Torrubia, "Analyse et interpretation du transfert en therapeutique institutionelle," Revue de
psychotherapie
institutionelle, vol.
Foucault-Psychiatric-Power-1973-74
James D.
Faubion, trans.
Robert Hurley and others (New York: The New
Press, 2 0 0 0 ) . See also the interview with Foucault on Radio France, 8 October 1972, "Punir ou guenr": "I think this historical analysis is politically important inasmuch as it is necessary to locate exactly what one is struggling against. "
9- "If the medical personage could isolate madness, it was not because he knew it, but because he mastered it; and what lor positivism would be an image of objectivity was only the other side of this domination" Histoire de lafolie, p. 525; Madness and Civilisation, p. 272.
10. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" Dits el Ecrils, vol. 3, p. 146; English translation, "Truth and Power" trans. Colin Gordon, Essential Works of Foucault, 3, p. 117.
11. "Theories et institutions penales" Dits el Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 390; English translation, "Penal Theories and Institutions" trans. Robert Hurley, The Essential Works of Michel Foucault, 1954-1984, vol. 1: Ethics: subjectivity and truth, ed. Paul Rabinow, trans. Robert Hurley and others (New York: The New Press, 1997) p. 17.
12. Michel Foucault, Les Anormaux. Cours au College de France, 1974-1975, ed. V. Marchetti and A. Saomoni (Paris: Gallimard/Seuil, 1999) pp. 16 20 and pp. 143-144; English translation, Abnormal. Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975, ed. Valerio Marchetti and Antonella Salomoni, English series ed. Arnold I. Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Picador, 2003) pp. 16-21 and pp. 154 156.
13. "Les rapports de pouvoir passent a l'interieur des corps" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 229-
14. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" p. 140; "Truth and Power" p. 111.
15. See above, "Course Summary. "
16. L. Bonnafe, "Sources du desalienisme" in Desaliener? Folie(s) et Societe(s) (Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail/Privat, 1991) p. 221.
17. Esprit, 20th year, December 1952, "Misere de la psychiatric La vie asilaire. Attitudes de la societe (Textes de malades, de medecins, d'un infirmier, denoncanl la vie asilaire chroni- cisante, la surpopulation, le reglement modele de 1838). " Foucault refers to this "remarkable number of Esprit" in Maladie mentale et Personnalite, p. 109, n. 1.
? 18. An allusion to the cases of arbitrary confinement, the most famous cases of which arc those
of General Gngorenko, arrested in February 1964 under the charge of anti Soviet activi- ties and confined in the Serbski Institute in Moscow, and Vladimir Borissov, confined in the special psychiatric hospital of Leningrad--for the liberation of whom a campaign was led by Victor Fainberg, supported by some intellectuals including David Cooper and Michel Foucault. See, "Enlermement, psychiatrie, prison" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, pp. 332 360. There was also the confinement ol the dissident Wladimir Boukovski in autumn 1971. See W. Boukovski, Une nouvc/le maladie mentale en URSS: /'opposition (Paris: Le Seuil, 1971).
19- T. Laine, "Une psychiatrie differente pour le malaise a vivre," La Nouvelle Critique, no. 59, December 1972; reprinted in the Editions de la Nouvelle Critique, April 1973, pp. 23 36.
20. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault (Conversazione con Michel Foucault)" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 61; English translation, "Interview with Michel Foucault" trans. Robert Hurley, Essential Works of Foucault, 3, p. 260 [English translation slightly amended; G. B. j.
21. "Michel Foucault. Les reponses du philosophe" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 813-
22. In April 1970 a journal o( the extreme left had already appeared which sought to struggle
against "class psychiatry," Cahiers pour lafolie, a special issue of which, Cles pour Henri Colin, June 1973, was devoted to the security unit for difficult patients ol the Villejuif psychiatric
hospital. The journal Marge devoted its April May 1970 issue to this "rottenness ofpsychiatry. " In November 1973 a pamphlet appeared entitled: Psychiatrie: la peur change de camp, and in December 1973 number O of Psychiatrie el Lutle de classe appeared which put itself forward as "a site of theoretical development for the formation ol slogans promoting a revolutionary con sciousness ol 'social' workers in connection with the battle of the working class" (p. 1). On the role of the "young psychiatrists" see "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" Dits el Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 60; "Interview with Michel Foucault," Essential Works oj Foucault, 3, pp. 259 260.
23. Des infirmiers psychiatriques prennent la parole (Paris: Capedith, 1974).
24. M. Burton and R. Gentis, La psychiatrie doit etrefaite/defaitepar lous (Paris: Maspero, 1973).
25. "Le monde est un grand asile" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 433.
26. Maladie menlale el Psychologie, p. 2; Mental Illness and Psychology, p. 2.
27. Histoire de lafolie, p. 40 (omitted from the English translation).
28. "Le jeu de Michel Foucault" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 299; abridged English translation "The Confession of the Flesh," trans. Colin Gordon, in M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon and others (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1980) p. 194. In an unpublished interview with Paul Patton and Colin Gordon of 3 April 1978, Foucault says: "What I study is an architecture. "
29. See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 14-15.
30. Histoire de lafolie, p. 26; Madness and Civilisation, p. 16.
31. See above, lecture of 6 February 1974, p. 308, where Foucault marks the difference between his problematic and that ol the Anglo-Saxon and Italian anti psychiatry movements that, taking as their target the "violence" exercised by society in general and psychiatry in particular, model themselves on the paradigmatic figure of the "schizophrenic" who, refus- ing to constitute an alienated "lalse self" subservient to social demands, tears off the masks of this everyday violence, and thanks to which, as R. D. Laing says, "the light began to break through the cracks in our all too-closed minds"; R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967) p. 107; French translation, La Politique de Vexperience. Essai sur I'alienation et I'Oiseau de Paradis, trans. Cl. Elsen (Paris: Stock, 1969), p. 89. See the works of David Cooper: (1) Psychiatry and Antipsychiatry (London: Tavistock Publications, 1967); French translation, Psychiatrie et Anti-psychiatrie,
trans. M. Braudeau (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970); ( 2 ) with R. D. Laing, Reason and Violence (London: Tavistock Publications, 1964); French translation, Raison et Violence. Dix ans de la philosophic de Sartre (1950-1960), trans. J. -P. Cottereau, Avant propos by
J. -P. Sartre (Paris: Payot, 1972). See also F. Basaglia and others, "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico," in Nuovo Politecnico, vol. 19, Turin, 1968; French translation, F. Basaglia, ed. , L'Institution en negation. Rapport su I'hopital psychiatrique de Gon'^ia, trans. I. Bonalumi (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970).
32. "Pouvoir et savoir" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 414.
33- L. Bonnafe, "Le milieu hospitalier au point de vue psychotherapique, ou Theorie et
pratique de I'hopital psychiatrique," La Raison, no. 17,1958, p. 7.
Course Context 365
? 366 PSYCHIATRIC POWER
34- L. Bonnaie, "De la doctrine post-esquirolienne. I. Problemes generaux," Information psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 4, April 1960, p. 423. The reference is to J. E. D. Esquirol, "Memoires, statistiques et hygieniques sur la folie. Preambule," in Des maladies mentaks,
considerees sous les rapports medical, hygienique et medico-legal (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1838),
vol. 2, p. 398.
35- L. Bonnafe, "Conclusions des journees psychiatriques de mars 1945," Information
36.
37.
38.
39. 40. 41.
psychialrique, 22ml year, no. 2, October 1945, p. 19.
L. Bonnafe, "De la doctrine post esquirolienne, II. Examples appliques," Information
psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 5, May 1960, p. 580: "The pivot of the service is no longer the asylum, but the town, at the heart of the territory in which the psychiatrist's Junction is exercised, extended to the protection of mental health. "
[aj H.
Torrubia, "Analyse et interpretation du transfert en therapeutique institutionelle," Revue de psychotherapie institutionelle, vol. 1, 1965, pp. 83 90. [bj J. Oury, [t| "Dialectique du fantasme, du transfert et du passage a l'acte dans la psychotherapie institutionelle," Cercle d'eludes psychiatriques (Paris: Laboratoire Specia, 1968); [n] "Psychotherapie institutionelle: transfert et espace du dire" Information psychiatrique, vol. 59, no. 3, March 1983, pp. 413-423. | c | J. Ayme, Ph. Rappard, H. Torrubia, "Therapeutique institutionelle," Encyclopedic medico-psychiatrique. Psychiatrie, vol. 3, October 1964, col. 37 930, G. 10, pp. 1-12. On the La Borde clinic, see the special issue of the review Recherches, no. 21, March April 1976: Histoires de La Borde. Dix ans de psychotherapie institutionelle a la clinique de Cour-Cheverny, complement, p. 19.
F. Tosquelles, "La problematique du pouvoir dans les collectifs de soins psychiatriques," La Nef 281'1year,no. 42,January March,1971:L'Antipsychiatrie,p. 98.
He stated this in an intervention at the University ol Vincennes on 5 February 1971: "Personally, I do not accept the label anti-psychiatrist. " (Personal notes; J. L. )
On the Italian movement, see: [a| F. Basaglia, [1] ed. , Che cos'e la psichiatria? (Turin: Einaudi, 1973); French translation, Qu'esl<e qu la psychiatrie? trans. R. Maggiori (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1977); [ii | "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico"; Vlnslilution en negation. Rapport su Vhopital psychiatrique de Gori^ia; fiii] "Le rapport de Trieste," in Pratiques de lafolie. Pratiques etfolie (Paris: Ed. Solin, 1981) pp. 5 7 0 . On this current, see also: [ b | G. Jervis, "II Mito dell'Antipsichiatna," Quaderni Piacentini, no. 60 61, October 1976; French translation, Le Mythe de I'antipsychiatrie," trans. B. de Freminville (Paris: ? d. Solin, 1977). [c| R. Castel, "Le ville natale de 'Marco Cavallo,' embleme de I'antipsychiatrie," Critique, no. 435 436, August-September 1983, pp. 628-636. More generally, on anti-psychiatry movements in Europe, see [dj Reseau. Alternative a la
psychiatrie. Collectif international (Paris: Union generale d'Edition, 1977).
F. Basaglia, "L'assistance psychiatrique comme probleme anti-institutionnel: une
experience italienne," Information psychiatrique, vol. 47, no. 2, February 1971: "The tolerant institution, the other face of the violent institution, continues to perform its original func tion without changing its strategic and structural meaning, or the games ol power on which it is based. "
F. Basaglia, "Les institutions de la violence," in Vinstitution en negation, p. 137.
The works of English anti-psychiatry began to be translated and known in France follow- ing a colloquium organized in 1967 in Paris by the Federation des groupes d'Etudes et de Recherches institutionnelles (FGERI), to which Cooper and Laing were invited. See [aj
R. Castel, La Gestion des risques. De Vantipsychiatrie a Vapres-psychanalyse, 1 ? "Grandeurs et servitudes contestaires" (Paris: Ed. de Minuit, 1981) pp. 19 33. fb] J. Postel and D. F. Allen, "History and anti-psychiatry in France" in M. Micale and R. Porter, eds. Discovering the History of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) pp. 384 414. [c) Recherches special issue Enfance alienee, vol. 2, December 1968 in which there are contributions from D. Cooper, "Alienation mentale et alienation sociale" pp. 48-50, and
R. Laing, "Metanoia. Some experiences at Kingsley Hall" pp. 51-57.
"A more radical questioning led some of us to put forward conceptions and procedures that seem to be absolutely opposed to traditional conceptions and procedures, and which can in fact be considered as the germ of an anti-psychiatry" David Cooper, Psychiatrie et Anti-
psychialrie, p. 9. (This passage does not appear in the original English, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry. }
42.
43- 44.
45-
? 46. 47.
R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience, pp. 105 6; La politique de ['experience, p. 88.
Report on the activity of the Philadelphia Association (1965-1967), quoted in the article by G. Baillon, "Introduction a l'antipsychiatrie," La Nef, 28lh year, no. 42, January May 1971: L'Anti-Psychiatrie, p. 23. This is why, in his contribution, "Histoire de la folie et antipsychi atrie," to the colloquium at Montreal organized by H. Ellenberger on 9 May 1973: "Faul
d interner les psychiatres? "--to which he refers in "Michel Foucault: An Interview by Stephen Riggins" Essential Works of Foucault, vol. 1, pp. 131-132; French translation, "Une interview de Michel Foucault par Stephen Riggins" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, pp. 536 537--he could say: "In the form of anti-psychiatry practiced by Laing and Cooper, it is a question of the de medicalization of the space in which madness is pro- duced. Consequently, it is an anti psychiatry in which the power relationship is reduced to zero. This de medicalization implies not only an institutional reorganization of psychiatric establishments; it is undoubtedly more than a simple epistemological break; the question should perhaps be posed more in terms of an ethnological break than o( a political revolution. Maybe it is not just our economic system, or even our present form of rationalism, but the whole of our immense social rationality as it has been woven historically since the Greeks that reluses today to recognize, at the very heart of our society, an experience of madness that may be a test of truth not under the control oi medical power" (typescript p. 19).
See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 15 16.
E. Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Siluation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (New York: Doubleday, 1961); French translation, Asiles: Etudes sur la condition sociale des malades mentaux et autres reclus, trans. L. and Cl. Laine, wilh Preface by R. Castel (Paris: ? d. de Minuit, 1968). See M. Foucault |i| "La verite et les formes juridiques"; pp. 611 612; "Truth and Juridical Forms" pp. 75 76. [iij "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" an interview with M. Dillon in Campus Report, 12th Year, no. 6, October 1979, pp. 5-6; French translation, "Foucault etudie la raison d'Etat" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits,vol. 3, pp. 802-803. fiii] "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" The Three Penny Review, 1st Year, no. 1, 1980, pp. 4 5; French translation, "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 38 (this is a modified version o( the previous reference), and [IV]"Space, Knowledge, and Power" an interview with P. Rabinow, in Essential Works of Foucault, 3, pp. 356-357; French translation, "Espace, savoir et pouvoir" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 277. E. Goffman, Asylums, p. 4.
See above, "Course summary," p. 339.
See above, lecture of 12 December 1973, p. 132.
"Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power," pp. 4-5; "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat;' p. 38.
The battle of Henri Ey (1900-1977) to maintain the "specificity" of psychiatry against psychoanalysis and against biological and socio-political temptations, testifies to this, as does the appearance of a collection edited by F. Caroli entitled, precisely, Specificile de la
psychiatrie (Paris: Masson, 1980).
David Cooper, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry: "In so far as psychiatry represents the interests or pretended interests of the sane ones, we may discover that, in fact, violence in psychiatry is pre eminently the violence of psychiatry" p. 14.
See above, note 31.
See above, lecture ol 6 February 1974, p. 304 sq.
See above, "Course summary" p. 342.
"Histoire de la folie et antipsychiairie" (typescript) p. 12. Summarized with some changes in the "Course summary. "
Ibid.
"Le grand enfermemeni" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 301.
48. 49.
50. 51. 52. 53-
54.
55-
56. 57. 58. 59.
60. 61.
Course Context 367
? Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz 198, 262, 364 Adams, R. A. 324
Adnes, Andre 36
Alembertjean Le Rond d' 259
Alencon, Edouard d' 8 9 Alexander IV (pope) 257 Algarron, Jacques 351 Alleau, Rene 258
Allen, David F. 366
Althusser, Louis 18
Amandry, Pierre 260
Amard, Louis Victor Frederic 169 Ame, Charles Francois (patient) 293 Arnauld, Antoine 140
Auenbrugger, Leopold 324 Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus
(saint) 88
Augustine (patient) 331 Ayme,Jean 366 AymenJ. B. 259
Azam, Paul 294
Babinski, Joseph Francois Felix 142, 323, 332-33, 342
Baillarger, Jules Gabriel Francois 197, 267, 289, 292, 325, 326
Baillon, Guy 367
Balard, Antoine Jerome 291 Ballet, Gilbert 231
Balvet, Paul 196
Barbaroux, N. 90
Barker, John 259
Barnes, Mary 31-32, 37, 347 Basaglia, Franco 341, 345, 347, 357,
365, 366
Baudin, Louis 89
Bayard, Henri Louis 141, I95
Bayle, Antoine Laurent Jesse 141, 263, 267, 289, 306, 326
Bayle, Gaspard Laurent 198,199 Beauchesne, H. 227
Beaudouin, Henri 59
Beccaria, Cesare 17
Becher, Hubert 8 9
Belhomme, Jacques Etienne 205-6, 224, 225,
226
Belloc, Hippolyte 156,171,192
Bentham, Jeremy 41,60, 73-79, 90, 91, 93,
102-3,106
Bergboff, Emanuel 259
Berillon, Edgar 294
Berke, Joe 31-32, 37, 347
Berliere, Ursmer 88
Bernard, Claude 142, 279, 291
Bernardin, Alexandre Edme Maurice 145, 149,
195
Bernbeim, Hippolyte 316, 318, 331, 341 Berthier, Pierre 100, 117, 118
Berthold de Calabre 8 9
Bertrand, Alexandre 255
Bessejean Martial 8 8 , 8 9
Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier 188, 198, 298,
299, 302, 303, 323, 324, 336
Binet, Alfred 61
Bini, Lucio 195
Binswanger, Ludwig 364
Bixler, Elizabetb S. 196
Blanche, Esprit Sylvestre 110, 112, 113, 120-21,
169
Bleandonu, Gerard 196 Boerhaave, Hermann 260 Boisseau, Edmund 142, 330 Boissier de Sauvages, Francois 225 Bollotte, Gustave 117
INDEX OF NAMES
? 370 INDEX OF NAMES
Bongert, Yvonne 257
Bonnafe, Lucien 59, 264, 351, 352, 355, 364,
365, 366
Bordeu, Theophile 259
Bonssov, Vladimir 365
Borneman, Ernst 170
Borromeo, Carlo (saint) 193
Bouchardeau, G. 230
Bouche-Leclercq, Auguste 260
Boucher, Louis 194
Bouchet, Camille 168, 197
Boukovski, Wladimir 365
Bourgey, Louis 259
Bourgin, Georges 90
Bourneville, Desire Magliore 142, 199, 217-18,
220-21, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 318,
331
BousquetJ. B. E. 292
Bouzon, Jean 91
Braguette (the widow Brouillard, called)
(patient) 136-37, 142, 285, 293 Braid, James 285-86, 294-95 Braun, Lucien 258
Brauner, Alfred 227
Bredero, Adriaan Hendrik 88
Briand, Marcel 228
Brierre de Boismont, Alexandre Jacques
Francois 109, 112-14, 118, 120, 121,169 Briftaut, Jean Baptiste Lodois 325
Briquet, Paul 332
Broca, Pierre Paul 285-86, 294, 300-3, 324-25 Brochin, Hippolyte 168, 255
Brouardel, Paul 332 Broussais, Francois 336, 349 BroussardJ.
Press, 2 0 0 0 ) . See also the interview with Foucault on Radio France, 8 October 1972, "Punir ou guenr": "I think this historical analysis is politically important inasmuch as it is necessary to locate exactly what one is struggling against. "
9- "If the medical personage could isolate madness, it was not because he knew it, but because he mastered it; and what lor positivism would be an image of objectivity was only the other side of this domination" Histoire de lafolie, p. 525; Madness and Civilisation, p. 272.
10. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" Dits el Ecrils, vol. 3, p. 146; English translation, "Truth and Power" trans. Colin Gordon, Essential Works of Foucault, 3, p. 117.
11. "Theories et institutions penales" Dits el Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 390; English translation, "Penal Theories and Institutions" trans. Robert Hurley, The Essential Works of Michel Foucault, 1954-1984, vol. 1: Ethics: subjectivity and truth, ed. Paul Rabinow, trans. Robert Hurley and others (New York: The New Press, 1997) p. 17.
12. Michel Foucault, Les Anormaux. Cours au College de France, 1974-1975, ed. V. Marchetti and A. Saomoni (Paris: Gallimard/Seuil, 1999) pp. 16 20 and pp. 143-144; English translation, Abnormal. Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975, ed. Valerio Marchetti and Antonella Salomoni, English series ed. Arnold I. Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Picador, 2003) pp. 16-21 and pp. 154 156.
13. "Les rapports de pouvoir passent a l'interieur des corps" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 229-
14. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" p. 140; "Truth and Power" p. 111.
15. See above, "Course Summary. "
16. L. Bonnafe, "Sources du desalienisme" in Desaliener? Folie(s) et Societe(s) (Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail/Privat, 1991) p. 221.
17. Esprit, 20th year, December 1952, "Misere de la psychiatric La vie asilaire. Attitudes de la societe (Textes de malades, de medecins, d'un infirmier, denoncanl la vie asilaire chroni- cisante, la surpopulation, le reglement modele de 1838). " Foucault refers to this "remarkable number of Esprit" in Maladie mentale et Personnalite, p. 109, n. 1.
? 18. An allusion to the cases of arbitrary confinement, the most famous cases of which arc those
of General Gngorenko, arrested in February 1964 under the charge of anti Soviet activi- ties and confined in the Serbski Institute in Moscow, and Vladimir Borissov, confined in the special psychiatric hospital of Leningrad--for the liberation of whom a campaign was led by Victor Fainberg, supported by some intellectuals including David Cooper and Michel Foucault. See, "Enlermement, psychiatrie, prison" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, pp. 332 360. There was also the confinement ol the dissident Wladimir Boukovski in autumn 1971. See W. Boukovski, Une nouvc/le maladie mentale en URSS: /'opposition (Paris: Le Seuil, 1971).
19- T. Laine, "Une psychiatrie differente pour le malaise a vivre," La Nouvelle Critique, no. 59, December 1972; reprinted in the Editions de la Nouvelle Critique, April 1973, pp. 23 36.
20. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault (Conversazione con Michel Foucault)" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 61; English translation, "Interview with Michel Foucault" trans. Robert Hurley, Essential Works of Foucault, 3, p. 260 [English translation slightly amended; G. B. j.
21. "Michel Foucault. Les reponses du philosophe" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 813-
22. In April 1970 a journal o( the extreme left had already appeared which sought to struggle
against "class psychiatry," Cahiers pour lafolie, a special issue of which, Cles pour Henri Colin, June 1973, was devoted to the security unit for difficult patients ol the Villejuif psychiatric
hospital. The journal Marge devoted its April May 1970 issue to this "rottenness ofpsychiatry. " In November 1973 a pamphlet appeared entitled: Psychiatrie: la peur change de camp, and in December 1973 number O of Psychiatrie el Lutle de classe appeared which put itself forward as "a site of theoretical development for the formation ol slogans promoting a revolutionary con sciousness ol 'social' workers in connection with the battle of the working class" (p. 1). On the role of the "young psychiatrists" see "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" Dits el Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 60; "Interview with Michel Foucault," Essential Works oj Foucault, 3, pp. 259 260.
23. Des infirmiers psychiatriques prennent la parole (Paris: Capedith, 1974).
24. M. Burton and R. Gentis, La psychiatrie doit etrefaite/defaitepar lous (Paris: Maspero, 1973).
25. "Le monde est un grand asile" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 433.
26. Maladie menlale el Psychologie, p. 2; Mental Illness and Psychology, p. 2.
27. Histoire de lafolie, p. 40 (omitted from the English translation).
28. "Le jeu de Michel Foucault" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 299; abridged English translation "The Confession of the Flesh," trans. Colin Gordon, in M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon and others (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1980) p. 194. In an unpublished interview with Paul Patton and Colin Gordon of 3 April 1978, Foucault says: "What I study is an architecture. "
29. See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 14-15.
30. Histoire de lafolie, p. 26; Madness and Civilisation, p. 16.
31. See above, lecture of 6 February 1974, p. 308, where Foucault marks the difference between his problematic and that ol the Anglo-Saxon and Italian anti psychiatry movements that, taking as their target the "violence" exercised by society in general and psychiatry in particular, model themselves on the paradigmatic figure of the "schizophrenic" who, refus- ing to constitute an alienated "lalse self" subservient to social demands, tears off the masks of this everyday violence, and thanks to which, as R. D. Laing says, "the light began to break through the cracks in our all too-closed minds"; R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967) p. 107; French translation, La Politique de Vexperience. Essai sur I'alienation et I'Oiseau de Paradis, trans. Cl. Elsen (Paris: Stock, 1969), p. 89. See the works of David Cooper: (1) Psychiatry and Antipsychiatry (London: Tavistock Publications, 1967); French translation, Psychiatrie et Anti-psychiatrie,
trans. M. Braudeau (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970); ( 2 ) with R. D. Laing, Reason and Violence (London: Tavistock Publications, 1964); French translation, Raison et Violence. Dix ans de la philosophic de Sartre (1950-1960), trans. J. -P. Cottereau, Avant propos by
J. -P. Sartre (Paris: Payot, 1972). See also F. Basaglia and others, "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico," in Nuovo Politecnico, vol. 19, Turin, 1968; French translation, F. Basaglia, ed. , L'Institution en negation. Rapport su I'hopital psychiatrique de Gon'^ia, trans. I. Bonalumi (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970).
32. "Pouvoir et savoir" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 414.
33- L. Bonnafe, "Le milieu hospitalier au point de vue psychotherapique, ou Theorie et
pratique de I'hopital psychiatrique," La Raison, no. 17,1958, p. 7.
Course Context 365
? 366 PSYCHIATRIC POWER
34- L. Bonnaie, "De la doctrine post-esquirolienne. I. Problemes generaux," Information psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 4, April 1960, p. 423. The reference is to J. E. D. Esquirol, "Memoires, statistiques et hygieniques sur la folie. Preambule," in Des maladies mentaks,
considerees sous les rapports medical, hygienique et medico-legal (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1838),
vol. 2, p. 398.
35- L. Bonnafe, "Conclusions des journees psychiatriques de mars 1945," Information
36.
37.
38.
39. 40. 41.
psychialrique, 22ml year, no. 2, October 1945, p. 19.
L. Bonnafe, "De la doctrine post esquirolienne, II. Examples appliques," Information
psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 5, May 1960, p. 580: "The pivot of the service is no longer the asylum, but the town, at the heart of the territory in which the psychiatrist's Junction is exercised, extended to the protection of mental health. "
[aj H.
Torrubia, "Analyse et interpretation du transfert en therapeutique institutionelle," Revue de psychotherapie institutionelle, vol. 1, 1965, pp. 83 90. [bj J. Oury, [t| "Dialectique du fantasme, du transfert et du passage a l'acte dans la psychotherapie institutionelle," Cercle d'eludes psychiatriques (Paris: Laboratoire Specia, 1968); [n] "Psychotherapie institutionelle: transfert et espace du dire" Information psychiatrique, vol. 59, no. 3, March 1983, pp. 413-423. | c | J. Ayme, Ph. Rappard, H. Torrubia, "Therapeutique institutionelle," Encyclopedic medico-psychiatrique. Psychiatrie, vol. 3, October 1964, col. 37 930, G. 10, pp. 1-12. On the La Borde clinic, see the special issue of the review Recherches, no. 21, March April 1976: Histoires de La Borde. Dix ans de psychotherapie institutionelle a la clinique de Cour-Cheverny, complement, p. 19.
F. Tosquelles, "La problematique du pouvoir dans les collectifs de soins psychiatriques," La Nef 281'1year,no. 42,January March,1971:L'Antipsychiatrie,p. 98.
He stated this in an intervention at the University ol Vincennes on 5 February 1971: "Personally, I do not accept the label anti-psychiatrist. " (Personal notes; J. L. )
On the Italian movement, see: [a| F. Basaglia, [1] ed. , Che cos'e la psichiatria? (Turin: Einaudi, 1973); French translation, Qu'esl<e qu la psychiatrie? trans. R. Maggiori (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1977); [ii | "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico"; Vlnslilution en negation. Rapport su Vhopital psychiatrique de Gori^ia; fiii] "Le rapport de Trieste," in Pratiques de lafolie. Pratiques etfolie (Paris: Ed. Solin, 1981) pp. 5 7 0 . On this current, see also: [ b | G. Jervis, "II Mito dell'Antipsichiatna," Quaderni Piacentini, no. 60 61, October 1976; French translation, Le Mythe de I'antipsychiatrie," trans. B. de Freminville (Paris: ? d. Solin, 1977). [c| R. Castel, "Le ville natale de 'Marco Cavallo,' embleme de I'antipsychiatrie," Critique, no. 435 436, August-September 1983, pp. 628-636. More generally, on anti-psychiatry movements in Europe, see [dj Reseau. Alternative a la
psychiatrie. Collectif international (Paris: Union generale d'Edition, 1977).
F. Basaglia, "L'assistance psychiatrique comme probleme anti-institutionnel: une
experience italienne," Information psychiatrique, vol. 47, no. 2, February 1971: "The tolerant institution, the other face of the violent institution, continues to perform its original func tion without changing its strategic and structural meaning, or the games ol power on which it is based. "
F. Basaglia, "Les institutions de la violence," in Vinstitution en negation, p. 137.
The works of English anti-psychiatry began to be translated and known in France follow- ing a colloquium organized in 1967 in Paris by the Federation des groupes d'Etudes et de Recherches institutionnelles (FGERI), to which Cooper and Laing were invited. See [aj
R. Castel, La Gestion des risques. De Vantipsychiatrie a Vapres-psychanalyse, 1 ? "Grandeurs et servitudes contestaires" (Paris: Ed. de Minuit, 1981) pp. 19 33. fb] J. Postel and D. F. Allen, "History and anti-psychiatry in France" in M. Micale and R. Porter, eds. Discovering the History of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) pp. 384 414. [c) Recherches special issue Enfance alienee, vol. 2, December 1968 in which there are contributions from D. Cooper, "Alienation mentale et alienation sociale" pp. 48-50, and
R. Laing, "Metanoia. Some experiences at Kingsley Hall" pp. 51-57.
"A more radical questioning led some of us to put forward conceptions and procedures that seem to be absolutely opposed to traditional conceptions and procedures, and which can in fact be considered as the germ of an anti-psychiatry" David Cooper, Psychiatrie et Anti-
psychialrie, p. 9. (This passage does not appear in the original English, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry. }
42.
43- 44.
45-
? 46. 47.
R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience, pp. 105 6; La politique de ['experience, p. 88.
Report on the activity of the Philadelphia Association (1965-1967), quoted in the article by G. Baillon, "Introduction a l'antipsychiatrie," La Nef, 28lh year, no. 42, January May 1971: L'Anti-Psychiatrie, p. 23. This is why, in his contribution, "Histoire de la folie et antipsychi atrie," to the colloquium at Montreal organized by H. Ellenberger on 9 May 1973: "Faul
d interner les psychiatres? "--to which he refers in "Michel Foucault: An Interview by Stephen Riggins" Essential Works of Foucault, vol. 1, pp. 131-132; French translation, "Une interview de Michel Foucault par Stephen Riggins" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, pp. 536 537--he could say: "In the form of anti-psychiatry practiced by Laing and Cooper, it is a question of the de medicalization of the space in which madness is pro- duced. Consequently, it is an anti psychiatry in which the power relationship is reduced to zero. This de medicalization implies not only an institutional reorganization of psychiatric establishments; it is undoubtedly more than a simple epistemological break; the question should perhaps be posed more in terms of an ethnological break than o( a political revolution. Maybe it is not just our economic system, or even our present form of rationalism, but the whole of our immense social rationality as it has been woven historically since the Greeks that reluses today to recognize, at the very heart of our society, an experience of madness that may be a test of truth not under the control oi medical power" (typescript p. 19).
See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 15 16.
E. Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Siluation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (New York: Doubleday, 1961); French translation, Asiles: Etudes sur la condition sociale des malades mentaux et autres reclus, trans. L. and Cl. Laine, wilh Preface by R. Castel (Paris: ? d. de Minuit, 1968). See M. Foucault |i| "La verite et les formes juridiques"; pp. 611 612; "Truth and Juridical Forms" pp. 75 76. [iij "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" an interview with M. Dillon in Campus Report, 12th Year, no. 6, October 1979, pp. 5-6; French translation, "Foucault etudie la raison d'Etat" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits,vol. 3, pp. 802-803. fiii] "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" The Three Penny Review, 1st Year, no. 1, 1980, pp. 4 5; French translation, "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 38 (this is a modified version o( the previous reference), and [IV]"Space, Knowledge, and Power" an interview with P. Rabinow, in Essential Works of Foucault, 3, pp. 356-357; French translation, "Espace, savoir et pouvoir" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 277. E. Goffman, Asylums, p. 4.
See above, "Course summary," p. 339.
See above, lecture of 12 December 1973, p. 132.
"Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power," pp. 4-5; "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat;' p. 38.
The battle of Henri Ey (1900-1977) to maintain the "specificity" of psychiatry against psychoanalysis and against biological and socio-political temptations, testifies to this, as does the appearance of a collection edited by F. Caroli entitled, precisely, Specificile de la
psychiatrie (Paris: Masson, 1980).
David Cooper, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry: "In so far as psychiatry represents the interests or pretended interests of the sane ones, we may discover that, in fact, violence in psychiatry is pre eminently the violence of psychiatry" p. 14.
See above, note 31.
See above, lecture ol 6 February 1974, p. 304 sq.
See above, "Course summary" p. 342.
"Histoire de la folie et antipsychiairie" (typescript) p. 12. Summarized with some changes in the "Course summary. "
Ibid.
"Le grand enfermemeni" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 301.
48. 49.
50. 51. 52. 53-
54.
55-
56. 57. 58. 59.
60. 61.
Course Context 367
? Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz 198, 262, 364 Adams, R. A. 324
Adnes, Andre 36
Alembertjean Le Rond d' 259
Alencon, Edouard d' 8 9 Alexander IV (pope) 257 Algarron, Jacques 351 Alleau, Rene 258
Allen, David F. 366
Althusser, Louis 18
Amandry, Pierre 260
Amard, Louis Victor Frederic 169 Ame, Charles Francois (patient) 293 Arnauld, Antoine 140
Auenbrugger, Leopold 324 Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus
(saint) 88
Augustine (patient) 331 Ayme,Jean 366 AymenJ. B. 259
Azam, Paul 294
Babinski, Joseph Francois Felix 142, 323, 332-33, 342
Baillarger, Jules Gabriel Francois 197, 267, 289, 292, 325, 326
Baillon, Guy 367
Balard, Antoine Jerome 291 Ballet, Gilbert 231
Balvet, Paul 196
Barbaroux, N. 90
Barker, John 259
Barnes, Mary 31-32, 37, 347 Basaglia, Franco 341, 345, 347, 357,
365, 366
Baudin, Louis 89
Bayard, Henri Louis 141, I95
Bayle, Antoine Laurent Jesse 141, 263, 267, 289, 306, 326
Bayle, Gaspard Laurent 198,199 Beauchesne, H. 227
Beaudouin, Henri 59
Beccaria, Cesare 17
Becher, Hubert 8 9
Belhomme, Jacques Etienne 205-6, 224, 225,
226
Belloc, Hippolyte 156,171,192
Bentham, Jeremy 41,60, 73-79, 90, 91, 93,
102-3,106
Bergboff, Emanuel 259
Berillon, Edgar 294
Berke, Joe 31-32, 37, 347
Berliere, Ursmer 88
Bernard, Claude 142, 279, 291
Bernardin, Alexandre Edme Maurice 145, 149,
195
Bernbeim, Hippolyte 316, 318, 331, 341 Berthier, Pierre 100, 117, 118
Berthold de Calabre 8 9
Bertrand, Alexandre 255
Bessejean Martial 8 8 , 8 9
Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier 188, 198, 298,
299, 302, 303, 323, 324, 336
Binet, Alfred 61
Bini, Lucio 195
Binswanger, Ludwig 364
Bixler, Elizabetb S. 196
Blanche, Esprit Sylvestre 110, 112, 113, 120-21,
169
Bleandonu, Gerard 196 Boerhaave, Hermann 260 Boisseau, Edmund 142, 330 Boissier de Sauvages, Francois 225 Bollotte, Gustave 117
INDEX OF NAMES
? 370 INDEX OF NAMES
Bongert, Yvonne 257
Bonnafe, Lucien 59, 264, 351, 352, 355, 364,
365, 366
Bordeu, Theophile 259
Bonssov, Vladimir 365
Borneman, Ernst 170
Borromeo, Carlo (saint) 193
Bouchardeau, G. 230
Bouche-Leclercq, Auguste 260
Boucher, Louis 194
Bouchet, Camille 168, 197
Boukovski, Wladimir 365
Bourgey, Louis 259
Bourgin, Georges 90
Bourneville, Desire Magliore 142, 199, 217-18,
220-21, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 318,
331
BousquetJ. B. E. 292
Bouzon, Jean 91
Braguette (the widow Brouillard, called)
(patient) 136-37, 142, 285, 293 Braid, James 285-86, 294-95 Braun, Lucien 258
Brauner, Alfred 227
Bredero, Adriaan Hendrik 88
Briand, Marcel 228
Brierre de Boismont, Alexandre Jacques
Francois 109, 112-14, 118, 120, 121,169 Briftaut, Jean Baptiste Lodois 325
Briquet, Paul 332
Broca, Pierre Paul 285-86, 294, 300-3, 324-25 Brochin, Hippolyte 168, 255
Brouardel, Paul 332 Broussais, Francois 336, 349 BroussardJ.
