No More Learning

He seems to have materially
developed mathematical science; he certainly
did much to develop the science of government
and of conduct.


## p. 447 (#463) ############################################

QUANDT – QUESNĖ
447
Q
Quandt, Johann Gottlob von (kwänt). A
German writer on art; born at Leipsic, April 9,
1787; died June 18, 1859. He wrote: (History
of Copperplate Engraving) (1826); Letters
from Italy) (1830); (Observations and Fancies
Regarding Man, Nature, and Art, during a Tour
in Southern France) (1846); and a similar work
on Spain (1850).
Quarles, Francis. An English sacred poet;
born in Rumford, Essex, in 1592; died Septem-
ber 1644. He was educated at Cambridge, and
studied for a lawyer. He received several ap-
pointments from the Crown, and finally held
the position of city chronologer. His leading
works were : Emblems Divine and Moral)
(1635); (Argalus and Parthenia) (1621); and the
(Enchiridion (1640) in prose. Frequent fine
expressions redeem much commonplace.
Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de (kätr-
fäzh'). A French naturalist; born at Berthe-
zème (Gard), Feb. 10, 1810; died Jan. 13, 1892.
He was appointed professor of anatomy and
ethnology in the Paris Museum of Natural His-
tory, 1855. Many of his works have been trans-
lated into English. Among them are: (The
Human Species? (1877); Recollections of a
Naturalist) (1854); ( The Prussian Race) (1879);
(Pygmies) (1887).
Quatremère, Étienne Marc (kätr-măr”). A
French Orientalist; born at Paris, July 12, 1782;
died Sept. 18, 1857. His father was a merchant,
while he was himself a lifelong student. He
was successively employed in the Imperial
Library, in the chair of Greek at Rouen, in
the Academy of Inscriptions, in the Collège de
France as professor of Hebrew and Aramaic,
and in the School of Living Oriental Languages
as professor of Persian. He produced many
learned works, among which are: Investiga-
tions into the Language and Literature of
Egypt) (1808); (Memoir upon the Nabateans)
(the Nabathites of the Bible] (1835); together
with numerous valuable translations. He left
also much lexicographic material.
Quatremère de Quincy, Chrysostome (kätr-
mår de kan'sē). A French archæologist and
writer on art; born at Paris, Oct. 28, 1755; died
there, Dec. 8, 1849. Among his writings are :
Dictionary of Architecture ) (3 vols. , 1786-1828);
(Olympian Jupiter; or, The Ancient Art of
Sculpture ) (1814); "Life and Works of Raphael)
(1824); (Ancient Monuments and Works of Art
Restored) (2 vols. , 1826-28); (Lives of the Most
Famous Architects) (3 vols. , 1830); Canova
and his Works) (1834).
Queiroz, José Maria Eça de (kā-ē-rõs'). A
Portuguese novelist; born in Povoa de Varzim,
Nov. 25, 1845. He studied jurisprudence in
Coimbra, was editor of a paper, traveled to
the Orient, and became consul successively to
Havana, Bristol, and Paris, where he went in
1889. He is a naturalist of Zola's school, and
introduced this style into Portugal. He is the
author of (The Crime of Father Amaro) (1874);
(The Mandarin); (The Dragon's Teeth); etc.
Quenstedt, Friedrich August (kwen'stet).
A German mineralogist and geologist; born at
Eisleben, July 9, 1809; died Dec. 21, 1889, at
Tübingen, where he was professor in the uni.
versity. Among his works are : (Epochs of
Nature) (1861), « Then and Now) (1856), popu.
lar expositions of geology.
Quental, Anthero de (ken'täl). A distin.
guished Portuguese lyric poet; born at Ponta-
Delgada in the island of San Miguel, one of
the Azores, April 18, 1842; died there, Sept.
II, 1891. While yet a student in the University
of Coimbra, he wrote a little volume of (Son-
nets) (1861), which showed a rare command
of poetical form; it was followed by Modern
Odes) (1865); Romantic Springtides' (1871);
and another volume of (Sonnets) (1881). He
wrote also (Considerations on the Philosophy
of Portuguese Literary History) (1872), and
(General Tendencies of Philosophy in the Sec-
ond Half of the 19th Century' (1892).
Quesnay, François (kā-nā'). A French phy-
sician and economist; born near Paris, June 4,
1694 ; died Dec. 16, 1774. He was the founder
the school of economists called Physiocrats,
and very influential on Adam Smith and all
modern political economy. His theory was
that all value is derived from the products of
land, which should therefore bear all taxation,
but also receive all State encouragement. He
published several medical works, in addition
to his more famous ones (chiefly short articles)
on political economy. Among, the latter the
leading one is the “Tableau Economique.
Quesnay de Beaurepaire, Jules (kā-nā' dė
bő-ré-pår'). (“Jules de Glouvet. ”] A French
novelist and miscellaneous writer; born at Sau-
mur, 1838. He is author of "Stories of the
Olden Time) (1882); the novels (The Bour-
geois Family) (1883), (The Ideal? ( 1884),
(Marie Fougère) (1889); and some volumes of
poetry, as (The Mariner) (1881), «The Shep-
herd) (1882). *
Quesné, Jacques Salbigoton (kā-nā'). A
French man of letters ; born at Pavilly, Jan. I,
1778; died June 13, 1859. He studied with a
notary, went to sea for a short time, then
served in the army, but after 1800 devoted him-
self to literary pursuits, although for some years


## p. 448 (#464) ############################################

448
QUESNEL-QUINET
a
he held an inspectorship. He produced many
works, the most important of which was 'Con-
fessions of J. S. Quesné) (1828), an intimate
autobiography.
Quesnel, Pierre (kā-nel'). A French abbé
and historian; born in Dieppe in 1699; died
about 1774. Little is definitely known of his
life, but he seems to have been in easy cir.
cumstances and of high birth. He traveled
much, and spent nearly forty years in preparing
for his great work, the History of the Jesuits,
in four volumes.
Quesnot de la Chesnée, Jean Jacques (kā-
nö' dė lä shā-nā'). A French writer of the
eighteenth century. Little is known concern-
ing him. He was a French Protestant, an exile
from his country after the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes; and his productions are chiefly
attacks against his country. He wrote: (The
Battle of Ramillies, a historic pastoral ; (The
Battle of Hoogstet,' an operatic tragedy; etc.
Quételet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques (kāt.
laº). A Belgian statistician and astronomer;
born at Ghent, Feb. 22, 1796; died Feb. 17,
1874. He was educated at the lyceum of
Ghent; became professor of mathematics in
the athenæum of Brussels in 1819; was lecturer
at the Museum of Science and Literature from
1828 to 1834, and was at the same time di-
rector of the Royal Observatory. In 1834 he
was made secretary of the Brussels Academy.
His principal works were (On Man and the
Development of his Faculties,' and (Anthro-
pometry); but he wrote many others.
Quevedo, Vasco Mauzinho (kā - vā'tho),
known also as Mauzinho Quevedo de Castello
Branco.
A Portuguese poet, born at Setubal
in the latter part of the 16th century; died
some time after 1627. He was educated at the
University of Coimbra. He wrote a history of
Santa Isabel, Queen of Portugal; also (Affonso
Africano) (1611), a brilliant piece of work.
Quevedo y Villegas, don Francisco (kā-
vā'tho ē vēl-yā'gäs). A Spanish satirist; born
at Madrid, Sept. 26, 1580; died Sept. 8, 1645.
He was very witty, very brilliant, and ranks as
the greatest satiric writer of his country. His
leading works are the "Sueños) (Dreams), and
(Don Pablo of Segovia,' a romantic satire.
Quicherat, Étienne Joseph (kēsh-rä). A
French historian; born at Paris, Oct. 13, 1814;
died there, April 8, 1882 His principal work
is (The Trial and Condemnation and Rehabil.
itation of Joan of Arc) (5 vols. , 1841-49). lle
wrote also: (History of Costume in France)
(1874); (Archæological and Historical Miscel-
lanies' (2 vols. , 1885).
Quicherat, Louis. A French philologist; born
at Paris, Oct. 12, 1799; died there, Nov. 17,
1884. He wrote: (Treatise on Latin Versifica-
tion' (1826; 29th ed. 1882); Elementary Treatise
on Music) (1833); (Poetic Thesaurus of the Latin
Language) (1836); "Latin Prosody) (1839; 32d
ed. 1893); (French-Latin Dictionary) (1858).
Quiller-Couch, A. T. An English writer of
fiction; born in Cornwall, Nov. 21, 1863. He
was educated at Oxford. He belongs to the
staff of the weekly Speaker. Among his no-
table stories are: (Dead Man's Rock); "The
Astonishing History of Troy Town'; (The
Splendid Spur';(The Blue Pavilions ); ( The De-
lectable Duchy'; etc. *
Quillet, Claude (ke-yā'), known also as
Calvidius Lætus. A French physician and poet;
born in Touraine in 1602; died in 1661. He
went to Rome, and lived there until after the
death of Richelieu. His chief work was 'Calli-
pædia,' written in Latin and satirizing Mazarin;
but on account of the latter's kindness, the sat-
ire was changed to eulogy in a second edition.
Quinault, Philippe (ke-nö'). A French
dramatist; born in Paris, June 3, 1635; died
Nov. 26, 1688. His first play was produced at
18, and was successful. He studied law and
continued writing at the same time. He ob-
tained a literary pension, and was made a
member of the Academy in 1670. He was a
prolific writer, producing comedies, tragedies,
and finally libretti for Lulli's operas. It was in
the latter work that he made his name. Among
his chief works are: La Mère Coquette, a
comedy; and (Armide, a romantic opera.
Quincy, Edmund. An American writer, son
of Josiah; born in Boston, Feb. 1, 1808; died
May 17, 1877. He wrote a Biography) of his
father (1867), and edited his speeches (1875),
together with some works of his own.
Quincy, Josiah, sometimes called Josiah
Quincy, Jr. An American lawyer; born in Bos-
ton, Jan. 23, 1744; died April 26, 1775. lie
graduated from Harvard in 1763. Though
noted as a patriot, he joined with John Adams
in defending the British soldiers in the Bos-
ton Massacre case. But he took part in the
town-meeting ordering the “Boston tea-party”);
and in September 1774 went to England to
speak in behalf of the colonists. His best-
known works are: (An Address of the Mer.
chants, Traders, and Freeholders of Boston'
in favor of a non-importation act (1770), and
(Observations on the Boston Port Bill (1774).
Quincy, Josiah. Son of Josiah “Jr. ); born
in Boston, Feb. 4, 1772; died July 1, 1864. He
a historian and statesman; Member of
Congress from Massachusetts, 1805-13; mayor
of Boston, 1823-28; president of Harvard,
1829-45. He wrote a Memoir) of his father
(1825); History of Harvard University) (1840);
(Municipal History of Boston) (1852); and
other works.
Quinet, Edgar (ke-nā'). A French historian
and philosopher; born near Bourg, Feb. 17,
1803; died at Versailles, March 27, 1875. His
works fill nearly thirty volumes, of which only
a small part has any permanent value, as he
is vague and undetermined, in spite of his real
learning and ability. He went to Greece on a
government mission, and was made professor
of foreign literatures at Lyons, and afterwards
was


## p. 449 (#465) ############################################

QUINTANA - RADCLIFFE
449
once.
at the Collège de France in Paris. He was
on the staff of the Revue des Deux Mondes,
and received the cross of the Legion of Honor
in 1838. His principles were strongly republi-
can, and brought him into trouble more than
His leading works are: Ahasuerus)
(1834); Merlin the Enchanter) (1861); (The
Revolution' ( 1865 ); and (The Creation (1869).
He also wrote several long poems, of which
perhaps (The Slaves) (1853) is the best. *
Quintana, Manuel José (kēn-tä'nä). A Span-
ish poet; born in Madrid, April 11, 1772; died
March 11, 1857. He was lawyer, journalist, and
man of letters, as well as poet. He was gov-
ernor or preceptor to the young Queen Isabella,
was made senator and peer in 1835, and
crowned with laurel in 1855. He was a Lib-
eral in politics, and twice driven from office,
being imprisoned from 1814 to 1820. His most
famous work is the Lives of Celebrated Span-
iards,' in three volumes (1807-1833).
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus)
(kwin-til'yun). A Roman rhetorician; born
about 35 A. D. , at Calagurris (Calahorra), Spain;
died about 95 or 96 A. D. His father was a
teacher of rhetoric at Rome, where Quintilian
probably received his education.
He spent
some years in Spain previous to 68 A. D. , when
he came to Rome again with Galba. He
was a pleader in the courts and a professional
teacher of rhetoric, and also educated two
grand-nephews of Domitian. His own teacher
in rhetoric was Domitius Afer, but he made
Cicero his model. One of his pupils was Pliny
the Younger. Quintilian's great work is the
(Institutio Oratoria,' one of the most famous
classical works on rhetoric. His knowledge
and cultivation were extensive, and his style
delightful. *
Quintus Curtius Rufus. A Roman historian,
probably of the first century A. D. , of whose
liſe nothing is known with certainty. He is
the author of "De Rebus Gestis Alexandri
Magni? (Deeds of Alexander the Great), in
ten books, the first two of which are lost. It
is pleasing in style, but not very accurate.
Quita, Domingo dos Reis (ke'tä). A Portu-
guese poet; born in Lisbon, Jan. 8, 1728; died
1770. He was left at his father's death the
oldest of seven children, and was apprenticed
to a barber, but pursued by himself the study
of Portuguese literature and that of other coun-
tries. The money gained by his writings was
lost in the Lisbon earthquake. His most famous
work is Inez de Castro, besides which he
wrote four other dramas and many poems.
R
Raabe, Wilhelm (rä'bė). A German novel.
ist ; born at Eschershausen, Brunswick, Sept. 8,
1831. He is distinguished as a humorist among
German novelists of the nineteenth century.
His principal works are: (The Chronicle of
the Sperlingsgasse (1857); "Woodland Folk)
(1863); (The Hunger Pastor) (1864); Hor-
acker) (1876); "Wunnigel (1879); (The Horn
of Wanza) (1881); and (The Lar) (1889).
Rabelais, François (räb-lā'). The French
satirist; born at Chinon, Touraine, about 1495.
died 1553. His fame rests upon the two works
called “Gargantua' (1535) and (Pantagruel)
(1533). (Gargantua,' although a sequel to the
other book, was written before it. He was also
the author of scientific treatises, which are now
almost entirely forgotten. He is deemed not
only the greatest of French satirists, but one of
the great satirists
all times. *
Racan, Honorat de Bueil (rä-kän'). A
French poet; born in Touraine in 1589; died
in 1670. He was a member of the French
Academy, and a friend of Malherbe. He pub-
lished Pastorals) (1628), and a number of
other poems, during his lifetime. His works
were collected and published at Paris in 1724.
Racine, Jean Baptiste (rä-sēn'). The illus-
trious French dramatist; born at La Ferté-
Milon, De 21, 1639; at Paris, April 26,
1699. His works include: Nymphs of the
Seine) (1660), an ode ; (Amasie,' a comedy, now
lost; “Ovid's Amours,' a comedy, now lost;
(The Thebaid' (1664), his first staged tragedy,
although he had previously written «Theagenes
and Chariclea,' a tragedy, which he suppressed ;
(Alexander' (1665), a tragedy ; (The Chaplain's
Wig' ( 1665? ), a parody of “The Cid,' and writ-
ten partly in collaboration ; (Andromache)
(1667); (The Pleaders) (1668), a comedy mod.
eled upon Aristophanes; Britannicus) (1669);
(Berenice (1670); (Bajazet! (1672); Mithri-
dates) (1673); 'Iphigenia' (1674), pronounced
by Voltaire the masterpiece of the French the-
atre; Phædra! (1677); Esther) (1689); (Atha-
lie) (1691), his last dramatic work; (Abridg.
ment of the History of Port Royal); Letters);
and some historical memoranda concerning the
campaigns of Louis XIV. *
Racine, Louis. A French poet and critic,
son of J. B. ; born at Paris in 1692; died in
1763. He is chiefly noteworthy for his two
poems, (Grace) (1720), and Religion (1742),
which passed through sixty editions. He wrote
in prose : (Reflections upon Poetry); (Memoirs
of the Life of Racine); and (Remarks on Ra-
cine's Tragedies. ' (Complete Works, 1808).
Radcliffe, Ann. An English novelist; born
in London, July 9, 1764; died 1823. She was
once very popular, but is not now read. Her
best-known novel, still familiar by name as a
type of the pseudo-mediceval, is 'The Mysteries
29


## p. 450 (#466) ############################################

450
RAE- RAMSAY
:
of Udolpho) (1794), which ran through many
editions. She also wrote: (The Castles of Ath-
lin and Dunboyne (1789); A Sicilian Romance)
(1790); “The Romance of the Forest) (1791);
and “The Italian (1797).
Rae, Edward. An English traveler and de-
scriptive writer; born at Birkenhead in 1847.
His publications include: (The Land of the
North Wind); (The Country of the Moors);
(The White Sea Peninsula); and (A Limb of
the Law, a novel : all most favorably received.
Rafn, Carl Christian (raín). A Danish critic
and archæologist; born in Brahesborg, Fünen,
Jan. 16, 1795; died in Copenhagen, Oct. 20, 1864.
He produced numerous works, the most im-
portant being a Danish translation of Norse
mythic and romantic sagas (1829-30); an edi.
tion of Ragnar Lodbrog's death-song, with phil.
ologico-critical remarks (1826); and (American
Antiquities) (1837), his most widely read book,
in which he undertakes to prove that America
was discovered by Norsemen in the tenth cen.
tury.
Ragozin, Zénäide Alexëivna (räg'o-tsin). A
Russian-American Oriental writer; born in 1835.
She came to the United States in 1874. Her
most important books are: “The Story of
Chaldea (1886); (The Story of Assyria) (1887);
and (The Story of Media, Babylon, and Per-
sia (1888),- all in the (Stories of the Nations)
series.
Rainsford, William Stephen. An American
Episcopal clergyman; born in Dublin, Oct. 30,
1850. He was called to the rectorship of St.
George's, New York city, and since that time
has been associated with many philanthropic
and other reforms. Besides many contribu-
tions to current literature, he has published
(Sermons Preached in St. George's) (1887),
and (The Church's Opportunity in the City of
To-day?
Raleigh, Sir Walter. The famous English
admiral; born at Hayes in Devonshire, 1552;
executed Oct. 29, 1618. Imprisoned by Queen
Elizabeth, he produced poetical and literary
fragments, and his History of the World. His
poems were not published until nearly two
hundred years after his death (1814); his (Mis-
cellaneous Writings) in 1751; and his (Com-
plete Works) in 1829.
Ralph, James. An English pamphleteer and
poetaster; born in Philadelphia, about 1695;
died in Chiswick, Jan. 25, 1762. He went to
England in 1725 with Benjamin Franklin, and
was unsuccessful in his first efforts to win pub-
lic favor. His poem on Night) (1728) was
ridiculed by Pope in his (Dunciad); but his
continuation of Guthrie's History of England)
(1744-46) won public praise. He also published
(The Other Side of the Question (1742), a
reply to a criticism on the Duchess of Marl-
borough.
Ralph, Julian. An American journalist;
born in New York in 1853. His publications
include: (On Canada's Frontier); (Dixie);
(Our Great West); (Chicago and the World's
Fair); People We Pass); and (Alone in
China, and Other Stories. His contributions
to magazines are numerous and very popular.
Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. An
English writer on Russian folk-lore; born
1828; died 1889. He devoted himself to Rus-
sian studies, and published: (Kriloff and his
Fables) (1869); Liza) (1869); (Songs of the
Russian People) (1872); “Russian Folk-Tales)
(1873); and Early History of Russia' (1874).
Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas. An eminent
French historian; born at Besançon, depart-
ment of Doubs, July 2, 1842. Of his works
the most important is the History of French
Civilization' (3 vols. , 1885), which is used as a
text-book in nearly all universities. His other
publications include : (French Domination in
Germany, 1792-1804' (1873); (Germany under
Napoleon I. (1874); (The French and the
Russians, etc. (1877); (History of Russia)
(1878); (History of Contemporary Civilization
in France) (1887); and several theses. *
Ramée, Louisa de la. See Ouida.
Ramirez, Ignacio (rä-mē'reth). A Mexican
philosopher; born in San Miguel el Grande,
June 23, 1818; died in Mexico, June 15, 1879.
He was of pure Aztec blood. He published
under the pseudonym of “The Necromancer”
many satirical poems and philosophical arti-
cles; and also founded the paper Don Simpli-
cio, in 1846. His many literary works were
never collected; but his Manual of Rudiment-
ary Knowledge,' written in 1873, was published
in 1884.
Rammohun Roy (räm-mo-hun'roi). A Hindu
rajah; born at Rádhánagar, Bengal, May 1772;
died at Bristol, England, Sept. 27, 1833. Re-
jecting the Hindu religion at an early age, he
published A Gift to Monotheists,' a protest
against idolatry and priestcraft. He embraced
the moral principles of Christianity, and issued
(The Precepts of Jesus, the Guide to Peace
and Happiness) (1820); an English abridgment
of the sacred books of the Vedanta (1820);
and numerous pamphlets concerning the con-
dition of India.
Ramsay, Allan. A Scottish poet; born in
Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Oct. 15, 1686; died in
Edinburgh, Jan. 7, 1758. His fame rests largely
upon his “Gentle Shepherd' (1725), a pastoral
drama in the Lowland Scotch dialect, to which
songs were added (1728). It is regarded as
the best pastoral in any language. His prin-
cipal works are: (Tartana; or, The Plaid
(1721); (Fables and Tales) (1722); (Fair Assem-
bly) (1723); (Health) (1724); (The Tea-Table
Miscellany) (1724); “The Evergreen) (1725);
and (Thirty Fables) (1730). *
Ramsay, Andrew Michael. A Scotch
mathematician and theologian; born at Ays,
Jan. 9, 1686; died at St. Germain-en-Laye,
France, May 6, 1743. A visit to Fénelon at
a


## p. 451 (#467) ############################################

RAMSAY - RASPE
451
>
Cambray resulted in his conversion to Roman-
Catholicism and the production of his prin-
cipal work, (Travels of Cyrus) (1727), in avowed
imitation of (Télémaque. ? He also edited
(Télémaque, with an introduction : and wrote,
in French, a (Political Essay' on the principles
of its author; a (History of the Life and
Works of Fénelon); besides a number of Eng.
lish poems. His French is remarkable for its
purity and perfection of style.
Ramsay, David. An American physician
and historian; born in Lancaster County, Pa. ,
April 2, 1749; died at Charleston, May 8, 1815.
He devoted his leisure to the study of the Rev-
olutionary struggle, and published: (History of
the Revolution in South Carolina! ( 1785 );
History of the American Revolution (1789);
Life of Washington' (1801); and History of
South Carolina) (1809). His History of the
United States) was published posthumously in
1816, and his (Universal History Americanized
in 1819.
Ramus, Pierre (rä'mus). A French logician;
born at Cuth, Vermandois, 1515; was assas-
sinated in the massacre of St. Bartholomew,
August 1572. He distinguished himself at 21,
upon the occasion of taking his degree, by
defending the thesis that all that Aristotle
taught is false. He followed this with (Crit-
icism of Aristotelian Dialectic) (1543), written
in Latin; and with his Dialectic, a French
version of his system, the first work of the
kind published in the French language. His
literary activity produced in all fifty-nine works,
all but nine of which appeared before his
death. They include treatises on arithmetic,
geometry, and algebra.
Rand, Edward Augustus. An Episcopal
clergyman and writer of juvenile books; born
at Portsmouth, N. H. , in 1837. He has pub-
lished: (Christmas Jack) (1878); Pushing
Ahead (1880); ' The Tent in the Notch' (1881);
(After the Freshet) (1882); Little Brown Top
(1883); (Fighting the Sea' (1887); “Sailor Boy
Bob' (1888); “When the War Broke Out) (1888);
and others.
Randall, James Ryder. An American song-
writer; born in Baltimore, Md. , Jan. 18, 1839.
His Maryland, My Maryland) (1861), called
“the Marseillaise of the Confederate cause,
was set to music and became very popular.
He wrote much in support of the South. His
poems include: (The Sole Entry); Arling-
ton); (The Cameo Bracelet); (There's Life
in the Old Land Yet); and (The Battle Cry
of the South.
Randolph, John. An American statesman;
born at Cawsons, Va. , June 2, 1773; died at Phil.
adelphia, June 24, 1833. His response to Patrick
Henry is famous. His Letters to a Young
Relative) were published in 1834.
Randolph, Sarah Nicholas. An American
biographical writer, great-granddaughter of
Thomas Jefferson ; born at Edge Hill, Va. , Oct.
12, 1839. She has published: (The Domestic
Life of Thomas Jefferson) (1871); (The Lord
will Provide) (1872); (A Paper on Martha
Jefferson Randolph) (1876); and (Life of Stone-
wall Jackson (1876).
Ranke, Leopold (ränk'e). A leading Ger-
man historian; born at Wiehe, Saxony, Dec.
21, 1795; died May 23, 1886. From early youth
till his death at 90 he was engaged in fruitful
historical research and production; his chief
labors being devoted to the Reformation period,
15th and 16th centuries, all through Europe,
though his last work was a great Universal
History) (the first volume published when he
was 85), embodying the ripest results of modern
scholarship, but of most value in the earliest
part dealing with prehistoric origins. His (His-
tory of the Popes, their Church and State)
(1834-36),- which really means the mediæval
popes, the earlier papacy being only outlined,
is one of the most widely circulated histories
of modern times, and has been translated into
English, French, and Dutch. His History of
Germany during the Reformation' (1839–47) is
regarded in Germany as his best production.
Among his other important works are: (Crit-
ique on Modern Historians) (1824); Princes
and Nations of South Europe during the 16th
and 17th Centuries) (1827); and (Genesis of the
Prussian States) (1847). His exposé of the
reign of Louis XIV. has been compared to that
of Voltaire. *
Rankin, Jeremiah Eames. An American
clergyman and religious writer; born at Thorn-
ton, N. H. , Jan. 2, 1828. He has written sev-
eral national hymns, including "For God and
Home and Native Land' and Keep your
Colors Flying. ' He is also the author of
(Bridal Ring) (1866); (Auld Scotch Mither)
(1873); Subduing Kingdoms? (1881); (The
Hotel of God” (1883); (Atheism of Heart)
(1884); (Christ his Own Interpreter) (1884);
and "Ingleside Rhaims) (1887).
Rapin de Thoyras, Paul de (rä-pan' dė
twä-rä'). A French historian; born at Castres,
Languedoc, March 25, 1661; died at Wesel,
Holland, May 16, 1725. He is remarkable for
the production of a History of England
(1724), to which he devoted seventeen years'
labor. It undoubtedly shortened his life, and
he survived its publication but a year. It is
considered one of the most complete and im-
partial expositions of English political events
ever published. He also wrote: (A Disserta-
tion on the Whigs and Tories) (1717).
Raspe, Rudolph Eric (räs'pė). A German
archæologist and mineralogist; born at Han-
over in 1737; died in 1794. A refugee in Eng-
land, most of his books were published in
English. He is the author of the well-known
(Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvel-
lous Travels and Campaigns in Russia' (1785);
a recital of many extraordinary adventures
taken from ancient German books, but believed
by many to have been stories actually related
by Baron von Münchhausen (1720-97), who was
reputed to have entertained his friends with


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wonderful tales of his exploits in war, and be-
lieved to have been the greatest liar in all
Germany. Among his other writings, apart
from his works on mineralogy, may be named
(A Descriptive Catalogue of a General Collec-
tion of Engraved Stones) (1791), besides works
on philosophy, and historical memoirs.
Rattazzi, Marie Studolmine de Solms (rä.
täts'ē). A French novelist; born in London
(or in Waterford, Ireland) in 1830. Among her
many novels, (The Marriages of the Creole)
and "If I Were Queen) are the most popular.
She has edited several journals, and written a
number of poems and dramas, all under the
name of Princess Marie de Solms. ”
Raupach, Ernst Benjamin Salomo (rou'.
päch). A German dramatist; born at Strau-
pitz, Silesia, May 21, 1784; died at Berlin,
March 18, 1852. He was popular in his day,
but has latterly fallen into neglect, though he
has many admirers still. His leading plays in-
clude : (The Princess Chawansky) (1818); “The
Enchained” (1821); 'The Magic Ring of Love)
(1824); 'The Friends) (1825); Isidor and Olga!
(1826); “Raphael (1828); and “The Daughter
of the Air) (1829). His comedies were very
successful, - among others, (Critic and Anti-
Critic, (The Smugglers,' and (The Spirit of
the Time.
Ravenscroft, Edward. An English drama-
tist who flourished between 1671 and 1697. He
was exceedingly popular in his day. His first
play was Mamamouchi; or, The Citizen Turned
Gentleman) (1675), and was taken from Mo-
lière's "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. His nu-
merous comedies, farces, and tragedies, some
posthumous, include "The Wrangling Lovers!
(1676); (Scaramouch, a Philosopher' (1677);
(King Edgar and Alfreda' (1677); Ignoramus)
(1678); (The London Cuckolds' (first published
in 1783); “ Dame Dobson' (1683); (The Canter-
bury Guests) (1695); and (The Italian Hus-
band' (1698).
Rawlinson, George. A noted English scholar,
historian, and theological writer; born at Chad-
lington, Oxfordshire, 1815. He is canon of
Canterbury Cathedral. His chief works and
editions are indispensable classics in their
fields : notably the set of "Great Oriental
Monarchies, (Five, 1862-67; (Sixth, 1873;
Seventh, 1876), and (with his brother Henry
and Sir J. G. Wilkinson) the 4-vol. edition of
Herodotus (1858-60). He has also written a
'History of Egypt) (1881), (Phænicia) (1889),
and many theological works.