[727] Zeugma,
according
to Dio Cassius.
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - b
He does not mention the conference of Lucca, which
is attested by Suetonius, Plutarch, and Appian. He forgets that
Trebonius, Cæsar’s creature, was one of his most devoted lieutenants in
the Civil War. We think that the testimony of the other historians is to
be preferred.
[672] “In my opinion, that which it would have been best for his
adversaries to do, would have been to cease a struggle which they are
not strong enough to sustain. . . . At the present day the only ambition
one can have is to be quiet, and those who governed would be disposed to
allow it us, if they found certain people less rigid against their
domination. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 8, letter to Lentulus. )
[673] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[674] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 37.
[675] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 38.
[676] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 1.
[677] According to the letter from Cicero to Atticus (IV. 13), Crassus
had left Rome a little before the 17th of the Calends of December, 699,
which answers, according to the concordance established by M. Le
Verrier, to the 28th of October, 699.
[678] Justin, XLI. 6.
[679] Justin, XLII. 4.
[680] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 38.
[681] “Cæsar was very proud of his expedition into Britain, and
everybody at Rome cried it up with enthusiasm. People congratulated each
other on becoming acquainted with a country of the existence of which
they were previously ignorant, and of having penetrated into countries
of which they had never heard before; everybody took his hopes for
reality, and all that people flattered themselves with obtaining some
day caused as great an outburst of joy as if they had already possessed
it. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 53. )--“After having landed in Britain, Cæsar
believed he had discovered a new world. He wrote (it is unknown to whom)
that Britain was not an island, but a country surrounding the ocean. ”
(Eumenius, _Panegyrici_, IV. 2. )
[682] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, II. , line 571.
[683] “Without paying any attention to the opinion of Cato, the people
during fifteen days performed sacrifices to celebrate this victory, and
exhibited the greatest marks of joy. ” (Plutarch, _Nicias_ and _Crassus_,
4. )
[684] Plutarch, _Cato of Utica_, 58.
[685] See page 456.
[686] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 7.
[687] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 56, 57, 58. --_Schol. Bob. Pro Plancio_, 271.
[688] Plutarch, _Antony_, 2.
[689] Dio Cassius speaks of it as follows: “The influence of powerful
men and of riches was so great, even against the decrees of the people
and of the Senate, that Pompey wrote to Gabinius, governor of Syria, to
charge him with the restoring of Ptolemy in Egypt, and that he, who had
already taken the field, performed this task, in spite of the public
will, and in contempt of the oracles of the Sibyl. Pompey only sought to
do what would be agreeable to Ptolemy; but Gabinius had yielded to
corruption. Afterwards, when brought under accusation for this fact, he
was not condemned, thanks to Pompey and to his gold. There reigned then
in Rome such a degree of moral disorder, that the magistrates and
judges, who had received from Gabinius but a small part of the sums
which had served to corrupt him, set their duties at nought in order to
enrich themselves, and taught others to do evil, by showing them that
they could easily escape punishment with money. It was this which caused
Gabinius to be acquitted; in the sequel, brought to trial for having
carried off from his province more than 100,000,000 drachmas, he was
condemned. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 55. )
[690] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 43.
[691] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quint. _, II. 8.
[692] See the _Index Legum_ of Baiter, 181.
[693] Josephus, XIV. 48.
[694] Josephus, XIV. 11.
[695] Cicero, _Ep. ad Atticum_, IV. 18.
[696] Cicero, _Ep. ad Quintum_, IV. 15.
[697] _Schol. Bob. Pro Sextio_, 297. --Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV.
16; _Epist. Familiar. _, XIII. 19.
[698] “Cæsar has written to me from Britain a letter dated on the
Calends of September (28th of August), which I received on the 4th of
the Calends of October (23rd of September). His mourning had prevented
my replying and congratulating him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III.
1. )
[699] “In Cæsar’s affliction, I dare not write to him, but I write to
Balbus. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 9. )--“How kind and affecting
is Cæsar’s letter! There is in what he writes a charm which increases my
sympathy for the misfortune which afflicts him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad
Quintum_, III. 1. )
[700] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 4.
[701] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 27.
[702] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 17. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 36.
[703] Pliny, _Hist. Nat. _, XXXVI. 15.
[704] Appian, _De Bel. Civil. _, II. 102.
[705] “Have you any other _protégé_ to send me? I take charge of him. ”
(Letter of Cæsar cited by Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )--“I say
not a word, I take not a step in Cæsar’s interest, but he immediately
testifies in high terms that he attaches to it a value which assures me
of his affection. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )
[706] “I dispose, as though they were my own, of his credit, which is
preponderant, and of his resources, which, you know, are immense. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )--A few years later, when Cicero foresaw the
civil war, he wrote to Atticus: “There is, however, an affair of which I
shall not cease speaking as long as I write to you at Rome: it is
Cæsar’s credit. Free me, before leaving, I implore you. ” (Cicero,
_Epist. ad Atticum_, V. 6. )
[707] _Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15; III. 1.
[708] _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[709] “I have undertaken his defense (that of Crassus) in the Senate, as
high recommendations and my own engagement made it imperative for me. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )
[710] Cicero, _Pro Rabirio Postumo_, 15, 16.
[711] Cicero, _Pro Cn. Plancio_, 39. (A. U. C. 700. )
[712] Cicero, _Orat. in L. Calpurnium Pisonem_, 33. (A. U. C. 700. )
[713] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 1.
[714] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 15; _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5;
_Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15.
[715] “Pompey is all for Gutta, and he is confident of obtaining from
Cæsar an active intervention. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8. )
[716] Dio Cassius, XL. 45.
[717] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 4.
[718] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8.
[719] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[720] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[721] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[722] “Ut via illa nostra, quæ per Macedoniam est usque ad Hellespontum
militaris. ” (Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 2. --Strabo,
VII. vii. 268. )
[723] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 17.
[724] On the left bank of the Tigris, opposite Seleucia.
[725] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 24.
[726] The ancient authors name him Augar, Abgaros, or Ariamnes.
[727] Zeugma, according to Dio Cassius. This town is on the right bank
of the Euphrates, opposite Biradjik.
[728] According to Drumann, the course of the river could not always be
followed, as Plutarch says, because there existed a canal which joined
the Euphrates with the Tigris. (Pliny, VI. 30. --Ammianus Marcellinus,
XXIV. 2. )
[729] “There are among them few infantry. These are only chosen among
the weakest men. From the tenderest age the Parthians are accustomed to
handle the bow and the horse. Their country, which forms almost entirely
one plain, is very favourable for breeding horses, and for courses of
cavalry. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 15. )--“Equis omni tempore vectantur; illis
bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia obeunt. ”
(Justin, XLI. 8. )
[730] “Munimentum ipsis equisque loricæ plumatæ sunt, quæ utrumque toto
corpore tegunt. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[731] “Signum in prælio non tuba, sed tympano datur. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[732] “Fidentemque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis. ” (Virgil, _Georg. _,
III. , line 31.
[733] “The Osroenes, placed behind the Romans, who had their backs
turned to them, struck them where their unprotected limbs were exposed,
and rendered more easy their destruction by the Parthians. ” (Dio
Cassius, XL. 22. )
[734] The army was composed of seven legions, but some troops had been
left at Carrhæ. The square was composed of forty-eight cohorts, or
nearly five legions; the rest was probably in reserve in the square. The
4,000 cavalry and 4,000 light infantry were probably divided half to the
right and half to the left of the great square, the sides of which must
have been about 1,000 mètres long.
[735] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 28.
[736] Q. Cæcilius Metellus Scipio was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio
Nasica, and of Licinia, daughter of Crassus. He had been adopted by Q.
Cæcilius Metellus Pius.
[737] Plutarch, _Cato_, 55.
[738] All that follows is taken almost entirely from Asconius, the most
ancient commentator on Cicero, and is derived, it is believed, from the
_Acta Diurna_. (See the _Argument of the Oration of Cicero for Milo_,
edit. Orelli, p. 31. )
[739] Nine years after the sacrilege committed on the day of the
festival of the Bona Dea, Clodius was slain by Milo before the gate of
the temple of the Bona Dea, near Bovillæ. (Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_,
31. )
[740] _Romphæa_. (Asconius, _Argument of the Orat. of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 32, edit. Orelli. )
[741] Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_ 10. --Dio Cassius, XL. 48. --Appian,
_Civil Wars_, II. 21. --(Asconius, _Argument of the Oration of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 31, _et seq. _)
[742] _Lectus libitinæ. _ (Asconius, p. 34. )--The sense of this word is
given by Acro, a scholiast on Horace (see _Scholia Horatiana_, edit.
Pauly, tom. I. , p. 360). It corresponds with our word _corbillard_, a
hearse. We know the custom of the Romans of carrying at interments the
images of the ancestors of the dead with the ensigns of their dignities.
The fasces must have been numerous in the Clodian family.
[743] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[744] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[745] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[746] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 22.
[747] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[748] “The Senate and Bibulus, who was first to state his opinion,
forestalled the thoughtless resolutions of the multitude by conferring
the consulship on Pompey, in order that he might not be proclaimed
dictator; and in conferring it upon him alone, in order that he might
not have Cæsar for his colleague. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 2. )
[749] Plutarch, _Cato_, 47.
[750] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[751] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[752] Dio Cassius, XL. 52. --Cicero, _Brutus_, 94; _Epist. ad Atticum_,
XIII 49. --Tacitus, _Dialog. de Oratoribus_, 38.
[753] This was the historian. He had been the paramour of Milo’s wife.
Surprised by him in the very act, he had been cruelly beaten, and
compelled to pay, without pity.
[754] Velleius Paterculus, II. 47.
[755] All this account is taken from the argument by Asconius Servius,
serving as an introduction to his Commentary on the _Oration for Milo_.
(See the edit. of Orelli, pp. 41, 42. --Dio Cassius, XL. 53. )
[756] Dio Cassius, XL. 54.
[757] Velleius Paterculus, II. 68.
[758] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 58.
[759] Dio Cassius, XL. 53.
[760] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 24.
[761] Dio Cassius, XL. 52.
[762] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 59.
[763] Dio Cassius, XL. 56; comp. 30.
[764] Tacitus, _Annales_, III. 28.
[765] “Shall I pronounce against Cæsar? But what then becomes of that
faith sworn, when, for this same privilege which he demands, I myself,
at his prayer at Ravenna, went to solicit Cœlius, the tribune of the
people? What do I say, at this prayer! _at the prayer of Pompey
himself_, then invested with his third consulship, of eternal memory. ”
(Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, VII. 1.
[766] “It is he, Pompey, who has absolutely willed that the ten tribunes
should propose the decree which permitted Cæsar to ask for the
consulship without coming to Rome. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, VIII.
3. --Dio Cassius, XL. 56. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 28. )
[767] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 25.
[768] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 55. --Valerius Maximus, IX. 5. --Appian, _Civil
Wars_, II. 23, 24.
[769] Dio Cassius, XL. 57.
[770] “ . . . He (Vercingetorix) reckoned on persuading all Gaul to take
arms while they were preparing at Rome a revolt against Cæsar. If the
chief of the Gauls had deferred his enterprise until Cæsar had the civil
war to contend with, he would have struck all Italy with no less terror
than was caused in former days by the Cimbri and the Teutones. ”
(Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 28. )
[771] “In all Gaul there are only two classes of men who count and are
considered (the Druids and the knights), for the people have hardly any
other rank than that of slaves. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 13. )
[772] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[773] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 12.
[774] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 15.
[775] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 4.
[776] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 12.
[777] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 4.
[778] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 76.
[779] _De Bello Gallico_, V. 27.
[780] _De Bello Gallico_, V. 25, 54.
[781] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 21.
[782] _De Bello Gallico_, V. 4.
[783] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 33.
[784] “In the beginning of spring he convoked, according to custom, the
assembly of Gaul. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 3. )
[785] Cicero appears to fear for his wife and daughter in thinking that
Cæsar’s army was filled with barbarians. (Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_,
VII. 13, A. U. C. 705. ) He wrote to Atticus that, according to Matius, the
Gauls offered Cæsar 10,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, which they would
entertain at their own expense for ten years. (Cicero, _Epist. ad
Atticum_, IX, xii. 2. )
[786] “All this,” Cœlius writes to Cicero, “is not said in public, but
in secret, in the little circle which you know well, _sed inter paucos
quos tu nosti palam secreto narrantur_. ” (Cœlius to Cicero, _Epist.
Familiar. _, VIII. 1. )
[787] Dio Cassius, XL. 59.
[788] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VIII.
is attested by Suetonius, Plutarch, and Appian. He forgets that
Trebonius, Cæsar’s creature, was one of his most devoted lieutenants in
the Civil War. We think that the testimony of the other historians is to
be preferred.
[672] “In my opinion, that which it would have been best for his
adversaries to do, would have been to cease a struggle which they are
not strong enough to sustain. . . . At the present day the only ambition
one can have is to be quiet, and those who governed would be disposed to
allow it us, if they found certain people less rigid against their
domination. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 8, letter to Lentulus. )
[673] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[674] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 37.
[675] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 38.
[676] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 1.
[677] According to the letter from Cicero to Atticus (IV. 13), Crassus
had left Rome a little before the 17th of the Calends of December, 699,
which answers, according to the concordance established by M. Le
Verrier, to the 28th of October, 699.
[678] Justin, XLI. 6.
[679] Justin, XLII. 4.
[680] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 38.
[681] “Cæsar was very proud of his expedition into Britain, and
everybody at Rome cried it up with enthusiasm. People congratulated each
other on becoming acquainted with a country of the existence of which
they were previously ignorant, and of having penetrated into countries
of which they had never heard before; everybody took his hopes for
reality, and all that people flattered themselves with obtaining some
day caused as great an outburst of joy as if they had already possessed
it. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 53. )--“After having landed in Britain, Cæsar
believed he had discovered a new world. He wrote (it is unknown to whom)
that Britain was not an island, but a country surrounding the ocean. ”
(Eumenius, _Panegyrici_, IV. 2. )
[682] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, II. , line 571.
[683] “Without paying any attention to the opinion of Cato, the people
during fifteen days performed sacrifices to celebrate this victory, and
exhibited the greatest marks of joy. ” (Plutarch, _Nicias_ and _Crassus_,
4. )
[684] Plutarch, _Cato of Utica_, 58.
[685] See page 456.
[686] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 7.
[687] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 56, 57, 58. --_Schol. Bob. Pro Plancio_, 271.
[688] Plutarch, _Antony_, 2.
[689] Dio Cassius speaks of it as follows: “The influence of powerful
men and of riches was so great, even against the decrees of the people
and of the Senate, that Pompey wrote to Gabinius, governor of Syria, to
charge him with the restoring of Ptolemy in Egypt, and that he, who had
already taken the field, performed this task, in spite of the public
will, and in contempt of the oracles of the Sibyl. Pompey only sought to
do what would be agreeable to Ptolemy; but Gabinius had yielded to
corruption. Afterwards, when brought under accusation for this fact, he
was not condemned, thanks to Pompey and to his gold. There reigned then
in Rome such a degree of moral disorder, that the magistrates and
judges, who had received from Gabinius but a small part of the sums
which had served to corrupt him, set their duties at nought in order to
enrich themselves, and taught others to do evil, by showing them that
they could easily escape punishment with money. It was this which caused
Gabinius to be acquitted; in the sequel, brought to trial for having
carried off from his province more than 100,000,000 drachmas, he was
condemned. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 55. )
[690] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 43.
[691] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quint. _, II. 8.
[692] See the _Index Legum_ of Baiter, 181.
[693] Josephus, XIV. 48.
[694] Josephus, XIV. 11.
[695] Cicero, _Ep. ad Atticum_, IV. 18.
[696] Cicero, _Ep. ad Quintum_, IV. 15.
[697] _Schol. Bob. Pro Sextio_, 297. --Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV.
16; _Epist. Familiar. _, XIII. 19.
[698] “Cæsar has written to me from Britain a letter dated on the
Calends of September (28th of August), which I received on the 4th of
the Calends of October (23rd of September). His mourning had prevented
my replying and congratulating him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III.
1. )
[699] “In Cæsar’s affliction, I dare not write to him, but I write to
Balbus. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 9. )--“How kind and affecting
is Cæsar’s letter! There is in what he writes a charm which increases my
sympathy for the misfortune which afflicts him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad
Quintum_, III. 1. )
[700] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 4.
[701] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 27.
[702] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 17. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 36.
[703] Pliny, _Hist. Nat. _, XXXVI. 15.
[704] Appian, _De Bel. Civil. _, II. 102.
[705] “Have you any other _protégé_ to send me? I take charge of him. ”
(Letter of Cæsar cited by Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )--“I say
not a word, I take not a step in Cæsar’s interest, but he immediately
testifies in high terms that he attaches to it a value which assures me
of his affection. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )
[706] “I dispose, as though they were my own, of his credit, which is
preponderant, and of his resources, which, you know, are immense. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )--A few years later, when Cicero foresaw the
civil war, he wrote to Atticus: “There is, however, an affair of which I
shall not cease speaking as long as I write to you at Rome: it is
Cæsar’s credit. Free me, before leaving, I implore you. ” (Cicero,
_Epist. ad Atticum_, V. 6. )
[707] _Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15; III. 1.
[708] _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[709] “I have undertaken his defense (that of Crassus) in the Senate, as
high recommendations and my own engagement made it imperative for me. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )
[710] Cicero, _Pro Rabirio Postumo_, 15, 16.
[711] Cicero, _Pro Cn. Plancio_, 39. (A. U. C. 700. )
[712] Cicero, _Orat. in L. Calpurnium Pisonem_, 33. (A. U. C. 700. )
[713] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 1.
[714] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 15; _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5;
_Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15.
[715] “Pompey is all for Gutta, and he is confident of obtaining from
Cæsar an active intervention. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8. )
[716] Dio Cassius, XL. 45.
[717] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 4.
[718] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8.
[719] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[720] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[721] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[722] “Ut via illa nostra, quæ per Macedoniam est usque ad Hellespontum
militaris. ” (Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 2. --Strabo,
VII. vii. 268. )
[723] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 17.
[724] On the left bank of the Tigris, opposite Seleucia.
[725] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 24.
[726] The ancient authors name him Augar, Abgaros, or Ariamnes.
[727] Zeugma, according to Dio Cassius. This town is on the right bank
of the Euphrates, opposite Biradjik.
[728] According to Drumann, the course of the river could not always be
followed, as Plutarch says, because there existed a canal which joined
the Euphrates with the Tigris. (Pliny, VI. 30. --Ammianus Marcellinus,
XXIV. 2. )
[729] “There are among them few infantry. These are only chosen among
the weakest men. From the tenderest age the Parthians are accustomed to
handle the bow and the horse. Their country, which forms almost entirely
one plain, is very favourable for breeding horses, and for courses of
cavalry. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 15. )--“Equis omni tempore vectantur; illis
bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia obeunt. ”
(Justin, XLI. 8. )
[730] “Munimentum ipsis equisque loricæ plumatæ sunt, quæ utrumque toto
corpore tegunt. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[731] “Signum in prælio non tuba, sed tympano datur. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[732] “Fidentemque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis. ” (Virgil, _Georg. _,
III. , line 31.
[733] “The Osroenes, placed behind the Romans, who had their backs
turned to them, struck them where their unprotected limbs were exposed,
and rendered more easy their destruction by the Parthians. ” (Dio
Cassius, XL. 22. )
[734] The army was composed of seven legions, but some troops had been
left at Carrhæ. The square was composed of forty-eight cohorts, or
nearly five legions; the rest was probably in reserve in the square. The
4,000 cavalry and 4,000 light infantry were probably divided half to the
right and half to the left of the great square, the sides of which must
have been about 1,000 mètres long.
[735] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 28.
[736] Q. Cæcilius Metellus Scipio was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio
Nasica, and of Licinia, daughter of Crassus. He had been adopted by Q.
Cæcilius Metellus Pius.
[737] Plutarch, _Cato_, 55.
[738] All that follows is taken almost entirely from Asconius, the most
ancient commentator on Cicero, and is derived, it is believed, from the
_Acta Diurna_. (See the _Argument of the Oration of Cicero for Milo_,
edit. Orelli, p. 31. )
[739] Nine years after the sacrilege committed on the day of the
festival of the Bona Dea, Clodius was slain by Milo before the gate of
the temple of the Bona Dea, near Bovillæ. (Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_,
31. )
[740] _Romphæa_. (Asconius, _Argument of the Orat. of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 32, edit. Orelli. )
[741] Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_ 10. --Dio Cassius, XL. 48. --Appian,
_Civil Wars_, II. 21. --(Asconius, _Argument of the Oration of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 31, _et seq. _)
[742] _Lectus libitinæ. _ (Asconius, p. 34. )--The sense of this word is
given by Acro, a scholiast on Horace (see _Scholia Horatiana_, edit.
Pauly, tom. I. , p. 360). It corresponds with our word _corbillard_, a
hearse. We know the custom of the Romans of carrying at interments the
images of the ancestors of the dead with the ensigns of their dignities.
The fasces must have been numerous in the Clodian family.
[743] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[744] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[745] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[746] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 22.
[747] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[748] “The Senate and Bibulus, who was first to state his opinion,
forestalled the thoughtless resolutions of the multitude by conferring
the consulship on Pompey, in order that he might not be proclaimed
dictator; and in conferring it upon him alone, in order that he might
not have Cæsar for his colleague. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 2. )
[749] Plutarch, _Cato_, 47.
[750] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[751] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[752] Dio Cassius, XL. 52. --Cicero, _Brutus_, 94; _Epist. ad Atticum_,
XIII 49. --Tacitus, _Dialog. de Oratoribus_, 38.
[753] This was the historian. He had been the paramour of Milo’s wife.
Surprised by him in the very act, he had been cruelly beaten, and
compelled to pay, without pity.
[754] Velleius Paterculus, II. 47.
[755] All this account is taken from the argument by Asconius Servius,
serving as an introduction to his Commentary on the _Oration for Milo_.
(See the edit. of Orelli, pp. 41, 42. --Dio Cassius, XL. 53. )
[756] Dio Cassius, XL. 54.
[757] Velleius Paterculus, II. 68.
[758] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 58.
[759] Dio Cassius, XL. 53.
[760] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 24.
[761] Dio Cassius, XL. 52.
[762] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 59.
[763] Dio Cassius, XL. 56; comp. 30.
[764] Tacitus, _Annales_, III. 28.
[765] “Shall I pronounce against Cæsar? But what then becomes of that
faith sworn, when, for this same privilege which he demands, I myself,
at his prayer at Ravenna, went to solicit Cœlius, the tribune of the
people? What do I say, at this prayer! _at the prayer of Pompey
himself_, then invested with his third consulship, of eternal memory. ”
(Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, VII. 1.
[766] “It is he, Pompey, who has absolutely willed that the ten tribunes
should propose the decree which permitted Cæsar to ask for the
consulship without coming to Rome. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, VIII.
3. --Dio Cassius, XL. 56. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 28. )
[767] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 25.
[768] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 55. --Valerius Maximus, IX. 5. --Appian, _Civil
Wars_, II. 23, 24.
[769] Dio Cassius, XL. 57.
[770] “ . . . He (Vercingetorix) reckoned on persuading all Gaul to take
arms while they were preparing at Rome a revolt against Cæsar. If the
chief of the Gauls had deferred his enterprise until Cæsar had the civil
war to contend with, he would have struck all Italy with no less terror
than was caused in former days by the Cimbri and the Teutones. ”
(Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 28. )
[771] “In all Gaul there are only two classes of men who count and are
considered (the Druids and the knights), for the people have hardly any
other rank than that of slaves. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 13. )
[772] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[773] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 12.
[774] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 15.
[775] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 4.
[776] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 12.
[777] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 4.
[778] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 76.
[779] _De Bello Gallico_, V. 27.
[780] _De Bello Gallico_, V. 25, 54.
[781] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 21.
[782] _De Bello Gallico_, V. 4.
[783] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 33.
[784] “In the beginning of spring he convoked, according to custom, the
assembly of Gaul. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 3. )
[785] Cicero appears to fear for his wife and daughter in thinking that
Cæsar’s army was filled with barbarians. (Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_,
VII. 13, A. U. C. 705. ) He wrote to Atticus that, according to Matius, the
Gauls offered Cæsar 10,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, which they would
entertain at their own expense for ten years. (Cicero, _Epist. ad
Atticum_, IX, xii. 2. )
[786] “All this,” Cœlius writes to Cicero, “is not said in public, but
in secret, in the little circle which you know well, _sed inter paucos
quos tu nosti palam secreto narrantur_. ” (Cœlius to Cicero, _Epist.
Familiar. _, VIII. 1. )
[787] Dio Cassius, XL. 59.
[788] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VIII.
