-
mediate eye of Washington.
The gentlemen who at this time composed the personal
staff of the commander-in-chief were, Colonel Robert H.
Harrison, a native of Maryland, who at an early age
removed to Alexandria, where, as a member of the bar, he
was employed by Washington, who, soon after he took the
command at Cambridge, wrote him an urgent letter to join
the army, which he did, in the capacity of an aid-de-camp;
and, in the following year, was appointed his principal se-
cretary; to the performance of the arduous duties of which
office his health, and ultimately his life, became a sacrifice.
He was most commonly known as the "Old Secretary;"
discreet, indefatigable, ingenuous, fearless -- an officer in
whom every man had confidence, and by whom no man was
deceived. -- The generous and accomplished Tilghman, --
the amiable and chivalric Meade, with whom Hamilton was
a welcome associate, and became Washington's "principal
and most confidential aid. "
The intercourse of his staff was of the happiest kind; and
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? 64 THE LIFE OF
the fact related by Lafayette, that, during a familiar asso-
ciation of five years, not an instance of disagreement oc-
curred, is a remarkable evidence of the tone of feeling
which prevailed.
Harrison, who was much the elder, treated Hamilton with
parental kindness, and soon after he had entered the family,
gave him the epithet of " The Little Lion," a term of en-
dearment by which he was familiarly known among his
bosom friends to the close of his life.
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? HAMILTON. 65
CHAPTER V.
[1777. ]
On his appointment to the staff of Washington, Colonel
Hamilton, immediately after his recovery from a very se-
vere indisposition,induced by the hardships of the campaign,
wrote to the New-York convention, apprizing them of his
change of situation, and suggesting the transfer of his com-
pany to the continental establishment.
A reply was received from Messrs. Morris and Allison,
announcing "that they had been appointed a committee of
the New-York convention, to correspond with him at head
quarters," and concurring in his suggestion, as to the dis-
posal of his company. A long and interesting correspond-
ence ensued, parts of which will be presented in their ap-
propriate connexion.
Having served with distinction through the most arduous
campaign of the revolution, and having thus entitled him-
self to rapid promotion in the line of the army, Hamilton
hesitated much before he consented to relinquish this pros-
pect for a place in the staff. His high sense of personal
independence, had already induced him to decline a similar
invitation from two general officers; but influenced by the
reputation of the commander-in-chief, he relinquished his
objections, and entered upon the discharge of his duties
with all the devotion due to his early and illustrious friend.
This larger and more appropriate sphere of action, gave
to his mind not only a wider but a loftier range. He was
called, not merely to execute subordinate parts, but to assist
in planning campaigns, in devising means to support them,
in corresponding with the different members of this exten-
sive empire, and in introducing order and harmony into the
general system.
vol,, i. 9
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? 66 TIIS LIFE OF
The situation of an aid-de-camp to the commander-in-
chief, from the position in which he stood, was among the
most arduous that can be imagined. The pressure of the
correspondence was that which the general principally felt;
and in the selection of the members of his staff, "as to mi-
litary knowledge," he says in a letter to Colonel Harrison,
of the 9th of January, 1777, "I do not expect to find gen-
tlemen much skilled in it; if they can write a good letter,
write quick, are methodical and diligent, it is all I expect
to find in my aids. " And in a subsequent letter to congress,*
calling for additional assistance, he remarks "the business
that has given constant exercise to the pen of my secretary,
and not only frequently, but always, to those of my aids-de-
camp, has rendered it impracticable for the former to regis-
ter the copies of my letters, instructions, &c. in books; by
which means, valuable documents, which may be of equal
public utility and private satisfaction, remain in loose sheets,
and in the rough manner in which they were first drawn. "
The principal labour of the correspondence fell upon
Colonel Harrison; and even to a limited knowledge of its
extent, it is surprising how much and how well it was per-
formed. Soon habituated to the mind of the commander-
in-chief, with the brief memoranda which were before him,
he seized upon his thoughts, and though in a style perhaps
too diffuse, and sometimes hurried, placed them in a most
perspicuous light. Tilghman's style partook more of the
character of his sprightly temper. His sentences were
brief and simple, giving results rather than the processes
by which they were reached, and might often be supposed
to have been written on the drum-head, but still always
breathing throughout a general air of elegance. The more
elaborate and important communications, which did not
* Dated New-Windsor, April 4th, 1781, -- Addressed to the President of
Congress.
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? HAMILTON. 67
proceed from the commander-in-chief, devolved upon
Hamilton.
Soon after he had entered the General's family, having
closed a correspondence with Governor Livingston as to
the punishment of disaffected persons, he was called upon
to serve him in that line in which he had become most con-
spicuous. Amid the various high duties which engrossed
his cares, the attention of Washington was at this time par-
ticularly directed to a negotiation with the enemy relative
to the exchange of prisoners, -- a matter always of difficult
adjustment, and arousing much national feeling; but in a
civil war, such as this, where the policy of England was
closely adhered to, of treating it as a rebellion, attended
with peculiar embarrassments.
The capture of St. Johns, in the preceding autumn, first
invited the cares of congress to this interesting object. In
a spirit not less dictated by a liberal view of the interests
of nations at war, than by the humanity which is due to the
subjects of its calamities, but which is so often forgotten,
they immediately directed an equal exchange of prisoners,
which was followed by successive resolutions, giving them
a choice of residence; directing them to be treated with
kindness; making the same provision for them as for their
own troops; appointing a commissioned officer to protect
them from neglect; and assigning the punctual payment of
their allowance as the especial duty of the president of each
state convention, or of the speakers of the assemblies.
These regulations were strictly enforced, and every in-
stance of inattention promptly redressed.
The measures taken by the commander-in-chief had cor-
responded fully with the intentions of congress, and from
the commencement until the close of the contest, under the
most trying circumstances, he sought every opportunity of
adding to the valour of the American arms, the lustre of
humanity.
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? 68 THE LIFE OF
An opposite line of conduct had been adopted by the
enemy, and the greatest indignation had been excited by
the recitals which were made of the indignities suffered by
those Americans who had fallen into their hands.
In the hope of establishing a general principle of ex-
change, a negotiation had been opened with General Howe,
before the commencement of the preceding campaign, to
which he had acceded; but, in his career of success, look-
ing to an early triumph, this agreement had been departed
from, and difficulty after difficulty arose in its execution.
The treatment of the prisoners who capitulated at Fort
Washington, had been keenly felt at head quarters, and had
quickened Washington's anxiety to remove all artificial ob-
stacles; but the circumstance which at this time chiefly
interested him, was the situation of General Lee, who had
been captured at Baskenridge, by Colonel Harcourt, and
carried to New-York. On learning this event, congress
offered in exchange six field officers of inferior rank, one
of whom was Colonel Campbell. This proposition was
rejected, and General Lee was placed in close confinement,
with an intimation that his treatment would be different
from that usual towards prisoners of war.
Congress, indignant at this procedure, immediately order-
ed Colonel Campbell and the Hessian officers into close
custody, and threatened retaliation for every indignity of-
fered to the American prisoners.
These decisive measures alarmed the enemy, and on the
third of April, 1777, Lord Cornwallis enclosed to General
Washington a letter from Colonel Walcott, which was al-
leged to have been previously delivered to Colonel Harri-
son, but had not been received.
The temper displayed by the English commissioner evin-
ced little disposition to produce a favourable issue. It
seemed rather to have been his design to indulge in a tone
of arrogant crimination of the American army, and im-
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? HAMILTON. 69
peachment of the integrity of Washington's motives, than
to promote an object mutually desirable, and was conduct-
ed in a spirit even more objectionable than that which had
marked the correspondence of the preceding year.
The importance of meeting these charges was strongly
felt, and the task of vindicating the course which had been
adopted, was imposed on Colonel Hamilton. "The pen
for our army," says Troup, "was held by Hamilton; and
for dignity of manner, pith of matter, and elegance of
style, General Washington's letters are unrivalled in mili-
tary annals. "
The effort to establish a cartel failed, in consequence of
the determination of Howe not to include Lee within the
class of American prisoners; and these unfortunate men
were compelled still to endure the privations to which they
had been subject; but the negotiation itself was attended
with flattering circumstances. The correspondence in-
creased the esteem in which the American character was
held in Europe; and their friends proudly referred to it as
another evidence that they were not less accomplished with
the pen than with the sword.
When the season for military operations opened, the
greatest anxiety pervaded the United States as to the
course of policy which would be adopted by the enemy.
The concentration of an army in the north, and the ob-
vious policy of seizing the passes in the Highlands, seemed
to indicate them as the first object, not only because the
campaign might be commenced earlier than in Pennsylva-
nia, as the army would in one case move by water, but
having the command of the Hudson, they might, by taking
advantage of a southerly wind, run up that river in a few
hours, destroy the boats which had been provided on its
banks, thus prevent Washington's army from crossing until
they had marched to Albany, and, after ravaging the state
of New-York, enter Connecticut on the western side, where
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? 70 THE LIFE OF
the disaffection of a part of the people would ensure them
many friends.
This course had also been indicated in the instructions
from Great Britain, which directed a portion of the British
fleet to be employed in making a diversion on the coast of
New-England, and thus perhaps compel her to withdraw a
part of her troops composing the northern army, and cer-
tainly check the progress of enlistment.
An expedition to Peekskill, late in March, (a post at the
foot of the Highlands,) under the command of General
McDougal, where large munitions of war were supposed to
be, and which the gallantry of Colonel Willet prevented
from being more disastrous ;-- the destruction of the stores
at Danbury, where the intrepid Wooster fell, and the move-
ment of the enemy towards Amboy, all conspired to con-
firm this supposition. To meet this event, the Convention
of New-York strained every nerve, having authorized Go-
vernor Clinton, to whom the security of the Highlands had
been entrusted, to make such drafts from the militia as he
might deem necessary, by whose orders every third man
was drawn from the southern, and every fifth man from the
northern counties. And, indeed, at no other moment were
the duties of patriotism more urgent in that quarter. Of
the fourteen counties of New-York, five, and a part of a
sixth, were at this time in the possession of the enemy; a
single galley was riding the Hudson triumphant and unmo-
lested; the militia, harassed with repeated calls, had, in
some instances refused to march until the Convention or-
dered the recusants to be fired upon, and serious appre-
hensions were entertained that the interior of the state
would soon be lighted up with the fires of the savages, who
were moving from their coverts.
These appalling circumstances rendered the committee
of the Convention exceedingly anxious for intelligence as to
the designs of the enemy; and an active correspondence
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? HAMILTON. 71
was kept up with Colonel Hamilton. The following letter
in reply to one from Robert R. Livingston, since so distin-
guished in the history of his country, in behalf of that body,
mentioning the arrival of a vessel with arms from France,
and their having authorized a draught of militia to meet an
apprehended descent of the enemy high on the banks of the
Hudson, to destroy the boats provided for the army, will
indicate the appearances at this time.
HAMILTON TO A COMMITTEE OP THE PROVINCIAL
CONGRESS.
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 5th, 1777.
Gentlemen:
Since my last I have had the pleasure of receiving your
reply to my two favours of 29th ultimo and 2d current. I
am happy enough to be able to inform you, that my indis-
position, which was the occasion of my brevity when I last
wrote, is now removed.
The opinion I advanced respecting the enemy's not mov-
ing before the beginning of May, seems to be shaken, though
not entirely overthrown, by some present appearances. We
have received information, that they are embarking about
three thousand men on board of transports, which are lying
at the Hook, by way of Staten Island. This, it is conjec-
tured, is with a view to the Delaware; and the supposition
is confirmed, by the circumstance of a confederacy lately
detected at Philadelphia, who, among other things, were
endeavouring, by the temptation of fifty pounds, to engage
persons as pilots up that river. The extreme difficulties
they must labour under for want of forage, and the infinite
hazard they must run by moving with a small body of about
five thousand men, with an enemy in the rear, incapable of
sparing any considerable body of troops to form a post be-
hind, and be an asylum to them in case of accident, -- these
circumstances will hardly allow me to think they will be
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? 72 THE LIFE OF
daring enough to make the attempt at this time. But on
the other hand, as they know we are in a progressive state
as to numbers, and other matters of importance, and as they
have no prospect of early reinforcement, and are in a state
of uncertainty as to any, from the bustling aspect of Euro-
pean affairs, it is probable they may conceive a necessity of
making a push at all risks. Perhaps, however, this embar-
kation is intended for some other purpose; to make a di-
version, or execute some partizan exploit elsewhere. On
the whole, I find it difficult to believe they are yet ready
for any capital operation.
As to your apprehensions of an attempt up the North
river, I imagine you may discard any uneasiness on that
score, although it will be at all times advisable to be on the
watch against such a contingency, it is al most reduced to a cer-
tainty, that the principal views of the enemy in the ensuing
campaign will be directed towards the southward, and to
Philadelphia more immediately; of which idea, the disco-
very before mentioned, with respect to pilots, is no incon-
siderable confirmation. Philadelphia is an object calcu-
lated to strike and attract their attention. It has all along
been the main source of supplies towards the war, and the
getting it into their possession would deprive us of a wheel
we could very badly spare, in the great political and mili-
tary machine. They are sensible of this, and are equally
sensible, that it contains in itself, and is surrounded by a
prodigious number of persons attached to them, and inimi-
cal to us, who would lend them all the assistance they could
in the further prosecution of their designs. It is also a
common and well-grounded rule in war, to strike first and
principally at the capital towns and cities, in order to the
conquest of a country.
At this time, the popular commotions became frequent;
the royalists who had fled from the other colonies to New-
York for safety, were compelled to leave it; and such was
the distempered state of feeling, that Tryon, the last royal
governor, a man of intrepid courage, fearful of his life, took
refuge on board the Halifax packet, whence he issued his
disregarded mandates.
The press of Rivington, the tory printer, was the last ob-
ject of attack. By occasionally printing for the popular
side, he had preserved some appearance of neutrality, but
as the controversy ripened, he took a decided part with the
royalists. On the twenty-third of November, a party of
horse from Connecticut, under the command of Sears, ap-
peared in the city, with the avowed design of destroying
his press. Heading the mob, they proceeded in the dusk
of evening to rifle its contents. Hamilton again appeared
the advocate of order, and relying on his former success,
renewed his appeals to the discretion of the citizens, and,
indignant at the encroachment of unlicensed troops from
another colony, offered to join in opposition to the intruders,
and check their progress. His exhortation was unsuccess-
ful. The outrage was perpetrated, but his interference
was not without happy consequences. It elevated him
still more in the estimation of the patriots, who saw in his
love of order and respect for the authority of the laws, as-
surances of those high qualities which, rising above the wild
uproar of the times, disdained to win popularity from popu-
lar delusion.
VOl. I.
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? CHAPTER IV.
During the winter of seventeen hundred and seventy-
six, while England was making a powerful effort for the
subjugation of her colonies, and an act of parliament had
been passed declaring them in open rebellion, the general
congress were chiefly occupied with measures to repair
the losses that attended the northern campaign, which, after
the most arduous exertions, had terminated with the fall of
Montgomery, before the walls of Quebec ; an event which,
from the recollection of the death of Wolfe, the heroism of
the attempt, the immense efforts which had been made,
and the hardships encountered, deeply engaged the sym-
pathies of his countrymen, and caused his loss to be de-
plored as a great national calamity. *
The failure of this expedition changed the whole aspect
of affairs. Instead of securing the co-operation of the Ca-
nadas, and presenting to the enemy an unbroken line of
hostility, the utmost exertions were requisite to maintain
the posts which had been won with so much gallantry in
the preceding spring, to suppress the disaffection that eagerly
displayed itself, and to prevent a junction of the forces of
the enemy, which must have left the larger portion of the
colonies an easy and unassisted prey to their overwhelming
numbers.
Hamilton, during the previous winter, foreseeing that the
course of events must soon lead to an open rupture, deter-
mined to apply himself to the study of arms, and before any
steps were taken to organize a regular force, had by great
* It was announced in these words, -- " Weep, America! for tho<< hast
lost one of thy most virtuous and bravest sons. "
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? 52 THE LIFE OF
assiduity, made such progress as books and the instruction
of a British bombardier could give him in pyrotechnics and
gunnery.
The convention of New-York having determined to aug-
ment its military establishment, among other arrangements
ordered a company of artillery to be raised. * Hamilton
seized this opportunity to enter the service, and was recom-
mended to the convention by his friend McDougal, who
had been appointed colonel of the first regiment raised in
the province. A doubt having been intimated of his know-
ledge of that branch of arms, McDougal proposed that he
should undergo an examination, and on a certificate being
given of his competency, he was appointed, on the four-
teenth day of March, seventeen hundred and seventy-six,
"Captain of the Provincial Company of Artillery," and
within a short time after was directed to guard the records
of the colony. "Hamilton," says Mulligan, by whom he
was aided, "recruited his men, and with the remnant of the
second and last remittance which he received from Santa
Cruz, equipped them. He attended to their drill and his
other duties with a degree of zeal and diligence which soon
made his company conspicuous for their appearance, and
the regularity of their movements. "
His first lieutenant having been transferred to another
command, he took this occasion to enforce, in a letter to
the convention, the policy of advancing officers in succes-
sion, in which he added, " I would beg the liberty warmly
to recommend to your attention the first sergeant in my
company, -- a man highly deserving notice and preferment.
He has discharged his duty in his present station with un-
common fidelity, assiduity, and expertness; he is a very
good disciplinarian, possesses the advantage of having seen
a good deal of service in Germany, and has a tolerable share
* January 6,1776.
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? HAMILTON. 53
of common sense. In a word, I verily believe he will make
an excellent lieutenant, and his advancement will be a
great encouragement and benefit to my company in parti-
cular, and will be an animating example to all men of merit
to whose knowledge it comes. " Hamilton, in this sugges-
tion, paid a debt of gratitude, and, at the same time, incul-
cated a measure, the efficacy of which was demonstrated
in various instances.
The convention adopted the suggestion. The brave
bombardier was promoted to a lieutenancy, and rising to
the command of a company, Captain Thomson fell at the
battle of Springfield, at the head of his men, after gallantly
repulsing a desperate charge of the enemy. A general
resolution was at the same time published by the conven-
tion, assuring " promotion to such privates and non-commis-
sioned officers as should distinguish themselves. " Captain
Hamilton seems not to have permitted the duties of his pro-
fession to divert him wholly from the course of study in
which he had been engaged. His military books of this
period give an interesting exhibition of his train of thought.
In the pay book of his company, amid various general spe-
culations and extracts from the ancients, chiefly relating to
politics and war, are intermingled tables of political arith-
metic, considerations on commerce, the value of the rela-
tive productions which are its objects, the balance of trade,
the progress of population, and the principles on which de-
pend the value of a circulating medium; and among his
papers, there remains a carefully digested outline of a plan
for the political and commercial history of British Ameri-
ca, compiled at this time.
Thus a fund of knowledge was early gathered by him,
which his powerful intellect soon after applied to the con-
dition of the new republic, and rapidly matured into results
of extensive utility.
But the term of these studies was soon closed. The
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? 54 THE LIFE OF
independence of the American states was declared by con-
gress, and on the same day Lord Howe with his invading
army landed in the vicinity of New-York.
The heights of Brooklyn, a small village opposite New-
York, on the southern banks of the Sound, was the posi-
tion selected by General Lee to meet the first impression
of the enemy. Its natural advantages for defence were
not great. The extensive line of approach rendered a di-
vision of the defensive force unavoidable, and there was
little in its situation to prevent the expected battle being
fought on nearly equal terms, while the difficulty of retreat
filled the minds of the undisciplined troops with dismay.
Washington balanced between the dangers of this post,
and the alarming effects which he apprehended from a
surrender of New-York without an attempt at defence.
The British took advantage of the interval, and the battle
of Long Island ensued.
The result of this action proved the perilous position of
the army; and although the mode of its escape was a sub-
ject of commendation, yet the course of the engagement
and conduct of the troops disclosed to the eye of the com-
mander all the weakness and disorganized state of his forces,
and filled his mind with a sad presage of the future. In the
retreat, Captain Hamilton brought up the rear, having lost
his baggage and a field-piece.
An important question as to the course to be pursued
with regard to the city of New-York had meanwhile occu-
pied the mind of Washington. Was it to be destroyed or
not? The subsequent events of the war proved the impo-
licy of the national councils on this point; but the follow-
ing extract from a letter* of the commander-in chief to con-
gress shows, that in this decision he had no part.
"If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it
to stand as winter quarters for the enemy? They would
* September 2, 1776.
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? HAMILTON. 55
derive great convenience from it on the one hand, and much
property would be destroyed on the other. It is an im-
portant question, and will admit of but little time for deli-
beration. At present, I dare say, the enemy mean to pre-
serve it if they can. If congress should resolve upon the
destruction of it, the resolution should be kept a profound
secret, as the knowledge of it will make a capital change
in their plan. " Congress resolved to save the city. *
Immediately after the action, the Americans evacuated
the city of New-York, leaving a small force in the field-
works which hadbeen erected on the eminences that skirted
the Sound, opposite to which a portion of the British fleet
were soon after moored, to cover the approach of that part
of the troops which were ordered to take possession of the
city. "I recollect," says a survivor of the scene, "as though
it were yesterday, the day when the British fleet came up.
Fascines had been extended across the Broadway near the
Bowling Green, where the statue of Chatham was thrown
down. On the west side of the town the barricades were
built of a cargo of mahogany; but this was all a show to
keep up the spirits of the people; for I myself heard Ge-
neral Wooster laugh at the idea of defence.
"Along the shores of the Hudson were piled in little heaps,
by which the women and children were sitting, the gather-
ed furniture of the timid, who were anxiously but vainly
looking for the means of transportation from the opposite
shores of the Jersey. The half-armed militia were seen
parading in small parties through the streets, who, incensed
at the approach of the enemy, every now and then dischar-
ged a volley on some unfortunate tory who was skulking
away; while at intervals were heard the ringing of the
small brass pieces on the battery, which the two frigates
that passed up the Hudson hardly cared to answer. As the
* September 3.
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? 56 THE LIFE OF
boats came near, filled with soldiers, they were drawn by
the tide into the form of a crescent. I never saw so beau-
tiful a sight; the sun shone out bright, and the water was
without a ripple. "
The next position taken was the heights of Harlem, at
which place, says Benson, Hamilton first attracted the ob-
servant eye of Washington, who, on the inspection of the
works which he was engaged in throwing up, entered into
conversation with him, invited him to his marquee, and
formed a high estimate of his military capacity.
Captain Hamilton remained with the main army until
the battle of White Plains,* where Ms conduct was remark-
ed; whence, on the retreat of Washington to North Cas-
tle, and the advance of Knyphausen to Kingsbridge, he was
detached to cover a post in the neighbourhood of Fort
Washington. The fall of that fortress, which sealed the
fate of the city of New-York, and cut off so large a portion
of the army, awakened all the soldier's spirit in his breast;
and, after a careful observation of the post, he volunteered
to General Washington to storm it; saying, that if he
would confide to him an adequate number of men, one half
under the command of Major Stevens, f the residue of him-
self, he would promise him success. But the small num-
ber of the troops, and the position and strength of the ene-
my forbade this gallant enterprise, to which Hamilton was
encouraged by a knowledge of its defences, and by the ease
with which it had fallen.
After the British had crossed the Hudson, he succeeded
in joining the army on the west side of that river.
On the approach of the enemy, they retreated first to
Hackensack, and thence to Newark. Here Washington,
reinforced by Stirling's and Hand's brigades, called a coun-
cil of officers.
* October 28.
f The late General Ebenezer Stevens.
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? HAMILTON. 57
By some of the members it was urged to move the army
to Morristown, to form a junction with the northern troops,
who were winding along the mountains of Sussex; but
Washington and Greene concurred in the more hazardous
and intrepid determination, if possible, to make a stand at
Brunswick; but, at all events, to dispute the passage of the
Delaware.
After a short repose, with a force not exceeding three
thousand men, half clothed, many of them unarmed, with-
out cavalry to protect them from surprises, debilitated by
fatigue, and worn down by a series of disasters, Washing-
ton was compelled again to retire, closely pursued by a de-
tachment of eight thousand men under the command of
Lord Cornwallis. The Americans succeeded in making
an undisturbed retreat until they approached the vicinity
of New-Brunswick; there, as the rear of the American
levies crossed the Raritan, the van of the British came in
sight. The bridge having been destroyed, and knowing
that the river was fordable, Hamilton, while the army was
parading, planted his field-pieces on the high grounds which
command the river, and, by a spirited cannonade, aided in
checking the progress of the British, while Washington de-
camping after night-fall, reached Princeton on the morning
of the first of December.
"Well do I recollect the day," said a friend, "when Ha-
milton's company marched into Princeton. It was a model
of discipline; at their head was a boy, and I wondered at
his youth; but what was my surprise, when struck with his
diminutive figure, he was pointed out to me as that Hamil-
ton of whom we had already heard so much. "
He continued with his company, which, from the severity
of the weather, and its exposure in the brilliant enterprises
of Trenton and Princeton, was reduced to a fragment of five-
and-twenty men, until the establishment of head quarters
at Morristown, when, at the invitation of General Wash-
vol. i. 8
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? 58 THE LIFE OF
ington, on the first of March, seventeen hundred and seven-
ty-seven, he was appointed his aid-de-camp, with the rank
of lieutenant colonel.
The situation of New-Jersey during the progress of the
hostile armies, was more calamitous than that of any por-
tion of the country under all the trials of the revolution.
Its position between the two great central colonies of
America, had for a long time, protected it from the harass-
ing exposure to which the out settlements were subject, and
the great body of its people were pursuing their rural oc-
cupations in quiet and security.
With but little foreign commerce to feel directly the ex-
actions of Great Britain, and with few causes of internal
dissatisfaction with their governors, the spirit of resistance
which this colony evinced, is a remarkable evidence of the
rapid growth of popular sentiments. New-Jersey was, in
fact, as to any present evils, scarcely a party to the question
then in agitation; but there, as in other parts of America,
the love of liberty which had been cultivated in a few ge-
nerous bosoms,* quickened the mass of the people, and no
sooner was opposition aroused, than she was seen entrust-
ing her fortunes to committees and conventions, the great
instruments of political hostility.
But the ardour which had enkindled the inhabitants of
that colony, had neither anticipated nor prepared them for
the scenes in which they were so early to participate.
* The exertions of Mr. Alexander, (Lord Stirling,) were particularly con-
spicuous. At the beginning of the controversy, he was a member of the king's
council of that state, and his correspondence with the governor gives an amu-
sing view of that doubtful allegiance to the king and to the people which was
sought to be preserved and justified. He served through the war, and died
in 1783, when Washington, in a letter to congress, paid this high tribute to
his courage and patriotism, -- " The remarkable bravery, intelligence, and
promptitude of his lordship, to perform his duty as an officer, had endeared him
to the whole army, and now make his loss the more sincerely regretted. "--
Dated January 20, 1783.
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? HAMILTON. 59
The arrival of the British army in New-York seemed
hardly to have awakened them from their security; and
when the determination of Washington to cross the Hud-
son, threw upon them, of a sudden, the whole weight of war,
scenes of unmitigated suffering ensued.
In the track of the pursuing army bridges were broken
down, dwellings destroyed, granaries plundered, and even
the traces of the fugitives were seen printed on the snow
with their blood. While many fled before the enemy, the
condition of those who remained was doubly pitiable. Some
sought security in protections; intestine feuds followed; eve-
ry social feeling seemed to be suspended; and in the gene-
ral insecurity, suspicion was deemed a virtue. Straggling
bands of plunderers were seen stealing along the margin of
the water courses, and by the unfrequented roads. Parties
of horse, foraging at a distance, broke in, during the night,
upon the unhappy people who had taken shelter in the woods,
directed by the fires near which they were cowering. The
rich had removed their wives and children to New-Eng-
land, while the women of the poor were seized, flying in
terror to the interior, where, at the recital of the barbari-
ties they had endured, parties were formed, who came down
upon the disaffected with infuriated passions, to wreak ven-
geance for their wrongs. Even the friends of the cause
were compelled to wrestle with the famished American
soldiers for their secreted provisions.
Amidst all which, their patriotic governor was constantly
issuing mandates against disaffection, and giving to resist-
ance the stronger motive of religious duty. The places of
worship were deserted, and the clergy were seen inciting
the people to arms, thus rendering fiercer and more odious
the ferocious face of war.
The Americans, at the close of this campaign, were re-
duced to few more than twelve hundred troops, enlisted
for short terms of service, at the expiration of which, scarce-
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? 60 THE LIFE OF
ly an inducement could be offered for their re-enlistment.
The selection of the post at Morristown was, under these
circumstances, particularly eligible, and had been made at
the instance of the unfortunate St. Clair. Protected by
inaccessible heights and heavy forests from the approach
of any large body of the enemy, it had the advantage of
being almost equi-distant from Amboy, Newark, and New-
Brunswick, their principal positions, which were all held
in check, while it was secure of a retreat by various denles
in its rear, leading to a fertile and well-peopled country.
But deficient as was the army, if it may so be called, in
numbers, the severe campaign of the Jersies had produced
the happiest effect, in disclosing to the commander-in-chief
the character of his officers, and in drawing around him in
a common devotion to its cause, the most gallant patriots
of the country.
Surrounded by the greatest difficulties, they had them-
selves learned, and their example had taught the American
people the all-important lesson, that their enemy was not
invincible, and their common dangers had inspired a mutual
confidence, which, towards the person of their chief, rose to
the highest point of enthusiasm.
Indeed, in the long life of glory with which Washington
was blessed, this may be selected as the moment when his
popularity was greatest.
The reverses which had befallen
the army at the commencement of the campaign, had scarce-
ly left a hope for America short of unconditional submis-
sion; but when, in the language of Colonel Hamilton,*
"after escaping the grasp of a disciplined and victorious
enemy, this little band of patriots were seen skilfully avoid-
ing an engagement until they could contend with advan-
tage, and then, by the masterly enterprises of Trenton and
Princeton, cutting them up in detachments, rallying the
* Eulogium on General Greene.
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? HAMILTON. 61
scattered energies of the country, infusing terror into the
breasts of their invaders, and changing the whole tide and
fortune of the war," a general spirit of enthusiasm per-
vaded the nation, and every bosom swelled with gratitude
to Washington and his illustrious companions.
Among these, the reputation of General Greene de-
servedly stood highest.
Connected with every important movement of the main
army from the investment of Boston until this moment, he
displayed, in all its various difficulties, an unbending con-
stancy, a readiness of decision, a fertility of resource, and
a masterly self-possession, which proved him in every emi-
nent military qualification second to no other officer of the
army, and had given him an influence with the comman-
der-in-chief, which in the future incidents of the revolution,
was exerted most happily for the service. Of him it was
not less truly than eloquently said, "that he carried in his
native genius all the resources of war, and the balance of
every extreme of fortune. " His eminent and distinguished
excellence early attracted the respect of Colonel Hamilton;
an intimacy followed of the closest character; by none of
his comrades were the merits of General Greene more
fully understood, and, as will be seen in the future pages
of this work, by none could they have been more warmly
portrayed.
Next in rank to Greene was Major General Sullivan.
This gentleman having acquired an extensive reputation as
a lawyer in the colony of New-Hampshire, was elected to
represent it in the celebrated congress of seventy-four. In
this situation he commanded respect and confidence as a
man of firmness and intelligence; and having been re-
elected a delegate, on the selection of the general staff of
the army, Sullivan was appointed to the command of a bri-
gade, then on duty near Boston. Early in seventy-six. he re-
ceived orders for the northern army, with which he served
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? 62 thi lifi 01
until the approaching invasion of New-York, when he
again rejoined the main army, and was captured in the bat-
tle of Long Island. Immediately after his exchange, he re-
sumed his command, and in the action of Trenton, at the
head of the right wing, discovered equal gallantry and good
conduct. Of proverbial courage, quick apprehension, and
observing a scrupulous obedience to his instructions, he
was usually selected for stations which required deter-
mined intrepidity, and in no instance did he disappoint the
trust which was reposed in him.
The first regiment of artillery raised on the continental
establishment had been confided to Henry Knox, a native
of Boston, who, leaving a lucrative employment, joined the
army as a volunteer in the battle of Bunker's Hill. Alarmed
at the deficiency of ordnance which gave the enemy such
vast superiority, Knox, full of ardour, hastened to the Ca-
nadian frontier, where, by great personal exertions, he was
enabled in some measure to supply this essential want.
The enterprise he displayed in this instance received the
grateful approbation of the commander-in-chief. He was
appointed a colonel of artillery, and on the increase of that
corps obtained the rank of Major General.
Of great integrity, a sound understanding, and undaunt-
ed courage, he was soon classed among the individuals who
most deserved the public confidence; and on occasions
when the service was the more meritorious, because it was
necessarily secret, he was eminently useful. Frank, open,
and sincere, he won and preserved the regard of his bro-
ther officers, and could boast that which was alone a suffi-
cient passport to consideration, of being the man whom
"Washington loved. "
But the officer who at this time, next to Greene, pos-
sessed most the personal confidence of the commander,
was General John Cadwallader. This gentleman, formed
by education to adorn the most polished circles of society,
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? HAMILTON. 63
combined with a clear and vigorous understanding, a bold
spirit of enterprise and generosity of temper, which rose
above the difficulties of every situation, and inspired among
his followers the highest sense of personal attachment.
Hurried away by his ardour, he had suffered himself to
be taken a prisoner at the same time with General Sullivan.
His manly qualities made a strong impression in the camp
of the enemy, and great, but vain, exertions were used to in-
duce him to influence Washington in favour of conciliation.
On his liberation, he returned to the army; and in the bold
attempts to repulse the British from the borders of the De-
laware, he was entrusted with a most important and difficult
share in the enterprise. His merits soon forced him upon
the attention of Congress. At the close of the campaign he
was promoted to the command of a brigade, and continued
during a great part of the Revolution serving under the im-
mediate eye of Washington.
The gentlemen who at this time composed the personal
staff of the commander-in-chief were, Colonel Robert H.
Harrison, a native of Maryland, who at an early age
removed to Alexandria, where, as a member of the bar, he
was employed by Washington, who, soon after he took the
command at Cambridge, wrote him an urgent letter to join
the army, which he did, in the capacity of an aid-de-camp;
and, in the following year, was appointed his principal se-
cretary; to the performance of the arduous duties of which
office his health, and ultimately his life, became a sacrifice.
He was most commonly known as the "Old Secretary;"
discreet, indefatigable, ingenuous, fearless -- an officer in
whom every man had confidence, and by whom no man was
deceived. -- The generous and accomplished Tilghman, --
the amiable and chivalric Meade, with whom Hamilton was
a welcome associate, and became Washington's "principal
and most confidential aid. "
The intercourse of his staff was of the happiest kind; and
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? 64 THE LIFE OF
the fact related by Lafayette, that, during a familiar asso-
ciation of five years, not an instance of disagreement oc-
curred, is a remarkable evidence of the tone of feeling
which prevailed.
Harrison, who was much the elder, treated Hamilton with
parental kindness, and soon after he had entered the family,
gave him the epithet of " The Little Lion," a term of en-
dearment by which he was familiarly known among his
bosom friends to the close of his life.
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? HAMILTON. 65
CHAPTER V.
[1777. ]
On his appointment to the staff of Washington, Colonel
Hamilton, immediately after his recovery from a very se-
vere indisposition,induced by the hardships of the campaign,
wrote to the New-York convention, apprizing them of his
change of situation, and suggesting the transfer of his com-
pany to the continental establishment.
A reply was received from Messrs. Morris and Allison,
announcing "that they had been appointed a committee of
the New-York convention, to correspond with him at head
quarters," and concurring in his suggestion, as to the dis-
posal of his company. A long and interesting correspond-
ence ensued, parts of which will be presented in their ap-
propriate connexion.
Having served with distinction through the most arduous
campaign of the revolution, and having thus entitled him-
self to rapid promotion in the line of the army, Hamilton
hesitated much before he consented to relinquish this pros-
pect for a place in the staff. His high sense of personal
independence, had already induced him to decline a similar
invitation from two general officers; but influenced by the
reputation of the commander-in-chief, he relinquished his
objections, and entered upon the discharge of his duties
with all the devotion due to his early and illustrious friend.
This larger and more appropriate sphere of action, gave
to his mind not only a wider but a loftier range. He was
called, not merely to execute subordinate parts, but to assist
in planning campaigns, in devising means to support them,
in corresponding with the different members of this exten-
sive empire, and in introducing order and harmony into the
general system.
vol,, i. 9
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? 66 TIIS LIFE OF
The situation of an aid-de-camp to the commander-in-
chief, from the position in which he stood, was among the
most arduous that can be imagined. The pressure of the
correspondence was that which the general principally felt;
and in the selection of the members of his staff, "as to mi-
litary knowledge," he says in a letter to Colonel Harrison,
of the 9th of January, 1777, "I do not expect to find gen-
tlemen much skilled in it; if they can write a good letter,
write quick, are methodical and diligent, it is all I expect
to find in my aids. " And in a subsequent letter to congress,*
calling for additional assistance, he remarks "the business
that has given constant exercise to the pen of my secretary,
and not only frequently, but always, to those of my aids-de-
camp, has rendered it impracticable for the former to regis-
ter the copies of my letters, instructions, &c. in books; by
which means, valuable documents, which may be of equal
public utility and private satisfaction, remain in loose sheets,
and in the rough manner in which they were first drawn. "
The principal labour of the correspondence fell upon
Colonel Harrison; and even to a limited knowledge of its
extent, it is surprising how much and how well it was per-
formed. Soon habituated to the mind of the commander-
in-chief, with the brief memoranda which were before him,
he seized upon his thoughts, and though in a style perhaps
too diffuse, and sometimes hurried, placed them in a most
perspicuous light. Tilghman's style partook more of the
character of his sprightly temper. His sentences were
brief and simple, giving results rather than the processes
by which they were reached, and might often be supposed
to have been written on the drum-head, but still always
breathing throughout a general air of elegance. The more
elaborate and important communications, which did not
* Dated New-Windsor, April 4th, 1781, -- Addressed to the President of
Congress.
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? HAMILTON. 67
proceed from the commander-in-chief, devolved upon
Hamilton.
Soon after he had entered the General's family, having
closed a correspondence with Governor Livingston as to
the punishment of disaffected persons, he was called upon
to serve him in that line in which he had become most con-
spicuous. Amid the various high duties which engrossed
his cares, the attention of Washington was at this time par-
ticularly directed to a negotiation with the enemy relative
to the exchange of prisoners, -- a matter always of difficult
adjustment, and arousing much national feeling; but in a
civil war, such as this, where the policy of England was
closely adhered to, of treating it as a rebellion, attended
with peculiar embarrassments.
The capture of St. Johns, in the preceding autumn, first
invited the cares of congress to this interesting object. In
a spirit not less dictated by a liberal view of the interests
of nations at war, than by the humanity which is due to the
subjects of its calamities, but which is so often forgotten,
they immediately directed an equal exchange of prisoners,
which was followed by successive resolutions, giving them
a choice of residence; directing them to be treated with
kindness; making the same provision for them as for their
own troops; appointing a commissioned officer to protect
them from neglect; and assigning the punctual payment of
their allowance as the especial duty of the president of each
state convention, or of the speakers of the assemblies.
These regulations were strictly enforced, and every in-
stance of inattention promptly redressed.
The measures taken by the commander-in-chief had cor-
responded fully with the intentions of congress, and from
the commencement until the close of the contest, under the
most trying circumstances, he sought every opportunity of
adding to the valour of the American arms, the lustre of
humanity.
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? 68 THE LIFE OF
An opposite line of conduct had been adopted by the
enemy, and the greatest indignation had been excited by
the recitals which were made of the indignities suffered by
those Americans who had fallen into their hands.
In the hope of establishing a general principle of ex-
change, a negotiation had been opened with General Howe,
before the commencement of the preceding campaign, to
which he had acceded; but, in his career of success, look-
ing to an early triumph, this agreement had been departed
from, and difficulty after difficulty arose in its execution.
The treatment of the prisoners who capitulated at Fort
Washington, had been keenly felt at head quarters, and had
quickened Washington's anxiety to remove all artificial ob-
stacles; but the circumstance which at this time chiefly
interested him, was the situation of General Lee, who had
been captured at Baskenridge, by Colonel Harcourt, and
carried to New-York. On learning this event, congress
offered in exchange six field officers of inferior rank, one
of whom was Colonel Campbell. This proposition was
rejected, and General Lee was placed in close confinement,
with an intimation that his treatment would be different
from that usual towards prisoners of war.
Congress, indignant at this procedure, immediately order-
ed Colonel Campbell and the Hessian officers into close
custody, and threatened retaliation for every indignity of-
fered to the American prisoners.
These decisive measures alarmed the enemy, and on the
third of April, 1777, Lord Cornwallis enclosed to General
Washington a letter from Colonel Walcott, which was al-
leged to have been previously delivered to Colonel Harri-
son, but had not been received.
The temper displayed by the English commissioner evin-
ced little disposition to produce a favourable issue. It
seemed rather to have been his design to indulge in a tone
of arrogant crimination of the American army, and im-
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? HAMILTON. 69
peachment of the integrity of Washington's motives, than
to promote an object mutually desirable, and was conduct-
ed in a spirit even more objectionable than that which had
marked the correspondence of the preceding year.
The importance of meeting these charges was strongly
felt, and the task of vindicating the course which had been
adopted, was imposed on Colonel Hamilton. "The pen
for our army," says Troup, "was held by Hamilton; and
for dignity of manner, pith of matter, and elegance of
style, General Washington's letters are unrivalled in mili-
tary annals. "
The effort to establish a cartel failed, in consequence of
the determination of Howe not to include Lee within the
class of American prisoners; and these unfortunate men
were compelled still to endure the privations to which they
had been subject; but the negotiation itself was attended
with flattering circumstances. The correspondence in-
creased the esteem in which the American character was
held in Europe; and their friends proudly referred to it as
another evidence that they were not less accomplished with
the pen than with the sword.
When the season for military operations opened, the
greatest anxiety pervaded the United States as to the
course of policy which would be adopted by the enemy.
The concentration of an army in the north, and the ob-
vious policy of seizing the passes in the Highlands, seemed
to indicate them as the first object, not only because the
campaign might be commenced earlier than in Pennsylva-
nia, as the army would in one case move by water, but
having the command of the Hudson, they might, by taking
advantage of a southerly wind, run up that river in a few
hours, destroy the boats which had been provided on its
banks, thus prevent Washington's army from crossing until
they had marched to Albany, and, after ravaging the state
of New-York, enter Connecticut on the western side, where
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? 70 THE LIFE OF
the disaffection of a part of the people would ensure them
many friends.
This course had also been indicated in the instructions
from Great Britain, which directed a portion of the British
fleet to be employed in making a diversion on the coast of
New-England, and thus perhaps compel her to withdraw a
part of her troops composing the northern army, and cer-
tainly check the progress of enlistment.
An expedition to Peekskill, late in March, (a post at the
foot of the Highlands,) under the command of General
McDougal, where large munitions of war were supposed to
be, and which the gallantry of Colonel Willet prevented
from being more disastrous ;-- the destruction of the stores
at Danbury, where the intrepid Wooster fell, and the move-
ment of the enemy towards Amboy, all conspired to con-
firm this supposition. To meet this event, the Convention
of New-York strained every nerve, having authorized Go-
vernor Clinton, to whom the security of the Highlands had
been entrusted, to make such drafts from the militia as he
might deem necessary, by whose orders every third man
was drawn from the southern, and every fifth man from the
northern counties. And, indeed, at no other moment were
the duties of patriotism more urgent in that quarter. Of
the fourteen counties of New-York, five, and a part of a
sixth, were at this time in the possession of the enemy; a
single galley was riding the Hudson triumphant and unmo-
lested; the militia, harassed with repeated calls, had, in
some instances refused to march until the Convention or-
dered the recusants to be fired upon, and serious appre-
hensions were entertained that the interior of the state
would soon be lighted up with the fires of the savages, who
were moving from their coverts.
These appalling circumstances rendered the committee
of the Convention exceedingly anxious for intelligence as to
the designs of the enemy; and an active correspondence
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? HAMILTON. 71
was kept up with Colonel Hamilton. The following letter
in reply to one from Robert R. Livingston, since so distin-
guished in the history of his country, in behalf of that body,
mentioning the arrival of a vessel with arms from France,
and their having authorized a draught of militia to meet an
apprehended descent of the enemy high on the banks of the
Hudson, to destroy the boats provided for the army, will
indicate the appearances at this time.
HAMILTON TO A COMMITTEE OP THE PROVINCIAL
CONGRESS.
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 5th, 1777.
Gentlemen:
Since my last I have had the pleasure of receiving your
reply to my two favours of 29th ultimo and 2d current. I
am happy enough to be able to inform you, that my indis-
position, which was the occasion of my brevity when I last
wrote, is now removed.
The opinion I advanced respecting the enemy's not mov-
ing before the beginning of May, seems to be shaken, though
not entirely overthrown, by some present appearances. We
have received information, that they are embarking about
three thousand men on board of transports, which are lying
at the Hook, by way of Staten Island. This, it is conjec-
tured, is with a view to the Delaware; and the supposition
is confirmed, by the circumstance of a confederacy lately
detected at Philadelphia, who, among other things, were
endeavouring, by the temptation of fifty pounds, to engage
persons as pilots up that river. The extreme difficulties
they must labour under for want of forage, and the infinite
hazard they must run by moving with a small body of about
five thousand men, with an enemy in the rear, incapable of
sparing any considerable body of troops to form a post be-
hind, and be an asylum to them in case of accident, -- these
circumstances will hardly allow me to think they will be
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? 72 THE LIFE OF
daring enough to make the attempt at this time. But on
the other hand, as they know we are in a progressive state
as to numbers, and other matters of importance, and as they
have no prospect of early reinforcement, and are in a state
of uncertainty as to any, from the bustling aspect of Euro-
pean affairs, it is probable they may conceive a necessity of
making a push at all risks. Perhaps, however, this embar-
kation is intended for some other purpose; to make a di-
version, or execute some partizan exploit elsewhere. On
the whole, I find it difficult to believe they are yet ready
for any capital operation.
As to your apprehensions of an attempt up the North
river, I imagine you may discard any uneasiness on that
score, although it will be at all times advisable to be on the
watch against such a contingency, it is al most reduced to a cer-
tainty, that the principal views of the enemy in the ensuing
campaign will be directed towards the southward, and to
Philadelphia more immediately; of which idea, the disco-
very before mentioned, with respect to pilots, is no incon-
siderable confirmation. Philadelphia is an object calcu-
lated to strike and attract their attention. It has all along
been the main source of supplies towards the war, and the
getting it into their possession would deprive us of a wheel
we could very badly spare, in the great political and mili-
tary machine. They are sensible of this, and are equally
sensible, that it contains in itself, and is surrounded by a
prodigious number of persons attached to them, and inimi-
cal to us, who would lend them all the assistance they could
in the further prosecution of their designs. It is also a
common and well-grounded rule in war, to strike first and
principally at the capital towns and cities, in order to the
conquest of a country.
