No More Learning

The phrase has been misunder-
95, with his constant colleague, Q. Scaevola, the stood by Drumann.
66


## p. 881 (#901) ############################################

CRASSUS.
831
CRASSUS.
:منان
:
idleness, and calculated rather to encourge effron- | excel himself in the vchemence of his assault upon
tery than to sharpen intellect. He thought that the consul. Philippus was so irritated by his
the Latins in almost every valuable acquirement bitter words, that he ordered his lictor to seize
excelled the Grecks, and was displeased to see his some of the goods of Crassus by way of pledge,
countrymen stoop to an inferior imitation of Gre- a strong measure, adopted usually by the highest
cinn customs. The censors suppressed the schools magistrates to constrain the performance of public
by a proclamation, which may be found in the duties, or to punish contumacious contempt of
Dialogue de Oratoribus and in Gellius (xv. 11), public authority. Crassus repelled the lictor, and
and deserves to be referred to as an example of the said that he could not respect the character of con-
form of a censorian edict. Though the two cen- sul in a man who refused to trea him as a senator.
sors concurred in this measure, they were men of “ If you want to restrain me, it will not do to
very different habits and tempers, and passed the seize my goods. * You must tear out this tongue.
period of their office in strife and discord. Crassus Even then, with my very breath I will continue
was fond of elegance and luxury. He had a house to denounce your lawless conduct. " At his dicta-
upon the Palatium, which, though it yielded in tion a vote of the scnate was passed by which they
magnificence to the mansion of Q. Catulus upon the vindicated their own patriotisni; but the passionaie
same hill, and was considerably inferior to that of vehemence of this contention shattered his health
C. Aquilius upon the Viminal, was remarkable for and brought on a fever. He returned to his
its size, the taste of its furniture, and the beauty dwelling, was seized with a shivering fit, and in
of its grounds. It was adorned with pillars of seven days was dead.
II y mettinn marble, with expensive vases, and tri- Such was the end of one of the greatest orators
clinia inlaid with brass. He had two goblets, that Rome ever produced. In an age abounding
carved by the band of Men which served rather with orators he stood pre-eminent. (Vell. Pat. ii. 9. )
for ornament than for use. His gardens were The rougher style of Coruncanius, Cato, and the
provided with fish-ponds, and some noble lotus- Gracchi, had been succeeded by a medium style,
trees shaded his walks with their ample foliage. which, without sacrificing strength to artificial
Ahenobarbus, his colleague, found fault with such rules, was more polished and ornamented. His
corruption of manners (Plin. H. N. xvii. 1), esti- sentences were short and well-turned. In debate
mated his house at à hundred million (sester- he was self-possessed and pertinacious, and his
tium millies), or according to Valerius Maximus lively wit gave a peculiar zest to his reply. He
(ix. 1. $ 4) six million (seragies sestertio) sester-employed words in common use, but he always em-
ces, and complained of his crying for the loss of a ployed the best and most proper words. His
lamprey, as if it had been a daughter. It was a mode of stating his facts and arguments was
tame lamprey, which used to come at the call of wonderfully clear and concise. Though peror-
Crassus, and feed out of his hand. Crassus made a natus, be was perbrevis. In early life he had dis-
public speech against his colleague, and by his ciplined his taste by the excellent practice of care-
great powers of ridicule, turned him into derision ; fully translating into Latin the most celebrated
jested upon his name (Sueton. Nero, 2), and to the specimens of Grecian eloquence. In the treatise
accusation of weeping for a lamprey, replied, that De Oratore, Cicero introduces him as one of the
it was more than Ahenobarbus had done upon the principal speakers, and he is understood to express
loss of any of his three wives. (Aelian, Hist. Cicero's own sentiments. Few of his speeches
Anim. viii
. 4. ) On many occasions, he availed were preserved in writing, and of those few the
himself of his power of exciting a laugh against his greater part, if we may judge from the fragments
opponent (Cic. de Or. ii. 59, 60, 70), and was not that remain, consisted of senatorial orations and
scrupulous as to the mode. Thus, though he care- harangues to the people. His chief excellence
fully avoided everything that might impair his own seems to have lain in this style rather than in ju-
dignity, and might seem to his audience to savour dicial oratory; yet, in the judgment of Cicero, he
of buffoonery, he sometimes jested upon personal was eloquentium jurisperitissimus. (Guil. Grotius,
deformities, as may be seen by reference to his sally de Vit. JCtorum, i. 7. Ø 9; Meyer, Oratorum
upon L. Aelius Lámia in his speech for C. Aculeo Romanorum Fragmenta, pp. 291—317 ; Drumann,
(Cic. de Or. ii. 65), and his answer to the trouble- Gesch. Roms. iv. p. 62. )
some witness, as reported by Pliny. (H. N. xxxv. 24 and 25. Licinia. (LICINIA. ]
4. ) Shortly before his death, he spoke in favour 26. L. Licinius Crassus Scipio, grandson of
of Cn. Plancus in opposition to the charge of M. Crassus the orator (No. 23), one of whose daugh-
Junius Brutus the Accuser. [BRUTUS, No. 14. ] ters married his father P. Scipio Nasica, who was
Brutus, in allusion to his fine house and effeminate praetor, B. C. 94. His grandfather, having no son,
manners, called him the Palatine Venus, and adopted him by his testament, and made him heir
taunted him with political inconsistency for de- to his property. (Cic. Brut. 58; Plin. H. N.
preciating the senate in his speech for the Nar: xxxiv. 3. s. 8. )
bonese colony, and flattering that body in his 27. LICINIUS CRASSUS Dives, of uncertain
speech for the lex Servilia. The successful repar. pedigree, was praetor in B. C. 59, when L. Vet-
tee of Crassus is well known from being recorded tius was accused before him of conspiracy against
by Cicero (de Orat. ii. 5t, pro Cluent. 51) and the life of Pompey. (Cic. ad Att. ii. 24. § 2. )
Quintilian (vi. 3. § 44). His last speech was
delivered in the senate in B. c. 91, against L. Mar-
cius Philippus, the consul, an enemy of the opti- * “ Non tibi illa sunt caedenda. " (Cic. de Or.
mates. Philippus, in opposing the measures of iii. 1. ) Caedenda bere implies scizure not sale.
M. Livius Drusus, imprudently asked how, with It is probable that, as a symbol of taking legal
such a senate, it was possible to carry on the go possession, the officer struck the goods, or marked
vernment of the commonwealth. Crassus fixed them with notches, and that the ceremony was
upon this expression, and on that day seemed to analogous to the manus injectio in personal arrest.
ses
rega
of
31


## p. 882 (#902) ############################################

882
CRASSUS
CRATERUS.
It has been conjectured that his praenomen was
3. C. Pasirius Crassus was consul in B. C.
Publius, and that he was identical with No. 18. 430 with L. Julius Julus. These consuls disco-
28. P. Licinius Crassus, was practor in B. C. rered, by treaclierous means, that the tribunes of
57, and favoured Cicero's return from exile. the people intended to bring forward a bill on the
(Cic. post. Redit. in Sen. 9. ) Orelli (Onom. Tull. ) aestimatio multarum, and in order to anticipate the
thinks that the name affords evidence of the spu- favour which the tribunes thereby were likely to
riousness of the speech in which it is found. gain with the people, the consuls themselves pro-
29. P. Crassus JUNIANUS, one of the gens posed and carried the law. (Liv. iv. 30; Cic. de
Junia, adopted by some LICINIUS Crassus. Re Publ. ii. 35; Diod. xii. 72. )
His name appears on coins. (Spanh. ii. pp. 104, 4. C. PAPIRIUS CRASSUS was consular tribune
179; Eckhel. v. pp. 153, 154, 233. ) He was in B. c. 384. (Liv, vi. 18. )
tribune of the plebs in B. c. 51, and a friend 5. Sp. Papirius Crassus, consular tribune in
of Cicero. (Cic. ad Qu. Fr. iii. 8. 3. ) In the B. C. 382. He and L.
Papirius Crassus, one of
civil war he fought for Pompey, and served with his collcagies, led an amy against Velitrae, and
the title legatus propraetore under Metellus Scipio fought with success against that town and its allics,
in Africa, where, after the battle of Thapsus, he the Praenestines. (Liv. vi. 22. )
made his escape to the sca. (Plut. Cato Maj. 70,fin. ) 6. L. Papirius Crassus, consular tribune in
30. M. Licinius Crassus MUCIANUS. [MU. B. C. 382, and again in B. C. 376. (Livy, vi. 22;
CIANUS. ]
Diod. xv. 71. )
The annexed coin of the Licinia gens is the one 7. L. PAPIRIUS CRASSUS, consular tribune in
referred to vi p. 879, b. , and supposed to have been B. C. 368. (Liv, vi. 38; Diod. xv. 78. )
struck by P. Crassus [No. 20), as it bears the 8. L. PAPIRIUS CHASSUS was made dictator
legend P. (indistinct in the cut) CRASSUS M. F. in B. C. 340 while holding the office of praetor,
The obverse represents the head of Venus, and the in order to conduct the war agiinst the revolted
reverse a man holding a horse, which is supposed Latins, since the consul Manlius was ill at the
to refer to the ceremony of the public inspection of time. Crassus marched against Antium, but was
the horses of the equites by the censors. (Dict. of encamped in its neighbourhood for some months
Ant. s. v. Equites. )
(J. T. G. ] without accomplishing anything. In B. c. 336 he
was made consul with K. Duilius, and carried on
a war against the Ausonians of Cales. In 330 he
was consul a second time, and carried on a war
against the inhabitants of Privernum. They were
commanded by Vitruvius Flaccus who was con-
quered by the Romans without much difficulty.
In 325 Crassus was magister equitum to the dicta-
tor L. Papirius Cursor, and in 318 he was in-
vested with the censorship. (Liv. viji. 12, 16,
CRASSUS, OCTACI'LIUS. 1. M. OCTACI- 29 ; Diod. xvii. 29, 82 ; Cic. ad Fam. ix. 21. )
LIUS CRASSUS, was consul in B. C. 263 with M'. 9. M. Papirius Crassus, apparently a brother
Valerius Maximus, and crossed with a numerous of the preceding, was appointed dictator in B. C.
army over to Sicily. After having induced many 332 to conduct the war against the Gauls, who
of the Sicilian towns to surrender, the consuls ad- were then believed to be invading the Roman do-
vanced against Hiero of Syracuse. The king, in minion; but the report proved to be unfounded.
compliance with the desire of his people, concluded (Liv. viii. 17. )
a peace, which the Romans gladly accepted, and 10. L. Papirius Crassus was magister equi-
in which he gave up to them the towns they had tum to the dictator T. Manlius Torquatus, in B. C.
taken, delivered up the Roman prisoners, and paid 320. (Fast. Cap. )
(L. S. )
a contribution of 200 talents. He thus became the CRA'STINUS, one of Caesar's veterans, who
ally of Rome. In B. c. 246 Crassus was consul a had been the primipilus in the tenth legion in the
second time with M. Fabius Licinus, and carried year before the battle of Pharsalus, and who served
on the war against the Carthaginians, though no- as a volunteer in the campaign against Pompey.
thing of any consequence seems to have been ac- It was he who commenced the battle of Pharsalus,
complished. (Polyb. i. 16 &c. ; Zonar. viii. 9; B. C. 48, saying that, whether he survived or fell,
Eutrop. ii. 10; Oros. iv. 7 ; Gellius, x. 6. )
Caesar should be indebted to him : he died fight-
2. T. OCTAcilius Crassus, apparently a bro-ing bravely in the foremost line. (Caes. B. C. ii.
ther of the former, was consul in B. c. 261, with 91, 92; Flor. iv. 2. $ 46; Lucan, vii. 471, &c. ;
L. Valerius Flaccus, and continued the operations Appian, B. C. ii. 82; Plut. Pomp. 71, Caes. 44. )
in Sicily against the Carthaginians after the taking CRATAEIS (Kparaits), according to several
of Agrigentum ; but nothing is known to have traditions, the mother of Scylla. (Hom. Od. xii.
been accomplished during his consulship. (Polyb. | 124 ; Ov. Met. xiii. 749; Hesych. s. v. ; Plin. H.
i. 20. )
(L. S. ) N. vi. 10. )
(L. S. )
CRASSUS, PAPI'RIUS. 1. M'. PAPIRIUS CRA'TERUS (Kpatepós), one of the most dis-
Crassus was consul in B. C. 441 with C. Furius tinguished generals of Alexander the Great, was a
Pacilus. (Lir. iv. 12; Diod. xii. 35. )
son of Alexander of Orestis, a district in Mace-
2. L. Papakius Crassus was consul in B. C. donia, and a brother of Amphoterus. When
436 with M. Cornelius Maluginensis. Ther led Alexander the Great set out on his Asiatic ex-
armies against Veii and Falerii, but as no enemy pedition, Craterus commanded the TESÉTaipoi.
appeared in the field, the Romans contented them- Subsequently we find him commanding a detach-
selves with plundering and raraging the open coun- ment of cavalry, as in the battle of Arbela and in
try. (Liv. iv. 21; Diod. xii. 41. ) Crassus was the Indian campaign; but it seems that be had no
censor in B. C. 424.
permuillent office, and that Alexander employed


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CRATERUS
883
CRATES.
:
"
him on all occasions where a general of able and (called also Caecilia or Pomponia), B. c. 45. He is
independent judgment was required. He was a mentioned also by Horace (Sat. ii. 3. 161), Persius
man of a noble character, and although he was (Sat.