lish story-teller and miscellaneous writer; born
at Château St.
at Château St.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
He was educated in the
United States, established an Armenian paper
in Constantinople in 1841, and was afterwards
in the official employ of the Turkish govern-
ment. He wrote in Armenian : Acaby,' a satir-
ical romance (1849); (Veronica' (1851); and a
child's book, Bedig. He published in New
York (The Sultan and his People) (1857), a
remarkably popular work.
Osgood, Mrs. Frances Sargent (Locke). An
American poet; born in Boston, June 18, 1811;
died at Hingham, Mass. , May 12, 1850. Besides
contributions to magazines she published :
(Wreath of Wild Flowers) (1839); Poetry of
Flowers) (1841); “Poems) (1849).
Osgood, Samuel. An American clergyman
and author; born in Charlestown, Mass. , Aug.
30, 1812; died in New York city, April 14, 1880.
He was the pastor of a Unitarian church in
New York city from 1849 to 1869, when he
resigned and joined the Episcopal Church.
Besides translations from the German, his nu-
merous works include: "Studies in Christian
Biography) ( 1851 ); Mile-Stones in our Life
Journey) (1855); “Student Life) (1860).
O'Shaughnessy, Arthur William Edgar. A
British poet; born in 1844; died in 1881. In
1864 he entered the British Museum, and in
1873 married Eleanor, sister of Philip Bourke
Marston. He was a follower of Morris and
Swinburne and of the French romantic school.
He published between 1870 and 1881: (An Epic
of Women'; 'Lays of France,' a free para-
phrase of the lais of Marie de France; Music
and Moonlight); and (Songs of a Worker. '
Ossian. * See the article (Ossian) in the
(Library.
Ossoli, Marchioness d' (os-so’lē) – Sarah
Margaret Fuller, best known as “Margaret
Fuller. " An American writer on literature,
art, and society ; born at Cambridgeport, Mass. ,
1810; died at sea, 1850. For some years she
was employed as a teacher in girls' schools;
for two years edited the Dial (1840-42). Her
collected essays on Women in the Nineteenth
Century) were published in 1843. She con-
tributed regularly to the New York Tribune
papers on literature and art, which were col-
lected in a volume published in 1846. At Rome
in the same year she married the Marquis
d'Ossoli. The pair were on the way to New
York when their ship was wrecked and both
were lost. Besides the volumes already named,
she published other collections of her essays
under the titles : Art, Literature, and Drama);
At Home and Abroad); Life Without and
Life Within. *
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolajevich (os-
trov'skē). A Russian dramatist; born in Mos-
cow, April 12, 1823; died June 14, 1886. One of
his best comedies, “We Get On with our Own
Kind, published in 1849, established his repu-
tation. His works followed each other in
rapid succession. Among the best are : (The
Poor Bride) (1852); Poverty is Not a Fault)
(1853); (A Profitable Place) (1857); (The
Storm (1859); and A Warm Heart) (1869).
He was the author of several translations,
especially a remarkable one of “The Taming
of the Shrew. His complete works were pub-
lished in St. Petersburg (1887, 10 vols. ).
Oswald, Felix Leopold. An American nat-
uralist and miscellaneous writer; born at Na-
mur, Belgium, in 1845. He graduated at Liège
in 1864, and became a physician; but later
abandoned the practice of medicine, and de-
voted himself to the study of natural history,
He resides in Tennessee. His works include:
(Summer-Land Sketches) (1880); Physical
Education (1882); (The Secret of the East;
or, The Origin of the Christian Religion
(1883); Days and Nights in the Tropics
(1887).
Otero, Rafael (ō-tā'ro). A Cuban dramatist;
born in Havana in 1827 ; died there in 1876.
Among his comedies are: (A Betrothed of a
Day); (The Coburger); (My Son the French-
man); and (The Dead Commands It,' which
were presented in the theatres of Havana and
Matanzas. His novel (La Perla de la Diaria!
was published in 1866, and 'Cantos Sociales)
in 1868.
Otfried (ot'frēd). A Frankish poet; born
near Weissenburg in Alsace; studied at Fulda
under Hrabanus Maurus (822-884), and also
under Salomon I. , bishop of Constance (839-
>
a
## p. 411 (#427) ############################################
OTIS- OWEN
411
:
871); then went back to the Benedictine Mon-
astery in Weissenburg, where he wrote his
famous 'Evangilienbuch,' a paraphrase in verse
of the Gospels, dedicated about 865 to (King)
Louis the German, and to Archbishop Luit-
bert of Mentz. It is one of the most valuable
documents of the Old High German period.
Otis, Harrison Gray. An eminent Ameri-
can statesman and orator, son of James; born
in Boston, Oct. 8, 1765; died there, Oct. 28,
1848. He was Member of Congress 1797-1801,
and U. S. Senator 1817–22. He was prominent
in the Massachusetts Legislature; took an act-
ive part in the Hartford Convention of 1814;
and was mayor of Boston in 1829. His pub-
lished works include: "Letters in Defense of
the Hartford Convention (1824), and (Ora-
tions and Addresses.
Otis, James. A celebrated American states-
man and orator; born at West Barnstable,
Mass. , Feb. 5, 1725; died at Andover, Mass. , May
23, 1783. At an early age he attracted attention
by his eloquence in behalf of the colonists
against British oppression, and his determined
opposition to the writs of assistance » in 1761.
Through his efforts the Stamp Act Congress
was assembled in 1765. He was the author of
a number of political essays and orations, among
which are : «Vindication of the Conduct of the
House of Representatives) (1762); Rights of
the British Colonies Asserted' (1765); Consid-
eration on Behalf of the Colonists) (1765).
Otis, James. See Kaler.
Otway, Thomas. An English dramatist;
born at Trotton, Sussex, 1652 ; died 1685. He
was educated at Winchester, and at Christ
Church, Oxford ; served as cornet in the Low
Countries; was an unsuccessful actor, and finally
wrote for the stage. Of his many plays, one
tragedy, (Venice Preserved, is among the best
remembered of the Restoration drama, and
keeps his name familiar in literary allusion.
(The Orphan) ranks next in critical esteem.
Ouida (wē'dä), pseudonym of Louise de la
Ramée ; an English novelist of French extrac-
tion; born at Bury St. Edmunds, 1840. She has
published: (Held in Bondage) (1863); (Strath-
more) (1865); "Chandos) (1866); "Cecil Castle-
maine's Gage); Idalia); (Under Two Flags)
(1867); (Tricotrin) (1868); Puck) (1870); 'Folle
Farine) (1871); A Dog of Flanders); (A
Leaf in the Storm) (1872); Pascarell (1873);
Bebée; or, Two Little Wooden Shoes ) (1874);
(Signa) (1875); (In a Winter City) (1876);
(Ariadne (1877); (Friendship’ (1878); " Moths)
(1880); (Pipistrello) (1880); (A Village Com-
mune) (1881); (In Maremma); (Bimbi) (1882);
"Wanda); Frescoes) (1883); Princess Na-
praxine) (1884); "Othmar); (A House Party);
(Guilderoy); “Syrlin); (A Rainy June); “Don
Gesualdo) (1890); Moufflou); (The Nürnberg
Stove); (The Tower of Taddeo); (The Silver
Christ); (The New Priesthood (1893); “Views
and Opinions) (1895); etc. *
Overskov, Thomas (õ'ver-skov). A Danish
dramatist; born in Copenhagen, Oct. II, 1798;
died in 1873. His first comedy (1826) was a
complete failure, but later his dramas were suc-
cessfully performed; one of them, Ostergade
og Vestergade, in the style of Sheridan, being
his best work, and another, Capriciosa,' still
keeping its place in the repertory of the Royal
Theatre. His most important contribution to
literature is a (History of the Danish Theatre)
(7 vols. , Copenhagen, 1854-76).
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (ov'id). The
Roman poet; born at Sulmo, March 20, 43
B. C. ; died at Tomi, 17 A. D. He wrote: (Meta-
morphoses); (Fasti? (The Calendar); (Epis-
tles); Amours); (Art of Love); Heroids);
and other works. *
Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez de (ov-
yā'do ē väl’dāth). A Spanish historian; born
in Madrid in 1478; died in Valladolid in 1557.
In 1545 he was appointed historian of the
Spanish Indies. The first part of his great
work appeared as (General and Natural His-
tory of the West Indies, in 1535; the revision
of the entire work was completed in 1548. It
was once deemed one of the profoundest works
on the natural history of America.
Owen, Goronwy. A Welsh poet; born in
Anglesea, North Wales, Jan. 13, 1722; died in
St. Andrews parish, Brunswick County, Va. ,
between 1770 and 1780. He became rector of
Uppington, Shropshire, in 1745; and while there
wrote his celebrated poem “The Day of Judg.
ment. He came to the United States in 1775;
accepted a position at William and Mary Col-
lege, and married for his second wife Mrs.
Clayton, a sister of the president of the college.
He is described as the last of the great poets
of Wales. His bardic title was Black Go-
ronwy of Anglesea. ” His poems for a long
time circulated in manuscript; but in 1780 his
collected works were published, succeeding edi.
tions being printed in 1819 and 1860. In 1831
his countrymen erected a tablet to his memory
in the cathedral church of Bangor.
Owen, Robert. Social reformer and author;
born in Newton, Montgomeryshire, Wales,
March 14, 1771; died there, Nov. 19, 1858. He
early turned his attention to social questions,
publishing in 1812 New Views of Society ;
or, Essays upon the Formation of the Human
Character, and Book of the New Moral World. "
He attempted to found communist societies in
England, also in New Harmony, Ind. , and later
in Mexico. In his later years he became a be-
liever in Spiritualism. His followers bore the
name of Owenites, and were among the found-
ers of the English Chartist movement.
Owen, Robert Dale. An American politi-
cian, diplomatist, and miscellaneous writer, son
of Robert; born in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov.
7, 1801; died at Lake George, N. Y. , June 17,
1877. He was educated in Switzerland ; re-
moved to the United States in 1823; was Rep-
resentative to Congress from Indiana (1843-47);
## p. 412 (#428) ############################################
412
OZANAM
PAGET
and minister to Naples (1855-58). During
the Civil War he was a prominent advocate of
negro emancipation. Among his works are :
(Moral Physiology) (1831); (Footfalls on the
Boundary of Another World' (1860); Beyond
the Breakers) (1870), a novel; (Threading My
Way) (1874).
Ozanam, Antoine Frédéric (ō-zä-näm'). A
French scholar and writer; born in Milan, 1813;
died September 1853. In 1844 he succeeded
Fauriel as professor of foreign literature at the
Sorbonne, Paris. He attained eminence as a
lecturer, and published besides other works :
(Dante and the Catholic Philosophy in the
Thirteenth Century) (1839); (Germanic Studies
for Use in the History of the Franks) (2 vols. ,
1847-49).
Ozaneaux, Jean George (o-zä-nő). A French
writer of prose and verse ; born in Paris, 1795;
died 1852. He wrote a (History of France (2
vols. , 1846), which gained a prize from the Acad-
emy; and “Poetic Errors) (3 vols. , 1849).
P
Paalzov, Henrietta Joanna Wach von (päl'.
zof). A German story-writer; born at Berlin,
1788; died there, 1847. Among her stories are :
"Godwin Castle) (3 vols. , 1837); “Saint-Roche)
(1839); (Thomas Tyrnau) (1842); Jakob von
der Nees) (1842). Her plots are very skillfully
contrived and elaborated.
Paban, Adolphe (pä-bäii'). A French poet
and story-writer; born at Combs-la-Ville, dept.
Seine-et-Oise, Nov. 13, 1839. He published
three volumes of Poems) (185962); Inspira-
tions) (1868); Fanciful Sonnets) (1871); (A
Drama in a Garden,' a story in prose (1874).
Packard, Alpheus Spring. An American
naturalist and author; born at Brunswick, Me. ,
Feb. 19, 1839. Since 1878 he has been pro-
fessor of geology and zoology in Brown Uni-
versity. His works include: A Guide to the
Study of Insects' (1869); Half-Hours with In-
sects) (1875); Life Histories) (1876); “Zoology)
(1879).
Packard, Frederick Adolphus. An Ameri-
can lawyer, editor, and author; born in Massa-
chusetts in 1794; died in 1867. He was editor
of the publications of the American Sunday-
School Union for nearly forty years. Among
his important works are: (The Union Bible
Dictionary) (1837); (The Teacher Taught)
(1839); "Life of Robert Owen (1866).
Pacuvius, Marcus (pa-kū'vē-us). A Roman
tragic poet; born at Brundisium about 219 B. C. ;
died about 129 B. C. His plays are nearly all
founded on Greek subjects connected with the
Trojan war: except fragments preserved in the
writings of Cicero and in the Attic Nights)
of Gellius, they are all lost. Among these
fragments is one in which the poet is seen to
have been a rather bold free-thinker, consider-
ing the age in which he lived : « They who un-
derstand the notes of birds » (i. e. , augurs, ha-
ruspices, etc. ), “and derive their wisdom more
from examining the livers of other creatures
than from their own (wit), I think should be
rather heard than heeded. )
Paddock, Mrs. Cornelia. An American
writer of fiction. Her works are : In the Toils)
(1879); “The Fate of Madame la Tour: A Tale
of Great Salt Lake) (1881).
Padilla, Pedro de (pä-de'lyä). A Spanish
poet; born at Linares; died about 1595. He
was a friend of Cervantes, and a notable im-
provisator. He renounced the world in his
old age and became a Carmelite friar (1585).
His works consist of lyric and bucolic poems,
satires, spiritual songs, and metrical romances:
some of them, especially the eclogues, are
among the best of their time. His poems were
published under the titles: (Treasury of Vari-
ous Poems) (1575); Pastoral Eclogues) (1581);
(Romances) (1583); (Spiritual Garden (1585);
(Grandeurs and Excellencies of the Virgin Our
Lady) (1587).
Page, Thomas Nelson. An American writer
of fiction; born in Oakland, Va. , April 23, 1853.
He was educated at Washington and Lee
University, and practiced law at Richmond, Va.
His first story, Marse Chan) (1887), attracted
immediate attention and was widely read. He
has written: 'Two Little Confederates) (1888);
On New-Found River) (1891); Elsket and
Other Stories) (1891); (The Old South' (1892);
(Pastime Stories) (1894); (Unc' Edinburgh
(1895); “Social Life in Old Virginia' (1897). *
Pages, François Xavier (päzh). A French
littérateur; born at Aurillac, 1745; died 1802.
His works, besides many novels, include "His.
torical Tableaux of the French Revolution (4
vols. , 1791-1804).
Paget, Francis Edward. An English story.
writer; born May 24, 1806; died Aug. 4, 1882.
His most important work is a compilation of
(Some Records of the Ashstead Estate (1873).
His stories deal with church and social reform ;
among them are: (Caleb Kniverton, the In-
cendiary) (1833); (Milford Malvoisin; or, Pews
and Pewholders) (1842); “The Curate of Cum-
berworth and the Vicar of Roost' (1859).
Paget, Violet. (“Vernon Lee. ”] An Eng.
lish story-teller and miscellaneous writer; born
at Château St. -Leonard in Normandy. She is
author of several works on the history of art
and of culture, among them "Studies of the 18th
)
## p. 413 (#429) ############################################
PAILLERON - PALFREY
413
Century in Italy) (1880); (Belcaro : Essays on
Sundry Æsthetical Questions) (1881); (Eupho.
rion: Studies of the Antique and the Mediæval
in the Renaissance) (2 vols. , 2d ed. 1885); “Re-
naissance Fancies and Studies) (1895). Among
her stories are : "Ottilie (1883); (Miss Brown)
(1884).
Pailleron, Édouard J. : H. (pä-yer-on'). A
French dramatic writer; born at Paris, Sept. 17,
1834. He is author of the one-act comedy (The
Parasite) (1860); "The Parasites,' a volume of
satiric poems; the comedies Last Quarters,'
the last stage of a wedding tour (1863); (The
Second Movement' (1865); (The World where
One is Amused) (1868); (The World of Bore-
dom (1881); “The Mouse) (1887); (The Stroll-
ing Players. He wrote three volumes of poems;
viz. , Loves and Hatreds) (1869), (Prayer for
France) (1871), (The Doll) (1884); and (Aca-
demic Discourses) (1886). *
Pain, Marie Joseph (pan). A French dram-
atist; born at Paris, 1773; died there, 1830.
Beginning with (Saint-Far, or Love's Dainti-
ness,' in the initial crisis of the Revolution (1792),
he followed it with a long series of vaude-
villes and comedies, some of which had great
success; among them : (A Flat to Let) (1799);
(The Connoisseur) (1800); (The Duke's Por-
trait) (1805); Love and Mystery; or, Which Is
my Cousin ? ) (1807); (The Dreamers Awak-
ened) (1813); “The Ghost) (1816).
Paine, Robert Treat, Jr. An American
poet; born in Taunton, Mass. , Dec. 9, 1773;
died in Boston, Nov. 13, 1811. During the
greater part of his erratic career he was engaged
in various literary pursuits, although he was at
one time in business, and later practiced law
for a brief period. He will be best remembered
as the author of two songs, (Rise, Columbia,'
and (Adams and Liberty. Among his poems
are: (The Invention of Letters) (1795), and
( The Ruling Passion) (1797).
Paine, Thomas. A celebrated American
publicist; born at Thetford in Norfolkshire,
England, Jan. 29, 1737; died at New Rochelle,
N. Y. , June 8, 1809. He wrote (Common-Sense )
(1776); (The Rights of Man) (2 vols. , 1790);
* The Age of Reason) (1793); Decline and
Fall of the English System of Finance) (1896 :
it had 14 editions in that year). *
Painter, William. An English writer and
compiler of stories after the manner of Boc-
caccio ; born about 1540; died about 1594. His
most famous book is ( The Palace of Pleasure)
(2 vols. , 1566–67), consisting of stories taken
from the Heptameron, from Bandello, and
other Italian story-tellers.
Palacky, Frantisek (pä-lats-kē'). A Czech
historian; born at Hodoslavitz in Moravia, June
14, 1798; died at Prague, May 26, 1876. He
was appointed State historian of Bohemia in
1839. He wrote a History of Bohemia) down
to the year 1526 (1836-67); Beginnings of Bo-
hemian Poetry) (1818); Estimate of the An-
cient Bohemian Historians) (1830); Literary
Travels in Italy in the Year 1837, in Search of
Documents for Bohemian and Moravian His-
tory) (1838); (The Earliest Monuments of the
Bohemian Language) (1840); (History of Huss-
itism (1868); Documents Illustrating the Life,
the Cause, and the Teaching of Master John
Huss) (1869).
Palaprat, Jean Sieur de Bigot (pä-lä-prä).
A French dramatist; born at Toulouse, 1650;
died at Paris, 1721. He is best known for cert-
ain lively comedies written by him in collabora-
tion with the Abbé Brueys; chief among these
are: (The Mute); (The Grumbler) (1681);
(The Ridiculous Concert (1689); “The Secret
Revealed! ( 1690 ). Independently he wrote:
(Quid pro Quo); (Hercules and Omphale);
( The Prude.
Palearius, Aonius, or Antonio della Paglia
(pä-le-är'ē-us). An Italian polemic writer;
born at Veroli in the Pontifical States; died at
Rome, 1570. He wrote several theological dis-
sertations, and a notable Disputation against
the Roman Pontiffs and their Adherents); his
best work is a poem (On the Immortality of the
Soul' (1531), one of the finest specimens of
Latin poetry written in the 16th century.
Paley, Frederick Apthorp. An English
scholar and writer on architecture, grandson
of William. He graduated in 1838 at Cam-
bridge, became a Roman Catholic in 1846, and
professor of classical literature in University
College from 1874. He edited many Greek and
Latin texts, and published a Manual of Gothic
Architecture (1846), and other writings on
similar subjects.
Paley, William. A distinguished English
theological writer; born at Peterborough, 1743 ;
died May 25, 1805. He was appointed arch-
deacon of Carlisle, 1782; prebendary of St.
Paul's, London, 1794; dean of Lincoln, 1795.
His principal writings are : (Principles of Moral
and Political Philosophy) (1785); Horæ Pau-
linæ; or, The Truth of the Scripture History
of St. Paul Evinced, etc. (1791); View of
the Evidences of Christianity) (1794), his
most celebrated work; (Natural Theology; or,
Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of
the Deity Collected from the Appearances of
Nature) (1802), in some respects the most re-
markable of all his writings.
Palffy, Albert (päl'fē). A Hungarian novel-
ist and publicist; born at Gyula, 1823. In the
year of revolutions, 1848, he started a daily
journal, The Fifteenth of March, which had a
powerful influence in inciting the Hungarian
people to insurrection. He was incarcerated
for several months after the suppression of the
rebellion, and then resumed his labors as a
novelist. His principal stories are: (The Hun.
garian Millionaire) (1845); (The Black Book)
(1846); (Stories Left Behind by a Refugee!
(1850); Mother and Countess) (1886); Last
Years of Old. Hungary) (1890).
Palfrey, Francis Winthrop. An American
historical writer; born in Boston, April 11, 1831 ;
## p. 414 (#430) ############################################
PALFREY - PALMEIRIM
414
a
died in Cannes, France, Dec. 5, 1889. He was
educated as a lawyer; served in the Civil War
as colonel of the 20th Massachusetts Infantry.
He published (A Memoir of William F. Bart.
lett (1879); Antietam and Fredericksburg,
being Vol. v. of (Campaigns of the Civil War)
(1882).
Palfrey, John Gorham. An American cler-
gyman and author; born in Boston, May 2,
1796; died in Cambridge, Mass. , April 26, 1881.
He graduated at Harvard; was pastor of
Brattle Street Unitarian Church, Boston; pro-
fessor in Harvard, 1830-39: member of the
State Legislature, 1842-43; Secretary of State
of Massachusetts, 1844-48; and member of the
Anti-Slavery Congress at Paris, 1867. He pub-
lished numerous lectures, addresses, and ser-
mons; and wrote (The Relation between Juda-
ism and Christianity) (1854). His enduring
work, however, is (The History of New Eng-
land) (4 vols. , 1858-64). *
Palfrey, Sarah Hammond. ["E. Foxton. ”]
An American novelist and poet, daughter of
John G. ; born in Massachusetts in 1823. She
resides in Cambridge, Mass. Among her po-
etical works are : (Prémices); (The Chapel);
(Agnes Wentworth. She has also published
the stories (Katherine Morne); Hermann, or
Young Knighthood) (1866).
Palgrave, Francis, Sir. An English histo-
rian of Jewish parentage, originally named
Cohen ; born in London, 1788; died July 6, 1861.
Besides numerous contributions to the reviews,
he wrote: (History of England (1831); (Rise
and Progress of the English Commonwealth
(1832); Detached Thoughts on the Polity and
Ecclesiastical History of the Middle Ages';
(History of Normandy and England) (4 vols. ,
1851-64); Merchant and Friar) (1837), an im-
aginary history of Marco Polo and Friar Bacon.
Palgrave, Francis Turner. An English poet
and art critic, son of Sir Francis; born Sept.
28, 1824. From 1885 to 1895 he was a professor
at Oxford. His books are: (Idylls and Songs
(1854); the famous anthology (The Golden
Treasury' of English poetry (1861); Essays on
Art) (1866); (Hymns) (1868); “Lyrical Poems)
(1871); (The Visions of England (1881); ( The
Life of Jesus Christ Illustrated from the Italian
Painters of the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries)
(1885); Amenophis and Other Poems) (1892).
A second (Golden Treasury' was published in
1897.
Palgrave, Reginald F. D. , Sir. An English
writer on history and parliamentary law, son
of Sir Francis; born at London, June 28, 1829.
He wrote: “The Chairman's Handbook (11th
ed. 1895); (The House of Commons); (Oliver
Cromwell, the Protector: an Appreciation Based
on Contemporary Evidence) (1890), in which
he presents the antidote to Thomas Carlyle's
(Life and Letters of Oliver Cromwell. ”
Palgrave, William Gifford. An English
traveler, son of Sir Francis ; born in London,
Jan. 24, 1826; died at Montevideo, Sept. 30, 1888.
His chief writings are: Narrative of a Year's
Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia)
(2 vols. , 1862-63); (Essays on Eastern Questions)
(1872); Herrmann Agha,' a story (1872);
(Dutch Guiana) (1876); Ulysses : Scenes and
Studies in Many Lands (1887); a posthumous
poem, "A Vision of Life: Semblance and Re-
ality' (1891). *
Palissot de Montenoy, Charles (pä-le-so'
dė mônt-nwä'). A French poet; born at
Nancy, Jan. 3, 1730; died at Paris, June 15, 1814.
At 14 he took the degree of Bachelor of The-
ology, but gave up the ecclesiastical career for
literature, and was appointed director of the
Mazarin Library. With his first tragedies he
had little success; otherwise with his comedies
(The Guardians) and “The Barber of Bagdad. '
His satiric piece (The Coterie) (Le Cercie), at-
tacking Rousseau, brought down upon him the
enmity of the encyclopedists, who paid him
back with "Little Letters on Great Philoso-
phers) (1757), and the comedy (The Philoso-
phers) (1760). He lived on pacific terms with
Voltaire, and even dedicated to him his "Dun-
ciad, or War of the Blockheads) (1764).
Palissy, Bernard (pä-le-sē). A great artistic
potter and glass-painter; born at La Chapelle,
Biron, in the province of Périgord, 1510; died
about 1590, in the Bastille, where he was impris-
oned on the charge of heresy. His writings
are : Veritable Receipt whereby all Men in
France can Learn to Multiply and Enlarge
their Treasures, etc. (1564); (Admirable Dis-
courses on the Nature of Waters and Fount-
ains) (1580).
Pallavicino, Sforza, Cardinal (pä-lä-vēſche-
no). An Italian church historian; born at
Rome, Nov. 28, 1607 ; died June 4, 1667. He
became a member of the Company of Jesus
in 1638 ; was raised to the cardinalate in 1659.
His principal work, History of the Council of
Trent,' written in Italian, was first published
(2 vols. , folio) in 1656-57; the second edition
(1666) had many changes. The work was
written to counteract Sarpi's history of the same
council.
Palleske, Emil (pä-lesk'é). A German elo.
cutionist and author; born at Tempelburg, in
Pomerania, Jan. 5, 1823; died at Thal, near
Eisenach, Oct. 28, 1880. He gave dramatic
readings, especially of Shakespeare's plays,
throughout Germany. He wrote Life and
Work of Schiller) (2 vols. , 1858–59); (Char-
lotte von Kalb: in Memoriam) (1880).
Palma y Romay, Ramón (päl'mä ē ro'mā).
A Cuban dramatist and poet; born in Havana,
in January 1812; died there, January 1860. His
first poems were published in 1830. The drama
"La Vuelta del Cruzado, performed in 1837,
met great success. Volumes of his poems have
appeared with the titles: (Aves de Paso) (1841);
Hojas Caidas) (1843); and Melodias Poéticas)
(1846).
Palmeirim, Luiz Augusto (päl-mi'rēm). A
Portuguese poet; born at Lisbon, Aug. 9, 1825;
)
## p. 415 (#431) ############################################
PALMER - PANSY
415
(
died there, Dec. 4, 1893. His first collection
of lyric verse, Poesies) (1851), reached a 5th
edition in his lifetime, and won for him the
title “the Béranger of Portugal. Among his
patriotic poems, 'Exiled' is the one best known.
His lyrics have been published as Popular
Songs. He wrote also some comedies in verse;
a 'Gallery of Portuguese Portraits) (1878); and
(The Eccentrics of my Time) (1891).
Palmer, Edward Henry. An English Ori-
entalist; born at Cambridge, Aug. 7, 1840; died
in Egypt, 1882. He wrote Arabic and Persian
grammars ; made a metrical translation of the
(Poetical Works of Beha-ed-din Zoheir of Egypt)
(1876); translated the Koran) (1880); wrote a
(Life of Haroun Alraschid' (1881); and a series
of papers on (Arab Humour. )
Palmer, John Williamson. An American
physician and miscellaneous writer; born in
Baltimore, Md. , April 4, 1825; died in New York
city, 1896. In 1870 he settled in New York;
subsequently was connected with the staff of
the Century Dictionary. Among his writings
are : (The Golden Dagon; or, Up and Down
the Irrawaddi) (1853); “The New and the Old;
or, California and India in Romantic Aspects)
(1859); (After his Kind, by John Coventry,' a
novel (1886); and (Stonewall Jackson's Way,
which was one of the most popular ballads of
the Civil War.
Palmer, Joseph. An English miscellaneous
writer; born 1756; died at Eastbourne in Sus-
sex, Sept. 4, 1815. He wrote: “A Fortnight's
Ramble to the Lakes,' etc. (1782); (Half-Pay,'
a narrative poem; (The Lancashire Collier
Girl) (1795); (Siege of Gibraltar) (1795), a
poem ; “Windermere (1798), a poem.
Palmer, Julius Auboineau. An American
author; born in Massachusetts in 1840. Among
his works are: (One Voyage and its Conse-
quences) (1889); About Mushrooms) (1894);
Memories of Hawaii? (1894); (Again in Ha-
waii) (1895).
Palmer, Mary. An English writer, niece of
Sir Joshua Reynolds; born at Plympton Earl's
in Devonshire, Feb. 9, 1716; died at Great Tor-
rington, May 27, 1794. She wrote (A Devon-
shire Dialogue, the best piece of literature in
the Devon dialect.
Palmer, Ray. An American clergyman and
hymn-writer; born at Little Compton, R. I. ,
Nov. 12, 1808; died at Newark, N. J. , March
29, 1887. He was pastor of Congregational
churches in Bath, Me. , and Albany, N. Y. , and
secretary of the Congregational Union, 1866-
78. His best-known hymn is (My Faith Looks
Up to Thee, which has been translated into
twenty languages. He has published : “Spirit-
ual Improvement) (1839); Hymns and Sacred
Pieces) (1865); (Hymns of my Holy Hours)
(1866).
Palmer, William. An English theologian
and archæologist; born at Mixbury in Oxford-
shire, July 12, 1811 ; died at Rome, April 4, 1879.
4
He was a clergyman of the Established Church,
but seceded to Rome in 1855. He was a volu-
minous writer. Among his works are: (Short
Poems and Hymns) (1843); (Remarks on the
Turkish Question) (1858); Introduction to
Early Christian Symbolism (1859); Egyptian
Chronicles (1861); (Commentary on the Book
of Daniel (1874).
Palmer, William Pitt. An American poet;
born in Stockbridge, Mass. , Feb. 22, 1805; died
in Brooklyn, N.
United States, established an Armenian paper
in Constantinople in 1841, and was afterwards
in the official employ of the Turkish govern-
ment. He wrote in Armenian : Acaby,' a satir-
ical romance (1849); (Veronica' (1851); and a
child's book, Bedig. He published in New
York (The Sultan and his People) (1857), a
remarkably popular work.
Osgood, Mrs. Frances Sargent (Locke). An
American poet; born in Boston, June 18, 1811;
died at Hingham, Mass. , May 12, 1850. Besides
contributions to magazines she published :
(Wreath of Wild Flowers) (1839); Poetry of
Flowers) (1841); “Poems) (1849).
Osgood, Samuel. An American clergyman
and author; born in Charlestown, Mass. , Aug.
30, 1812; died in New York city, April 14, 1880.
He was the pastor of a Unitarian church in
New York city from 1849 to 1869, when he
resigned and joined the Episcopal Church.
Besides translations from the German, his nu-
merous works include: "Studies in Christian
Biography) ( 1851 ); Mile-Stones in our Life
Journey) (1855); “Student Life) (1860).
O'Shaughnessy, Arthur William Edgar. A
British poet; born in 1844; died in 1881. In
1864 he entered the British Museum, and in
1873 married Eleanor, sister of Philip Bourke
Marston. He was a follower of Morris and
Swinburne and of the French romantic school.
He published between 1870 and 1881: (An Epic
of Women'; 'Lays of France,' a free para-
phrase of the lais of Marie de France; Music
and Moonlight); and (Songs of a Worker. '
Ossian. * See the article (Ossian) in the
(Library.
Ossoli, Marchioness d' (os-so’lē) – Sarah
Margaret Fuller, best known as “Margaret
Fuller. " An American writer on literature,
art, and society ; born at Cambridgeport, Mass. ,
1810; died at sea, 1850. For some years she
was employed as a teacher in girls' schools;
for two years edited the Dial (1840-42). Her
collected essays on Women in the Nineteenth
Century) were published in 1843. She con-
tributed regularly to the New York Tribune
papers on literature and art, which were col-
lected in a volume published in 1846. At Rome
in the same year she married the Marquis
d'Ossoli. The pair were on the way to New
York when their ship was wrecked and both
were lost. Besides the volumes already named,
she published other collections of her essays
under the titles : Art, Literature, and Drama);
At Home and Abroad); Life Without and
Life Within. *
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolajevich (os-
trov'skē). A Russian dramatist; born in Mos-
cow, April 12, 1823; died June 14, 1886. One of
his best comedies, “We Get On with our Own
Kind, published in 1849, established his repu-
tation. His works followed each other in
rapid succession. Among the best are : (The
Poor Bride) (1852); Poverty is Not a Fault)
(1853); (A Profitable Place) (1857); (The
Storm (1859); and A Warm Heart) (1869).
He was the author of several translations,
especially a remarkable one of “The Taming
of the Shrew. His complete works were pub-
lished in St. Petersburg (1887, 10 vols. ).
Oswald, Felix Leopold. An American nat-
uralist and miscellaneous writer; born at Na-
mur, Belgium, in 1845. He graduated at Liège
in 1864, and became a physician; but later
abandoned the practice of medicine, and de-
voted himself to the study of natural history,
He resides in Tennessee. His works include:
(Summer-Land Sketches) (1880); Physical
Education (1882); (The Secret of the East;
or, The Origin of the Christian Religion
(1883); Days and Nights in the Tropics
(1887).
Otero, Rafael (ō-tā'ro). A Cuban dramatist;
born in Havana in 1827 ; died there in 1876.
Among his comedies are: (A Betrothed of a
Day); (The Coburger); (My Son the French-
man); and (The Dead Commands It,' which
were presented in the theatres of Havana and
Matanzas. His novel (La Perla de la Diaria!
was published in 1866, and 'Cantos Sociales)
in 1868.
Otfried (ot'frēd). A Frankish poet; born
near Weissenburg in Alsace; studied at Fulda
under Hrabanus Maurus (822-884), and also
under Salomon I. , bishop of Constance (839-
>
a
## p. 411 (#427) ############################################
OTIS- OWEN
411
:
871); then went back to the Benedictine Mon-
astery in Weissenburg, where he wrote his
famous 'Evangilienbuch,' a paraphrase in verse
of the Gospels, dedicated about 865 to (King)
Louis the German, and to Archbishop Luit-
bert of Mentz. It is one of the most valuable
documents of the Old High German period.
Otis, Harrison Gray. An eminent Ameri-
can statesman and orator, son of James; born
in Boston, Oct. 8, 1765; died there, Oct. 28,
1848. He was Member of Congress 1797-1801,
and U. S. Senator 1817–22. He was prominent
in the Massachusetts Legislature; took an act-
ive part in the Hartford Convention of 1814;
and was mayor of Boston in 1829. His pub-
lished works include: "Letters in Defense of
the Hartford Convention (1824), and (Ora-
tions and Addresses.
Otis, James. A celebrated American states-
man and orator; born at West Barnstable,
Mass. , Feb. 5, 1725; died at Andover, Mass. , May
23, 1783. At an early age he attracted attention
by his eloquence in behalf of the colonists
against British oppression, and his determined
opposition to the writs of assistance » in 1761.
Through his efforts the Stamp Act Congress
was assembled in 1765. He was the author of
a number of political essays and orations, among
which are : «Vindication of the Conduct of the
House of Representatives) (1762); Rights of
the British Colonies Asserted' (1765); Consid-
eration on Behalf of the Colonists) (1765).
Otis, James. See Kaler.
Otway, Thomas. An English dramatist;
born at Trotton, Sussex, 1652 ; died 1685. He
was educated at Winchester, and at Christ
Church, Oxford ; served as cornet in the Low
Countries; was an unsuccessful actor, and finally
wrote for the stage. Of his many plays, one
tragedy, (Venice Preserved, is among the best
remembered of the Restoration drama, and
keeps his name familiar in literary allusion.
(The Orphan) ranks next in critical esteem.
Ouida (wē'dä), pseudonym of Louise de la
Ramée ; an English novelist of French extrac-
tion; born at Bury St. Edmunds, 1840. She has
published: (Held in Bondage) (1863); (Strath-
more) (1865); "Chandos) (1866); "Cecil Castle-
maine's Gage); Idalia); (Under Two Flags)
(1867); (Tricotrin) (1868); Puck) (1870); 'Folle
Farine) (1871); A Dog of Flanders); (A
Leaf in the Storm) (1872); Pascarell (1873);
Bebée; or, Two Little Wooden Shoes ) (1874);
(Signa) (1875); (In a Winter City) (1876);
(Ariadne (1877); (Friendship’ (1878); " Moths)
(1880); (Pipistrello) (1880); (A Village Com-
mune) (1881); (In Maremma); (Bimbi) (1882);
"Wanda); Frescoes) (1883); Princess Na-
praxine) (1884); "Othmar); (A House Party);
(Guilderoy); “Syrlin); (A Rainy June); “Don
Gesualdo) (1890); Moufflou); (The Nürnberg
Stove); (The Tower of Taddeo); (The Silver
Christ); (The New Priesthood (1893); “Views
and Opinions) (1895); etc. *
Overskov, Thomas (õ'ver-skov). A Danish
dramatist; born in Copenhagen, Oct. II, 1798;
died in 1873. His first comedy (1826) was a
complete failure, but later his dramas were suc-
cessfully performed; one of them, Ostergade
og Vestergade, in the style of Sheridan, being
his best work, and another, Capriciosa,' still
keeping its place in the repertory of the Royal
Theatre. His most important contribution to
literature is a (History of the Danish Theatre)
(7 vols. , Copenhagen, 1854-76).
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (ov'id). The
Roman poet; born at Sulmo, March 20, 43
B. C. ; died at Tomi, 17 A. D. He wrote: (Meta-
morphoses); (Fasti? (The Calendar); (Epis-
tles); Amours); (Art of Love); Heroids);
and other works. *
Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez de (ov-
yā'do ē väl’dāth). A Spanish historian; born
in Madrid in 1478; died in Valladolid in 1557.
In 1545 he was appointed historian of the
Spanish Indies. The first part of his great
work appeared as (General and Natural His-
tory of the West Indies, in 1535; the revision
of the entire work was completed in 1548. It
was once deemed one of the profoundest works
on the natural history of America.
Owen, Goronwy. A Welsh poet; born in
Anglesea, North Wales, Jan. 13, 1722; died in
St. Andrews parish, Brunswick County, Va. ,
between 1770 and 1780. He became rector of
Uppington, Shropshire, in 1745; and while there
wrote his celebrated poem “The Day of Judg.
ment. He came to the United States in 1775;
accepted a position at William and Mary Col-
lege, and married for his second wife Mrs.
Clayton, a sister of the president of the college.
He is described as the last of the great poets
of Wales. His bardic title was Black Go-
ronwy of Anglesea. ” His poems for a long
time circulated in manuscript; but in 1780 his
collected works were published, succeeding edi.
tions being printed in 1819 and 1860. In 1831
his countrymen erected a tablet to his memory
in the cathedral church of Bangor.
Owen, Robert. Social reformer and author;
born in Newton, Montgomeryshire, Wales,
March 14, 1771; died there, Nov. 19, 1858. He
early turned his attention to social questions,
publishing in 1812 New Views of Society ;
or, Essays upon the Formation of the Human
Character, and Book of the New Moral World. "
He attempted to found communist societies in
England, also in New Harmony, Ind. , and later
in Mexico. In his later years he became a be-
liever in Spiritualism. His followers bore the
name of Owenites, and were among the found-
ers of the English Chartist movement.
Owen, Robert Dale. An American politi-
cian, diplomatist, and miscellaneous writer, son
of Robert; born in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov.
7, 1801; died at Lake George, N. Y. , June 17,
1877. He was educated in Switzerland ; re-
moved to the United States in 1823; was Rep-
resentative to Congress from Indiana (1843-47);
## p. 412 (#428) ############################################
412
OZANAM
PAGET
and minister to Naples (1855-58). During
the Civil War he was a prominent advocate of
negro emancipation. Among his works are :
(Moral Physiology) (1831); (Footfalls on the
Boundary of Another World' (1860); Beyond
the Breakers) (1870), a novel; (Threading My
Way) (1874).
Ozanam, Antoine Frédéric (ō-zä-näm'). A
French scholar and writer; born in Milan, 1813;
died September 1853. In 1844 he succeeded
Fauriel as professor of foreign literature at the
Sorbonne, Paris. He attained eminence as a
lecturer, and published besides other works :
(Dante and the Catholic Philosophy in the
Thirteenth Century) (1839); (Germanic Studies
for Use in the History of the Franks) (2 vols. ,
1847-49).
Ozaneaux, Jean George (o-zä-nő). A French
writer of prose and verse ; born in Paris, 1795;
died 1852. He wrote a (History of France (2
vols. , 1846), which gained a prize from the Acad-
emy; and “Poetic Errors) (3 vols. , 1849).
P
Paalzov, Henrietta Joanna Wach von (päl'.
zof). A German story-writer; born at Berlin,
1788; died there, 1847. Among her stories are :
"Godwin Castle) (3 vols. , 1837); “Saint-Roche)
(1839); (Thomas Tyrnau) (1842); Jakob von
der Nees) (1842). Her plots are very skillfully
contrived and elaborated.
Paban, Adolphe (pä-bäii'). A French poet
and story-writer; born at Combs-la-Ville, dept.
Seine-et-Oise, Nov. 13, 1839. He published
three volumes of Poems) (185962); Inspira-
tions) (1868); Fanciful Sonnets) (1871); (A
Drama in a Garden,' a story in prose (1874).
Packard, Alpheus Spring. An American
naturalist and author; born at Brunswick, Me. ,
Feb. 19, 1839. Since 1878 he has been pro-
fessor of geology and zoology in Brown Uni-
versity. His works include: A Guide to the
Study of Insects' (1869); Half-Hours with In-
sects) (1875); Life Histories) (1876); “Zoology)
(1879).
Packard, Frederick Adolphus. An Ameri-
can lawyer, editor, and author; born in Massa-
chusetts in 1794; died in 1867. He was editor
of the publications of the American Sunday-
School Union for nearly forty years. Among
his important works are: (The Union Bible
Dictionary) (1837); (The Teacher Taught)
(1839); "Life of Robert Owen (1866).
Pacuvius, Marcus (pa-kū'vē-us). A Roman
tragic poet; born at Brundisium about 219 B. C. ;
died about 129 B. C. His plays are nearly all
founded on Greek subjects connected with the
Trojan war: except fragments preserved in the
writings of Cicero and in the Attic Nights)
of Gellius, they are all lost. Among these
fragments is one in which the poet is seen to
have been a rather bold free-thinker, consider-
ing the age in which he lived : « They who un-
derstand the notes of birds » (i. e. , augurs, ha-
ruspices, etc. ), “and derive their wisdom more
from examining the livers of other creatures
than from their own (wit), I think should be
rather heard than heeded. )
Paddock, Mrs. Cornelia. An American
writer of fiction. Her works are : In the Toils)
(1879); “The Fate of Madame la Tour: A Tale
of Great Salt Lake) (1881).
Padilla, Pedro de (pä-de'lyä). A Spanish
poet; born at Linares; died about 1595. He
was a friend of Cervantes, and a notable im-
provisator. He renounced the world in his
old age and became a Carmelite friar (1585).
His works consist of lyric and bucolic poems,
satires, spiritual songs, and metrical romances:
some of them, especially the eclogues, are
among the best of their time. His poems were
published under the titles: (Treasury of Vari-
ous Poems) (1575); Pastoral Eclogues) (1581);
(Romances) (1583); (Spiritual Garden (1585);
(Grandeurs and Excellencies of the Virgin Our
Lady) (1587).
Page, Thomas Nelson. An American writer
of fiction; born in Oakland, Va. , April 23, 1853.
He was educated at Washington and Lee
University, and practiced law at Richmond, Va.
His first story, Marse Chan) (1887), attracted
immediate attention and was widely read. He
has written: 'Two Little Confederates) (1888);
On New-Found River) (1891); Elsket and
Other Stories) (1891); (The Old South' (1892);
(Pastime Stories) (1894); (Unc' Edinburgh
(1895); “Social Life in Old Virginia' (1897). *
Pages, François Xavier (päzh). A French
littérateur; born at Aurillac, 1745; died 1802.
His works, besides many novels, include "His.
torical Tableaux of the French Revolution (4
vols. , 1791-1804).
Paget, Francis Edward. An English story.
writer; born May 24, 1806; died Aug. 4, 1882.
His most important work is a compilation of
(Some Records of the Ashstead Estate (1873).
His stories deal with church and social reform ;
among them are: (Caleb Kniverton, the In-
cendiary) (1833); (Milford Malvoisin; or, Pews
and Pewholders) (1842); “The Curate of Cum-
berworth and the Vicar of Roost' (1859).
Paget, Violet. (“Vernon Lee. ”] An Eng.
lish story-teller and miscellaneous writer; born
at Château St. -Leonard in Normandy. She is
author of several works on the history of art
and of culture, among them "Studies of the 18th
)
## p. 413 (#429) ############################################
PAILLERON - PALFREY
413
Century in Italy) (1880); (Belcaro : Essays on
Sundry Æsthetical Questions) (1881); (Eupho.
rion: Studies of the Antique and the Mediæval
in the Renaissance) (2 vols. , 2d ed. 1885); “Re-
naissance Fancies and Studies) (1895). Among
her stories are : "Ottilie (1883); (Miss Brown)
(1884).
Pailleron, Édouard J. : H. (pä-yer-on'). A
French dramatic writer; born at Paris, Sept. 17,
1834. He is author of the one-act comedy (The
Parasite) (1860); "The Parasites,' a volume of
satiric poems; the comedies Last Quarters,'
the last stage of a wedding tour (1863); (The
Second Movement' (1865); (The World where
One is Amused) (1868); (The World of Bore-
dom (1881); “The Mouse) (1887); (The Stroll-
ing Players. He wrote three volumes of poems;
viz. , Loves and Hatreds) (1869), (Prayer for
France) (1871), (The Doll) (1884); and (Aca-
demic Discourses) (1886). *
Pain, Marie Joseph (pan). A French dram-
atist; born at Paris, 1773; died there, 1830.
Beginning with (Saint-Far, or Love's Dainti-
ness,' in the initial crisis of the Revolution (1792),
he followed it with a long series of vaude-
villes and comedies, some of which had great
success; among them : (A Flat to Let) (1799);
(The Connoisseur) (1800); (The Duke's Por-
trait) (1805); Love and Mystery; or, Which Is
my Cousin ? ) (1807); (The Dreamers Awak-
ened) (1813); “The Ghost) (1816).
Paine, Robert Treat, Jr. An American
poet; born in Taunton, Mass. , Dec. 9, 1773;
died in Boston, Nov. 13, 1811. During the
greater part of his erratic career he was engaged
in various literary pursuits, although he was at
one time in business, and later practiced law
for a brief period. He will be best remembered
as the author of two songs, (Rise, Columbia,'
and (Adams and Liberty. Among his poems
are: (The Invention of Letters) (1795), and
( The Ruling Passion) (1797).
Paine, Thomas. A celebrated American
publicist; born at Thetford in Norfolkshire,
England, Jan. 29, 1737; died at New Rochelle,
N. Y. , June 8, 1809. He wrote (Common-Sense )
(1776); (The Rights of Man) (2 vols. , 1790);
* The Age of Reason) (1793); Decline and
Fall of the English System of Finance) (1896 :
it had 14 editions in that year). *
Painter, William. An English writer and
compiler of stories after the manner of Boc-
caccio ; born about 1540; died about 1594. His
most famous book is ( The Palace of Pleasure)
(2 vols. , 1566–67), consisting of stories taken
from the Heptameron, from Bandello, and
other Italian story-tellers.
Palacky, Frantisek (pä-lats-kē'). A Czech
historian; born at Hodoslavitz in Moravia, June
14, 1798; died at Prague, May 26, 1876. He
was appointed State historian of Bohemia in
1839. He wrote a History of Bohemia) down
to the year 1526 (1836-67); Beginnings of Bo-
hemian Poetry) (1818); Estimate of the An-
cient Bohemian Historians) (1830); Literary
Travels in Italy in the Year 1837, in Search of
Documents for Bohemian and Moravian His-
tory) (1838); (The Earliest Monuments of the
Bohemian Language) (1840); (History of Huss-
itism (1868); Documents Illustrating the Life,
the Cause, and the Teaching of Master John
Huss) (1869).
Palaprat, Jean Sieur de Bigot (pä-lä-prä).
A French dramatist; born at Toulouse, 1650;
died at Paris, 1721. He is best known for cert-
ain lively comedies written by him in collabora-
tion with the Abbé Brueys; chief among these
are: (The Mute); (The Grumbler) (1681);
(The Ridiculous Concert (1689); “The Secret
Revealed! ( 1690 ). Independently he wrote:
(Quid pro Quo); (Hercules and Omphale);
( The Prude.
Palearius, Aonius, or Antonio della Paglia
(pä-le-är'ē-us). An Italian polemic writer;
born at Veroli in the Pontifical States; died at
Rome, 1570. He wrote several theological dis-
sertations, and a notable Disputation against
the Roman Pontiffs and their Adherents); his
best work is a poem (On the Immortality of the
Soul' (1531), one of the finest specimens of
Latin poetry written in the 16th century.
Paley, Frederick Apthorp. An English
scholar and writer on architecture, grandson
of William. He graduated in 1838 at Cam-
bridge, became a Roman Catholic in 1846, and
professor of classical literature in University
College from 1874. He edited many Greek and
Latin texts, and published a Manual of Gothic
Architecture (1846), and other writings on
similar subjects.
Paley, William. A distinguished English
theological writer; born at Peterborough, 1743 ;
died May 25, 1805. He was appointed arch-
deacon of Carlisle, 1782; prebendary of St.
Paul's, London, 1794; dean of Lincoln, 1795.
His principal writings are : (Principles of Moral
and Political Philosophy) (1785); Horæ Pau-
linæ; or, The Truth of the Scripture History
of St. Paul Evinced, etc. (1791); View of
the Evidences of Christianity) (1794), his
most celebrated work; (Natural Theology; or,
Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of
the Deity Collected from the Appearances of
Nature) (1802), in some respects the most re-
markable of all his writings.
Palffy, Albert (päl'fē). A Hungarian novel-
ist and publicist; born at Gyula, 1823. In the
year of revolutions, 1848, he started a daily
journal, The Fifteenth of March, which had a
powerful influence in inciting the Hungarian
people to insurrection. He was incarcerated
for several months after the suppression of the
rebellion, and then resumed his labors as a
novelist. His principal stories are: (The Hun.
garian Millionaire) (1845); (The Black Book)
(1846); (Stories Left Behind by a Refugee!
(1850); Mother and Countess) (1886); Last
Years of Old. Hungary) (1890).
Palfrey, Francis Winthrop. An American
historical writer; born in Boston, April 11, 1831 ;
## p. 414 (#430) ############################################
PALFREY - PALMEIRIM
414
a
died in Cannes, France, Dec. 5, 1889. He was
educated as a lawyer; served in the Civil War
as colonel of the 20th Massachusetts Infantry.
He published (A Memoir of William F. Bart.
lett (1879); Antietam and Fredericksburg,
being Vol. v. of (Campaigns of the Civil War)
(1882).
Palfrey, John Gorham. An American cler-
gyman and author; born in Boston, May 2,
1796; died in Cambridge, Mass. , April 26, 1881.
He graduated at Harvard; was pastor of
Brattle Street Unitarian Church, Boston; pro-
fessor in Harvard, 1830-39: member of the
State Legislature, 1842-43; Secretary of State
of Massachusetts, 1844-48; and member of the
Anti-Slavery Congress at Paris, 1867. He pub-
lished numerous lectures, addresses, and ser-
mons; and wrote (The Relation between Juda-
ism and Christianity) (1854). His enduring
work, however, is (The History of New Eng-
land) (4 vols. , 1858-64). *
Palfrey, Sarah Hammond. ["E. Foxton. ”]
An American novelist and poet, daughter of
John G. ; born in Massachusetts in 1823. She
resides in Cambridge, Mass. Among her po-
etical works are : (Prémices); (The Chapel);
(Agnes Wentworth. She has also published
the stories (Katherine Morne); Hermann, or
Young Knighthood) (1866).
Palgrave, Francis, Sir. An English histo-
rian of Jewish parentage, originally named
Cohen ; born in London, 1788; died July 6, 1861.
Besides numerous contributions to the reviews,
he wrote: (History of England (1831); (Rise
and Progress of the English Commonwealth
(1832); Detached Thoughts on the Polity and
Ecclesiastical History of the Middle Ages';
(History of Normandy and England) (4 vols. ,
1851-64); Merchant and Friar) (1837), an im-
aginary history of Marco Polo and Friar Bacon.
Palgrave, Francis Turner. An English poet
and art critic, son of Sir Francis; born Sept.
28, 1824. From 1885 to 1895 he was a professor
at Oxford. His books are: (Idylls and Songs
(1854); the famous anthology (The Golden
Treasury' of English poetry (1861); Essays on
Art) (1866); (Hymns) (1868); “Lyrical Poems)
(1871); (The Visions of England (1881); ( The
Life of Jesus Christ Illustrated from the Italian
Painters of the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries)
(1885); Amenophis and Other Poems) (1892).
A second (Golden Treasury' was published in
1897.
Palgrave, Reginald F. D. , Sir. An English
writer on history and parliamentary law, son
of Sir Francis; born at London, June 28, 1829.
He wrote: “The Chairman's Handbook (11th
ed. 1895); (The House of Commons); (Oliver
Cromwell, the Protector: an Appreciation Based
on Contemporary Evidence) (1890), in which
he presents the antidote to Thomas Carlyle's
(Life and Letters of Oliver Cromwell. ”
Palgrave, William Gifford. An English
traveler, son of Sir Francis ; born in London,
Jan. 24, 1826; died at Montevideo, Sept. 30, 1888.
His chief writings are: Narrative of a Year's
Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia)
(2 vols. , 1862-63); (Essays on Eastern Questions)
(1872); Herrmann Agha,' a story (1872);
(Dutch Guiana) (1876); Ulysses : Scenes and
Studies in Many Lands (1887); a posthumous
poem, "A Vision of Life: Semblance and Re-
ality' (1891). *
Palissot de Montenoy, Charles (pä-le-so'
dė mônt-nwä'). A French poet; born at
Nancy, Jan. 3, 1730; died at Paris, June 15, 1814.
At 14 he took the degree of Bachelor of The-
ology, but gave up the ecclesiastical career for
literature, and was appointed director of the
Mazarin Library. With his first tragedies he
had little success; otherwise with his comedies
(The Guardians) and “The Barber of Bagdad. '
His satiric piece (The Coterie) (Le Cercie), at-
tacking Rousseau, brought down upon him the
enmity of the encyclopedists, who paid him
back with "Little Letters on Great Philoso-
phers) (1757), and the comedy (The Philoso-
phers) (1760). He lived on pacific terms with
Voltaire, and even dedicated to him his "Dun-
ciad, or War of the Blockheads) (1764).
Palissy, Bernard (pä-le-sē). A great artistic
potter and glass-painter; born at La Chapelle,
Biron, in the province of Périgord, 1510; died
about 1590, in the Bastille, where he was impris-
oned on the charge of heresy. His writings
are : Veritable Receipt whereby all Men in
France can Learn to Multiply and Enlarge
their Treasures, etc. (1564); (Admirable Dis-
courses on the Nature of Waters and Fount-
ains) (1580).
Pallavicino, Sforza, Cardinal (pä-lä-vēſche-
no). An Italian church historian; born at
Rome, Nov. 28, 1607 ; died June 4, 1667. He
became a member of the Company of Jesus
in 1638 ; was raised to the cardinalate in 1659.
His principal work, History of the Council of
Trent,' written in Italian, was first published
(2 vols. , folio) in 1656-57; the second edition
(1666) had many changes. The work was
written to counteract Sarpi's history of the same
council.
Palleske, Emil (pä-lesk'é). A German elo.
cutionist and author; born at Tempelburg, in
Pomerania, Jan. 5, 1823; died at Thal, near
Eisenach, Oct. 28, 1880. He gave dramatic
readings, especially of Shakespeare's plays,
throughout Germany. He wrote Life and
Work of Schiller) (2 vols. , 1858–59); (Char-
lotte von Kalb: in Memoriam) (1880).
Palma y Romay, Ramón (päl'mä ē ro'mā).
A Cuban dramatist and poet; born in Havana,
in January 1812; died there, January 1860. His
first poems were published in 1830. The drama
"La Vuelta del Cruzado, performed in 1837,
met great success. Volumes of his poems have
appeared with the titles: (Aves de Paso) (1841);
Hojas Caidas) (1843); and Melodias Poéticas)
(1846).
Palmeirim, Luiz Augusto (päl-mi'rēm). A
Portuguese poet; born at Lisbon, Aug. 9, 1825;
)
## p. 415 (#431) ############################################
PALMER - PANSY
415
(
died there, Dec. 4, 1893. His first collection
of lyric verse, Poesies) (1851), reached a 5th
edition in his lifetime, and won for him the
title “the Béranger of Portugal. Among his
patriotic poems, 'Exiled' is the one best known.
His lyrics have been published as Popular
Songs. He wrote also some comedies in verse;
a 'Gallery of Portuguese Portraits) (1878); and
(The Eccentrics of my Time) (1891).
Palmer, Edward Henry. An English Ori-
entalist; born at Cambridge, Aug. 7, 1840; died
in Egypt, 1882. He wrote Arabic and Persian
grammars ; made a metrical translation of the
(Poetical Works of Beha-ed-din Zoheir of Egypt)
(1876); translated the Koran) (1880); wrote a
(Life of Haroun Alraschid' (1881); and a series
of papers on (Arab Humour. )
Palmer, John Williamson. An American
physician and miscellaneous writer; born in
Baltimore, Md. , April 4, 1825; died in New York
city, 1896. In 1870 he settled in New York;
subsequently was connected with the staff of
the Century Dictionary. Among his writings
are : (The Golden Dagon; or, Up and Down
the Irrawaddi) (1853); “The New and the Old;
or, California and India in Romantic Aspects)
(1859); (After his Kind, by John Coventry,' a
novel (1886); and (Stonewall Jackson's Way,
which was one of the most popular ballads of
the Civil War.
Palmer, Joseph. An English miscellaneous
writer; born 1756; died at Eastbourne in Sus-
sex, Sept. 4, 1815. He wrote: “A Fortnight's
Ramble to the Lakes,' etc. (1782); (Half-Pay,'
a narrative poem; (The Lancashire Collier
Girl) (1795); (Siege of Gibraltar) (1795), a
poem ; “Windermere (1798), a poem.
Palmer, Julius Auboineau. An American
author; born in Massachusetts in 1840. Among
his works are: (One Voyage and its Conse-
quences) (1889); About Mushrooms) (1894);
Memories of Hawaii? (1894); (Again in Ha-
waii) (1895).
Palmer, Mary. An English writer, niece of
Sir Joshua Reynolds; born at Plympton Earl's
in Devonshire, Feb. 9, 1716; died at Great Tor-
rington, May 27, 1794. She wrote (A Devon-
shire Dialogue, the best piece of literature in
the Devon dialect.
Palmer, Ray. An American clergyman and
hymn-writer; born at Little Compton, R. I. ,
Nov. 12, 1808; died at Newark, N. J. , March
29, 1887. He was pastor of Congregational
churches in Bath, Me. , and Albany, N. Y. , and
secretary of the Congregational Union, 1866-
78. His best-known hymn is (My Faith Looks
Up to Thee, which has been translated into
twenty languages. He has published : “Spirit-
ual Improvement) (1839); Hymns and Sacred
Pieces) (1865); (Hymns of my Holy Hours)
(1866).
Palmer, William. An English theologian
and archæologist; born at Mixbury in Oxford-
shire, July 12, 1811 ; died at Rome, April 4, 1879.
4
He was a clergyman of the Established Church,
but seceded to Rome in 1855. He was a volu-
minous writer. Among his works are: (Short
Poems and Hymns) (1843); (Remarks on the
Turkish Question) (1858); Introduction to
Early Christian Symbolism (1859); Egyptian
Chronicles (1861); (Commentary on the Book
of Daniel (1874).
Palmer, William Pitt. An American poet;
born in Stockbridge, Mass. , Feb. 22, 1805; died
in Brooklyn, N.
