)
Appia via, the most celebrated of the Roman roads,
both on account of its length, and the difficulties which
it was necessary to overcome in its construction,
hence called the " Queen of the Roman Ways," Regma
Viarum.
Appia via, the most celebrated of the Roman roads,
both on account of its length, and the difficulties which
it was necessary to overcome in its construction,
hence called the " Queen of the Roman Ways," Regma
Viarum.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
a festival at Sicyon, in honour of
Apollo and Diana. It arose from the following cir-
cumstance. These two deities came to the river
Sythas, in the vicinity of Sicyon, which city was then
called /Egialca, intending to purify themselves from
the slaughter of the serpent Python. They were
frightened away, however, and fled to Crete. jEgialea
being visited by a pestilence soon after this, the inhab-
itants, by the advice of soothsayers, sent seven boys
and the same number of girls to the Sythas. to entreat
the offspring of Latona to return. Their prayer was
granted, and the two deities came to the citadel. In
commemoration of this event, a temple was erected on
? ? the banks of the river to the goddess of Persuasion,
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? APOLLOMUS.
Mm in the 3d vol. of a work entitled Exercitationes
Cntiaz tn Scrxptore* Vttcrcs, Lips. , 1797, 8vo.
Apollowius, I. a native of Perga in Pamphyiia,
who flourished principally under Ptolemy Philopator,
towards the close of the second century before the
Christian era. He is one of the four writers whom
we ought to regard as the fathers of mathematical sci-
ence, since it was from their works that the moderns
first derived an accurate acquaintance with this de-
partment of knowledge. These authors are, to give
jim m chronological order, Euclid, Archimedes,
Apollonius, and Diophantus. We learn from Pappus,
tuat Apollonius studied at Alexandrea under the suc-
cessors of Euclid, and that it was here he acquired the
superior skill in geometrical science which rendered
his name so famous. The same author gives no very
favourable account of his other qualities. He repre-
sents him 'CoU. Math,. I. 7, praf. ) as a vain man,
jealous of the merit of others, and eagerly seizing every
occasion to depreciate them. Apollonius was one of
the most prolific and profound writers in mathematical
science. His works alone formed a considerable part of
those which the ancients regarded as the source of the
true geometrical spirit. His treatise on Conies, how-
ever, is the most remarkable, and the one that con-
mbuted most to bis celebrity. It had many commen-
tators among the ancients, such as Pappus of Alexan-
dres, Hypatia, daughter ofTheon, Eutocius of Asca-
lon, etc. The West was acquainted, for a long pe-
riod, in^ modern times, with only the first four books
tf the Conies of Apollonius; and it was not till about
the middle of the 17th century that the fifth, sixth, and
seventh books were recovered from Arabic versions.
V magnificent edition of the whole eight books was
rsiidUhcd by Dr. Halley, at Oxford, in 1710, the eighth
tiook being in a measure restored by him from the in-
dications given by Pappus. (Monhula, Hist, des
Mn/k. . vol. I, p. 245, seqq. --Lacroix, in Bwgr. Univ. ,
vol 2. p. 316, seqq. y II. A poet of Alexandria, gen-
erally called Apollonius of Rhodes, from his having
Lived for some time there. He was a pupil of Callim-
? chus, but renouncing the erudite style of his mas-
ter, he endeavoured to follow the track of Homer. It
ippears that Callimachus was offended with this act
rf rebellion against his authority, and that it was the
cause of the enmity which subsisted between the two
poets until the death of the former. Apollonius,
having read at Alexandrea his Homeric poem on the
expedition of the Argonauts, was hissed by a party
which had been formed against him by the cabals of
his master. Mortified at this treatment, he retired to
Rhodes, where he taught rhetoric, and obtained the
rights of citizenship. At a subsequent period, under
Ptoiemy V. (Epiphanes), he succeeded as librarian at
AJexandrea, in the place of Eratosthenes, who had be-
come enfeebled by age. His principal production, the
poem on the Amonautic expedition, is the only one of
his works that has come down to us. It is divided
into four books. The subject of the poem is the de-
parture of Jason and his companions in quest of the
gotden fleece, and the relurn of these adventurers to
their native shores after long and perilous wanderings.
The plan is very simple : it is that of an historian, and
? not adapted to poetic composition. There is no
y of interest in the poem; for Jason is not the
ly hero of the piece, and even if he were, his char-
ter is not sufficiently sustained for such an end.
The poet places him in scenes where he acts without
? ? obity and without honour. The characters of Or-
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? APOLLONIUS.
nius which had previouBly remained unedited. The
treatise on the Pronoun was first published by him in
Wolf and Buttmann's Museum Antiq. Stud. , vol. 2,
Bcrol. , 18. 11, and the treatises on (Conjunctions and
Adverbs in the second volume of his Anecdota Graeca.
{Sckoil, Htst. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 27. ) --V. A native
of Alabanda in Caria. He taught rhetoric at Rhodes,
and his school enjoyed a high reputation. Cicero and
Julius Cesar were among the number of his pupils.
He was remarkable for sending away those who he
was convinced could not become orators, instead of
letting them waste their time in attending on his in-
structions. His surname was Molo, or, according to
others, Molonis (son of Molo). Cicero often alludes
to him, sometimes under the name of Apollonius, on
other occasions under that of Molo. (Cic. ,de Oral. ,
1, 28. --Id. , Brut. , 89. )--VI. A native of Tyana in
Cappadocia, of an ancient and wealthy family, born
about the commencement of the Christian era, and fa-
mous in the annals of ancient imposture. Wonderful
stories were toldofthe annunciation made to his mother
during her pregancy, as well as of the circumstances
under which his birth took place. (Phtiostr. , Vit.
Apoll. , 1, 4. ) His early education was received at
jEgK), a town of Cilicia, on the Sinus Issicus, where
he attached himself to the tenets and discipline of the
Pythagorean philosophy, refraining from animal food,
living entirely upon fruits and herbs, wearing no article
of clothingmade from any animal substance, going bare-
foot, and suffering his hair to grow to its full length.
He spent much of his time in the temple of . Esculapius
at ^Ega>, a temple Tendered famous by the wonderful
cures which were effected there; and the priests, find-
ing him possessed of talents and docility, initiated him
into the mysteries of the healing art. His medical
knowledge proved subsequently a valuable auxiliary to
him in imparting force to his moral precepts. After
having acquired great reputation at . Egre, Apollonius
determined to qualify himself for the office of a pre-
ceptor in philosophy by passing through the Pythago-
rean discipline of silence. Accordingly, he is said to
have remained five years without once exercising the
faculty of speech. During this time he chiefly resided
in Pamphylia and Cilicia. When his term of silence
was expired, he visited Antioch, Ephesus, and other
cities, declining the society of the rude and illiterate,
and conversing chiefly with the priests. At sunrising
he performed certain religious rites, which he disclosed
only to those who passed through the discipline of si-
lence. He spent the morning in instructing his disci-
ples, whom he encouraged to ask whatever questions
they pleased. At noon he held a public assembly for
popular discourse. His style was neither turgid nor
abstruse, but truly Attic, and marked by great force
and persuasion. Apollonius, that he might still more
perfectly resemble Pythagoras, determined to travel
through distant nations. He proposed his design to his
disciples, who were seven in number, but they refused
to accompany him. He therefore entered upon his ex-
pedition, attended only by two servants. At Ninus
he took, as his associate, Damis, an inhabitant of that
city, to whom he boasted that he was skilled in all
languages, though he had never learned them, and that
he even understood the language of beasts and birds.
The ignorant Assyrian worshipped him as a god; and,
resigning himself implicitly to his direction, accompa-
nied him wherever he went. At Babylon he con-
versed with the magi, and, by his sage discourses, ob-
? ? tained the favour and admiration of the kine, who fur-
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? APOLLONIUS.
memoir by Maxentius of &g&, now lost. All sorts
c. f tibles and traiiitionary tales are mixed up with
(he account of Philostratiis, who only merits atten-
tion for a mere outline of the facts upon which he
must necessarily have formed his marvellous super-
structure. The claim of the whole to notice rests
chi<<3y on the disposition of the pagans, when Chris-
tianity began to gain ground, to assimilate the charac-
ter and merits of Apollonius with those of the Divine
founder of the rising religion. Something is also due
to a life so singular as that of Apollonius, who certainly
contrived to pass for a divinely-favoured person, not
only in his own days, but at long as paganism pre-
vailed. The inhabitants of Tyana dedicated a temple
to his name j the Ephesians erected a Btatuc to him
under the name of Hercules Alexicacus, for delivering
them from the plague ; Hadrian collected his letters;
the Emperor Severus honoured him as already de-
scribed , Caracalla erected a temple to him , Aureli-
an, out of regard to his memory, retrained from sack-
ing Tyana j lastly, A mniianus Marcellinus ranks him
among the eminent men, who, like Socrates and Numa,
were visited by a demon. All these prove nothing of
the supernatural attributes of Apollonius, but they are
decisive of the opinion entertained of him. At the
sime time, Dr. Lardner clearly shows that the life of
Pbilostratus was composed with a reference to the
history of Pythagoras rather than to that of our Saviour.
(Compare the remarks of Mitchell, in the Introduction
to bis edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes, p. viii. ,
stqq. . Land. , 1838. ) On the whole, as his correct
dxtrines appear to have been extremely moral and pure,
ii may be the fairest way to rank him among that less
obnoxious class of impostors, who pretend to be di-
vinely gifted, with a view to secure attention and obe-
dience to precepts, which, delivered in the usual way,
would be generally neglected. Of the writings of
Apollonius, there remain only his Apology to Domitian,
and eighty-four epistles, the brevity of which is in
favour of their authenticity. They were edited by
Comelin in 1601, 8vo, and by Stephens, in his Epistolte,
1577. His life by Philostratus is found in tho wri-
anes of that sophist, the best edition of which is that
of Umbos, L,ips. , 1709, folio. (Enfield's History of
Philosophy, -vol. 2, p. 39, scqq. -- Michaud, Biogr.
Cntt, vol. 2, p, 320, scqq. )--VII. A stoic philosopher,
bom at Chalcis in Eubcea, or, according to some, at
Chakedon in Bithynia. His high reputation induced
the Emperor Antoninus Pius to send for him to come
to Rome in order to take charge of the education of
Marcus Aurelius. On his arrival at the capital, the
emperor sent him an eager invitation to repair to the
palace: but the philosopher declined to come, observ-
ing that the pupil ought to come to the master, not the
master to the pupil. The emperor, on receiving this
insweT, observed, with a smile, "It was then easier,
it seems, for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome,
than from his residence in Rome to the palace in the
same city! ' Antoninus, however, hastened to send
his royal pupil to him, and Aurelius profited in no
-nnall decree by the lessons of his instructer. The
Meditations of Aurelius contain a eulogium on his
rtoic preceptor. (Biogr. Vnn. , vol. 2, p. 323. ) --
TBI. A sculptor, distinguished by a statue of Hercu-
les, the extant part of w-hich is preserved in the Vati-
can Museum at Rome, and is known by the name of
tie Belvidere torso. He was a native of Athens, and,
according to ^Vinckelmrinn. flourished a short time
? ? ? ? ? sequent to Alexander the Great. This opinion is
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? APP
APP
sent from the funeral pile. (Lydtus, dc Re Mil. , p.
93. -- Irmisch, ad Hcrodmn, I. c. ) -- Some writers,
misled by the language of Diodorus Siculus, have as- j
cribed the introduction of the apotheosis into Greece
to Egyptian colonies. Diodorus, however, a partisan
of the theory of Euthemerus, only saw in the gods of
every religion mere deified mortals. Leibnitz commits,
with regard to the Persians, an error similar to that of
Diodorus, when he sees in the myth of Arimanes no-
thing more than the apotheosis of the chief of a No-
madic tribe. Mosheim also (Annot. ad Cudworlh, p.
238) pretends that Mithras was only a deified hunter,
because, upon the monuments that have reached us, he
is represented as killing a bull, and being followed by
a dog! (Consult Constant, de la Religion, vol. 2, p.
446, tnnot.
)
Appia via, the most celebrated of the Roman roads,
both on account of its length, and the difficulties which
it was necessary to overcome in its construction,
hence called the " Queen of the Roman Ways," Regma
Viarum. (Stat. , Syl. ,2,2. ) It was made, as Livy in-
forms us (9, 29), by the censor Appius Crecus, A. U. C.
442, and in the first instance was only laid down as
far as Capua, a distance of about a thousand stadia,
or ,i hundred and twenty-five miles; but even this por-
tion of the work, according to the account of Diodorus
Siculus, was executed in so expensive a manner, that
it exhausted the public treasury (20, 36). From
Capua it was subsequently carried on to Beneventum.
and finally to Urundisium, when this port became the
great place of resort for those who were desirous of
crossing over into Greece and Asia Minor. (Strabo,
283. ) This latter part of the Appian Way is supposed
to have been constructed by the consul Appius Clau-
dius Pulcher, grandson of Circus, A. U. C. 604, and to
have been completed by another consul of the same
family thirty-six years after. We find frequent men-
tion made of repairs done to this road by the Roman
emperors, and more particularly by Trajan, both in the
histories of the time, and also in ancient inscriptions.
This road seems to have been still in excellent order in
the time of ProCopius, who gives a very good account
of the manner in which it was constructed. He says,
"An expeditious traveller might very well perform the
journey from Rome to Capua in five days. Its breadth
is such as to admit of two carriages passing each oth-
er. Above all others, this way is worthy of notice:
for the stones which were employed on it are of an ex-
tremely hard nature, and were doubtless conveyed by
Appius from some distant quarry, as the adjoining
country furnishes none of that kind. These, when
they had been cot smooth and squared, he fitted to-
gether closely, without using iron or any other sub-
stance; and they adhere so firmly to each other, that
they appear to have been thus formed by nature, and
not cemented by art. And though they have been
travelled over by so many beasts of burden and car-
riages for ages, yet they do not seem to have been any
wise moved from their place, or broken, nor to have
lost any part of their original smoothness. " (Procop. ,
Bell. Got. , 3. ) According to Eustace, such parts of
the Appian Way as have escaped destruction, as at
Fondi and Mola, show few traccB of wear and decay
after a duration of two thousand years. (Classical
Tour, vol. 3, p. 177. ) The same writer states the
average breadth of the Appian Way at from eighteen
to twenty-two feet.
? ? Appiades, a name given to the five deities, Venus,
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? APP
APPIUS.
was never written by Appian. (Consult Schwctghacu- across the Anio, and the nucleus was thus firmed of
TM'. T-. "'*i I tr'k Appiano lem. In*. , p. 921, vol. 3 ) what afterward became the Claudian tribe. Appius
was a man of harsh and stern character, and frequently
The twelfth book^, Mi&padaTinij, contains the history
of the wars with Mithradatcs. In the nine succeed-
ing books (from the 13th to the 21st inclusive), Appi-
an gave the history of the civil wars, from the time
if MmiH and Sylla to the battle of Actium and the
conquest of Egypt. Of these nine, the first five re-
main: they contain, in the form of an introduction,
the history of all the troubles that disturbed the Roman
republic from the secession to the Mons Sacer down
to the defeat of Seztus Pompcius. The twenty-sec-
ond book, entitled 'EicarovTaeria, contained the his-
tory of the first hundred years of the dominion of the
Cajsars. From the account given of its contents,
however, by Appian himself (Pra/. , 15), as well as
from other sources (Phot. , Cod. , 57), it appears to have
contained what we should call at the present day a
statistical account of the Roman empire: the loss of
this is much to be regretted. The twenty-third book,
UAvpuo! , or, as Photius calls it, AaxiKr), contains the
wars of Itlyria. - the twenty-fourth book, ? XpaCiKij,
treating of the wars of Arabia, is lost. From this list
it results, that, regarding the eleventh as complete, wo
aa>>e ten books remaining of the History of Appian.
The best edition of Appian is that of Schweighaeuser,
lips. , 1735, 3 vols. 8vo. (Michaud, in Bwgr. Univ. ,
ML 2, p. 329. seqq. --Schwetgh. , ai App. --Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 173, seqq. )
Ami forum, a small place on the Appian Way,
about sixteen miles from the Tres Tabcrnas. It is
mentioned by St. Paul (Acts, 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his journey
to Brundisium. Holstenius (Adnot. , p. 210) and Cor-
adini (Vet. Lot. , 11, p. 94) agree in fixing the posi-
tion of Forum Appii at CasanUo di Santa Maria.
ButD'Anyille, from an exact computation of distances
and relative positions, inclines to place it at Borgo
Lungo, near Treponli, on the present road. (Anal.
<*>*gr- de Cllalie, p. 186. ) It would appear, that this
opinion of D'Anville's is the more correct one, espe-
cially as it is clear from Horace (Serm. , 1, 5), that
from hence it was usual to embark on a canal, which
an parallel to the Appian Way, and which was called
Itecennovium, its length being nineteen miles. (Pro-
J>f>-, Rer. Got. , 1,2. ) Vestiges of this canal may still
Se traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. (Cramer's
Aacunt Italy, vol. 2, p. 93. ) As regards the ancient
name, it may be remarked, that the term Forum was
applied to places in the country where markets were
keU and courts of justice convened.
AmoL<<, a city of Latium, in the territory of Setia
{Cfrradinu Vet. Lot. , 2, 2), taken and burnt by Tar-
qoiiiius Priscus. It is said to have furnished from its
spoils the sums necessary for the construction of the
Circus Maximus. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 49. --Liv. , 1, 35.
--Strain, 231. ) According to Corradini (/. c), the
? suae of Valle Aptole is given in old writings to a tract
rfcountry situated between Sczza and Ptperno. (Cra-
mers Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 108. )
? Ames Claudius, I. the founder of the Appian
anily at Rome. He was a Sabine by birth, a native
f Regillum, and his original name is said to have been
Attua Clausus. In the year of the city 260, the last
portion of what Niebuhr considers the mythical age
f Roman History, Attus is said to have migrated to
? ? Hook, with the members and clients of his house to
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? APU
slaves and exiles, A. U. C. 292, and was soon after
overthrown. (Liv. , 3, 15. --Flor. , 3, 19. )--The name
of Appius was common in Rome, particularly to many
consuls whose history is not marked by any uncom-
mon event.
Apries, a king of Egypt, of the 26th dynasty, and
called, in Jeremiah and Ezekiel, Pharaoh Hophra. He
ascended the throne after his father Psammis, B. C.
594. Apries distinguished himself by foreign con-
quest; he took Sidon, conquered the island of Cyprus,
and enjoyed for a long period great prosperity. After
a reign, however, of twenty-six years, his subjects re-
volted in favour of Amasis, by whom he was over-
come and put to death. The immediate cause of the
revolt was an unsuccessful expedition against the peo-
ple of Cyrcne, in which many lives were lost; and
from this circumstance we may readily infer, that the
extravagant projects of their kings were but little in
unison with the feelings and wishes of the Egyptian
5cople. (Herodot. , 2, 161, seq. -- Compare Hceren,
deen, vol. 2, pt 2, p. 404. )
ApsInes, a Greek rhetorician of Gadara, in Phoe-
nicia, who flourished during the reign of Maximin,
about 236 B. C. We have from him a treatise on
Rhetoric, and also a work on the questions discuss-
ed in the schools of the rhetoricians. They are con-
tained in the Rhetores Graci of Aldus, Venice, 1508,
fol.
Apsynthii, or Absvnthh, a people of Thrace, na-
med by Herodotus (6, 34, and 9, 119) as bordering on
the Thracian Chersonese, and having overpowered the
Dolonci. (Vid. Mithradates. ) Dionysius Periegetes
(577) speaks of the river Apsynthus.
Apsus, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ionian
Sea between Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, and dividing
their respective territories. It has been rendered
memorable from the military operations of Cssar and
Pompey on its banks. The present name of the stream
is Ergenl or Bcratino. (Cces. , B. Civ. , 4,13. --Lucan,
5,461. )
Aptera, a Cretan city, to the east of Polyrrhenia,
and eighty stadia from Cydonia. (Strabo, 479. ) Its
name was supposed to be derived from a contest waged
by the Sirens and Muses in its vicinity, when the for-
mer, being vanquished in the trial of musical excel-
lence, were so overcome with grief that their wings
dropped from their shoulders. (Steph. Byzant. , a. v.
'Ajrrrpa. ) Strabo informs us that Kisamus was the
naval station of Aptera. The vestiges of Aptera were
observed by Pococke to the south of Kisamos. and they
are laid down in Lapic's map between that place and
Jerami or Cydonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 378. )
Apolels leoes, proposed by L. Apuleius Saturni-
nus, A. U. C. 653, tribune of the commons; about di-
viding the public lands among the veteran soldiers,
settling colonics, punishing crimes against the state,
and furnishing com to the poor at 10-12ths of an as a
modius. (Cic, pro Balb. , 21. -- Id. , de Leg. , 2, 6. --
Flor. , 3, 16. )
Apuleius, a Platonic philosopher of the second
century, was a native of Madaura, an African city on
the borders of Numidia and Gaetulia. His family was
respectable, both in station and property, his father be-
ing chief magistrate of Madaura. He received the
early part of his education at Carthage, where he im-
bibed the first knowledge of the Platonic philosophy,
and thence removed in succession to Athens and Rome.
? ? Apuleius, who inherited a handsome fortune, began
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Apollo and Diana. It arose from the following cir-
cumstance. These two deities came to the river
Sythas, in the vicinity of Sicyon, which city was then
called /Egialca, intending to purify themselves from
the slaughter of the serpent Python. They were
frightened away, however, and fled to Crete. jEgialea
being visited by a pestilence soon after this, the inhab-
itants, by the advice of soothsayers, sent seven boys
and the same number of girls to the Sythas. to entreat
the offspring of Latona to return. Their prayer was
granted, and the two deities came to the citadel. In
commemoration of this event, a temple was erected on
? ? the banks of the river to the goddess of Persuasion,
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? APOLLOMUS.
Mm in the 3d vol. of a work entitled Exercitationes
Cntiaz tn Scrxptore* Vttcrcs, Lips. , 1797, 8vo.
Apollowius, I. a native of Perga in Pamphyiia,
who flourished principally under Ptolemy Philopator,
towards the close of the second century before the
Christian era. He is one of the four writers whom
we ought to regard as the fathers of mathematical sci-
ence, since it was from their works that the moderns
first derived an accurate acquaintance with this de-
partment of knowledge. These authors are, to give
jim m chronological order, Euclid, Archimedes,
Apollonius, and Diophantus. We learn from Pappus,
tuat Apollonius studied at Alexandrea under the suc-
cessors of Euclid, and that it was here he acquired the
superior skill in geometrical science which rendered
his name so famous. The same author gives no very
favourable account of his other qualities. He repre-
sents him 'CoU. Math,. I. 7, praf. ) as a vain man,
jealous of the merit of others, and eagerly seizing every
occasion to depreciate them. Apollonius was one of
the most prolific and profound writers in mathematical
science. His works alone formed a considerable part of
those which the ancients regarded as the source of the
true geometrical spirit. His treatise on Conies, how-
ever, is the most remarkable, and the one that con-
mbuted most to bis celebrity. It had many commen-
tators among the ancients, such as Pappus of Alexan-
dres, Hypatia, daughter ofTheon, Eutocius of Asca-
lon, etc. The West was acquainted, for a long pe-
riod, in^ modern times, with only the first four books
tf the Conies of Apollonius; and it was not till about
the middle of the 17th century that the fifth, sixth, and
seventh books were recovered from Arabic versions.
V magnificent edition of the whole eight books was
rsiidUhcd by Dr. Halley, at Oxford, in 1710, the eighth
tiook being in a measure restored by him from the in-
dications given by Pappus. (Monhula, Hist, des
Mn/k. . vol. I, p. 245, seqq. --Lacroix, in Bwgr. Univ. ,
vol 2. p. 316, seqq. y II. A poet of Alexandria, gen-
erally called Apollonius of Rhodes, from his having
Lived for some time there. He was a pupil of Callim-
? chus, but renouncing the erudite style of his mas-
ter, he endeavoured to follow the track of Homer. It
ippears that Callimachus was offended with this act
rf rebellion against his authority, and that it was the
cause of the enmity which subsisted between the two
poets until the death of the former. Apollonius,
having read at Alexandrea his Homeric poem on the
expedition of the Argonauts, was hissed by a party
which had been formed against him by the cabals of
his master. Mortified at this treatment, he retired to
Rhodes, where he taught rhetoric, and obtained the
rights of citizenship. At a subsequent period, under
Ptoiemy V. (Epiphanes), he succeeded as librarian at
AJexandrea, in the place of Eratosthenes, who had be-
come enfeebled by age. His principal production, the
poem on the Amonautic expedition, is the only one of
his works that has come down to us. It is divided
into four books. The subject of the poem is the de-
parture of Jason and his companions in quest of the
gotden fleece, and the relurn of these adventurers to
their native shores after long and perilous wanderings.
The plan is very simple : it is that of an historian, and
? not adapted to poetic composition. There is no
y of interest in the poem; for Jason is not the
ly hero of the piece, and even if he were, his char-
ter is not sufficiently sustained for such an end.
The poet places him in scenes where he acts without
? ? obity and without honour. The characters of Or-
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? APOLLONIUS.
nius which had previouBly remained unedited. The
treatise on the Pronoun was first published by him in
Wolf and Buttmann's Museum Antiq. Stud. , vol. 2,
Bcrol. , 18. 11, and the treatises on (Conjunctions and
Adverbs in the second volume of his Anecdota Graeca.
{Sckoil, Htst. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 27. ) --V. A native
of Alabanda in Caria. He taught rhetoric at Rhodes,
and his school enjoyed a high reputation. Cicero and
Julius Cesar were among the number of his pupils.
He was remarkable for sending away those who he
was convinced could not become orators, instead of
letting them waste their time in attending on his in-
structions. His surname was Molo, or, according to
others, Molonis (son of Molo). Cicero often alludes
to him, sometimes under the name of Apollonius, on
other occasions under that of Molo. (Cic. ,de Oral. ,
1, 28. --Id. , Brut. , 89. )--VI. A native of Tyana in
Cappadocia, of an ancient and wealthy family, born
about the commencement of the Christian era, and fa-
mous in the annals of ancient imposture. Wonderful
stories were toldofthe annunciation made to his mother
during her pregancy, as well as of the circumstances
under which his birth took place. (Phtiostr. , Vit.
Apoll. , 1, 4. ) His early education was received at
jEgK), a town of Cilicia, on the Sinus Issicus, where
he attached himself to the tenets and discipline of the
Pythagorean philosophy, refraining from animal food,
living entirely upon fruits and herbs, wearing no article
of clothingmade from any animal substance, going bare-
foot, and suffering his hair to grow to its full length.
He spent much of his time in the temple of . Esculapius
at ^Ega>, a temple Tendered famous by the wonderful
cures which were effected there; and the priests, find-
ing him possessed of talents and docility, initiated him
into the mysteries of the healing art. His medical
knowledge proved subsequently a valuable auxiliary to
him in imparting force to his moral precepts. After
having acquired great reputation at . Egre, Apollonius
determined to qualify himself for the office of a pre-
ceptor in philosophy by passing through the Pythago-
rean discipline of silence. Accordingly, he is said to
have remained five years without once exercising the
faculty of speech. During this time he chiefly resided
in Pamphylia and Cilicia. When his term of silence
was expired, he visited Antioch, Ephesus, and other
cities, declining the society of the rude and illiterate,
and conversing chiefly with the priests. At sunrising
he performed certain religious rites, which he disclosed
only to those who passed through the discipline of si-
lence. He spent the morning in instructing his disci-
ples, whom he encouraged to ask whatever questions
they pleased. At noon he held a public assembly for
popular discourse. His style was neither turgid nor
abstruse, but truly Attic, and marked by great force
and persuasion. Apollonius, that he might still more
perfectly resemble Pythagoras, determined to travel
through distant nations. He proposed his design to his
disciples, who were seven in number, but they refused
to accompany him. He therefore entered upon his ex-
pedition, attended only by two servants. At Ninus
he took, as his associate, Damis, an inhabitant of that
city, to whom he boasted that he was skilled in all
languages, though he had never learned them, and that
he even understood the language of beasts and birds.
The ignorant Assyrian worshipped him as a god; and,
resigning himself implicitly to his direction, accompa-
nied him wherever he went. At Babylon he con-
versed with the magi, and, by his sage discourses, ob-
? ? tained the favour and admiration of the kine, who fur-
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? APOLLONIUS.
memoir by Maxentius of &g&, now lost. All sorts
c. f tibles and traiiitionary tales are mixed up with
(he account of Philostratiis, who only merits atten-
tion for a mere outline of the facts upon which he
must necessarily have formed his marvellous super-
structure. The claim of the whole to notice rests
chi<<3y on the disposition of the pagans, when Chris-
tianity began to gain ground, to assimilate the charac-
ter and merits of Apollonius with those of the Divine
founder of the rising religion. Something is also due
to a life so singular as that of Apollonius, who certainly
contrived to pass for a divinely-favoured person, not
only in his own days, but at long as paganism pre-
vailed. The inhabitants of Tyana dedicated a temple
to his name j the Ephesians erected a Btatuc to him
under the name of Hercules Alexicacus, for delivering
them from the plague ; Hadrian collected his letters;
the Emperor Severus honoured him as already de-
scribed , Caracalla erected a temple to him , Aureli-
an, out of regard to his memory, retrained from sack-
ing Tyana j lastly, A mniianus Marcellinus ranks him
among the eminent men, who, like Socrates and Numa,
were visited by a demon. All these prove nothing of
the supernatural attributes of Apollonius, but they are
decisive of the opinion entertained of him. At the
sime time, Dr. Lardner clearly shows that the life of
Pbilostratus was composed with a reference to the
history of Pythagoras rather than to that of our Saviour.
(Compare the remarks of Mitchell, in the Introduction
to bis edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes, p. viii. ,
stqq. . Land. , 1838. ) On the whole, as his correct
dxtrines appear to have been extremely moral and pure,
ii may be the fairest way to rank him among that less
obnoxious class of impostors, who pretend to be di-
vinely gifted, with a view to secure attention and obe-
dience to precepts, which, delivered in the usual way,
would be generally neglected. Of the writings of
Apollonius, there remain only his Apology to Domitian,
and eighty-four epistles, the brevity of which is in
favour of their authenticity. They were edited by
Comelin in 1601, 8vo, and by Stephens, in his Epistolte,
1577. His life by Philostratus is found in tho wri-
anes of that sophist, the best edition of which is that
of Umbos, L,ips. , 1709, folio. (Enfield's History of
Philosophy, -vol. 2, p. 39, scqq. -- Michaud, Biogr.
Cntt, vol. 2, p, 320, scqq. )--VII. A stoic philosopher,
bom at Chalcis in Eubcea, or, according to some, at
Chakedon in Bithynia. His high reputation induced
the Emperor Antoninus Pius to send for him to come
to Rome in order to take charge of the education of
Marcus Aurelius. On his arrival at the capital, the
emperor sent him an eager invitation to repair to the
palace: but the philosopher declined to come, observ-
ing that the pupil ought to come to the master, not the
master to the pupil. The emperor, on receiving this
insweT, observed, with a smile, "It was then easier,
it seems, for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome,
than from his residence in Rome to the palace in the
same city! ' Antoninus, however, hastened to send
his royal pupil to him, and Aurelius profited in no
-nnall decree by the lessons of his instructer. The
Meditations of Aurelius contain a eulogium on his
rtoic preceptor. (Biogr. Vnn. , vol. 2, p. 323. ) --
TBI. A sculptor, distinguished by a statue of Hercu-
les, the extant part of w-hich is preserved in the Vati-
can Museum at Rome, and is known by the name of
tie Belvidere torso. He was a native of Athens, and,
according to ^Vinckelmrinn. flourished a short time
? ? ? ? ? sequent to Alexander the Great. This opinion is
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? APP
APP
sent from the funeral pile. (Lydtus, dc Re Mil. , p.
93. -- Irmisch, ad Hcrodmn, I. c. ) -- Some writers,
misled by the language of Diodorus Siculus, have as- j
cribed the introduction of the apotheosis into Greece
to Egyptian colonies. Diodorus, however, a partisan
of the theory of Euthemerus, only saw in the gods of
every religion mere deified mortals. Leibnitz commits,
with regard to the Persians, an error similar to that of
Diodorus, when he sees in the myth of Arimanes no-
thing more than the apotheosis of the chief of a No-
madic tribe. Mosheim also (Annot. ad Cudworlh, p.
238) pretends that Mithras was only a deified hunter,
because, upon the monuments that have reached us, he
is represented as killing a bull, and being followed by
a dog! (Consult Constant, de la Religion, vol. 2, p.
446, tnnot.
)
Appia via, the most celebrated of the Roman roads,
both on account of its length, and the difficulties which
it was necessary to overcome in its construction,
hence called the " Queen of the Roman Ways," Regma
Viarum. (Stat. , Syl. ,2,2. ) It was made, as Livy in-
forms us (9, 29), by the censor Appius Crecus, A. U. C.
442, and in the first instance was only laid down as
far as Capua, a distance of about a thousand stadia,
or ,i hundred and twenty-five miles; but even this por-
tion of the work, according to the account of Diodorus
Siculus, was executed in so expensive a manner, that
it exhausted the public treasury (20, 36). From
Capua it was subsequently carried on to Beneventum.
and finally to Urundisium, when this port became the
great place of resort for those who were desirous of
crossing over into Greece and Asia Minor. (Strabo,
283. ) This latter part of the Appian Way is supposed
to have been constructed by the consul Appius Clau-
dius Pulcher, grandson of Circus, A. U. C. 604, and to
have been completed by another consul of the same
family thirty-six years after. We find frequent men-
tion made of repairs done to this road by the Roman
emperors, and more particularly by Trajan, both in the
histories of the time, and also in ancient inscriptions.
This road seems to have been still in excellent order in
the time of ProCopius, who gives a very good account
of the manner in which it was constructed. He says,
"An expeditious traveller might very well perform the
journey from Rome to Capua in five days. Its breadth
is such as to admit of two carriages passing each oth-
er. Above all others, this way is worthy of notice:
for the stones which were employed on it are of an ex-
tremely hard nature, and were doubtless conveyed by
Appius from some distant quarry, as the adjoining
country furnishes none of that kind. These, when
they had been cot smooth and squared, he fitted to-
gether closely, without using iron or any other sub-
stance; and they adhere so firmly to each other, that
they appear to have been thus formed by nature, and
not cemented by art. And though they have been
travelled over by so many beasts of burden and car-
riages for ages, yet they do not seem to have been any
wise moved from their place, or broken, nor to have
lost any part of their original smoothness. " (Procop. ,
Bell. Got. , 3. ) According to Eustace, such parts of
the Appian Way as have escaped destruction, as at
Fondi and Mola, show few traccB of wear and decay
after a duration of two thousand years. (Classical
Tour, vol. 3, p. 177. ) The same writer states the
average breadth of the Appian Way at from eighteen
to twenty-two feet.
? ? Appiades, a name given to the five deities, Venus,
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? APP
APPIUS.
was never written by Appian. (Consult Schwctghacu- across the Anio, and the nucleus was thus firmed of
TM'. T-. "'*i I tr'k Appiano lem. In*. , p. 921, vol. 3 ) what afterward became the Claudian tribe. Appius
was a man of harsh and stern character, and frequently
The twelfth book^, Mi&padaTinij, contains the history
of the wars with Mithradatcs. In the nine succeed-
ing books (from the 13th to the 21st inclusive), Appi-
an gave the history of the civil wars, from the time
if MmiH and Sylla to the battle of Actium and the
conquest of Egypt. Of these nine, the first five re-
main: they contain, in the form of an introduction,
the history of all the troubles that disturbed the Roman
republic from the secession to the Mons Sacer down
to the defeat of Seztus Pompcius. The twenty-sec-
ond book, entitled 'EicarovTaeria, contained the his-
tory of the first hundred years of the dominion of the
Cajsars. From the account given of its contents,
however, by Appian himself (Pra/. , 15), as well as
from other sources (Phot. , Cod. , 57), it appears to have
contained what we should call at the present day a
statistical account of the Roman empire: the loss of
this is much to be regretted. The twenty-third book,
UAvpuo! , or, as Photius calls it, AaxiKr), contains the
wars of Itlyria. - the twenty-fourth book, ? XpaCiKij,
treating of the wars of Arabia, is lost. From this list
it results, that, regarding the eleventh as complete, wo
aa>>e ten books remaining of the History of Appian.
The best edition of Appian is that of Schweighaeuser,
lips. , 1735, 3 vols. 8vo. (Michaud, in Bwgr. Univ. ,
ML 2, p. 329. seqq. --Schwetgh. , ai App. --Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 173, seqq. )
Ami forum, a small place on the Appian Way,
about sixteen miles from the Tres Tabcrnas. It is
mentioned by St. Paul (Acts, 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his journey
to Brundisium. Holstenius (Adnot. , p. 210) and Cor-
adini (Vet. Lot. , 11, p. 94) agree in fixing the posi-
tion of Forum Appii at CasanUo di Santa Maria.
ButD'Anyille, from an exact computation of distances
and relative positions, inclines to place it at Borgo
Lungo, near Treponli, on the present road. (Anal.
<*>*gr- de Cllalie, p. 186. ) It would appear, that this
opinion of D'Anville's is the more correct one, espe-
cially as it is clear from Horace (Serm. , 1, 5), that
from hence it was usual to embark on a canal, which
an parallel to the Appian Way, and which was called
Itecennovium, its length being nineteen miles. (Pro-
J>f>-, Rer. Got. , 1,2. ) Vestiges of this canal may still
Se traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. (Cramer's
Aacunt Italy, vol. 2, p. 93. ) As regards the ancient
name, it may be remarked, that the term Forum was
applied to places in the country where markets were
keU and courts of justice convened.
AmoL<<, a city of Latium, in the territory of Setia
{Cfrradinu Vet. Lot. , 2, 2), taken and burnt by Tar-
qoiiiius Priscus. It is said to have furnished from its
spoils the sums necessary for the construction of the
Circus Maximus. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 49. --Liv. , 1, 35.
--Strain, 231. ) According to Corradini (/. c), the
? suae of Valle Aptole is given in old writings to a tract
rfcountry situated between Sczza and Ptperno. (Cra-
mers Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 108. )
? Ames Claudius, I. the founder of the Appian
anily at Rome. He was a Sabine by birth, a native
f Regillum, and his original name is said to have been
Attua Clausus. In the year of the city 260, the last
portion of what Niebuhr considers the mythical age
f Roman History, Attus is said to have migrated to
? ? Hook, with the members and clients of his house to
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? APU
slaves and exiles, A. U. C. 292, and was soon after
overthrown. (Liv. , 3, 15. --Flor. , 3, 19. )--The name
of Appius was common in Rome, particularly to many
consuls whose history is not marked by any uncom-
mon event.
Apries, a king of Egypt, of the 26th dynasty, and
called, in Jeremiah and Ezekiel, Pharaoh Hophra. He
ascended the throne after his father Psammis, B. C.
594. Apries distinguished himself by foreign con-
quest; he took Sidon, conquered the island of Cyprus,
and enjoyed for a long period great prosperity. After
a reign, however, of twenty-six years, his subjects re-
volted in favour of Amasis, by whom he was over-
come and put to death. The immediate cause of the
revolt was an unsuccessful expedition against the peo-
ple of Cyrcne, in which many lives were lost; and
from this circumstance we may readily infer, that the
extravagant projects of their kings were but little in
unison with the feelings and wishes of the Egyptian
5cople. (Herodot. , 2, 161, seq. -- Compare Hceren,
deen, vol. 2, pt 2, p. 404. )
ApsInes, a Greek rhetorician of Gadara, in Phoe-
nicia, who flourished during the reign of Maximin,
about 236 B. C. We have from him a treatise on
Rhetoric, and also a work on the questions discuss-
ed in the schools of the rhetoricians. They are con-
tained in the Rhetores Graci of Aldus, Venice, 1508,
fol.
Apsynthii, or Absvnthh, a people of Thrace, na-
med by Herodotus (6, 34, and 9, 119) as bordering on
the Thracian Chersonese, and having overpowered the
Dolonci. (Vid. Mithradates. ) Dionysius Periegetes
(577) speaks of the river Apsynthus.
Apsus, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ionian
Sea between Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, and dividing
their respective territories. It has been rendered
memorable from the military operations of Cssar and
Pompey on its banks. The present name of the stream
is Ergenl or Bcratino. (Cces. , B. Civ. , 4,13. --Lucan,
5,461. )
Aptera, a Cretan city, to the east of Polyrrhenia,
and eighty stadia from Cydonia. (Strabo, 479. ) Its
name was supposed to be derived from a contest waged
by the Sirens and Muses in its vicinity, when the for-
mer, being vanquished in the trial of musical excel-
lence, were so overcome with grief that their wings
dropped from their shoulders. (Steph. Byzant. , a. v.
'Ajrrrpa. ) Strabo informs us that Kisamus was the
naval station of Aptera. The vestiges of Aptera were
observed by Pococke to the south of Kisamos. and they
are laid down in Lapic's map between that place and
Jerami or Cydonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 378. )
Apolels leoes, proposed by L. Apuleius Saturni-
nus, A. U. C. 653, tribune of the commons; about di-
viding the public lands among the veteran soldiers,
settling colonics, punishing crimes against the state,
and furnishing com to the poor at 10-12ths of an as a
modius. (Cic, pro Balb. , 21. -- Id. , de Leg. , 2, 6. --
Flor. , 3, 16. )
Apuleius, a Platonic philosopher of the second
century, was a native of Madaura, an African city on
the borders of Numidia and Gaetulia. His family was
respectable, both in station and property, his father be-
ing chief magistrate of Madaura. He received the
early part of his education at Carthage, where he im-
bibed the first knowledge of the Platonic philosophy,
and thence removed in succession to Athens and Rome.
? ? Apuleius, who inherited a handsome fortune, began
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