King William was more;
he was a hero of our time, the dominating mon-
archic leader of an immense democratic mass-move-
ment, which shook the nation from top to bottom,
and, sure of its goal, stormily swept on, regard-
less of the caution of hesitating Courts.
he was a hero of our time, the dominating mon-
archic leader of an immense democratic mass-move-
ment, which shook the nation from top to bottom,
and, sure of its goal, stormily swept on, regard-
less of the caution of hesitating Courts.
Treitschke - 1915 - Germany, France, Russia, and Islam
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? Alsace an Imperial Province 193
more and more estranged from the Germans. I
wish for a class of officials which the Kaiser can
transfer under certain circumstances to the omin-
ous places Schwelm and Stallupohnen. ^
Yes, gentlemen, that is practical German unity.
That is the peculiar quality of all real political
greatness that under certain circumstances it can
become unpleasant for individuals. We have a
superfluity of centrifugal elements in Germany.
We want to take care that there should be some
classes who belong to the whole of Germany.
Among these I reckon in the first place ourselves, as
representatives of the whole nation; and secondly,
the civil servants of the Empire, who, please
God, will be ever more numerous and powerful.
For the same reason I desire, moreover, and I
believe that is a wish shared by the Alsatians
themselves, that there should not be any foolish
experiment with a princely governor, a prince who
must keep a Court. Such a prince (I say it with
all respect for those of high birth) can only count
as one of the worst officials, because he must
keep a Court. The kinds of society which can
be won with such courtly tinsel are of such a
kind that I at any rate gladly dispense with their
support.
Moreover, the Alsatians should have no legal
claim to be governed as an undivided province.
It is in my opinion merely a question of adminis-
trative efficiency whether you divide the country
* Extreme east of Prussia.
13
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? 194 Alsace an Imperial Province
into one, two, or three departments. Here I
would like to draw your attention to a point
of view which has hitherto been little regarded
in Germany. I received, some days ago, a
letter from one of the most distinguished and
experienced Alsatians, a man of unmixed French
blood, who nevertheless possesses enough political
intelligence to perceive the unavoidability of the
new circumstances and to adapt himself to them.
He says to me, "Our greatest fear is this, lest we
should be treated in the same way as the French
Lorrainers. Here in Alsace, where German blood
flows in the people's veins, it will soon be possible
to proceed with mildness; in Lorraine severity
alone will be of use. We should be displeased if
we were treated from the same point of view as
these obstinate Lorrainers. "
I do not know, gentlemen, whether my corre-
spondent is right, and I believe here in the whole
House there is no one, not even the best-informed
of us. Count Luxburg himself, who could say with
certainty that matters will turn out as the writer
of the letter asserts. But if it is really so, if
actually the feeling in French Lorraine differs
so widely from that of German Lorraine and Ger-
man Alsace, then it would be better to centralize
the government in Berlin, and to set up three in-
dependent departmental authorities who could pro-
ceed in a different way on the Moselle from that on
the Rhine and the 111. At any rate, it is better
that the Government should now make a mis-
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? Alsace an Imperial Province 195
take, than that we should make a false step in
legislation.
Let me, in conclusion, gentlemen, put some
separate questions. As regards the necessity of
the dictatorship, we are all here in the House, as in
Alsace, I suppose, agreed. I hope the proposal to
summon deputies from Alsace hither as early as the
autumn will meet with no approval in this House ;
it would be in my opinion a sin against the Alsa-
tians themselves. One should not lead a people in-
to temptation ; one should not make demands on
the political intelligence of a people which are
beyond average human power to meet. It is not
on our account that I fear Alsatian deputies being
called here too soon, for we are strong enough
to defy such a danger. But what sort of mo-
tives could they be which could as early as this
bring about a complete change of mind in the
Alsatians? A few months ago they elected
Gambetta to the French National Assembly ; they
have since learnt to know our soldiers, and learnt
so much -- that we are not the devils we are said to
be -- but we are not in any way justified in expect-
ing affection and real devotion from Alsace. The
reasons which as early as this could bring about
reasonable elections could only be materialistic
ones, and we cannot allow such a moral confusion
in the people's ideas to be produced. With sound
German pride we have despised the Bonapartist
jugglery of universal suffrage. I think that with
the officials whom we found on our arrival there,
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? 196 Alsace an Imperial Province
with the well-oiled machine of bureaucratic in-
fluence on the elections, we could have evoked a
strong majority for the incorporation of the pro-
vince into Germany. I thank God that we have
been spared this disgraceful spectacle, and I wish
therefore that we quietly wait awhile. Let us wait
till the countenances of our fellow-countrymen,
distorted by grief, fear, and passion, have become
smooth again ; later on they will show us their real
faces.
Then I must once more remind you of the
necessity of preserving our Emperor's honour there
in the Imperial Province. We should not bring
him into the position, which is unworthy of him, of
having to carry out laws against which he himself
has pronounced his opinion quite recently. It is
a great danger for a land with such weak mon-
archic traditions to bring the person of the mon-
arch into a false dependent position.
Now a word about the rights which we must
reserve to ourselves.
I think that to grant to Alsace the right that
the Reichstag should approve whatever the
dictatorship resolves upon would be dangerous
both for it and its inward peace. It would be
really tantamount to challenging contradiction
and agitation against the Emperor's laws if every
Alsatian could say to himself, ''We can get every-
thing reversed through the Reichstag in a few
weeks, if we only scream loud enough! " In this
way we shall reach no result. On the contrary, I
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? Alsace an Imperial Province 197
consider it right to reserve for the Reichstag the
control over the money liabilities of the province.
I think that necessary in order to prevent a new
kind of State being formed there by mistakes of the
dictatorship, and by seeking to impose on the
province a burden such as only a State is accus-
tomed to bear. That would be, as I fear, the first
step towards the founding of a new kind of inter-
mediary State -- a step which I could never approve.
Finally, since we have reserved to ourselves
such modest rights as long as the dictatorship lasts,
it is not less than fair that we shorten its duration.
The appointment of January, 1873, as its Hmits,
will, I expect, be approved by the House. If it
was a question of allowing the Imperial Chancellor
to govern there with full powers I would allow
a few months more. But it is beyond human
power to fulfil simultaneously the duties of an
Imperial Chancellor and a Governor of Alsace. If
the attempt was made, the management of present
affairs would necessarily fall into the hands of a
few Privy Councillors whom most of us do not
even know by name, and who, being anonymous,
would be free from the control even of public
opinion. I should consider it unwarrantable to
entrust dictatorial power for any length of time to
such second-class officials. It is perhaps more
wholesome for the Alsatians themselves that they
should make an experiment as early as 1873,
a year before they have another election. That
would afford an opportunity to eliminate the last
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? 198 Alsace an Imperial Province
remnants of bitterness which may be slumbering in
the souls of this people ; a year afterwards intelli-
gence and cool calculation may assert themselves.
And now, gentlemen, allow me to close with a
request which in the mouth of a new-comer may
seem presumptuous. Recently in the Press the
reproach has been levelled at us in a not very
dignified way that the Reichstag does not rise to
the height of these great days, and that its trans-
actions do not show the intellectual capacity which
such a proud and aspiring nation must demand
of its representatives. I believe, gentlemen, the
cause of this reproach is not due to us: it is due
to the unfortunate mistake of our being summoned
too soon. In the absence of more weighty busi-
ness, all kinds of legislative improvisations have
turned up, such as that proposal about diets and
such-like, among whose admirers I cannot count
myself. But now, gentlemen, we have really a
great subject before us. I beg you that we show
ourselves worthy of the occasion. We wish to
emphasize the rights of the two powers which
represent the unity of our nation, the rights of the
Imperial Power and of Parliament, and we do not
wish, when we have made sure of that, to dispute
further about details which we might wish other-
wise. For we have a feeling of assurance that
the work of Germanization in Alsace will and
must succeed. Recently I have been reading the
secret documents regarding the organization of the
Rhine provinces in the years 181 5 and 18 16. At
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? Alsace an Imperial Province 199
that time all the officials spoke in a tone of dis-
couragement; they said that inhabitants of these
provinces were a hybrid people, quite estranged
from German nationality, and that many decades
must pass before one could cease issuing orders
in both languages. What German, gentlemen, can
read these fears expressed in 18 15 without feeling
his heart swell proudly and hopefully? It is true
that to-day we nowhere possess in Germany a
government even faintly comparable in strength
to the old Prussian Government of that time.
That has become unavoidably a darker side of
constitutional life for Germany. But, on the
other hand, to-day we are a nation who issue from
an unequal struggle, not weary to death, but in a
well-assured state of prosperity, abounding with
vigour and strength. To-day we are a nation
which does not wait anxiously for a king to fulfil
his word, but which already possesses and uses
parliamentary rights. Finally, we are a nation
which has raised itself, not by foreign help, but by
its own strength.
These, gentlemen, are hopeful signs. I tell you
that the instinct of nature and the call of the blood
will speak in Alsace, the call of the blood which
has already brought back so many lost sons of our
great Fatherland to our Empire. I tell you the
day will come when, in the most distant villages of
the Vosges, the German peasant will say, "It is a
happiness and an honour to be a citizen of the
German Empire. "
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? IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT WAR
(A Speech delivered at the Festival of the Commemora-
tion of the War at the Frederick William
University at Berlin on July iq, i8g$)
Dear Colleagues and Fellow-Soldiers,
To-day's festival recalls to us of the older genera-
tion the golden days of our life -- the days when
the grace of God after battle and tribulation and
mourning gloriously fulfilled beyond all our
expectations all the longings of our youth. And
yet, as I begin to speak, I feel keenly how pro-
foundly the world has changed in this quarter of a
century. It is not given to every period to do
great deeds nor to understand them rightly.
After the great crises of history there generally
follows a generation which hears the iron voice of
war, the great moulder of nations, still vibrating
in its own heart, and rejoices with youthful
enthusiasm over what has been gained. But
without the constant work of self-recollection and
self-testing, progress is impossible. New parties
spring up imbued with new ideas ; they ask doubt-
fully or scornfully whether the goal attained was
worth the sacrifice made. The field-marshals of
200
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? In Memory of the Great War 201
the study calculate arrangements which could cer-
tainly have been better made on the patient
paper.
Industrious critics diligently spy out all the
sordid and revolting details which adhere to every
great human exploit, as the fungus to the oak-tree,
and the preponderance of censure easily overwhelms
joy and gratitude. A long period must generally
elapse before a nation resolves to view the great-
ness of its past again on a great scale. The deep
significance of the War of Liberation was not
revealed to the majority of Germans till half a
century afterwards through the works of Hausser,
Droysen, Bernhardi, and Sybel. Let us to-day
turn our eyes away from everything that is trivial
and regard only the moral forces which operated
in the most fortunate of all wars.
When Field-Marshal Moltke once visited his
regiment, the Kolberg Grenadiers, he pointed to
the portrait of Gneisenau -- who had once formed
this brilliant corps behind the ramparts of the
unconquered Pomeranian fortress from the scat-
tered remnants of the old army -- and said, ''Be-
tween us and him there is a great difference.
We have had to record only victories. He has
led the army to victory after a defeat. This
severest test we have not yet undergone. " Who
can hear this utterance without admiring the pro-
found modesty and at the same time the lofty
ambition of the Field-Marshal. But we cannot
merely echo the noble words ; we rather thank the
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? 202 In Memory of the Great War
hero that he has himself confuted them by his
deeds. So, exactly so, unerring as the hammer
of Thor, had the German sword to hew down
opposition, so, contrary to all experience, the
changeable fortune of war had to become abiding,
and garland after garland of victory had to adorn
our banners if this most deeply-slandered and
deeply-scorned of all nations was to win its due
place in the community of States. We had been
for centuries hampered and impeded in the simple
task of national policy by the world-wide power
of our Holy Roman Empire, just as the Italians
were through their Papacy ; in our Confederation of
States we were obliged to let many foreign Powers
co-operate, and saw ourselves at the same time
linked on to a half-German Power, a disguised
foreign one whose insincerity a great part of the
nation, misled by old, fond recollections, would
never recognize. The fame of invincibility which
once no one had dared to deny the armies of
Frederick, had not been restored by all the glori-
ous contests of the War of Liberation ; for foreigners
always said sneeringly, "When the Prussians
stood alone at Jena, they were beaten; only when
allied with other Powers were they again vic-
torious. ' ' And at the same time there grew and grew
in the nation the consciousness of an immeasurable
strength, a living indestructible union of both
intellectual and poHtical Hfe. A nation in a posi-
tion of such unexampled difificulty, so strong in its
justifiable self-esteem, and so weak through its
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? In Memory of the Great War 203
wretched federal constitution, must necessarily fall
into confused and aimless party struggles, and
pass through all the infant ailments of political
life. Among the milHons abroad there was only
one, our faithful friend Thomas Carlyle, who,
in spite of the confusion of our party divisions,
recognized the nobility of the soul of the German
nation. All others were unanimous in the belief
that we would come to nothing, and that this cen-
tral part of the Continent, on whose weakness the
old society of States had so long rested, would never
become strong. In the eyes of foreigners we were
only the comic-looking, jovial members of singing
and shooting clubs, and the German word '' Vater-
land" was, in England, simply a term of contempt.
Then, when Prussia had again entered the old
victorious paths of the Great Elector, and the
Great King freed our Northern Marches, and
shattered the foreign rule of the House of Austria
by the cannon of Koniggratz, Europe was still far
from recognizing the new order of things in Ger-
many. We had in early times aimed at the world-
rule of the Roman Empire, and had been then, by
the cruel justice of history, condemned to an un-
happy cosmopolitanism, so that our territory pro-
vided the arena for the armies and the diplomatic
intrigues of all nations. Was this state of things to
continue?
What we needed was a complete, incontestable
victory, won solely by German strength, which
would compel our neighbours to acknowledge at
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? 204 In Memory of the Great War
last respectfully that we, as a nation, had attained
our majority. This was clearly understood by the
Emperor William, who so often re-echoed his
people's words, when he said in his address from
the throne, *'If Germany silently endured vio-
lations of her rights and of her honour in past
centuries, that was only because she did not realize
in her dismembered condition how strong she
was. " For a long time past we were no longer the
poor, ill-treated nation of 1813, which had seen its
colours disgraced, its lands laid desolate, prayed in
holy wrath, ''Save us from the yoke of slavery! "
and then, quietly prepared for the worst, waged the
unequal strife. On the contrary, at the King's
summons, a free, strong, proud nation arose in
radiant exultation ; she knew her power, and from
amid the confused tumult of public meetings and
the din of the streets, of the newspapers and the
pamphlets, one cry overpowered all other sounds,
''We must, we will conquer. " Poets have com-
pared the grey-haired ruler as he rode majesti-
cally before his knights to the kings of armies
in German antiquity.
King William was more;
he was a hero of our time, the dominating mon-
archic leader of an immense democratic mass-move-
ment, which shook the nation from top to bottom,
and, sure of its goal, stormily swept on, regard-
less of the caution of hesitating Courts. It was
a matter of course that the ancient and faithful
nobility of Prussia should joyfully take up arms.
Here in each peasant's farmhouse the talk was
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? In Memory of the Great War 205
stiU of ''the old Fritz" and "the old Blucher/'
Here even in the French churches hung tablets with
the iron cross and the inscription, '' Morts pour le
rot et la patrie/' and the long lists of French names
below showed how deeply a noble State may imbue
noble foreigners with its spirit. But even in the
small States, which had so long foregone the joy
of victory, and now for the first learnt what a
nation in arms means, there awoke everywhere a
like zeal and a like confidence. Then a favourable
turn of fortune brought it about that at the very
beginning of the war the old scores of German
internecine strife were wiped out, and wrongs
committed in old quarrels were adjusted. The
Bavarians, who had already three times owed the
deliverance of their State to the friendship of
Prussia, but through the misleading influences of
the Court had become quite estranged from their
old natural allies, now, led by Prussia's Crown
Prince, helped to win the battles of Weissenburg
and Worth. " Our Fritz, " with his kindly radiant
smile, soon became the favourite of them all;
he knit together the hearts of the South and
North, and it was not long before the Bavarian
reckoned the Prussian as his most faithful brother.
Once, Maurice of Saxony had betrayed the bulwark
of Lorraine to the French. Now Saxon regiments,
nobly atoning for the sins of their fathers at St.
Privat, carried out the final operations in the
battles round Metz; and their Crown Prince
Albert, who four years before at Koniggratz had
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? 2o6 In Memory of the Great War
chivalrously covered the retreat of the defeated
army, now proved himself to be one of the best of
the leaders of the Prussian- German Army. The
envy and jealousy of the German races was absorbed
in the passionate rivalry of good comrades and
blood-relations. Now there was nothing to remind
anyone of the anxious way in which the Prussian
Guards had been spared risks which had caused
so much discontent in 1 8 14. The Guards bled and
fought with much more devotion than many other
corps, and if anyone complained it was only because
he found that his regiment did not come often
enough under fire.
With such an army everything may be dared;
every general aimed at the proud privilege of the
initiative, which King Frederick had reserved
for his Prussians. Spontaneously, and without a
plan, and yet necessitated by the character of our
army, the terrible battle raged round the heights of
Spichem, because each commandant of a corps
without ado went in the direction of the cannon-
firing. One day, sooner than they were com-
manded, the Brandenburgers ascended the left
bank of the Moselle, and through the whole
summer-day, quite unsupported at first, blocked at
Mars la Tour the retreat which would have saved
the whole of the enemy's army in the most heroic
battle of the whole war. Thus two days after-
wards that daring, tremendous battle with a
reversed front was possible, which would have
hurled our forces, if they had not been victorious,
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? In Memory of the Great War 207
into the midst of the enemy's country. As soon as
one army was shut up in Metz, began, as the
musketeers said, the great "battue" against
the other. At Sedan, the descendants surpassed
the deeds of the brave Landsknechts at the battle
of Pavia, which their ancestors had celebrated;
the French Emperor and his last army laid down
their arms. Hitherto our troops had fought a
well-trained army with crushing attacks as befitted
the proud Prussian tradition. This army con-
sisted for a large part of old professional soldiers
who were accustomed to victory, but was inferior
in numbers to its opponents. Now they had
suddenly to undertake an entirely different and
more troublesome task, less suited to the Prussian
character. There commenced what was hitherto
unexampled in all history, the siege of a metro-
polis defended with fanatical courage. While the
Germans beat back the continual sallies of the
Parisian army recruited from the people, which was
far superior to their own in numbers, there pressed
from all sides to the relief of the capital new
armies in countless masses, the choicest of the
French youth, remnants of the old army and
undisciplined mobs in wild confusion.
Against these the besiegers had to conduct great
sallying skirmishes and make bold attacks as far
as the canal and the Loire. We Germans can
surely not give Gambetta the name of "the
raging fool," as many of his countrymen did in
the heat of party strife. To attempt the impossible
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? 2o8 In Memory of the Great War
in order to save one's fatherland is always a great
thing to do. Moreover, the dictator's plans were
not absolutely impossible; with his revolutionary
impetuosity, he created new armies as if by a word,
and fanned the flame of his nation's ardent patriot-
ism into the fury of a race-war. The copious
economic resources of Southern France, which had
been accumulated through long years of industry
and were as yet untouched by the war, seemed
inexhaustible ; but moral resources are not so, either
in the case of nations or individuals. From the
beginning the French armies lacked the fidelity,
the confidence, the consciousness of right which
alone gives defeated troops a stand-by. And now,
when all their fiery courage, all the momentum of
their heavy masses, all the superiority of their
infantry's firearms, could not in twenty battles
turn the fortune of war, and as the Germans,
veiled by the screen of their wide-sweeping cavalry
squadrons, kept on pressing forward, contrary
to all expectations, then even brave hearts were
seized by the Prussian nightmare {le cauchemar
prussien) .
France had already lost the leading position in
Europe since the overthrow of the first Empire, and
then apparently recovered it through the diplo-
matic skill of the third Napoleon. As soon as
Prussia's victories in Bohemia threatened to re-
store a just balance of power, there took posses-
sion of those noisy Parisian circles, which had
always dominated the wavering provinces, a
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? In Memory of the Great War 209
fantastic intoxication of national pride. There
reappeared the old delusion that France's great-
ness depended on the weakness of her neighbours.
The public opinion of the agitators compelled the
sick Emperor to declare war against his will; it
arrogantly controlled and disturbed every move-
ment of the enemy; it compelled the fatal march
to Sedan. After the first defeats, the imperial
throne, whose only support was good fortune,
fell, and the party-rule of the new revolutionary
government could neither exercise justice, nor com-
mand the general respect. The fact that a supe-
rior commands and a subordinate obeys was almost
forgotten in the widespread and unnatural mis-
trust which prevailed. Every misfortune was
regarded as a piece of treachery, even when the
war had seasoned men, and the army of the Loire
had found a commander in Chanzy. Finally,
after the surrender of Paris, the conquered people,
under the eyes of the conqueror, tore each other to
pieces in a terrible civil war.
Seldom has it been so clearly demonstrated that
it is the will which is the deciding factor in national
struggles for existence, and in unity of will we were
the stronger. France, which had so often fomented
and misused our domestic quarrels, all at once
found herself opposed by the vital union of the
Germans ; for a righteous war releases all the natu-
ral forces of character, and, side by side with
hatred, the power of affection. Inviolable con-
fidence bound the soldiers to their officers, and all
14
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? 210 In Memory of the Great War
of them to those in supreme command. The
people of Suabia, Baden, and Bavaria, who had
hitherto known us only as enemies, and were now
for the first time joined to us by the loose tie of
treaties based on international law, said quite as
confidently as the Prussians, "The King and
Moltke will manage it all right! " What a safe-
guard and stay this absolute confidence was for
the mass of the rank-and-file, when, after the
victorious exultation of the summer, they had
now in winter to make acquaintance with the
whole terrible prosaic side of war -- hunger, frost,
exhaustion, necessary mercilessness towards the
enemy, and, being aroused from a short sleep in
the snow-filled furrows by the sound of drums
and fifes, to fresh fights and endless marches the
purport and object of which they did not under-
stand. Many did not learn the value of the
victories they had won till later, as though by hear-
say. Thus, for example, the brave 56th drove
the Gardes Mobiles of Brittany out of the farm La
Tuilerie without suspecting that they had given
a decisive turn to the three days' battle of Le
Mans. "Good will, persistence, and discipline
overcome all difficulties" -- such is Moltke's simple
verdict. This good will, however, was possible only
in a nation of religious-minded soldiers. In simple
humility, without much talking and praying, men
bowed before the Inscrutable, who reaps the harvest
of death on the battle-field. Often did an army
chaplain, when he administered the last consola-
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? In Memory of the Great War 211
tions to the dying, hear from them words of deep
and modest piety.
Those who remained at home also became
more generous, broader-minded, and affectionate;
the seriousness of the crisis Hf ted them above the
selfishness of every-day life. Party strife dis-
appeared, isolated, unpatriotic fools were quickly
reduced to silence, and the longer the struggle
lasted the more firmly did the whole nation unite
in the resolve that this war should restore to us the
German Empire and our old lost w^estern provinces.
One hundred and thirty thousand Germans fell a
sacrifice to war's insatiable demands, but the lines
of the old Landwehr's men which followed them
appeared endless, till more than a million of our
soldiers gradually crossed the French frontier.
The war demanded all. When the reports of
deaths arrived from the West, the fathers and
brothers of those who had fallen said, "Much
mourning, much honour," and even the mothers,
wives, and sisters had in their heavy sorrow the
consolation that their little house owned a leaf
in the growing garland of German glory.
But ideas alone kindle no enduring fire in the
hearts of a nation; they need men. And certainly
it was fortunate that the nation could look up
unitedly to the grey-headed ruler, whose vener-
able figure will always appear greater to coming
generations the more closely it is made the subject
of historical investigation. "His Majesty sees
everything! " the sergeant-majors used to thunder
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? 212 In Memory of the Great War
at their careless men, and they said the truth.
When destiny raised him at an advanced age to the
throne he had never sought, he soon perceived that
Providence had determined him and his army to be
an instrument for its dispensations. "If I did
not beHeve that," he said calmly, ''how could I
otherwise have been able to bear the burden of
this war? " As a youth, he had admired the
nation under arms, when under the pressure of
necessity it had collected to carry out Scham-
horst's plans though only half -drilled ; as a man,
he had constantly considered with Schamhorst's
successor. Boy en, how these unripe ideas might
take a vital shape; finally as king, amid severe
parliamentary struggles, he had carried through
the three-years' service law which strengthened the
troops of the line, and secured us an army which
was at once popular and fully trained. He knew
every little wheel- work of the gigantic machine;
now he watched with satisfaction how it worked.
Alone, without a council of war, he formed his
resolves according to Moltke's reports. Earlier
and more clearly than all those around him, he
perceived that the battle of Sedan had indeed
decided, but was far from ending the war. He
knew the fervent patriotic pride of the French; he
possessed in a special degree the rich experience
of old age preserved by a powerful memory; he
remembered how fifty-six years previously the
armed throngs of the peasantry of Champagne
had, as it were, started up out of the ground under
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? In Memory of the Great War 213
the eyes of the Prussians. Sooner and more clearly
than all others, he perceived the danger which
threatened from the Loire, and ordered the army
in the South to be strengthened. Thus, till the end
he remained the Commander-in-Chief, and when he
left French territory, even after such victories, he
seriously thought of the perpetual vicissitudes of
mortal things, and warned the army of what was
now united Germany that it could maintain its
position only by perpetual striving after improve-
ment.
It is the characteristic charm of German history
that we have never known a Napoleon suppressing
all the personalities around him. At all great
epochs there have stood near our principal heroes
free men of firm character and assured self-con-
fidence. King William also, a bom ruler, under-
stood how to allow able men, each superior to
himself in his own department, to have a free hand,
each in the right place. Nothing is more admir-
able than the true friendship which united the
Commander-in-Chief to the strategist, the intel-
lectual leader of the army, the wonderful man on
whom prodigal Nature bestowed not only the
sure eye and genial energy of a great commander,
but the keenness of an intelligence which compre-
hended almost the whole range of human know-
ledge and the artistic sense of a classical author.
And by the side of Moltke stood Roon, the stem
and bitterly hated; hard and immovable in his
principles hke a devout dragoon of Oliver Crom-
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? 214 In Memory of the Great War
weirs, he had carried out the reconstitution of the
army according to the instructions of his master;
now his converted opponents called him "Ger-
many's new armourer. " Then came the army-
leaders. After the Crown Prince, Goeben, the
serious and taciturn, of whom his men said that he
could not speak, but also that he could make no
mistake; they did not know that he could write
in a style like that of Csesar's Commentaries.
Then Con stan tine Alvensleben, a genuine son of
the Brandenburg warriors, cheerful and good-
natured, but terrible in battle, impetuous and
unweariable, until at last his troops' shout of
victory, "Hurrah! Brandenburg! " rang out at Le
Mans. Then the spirited, fiery Franke von der
Tann, who now helped to complete what he had
once attempted in the ardent fervour of youth, as
leader of the Schleswig-Holstein voluntary corps;
and so on, a large company of brave and thought-
ful men whom our people in the course of years
will regard with ever-deepening affection as they
do the heroes of the War of Liberation. Just as
the King himself was so simple and assured in his
bearing that the flatterers of the Courts never
dared to make any attempts on him, so his gener-
als, with a very few exceptions, displayed the
modest demeanour which Germans like. Let
anyone go through the forest to the Httle hunting-
lodge of Dreilinden. There in rural retirement
lived the commander to whom the announcement
was made, Monseigneur, fai Vordre de vous rendre
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? In Memory of the Great War 215
la garde imperiale. This was Prince Friedrich
Karl, who brought about the greatest capitulation
in the worid's history.
At last came the time of harvest. Paris sur-
rendered, and the last desperate attempt of the
French against Southern Alsace came to a pitiable
end. Four great armies were taken prisoners or
disarmed, and all the German races had an equal
and glorious share in the enormous success. In
these last weeks of the war there stepped into
the foreground of German history the strong
man of whom the troops had so often spoken by
their bivouac-fires. Ever since historical times
began the masses of people have always rated
character and energy above intellect and culture;
the greatest and most boundless popularity was
always only bestowed on the heroes of religion and
of the sword. The one statesman who seems to be
an exception only confirms the rule. In the popu-
lar mind Bismarck was never anything but the
gigantic warrior with the bronze helmet and the
yellow collar of the cuirassiers of Mars la Tour, as
the painters depicted him riding down the avenue
of poplars at Sedan. It was he who had once
spoken the salutary word, "Get rid of Austria! "
It was he who by treaties with the South German
States had in his far-sighted way prepared for the
inevitable war. And when twenty-five years
ago he read to the Reichstag the French declara-
tion of war, all felt as though he were the first to
raise the cry, ''All Germany on into France! "
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? 2i6 In Memory of the Great War
and it seemed to all as though he rode into the
enemy's land like a herald in front of the German
squadrons. Now when the war was over he
summed up the net results of the great battles,
and after troublesome negotiations settled the
constitution of the new kingdom. This constitu-
tion seemed quite new, and yet it evoked the old
sacred unforgettable emotions of German loyalty
to the Kaiser. It appeared complicated even to
formlessness, and yet it was fundamentally simple
because it admitted of unlimited development.
In her relations to foreign countries Germany
was henceforth one, and in spite of much doubt
all discerning people hoped that the Empire,
possessing an imperial head, would now attain
to its full growth.
This work of Bismarck's brought peace and
reconciliation to nearly all the old factions which
had hitherto struggled on our territory. They
had all made mistakes, and almost all rediscovered
in the constitution of the Empire some of their
most deeply-cherished projects. Our princes
especially had been in the wrong. In the course
of an eventful history they had often been the
protectors of German religious freedom and the
rich many-sidedness of our civilization, but had
been often misled by dynastic envy and pride,
even to the point of committing treachery. At
the middle of the century their pride was at its
height, for what else was the object of the war of
1866 except to break in pieces the State of the
? ?
? Alsace an Imperial Province 193
more and more estranged from the Germans. I
wish for a class of officials which the Kaiser can
transfer under certain circumstances to the omin-
ous places Schwelm and Stallupohnen. ^
Yes, gentlemen, that is practical German unity.
That is the peculiar quality of all real political
greatness that under certain circumstances it can
become unpleasant for individuals. We have a
superfluity of centrifugal elements in Germany.
We want to take care that there should be some
classes who belong to the whole of Germany.
Among these I reckon in the first place ourselves, as
representatives of the whole nation; and secondly,
the civil servants of the Empire, who, please
God, will be ever more numerous and powerful.
For the same reason I desire, moreover, and I
believe that is a wish shared by the Alsatians
themselves, that there should not be any foolish
experiment with a princely governor, a prince who
must keep a Court. Such a prince (I say it with
all respect for those of high birth) can only count
as one of the worst officials, because he must
keep a Court. The kinds of society which can
be won with such courtly tinsel are of such a
kind that I at any rate gladly dispense with their
support.
Moreover, the Alsatians should have no legal
claim to be governed as an undivided province.
It is in my opinion merely a question of adminis-
trative efficiency whether you divide the country
* Extreme east of Prussia.
13
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? 194 Alsace an Imperial Province
into one, two, or three departments. Here I
would like to draw your attention to a point
of view which has hitherto been little regarded
in Germany. I received, some days ago, a
letter from one of the most distinguished and
experienced Alsatians, a man of unmixed French
blood, who nevertheless possesses enough political
intelligence to perceive the unavoidability of the
new circumstances and to adapt himself to them.
He says to me, "Our greatest fear is this, lest we
should be treated in the same way as the French
Lorrainers. Here in Alsace, where German blood
flows in the people's veins, it will soon be possible
to proceed with mildness; in Lorraine severity
alone will be of use. We should be displeased if
we were treated from the same point of view as
these obstinate Lorrainers. "
I do not know, gentlemen, whether my corre-
spondent is right, and I believe here in the whole
House there is no one, not even the best-informed
of us. Count Luxburg himself, who could say with
certainty that matters will turn out as the writer
of the letter asserts. But if it is really so, if
actually the feeling in French Lorraine differs
so widely from that of German Lorraine and Ger-
man Alsace, then it would be better to centralize
the government in Berlin, and to set up three in-
dependent departmental authorities who could pro-
ceed in a different way on the Moselle from that on
the Rhine and the 111. At any rate, it is better
that the Government should now make a mis-
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? Alsace an Imperial Province 195
take, than that we should make a false step in
legislation.
Let me, in conclusion, gentlemen, put some
separate questions. As regards the necessity of
the dictatorship, we are all here in the House, as in
Alsace, I suppose, agreed. I hope the proposal to
summon deputies from Alsace hither as early as the
autumn will meet with no approval in this House ;
it would be in my opinion a sin against the Alsa-
tians themselves. One should not lead a people in-
to temptation ; one should not make demands on
the political intelligence of a people which are
beyond average human power to meet. It is not
on our account that I fear Alsatian deputies being
called here too soon, for we are strong enough
to defy such a danger. But what sort of mo-
tives could they be which could as early as this
bring about a complete change of mind in the
Alsatians? A few months ago they elected
Gambetta to the French National Assembly ; they
have since learnt to know our soldiers, and learnt
so much -- that we are not the devils we are said to
be -- but we are not in any way justified in expect-
ing affection and real devotion from Alsace. The
reasons which as early as this could bring about
reasonable elections could only be materialistic
ones, and we cannot allow such a moral confusion
in the people's ideas to be produced. With sound
German pride we have despised the Bonapartist
jugglery of universal suffrage. I think that with
the officials whom we found on our arrival there,
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? 196 Alsace an Imperial Province
with the well-oiled machine of bureaucratic in-
fluence on the elections, we could have evoked a
strong majority for the incorporation of the pro-
vince into Germany. I thank God that we have
been spared this disgraceful spectacle, and I wish
therefore that we quietly wait awhile. Let us wait
till the countenances of our fellow-countrymen,
distorted by grief, fear, and passion, have become
smooth again ; later on they will show us their real
faces.
Then I must once more remind you of the
necessity of preserving our Emperor's honour there
in the Imperial Province. We should not bring
him into the position, which is unworthy of him, of
having to carry out laws against which he himself
has pronounced his opinion quite recently. It is
a great danger for a land with such weak mon-
archic traditions to bring the person of the mon-
arch into a false dependent position.
Now a word about the rights which we must
reserve to ourselves.
I think that to grant to Alsace the right that
the Reichstag should approve whatever the
dictatorship resolves upon would be dangerous
both for it and its inward peace. It would be
really tantamount to challenging contradiction
and agitation against the Emperor's laws if every
Alsatian could say to himself, ''We can get every-
thing reversed through the Reichstag in a few
weeks, if we only scream loud enough! " In this
way we shall reach no result. On the contrary, I
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? Alsace an Imperial Province 197
consider it right to reserve for the Reichstag the
control over the money liabilities of the province.
I think that necessary in order to prevent a new
kind of State being formed there by mistakes of the
dictatorship, and by seeking to impose on the
province a burden such as only a State is accus-
tomed to bear. That would be, as I fear, the first
step towards the founding of a new kind of inter-
mediary State -- a step which I could never approve.
Finally, since we have reserved to ourselves
such modest rights as long as the dictatorship lasts,
it is not less than fair that we shorten its duration.
The appointment of January, 1873, as its Hmits,
will, I expect, be approved by the House. If it
was a question of allowing the Imperial Chancellor
to govern there with full powers I would allow
a few months more. But it is beyond human
power to fulfil simultaneously the duties of an
Imperial Chancellor and a Governor of Alsace. If
the attempt was made, the management of present
affairs would necessarily fall into the hands of a
few Privy Councillors whom most of us do not
even know by name, and who, being anonymous,
would be free from the control even of public
opinion. I should consider it unwarrantable to
entrust dictatorial power for any length of time to
such second-class officials. It is perhaps more
wholesome for the Alsatians themselves that they
should make an experiment as early as 1873,
a year before they have another election. That
would afford an opportunity to eliminate the last
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? 198 Alsace an Imperial Province
remnants of bitterness which may be slumbering in
the souls of this people ; a year afterwards intelli-
gence and cool calculation may assert themselves.
And now, gentlemen, allow me to close with a
request which in the mouth of a new-comer may
seem presumptuous. Recently in the Press the
reproach has been levelled at us in a not very
dignified way that the Reichstag does not rise to
the height of these great days, and that its trans-
actions do not show the intellectual capacity which
such a proud and aspiring nation must demand
of its representatives. I believe, gentlemen, the
cause of this reproach is not due to us: it is due
to the unfortunate mistake of our being summoned
too soon. In the absence of more weighty busi-
ness, all kinds of legislative improvisations have
turned up, such as that proposal about diets and
such-like, among whose admirers I cannot count
myself. But now, gentlemen, we have really a
great subject before us. I beg you that we show
ourselves worthy of the occasion. We wish to
emphasize the rights of the two powers which
represent the unity of our nation, the rights of the
Imperial Power and of Parliament, and we do not
wish, when we have made sure of that, to dispute
further about details which we might wish other-
wise. For we have a feeling of assurance that
the work of Germanization in Alsace will and
must succeed. Recently I have been reading the
secret documents regarding the organization of the
Rhine provinces in the years 181 5 and 18 16. At
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? Alsace an Imperial Province 199
that time all the officials spoke in a tone of dis-
couragement; they said that inhabitants of these
provinces were a hybrid people, quite estranged
from German nationality, and that many decades
must pass before one could cease issuing orders
in both languages. What German, gentlemen, can
read these fears expressed in 18 15 without feeling
his heart swell proudly and hopefully? It is true
that to-day we nowhere possess in Germany a
government even faintly comparable in strength
to the old Prussian Government of that time.
That has become unavoidably a darker side of
constitutional life for Germany. But, on the
other hand, to-day we are a nation who issue from
an unequal struggle, not weary to death, but in a
well-assured state of prosperity, abounding with
vigour and strength. To-day we are a nation
which does not wait anxiously for a king to fulfil
his word, but which already possesses and uses
parliamentary rights. Finally, we are a nation
which has raised itself, not by foreign help, but by
its own strength.
These, gentlemen, are hopeful signs. I tell you
that the instinct of nature and the call of the blood
will speak in Alsace, the call of the blood which
has already brought back so many lost sons of our
great Fatherland to our Empire. I tell you the
day will come when, in the most distant villages of
the Vosges, the German peasant will say, "It is a
happiness and an honour to be a citizen of the
German Empire. "
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? IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT WAR
(A Speech delivered at the Festival of the Commemora-
tion of the War at the Frederick William
University at Berlin on July iq, i8g$)
Dear Colleagues and Fellow-Soldiers,
To-day's festival recalls to us of the older genera-
tion the golden days of our life -- the days when
the grace of God after battle and tribulation and
mourning gloriously fulfilled beyond all our
expectations all the longings of our youth. And
yet, as I begin to speak, I feel keenly how pro-
foundly the world has changed in this quarter of a
century. It is not given to every period to do
great deeds nor to understand them rightly.
After the great crises of history there generally
follows a generation which hears the iron voice of
war, the great moulder of nations, still vibrating
in its own heart, and rejoices with youthful
enthusiasm over what has been gained. But
without the constant work of self-recollection and
self-testing, progress is impossible. New parties
spring up imbued with new ideas ; they ask doubt-
fully or scornfully whether the goal attained was
worth the sacrifice made. The field-marshals of
200
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? In Memory of the Great War 201
the study calculate arrangements which could cer-
tainly have been better made on the patient
paper.
Industrious critics diligently spy out all the
sordid and revolting details which adhere to every
great human exploit, as the fungus to the oak-tree,
and the preponderance of censure easily overwhelms
joy and gratitude. A long period must generally
elapse before a nation resolves to view the great-
ness of its past again on a great scale. The deep
significance of the War of Liberation was not
revealed to the majority of Germans till half a
century afterwards through the works of Hausser,
Droysen, Bernhardi, and Sybel. Let us to-day
turn our eyes away from everything that is trivial
and regard only the moral forces which operated
in the most fortunate of all wars.
When Field-Marshal Moltke once visited his
regiment, the Kolberg Grenadiers, he pointed to
the portrait of Gneisenau -- who had once formed
this brilliant corps behind the ramparts of the
unconquered Pomeranian fortress from the scat-
tered remnants of the old army -- and said, ''Be-
tween us and him there is a great difference.
We have had to record only victories. He has
led the army to victory after a defeat. This
severest test we have not yet undergone. " Who
can hear this utterance without admiring the pro-
found modesty and at the same time the lofty
ambition of the Field-Marshal. But we cannot
merely echo the noble words ; we rather thank the
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? 202 In Memory of the Great War
hero that he has himself confuted them by his
deeds. So, exactly so, unerring as the hammer
of Thor, had the German sword to hew down
opposition, so, contrary to all experience, the
changeable fortune of war had to become abiding,
and garland after garland of victory had to adorn
our banners if this most deeply-slandered and
deeply-scorned of all nations was to win its due
place in the community of States. We had been
for centuries hampered and impeded in the simple
task of national policy by the world-wide power
of our Holy Roman Empire, just as the Italians
were through their Papacy ; in our Confederation of
States we were obliged to let many foreign Powers
co-operate, and saw ourselves at the same time
linked on to a half-German Power, a disguised
foreign one whose insincerity a great part of the
nation, misled by old, fond recollections, would
never recognize. The fame of invincibility which
once no one had dared to deny the armies of
Frederick, had not been restored by all the glori-
ous contests of the War of Liberation ; for foreigners
always said sneeringly, "When the Prussians
stood alone at Jena, they were beaten; only when
allied with other Powers were they again vic-
torious. ' ' And at the same time there grew and grew
in the nation the consciousness of an immeasurable
strength, a living indestructible union of both
intellectual and poHtical Hfe. A nation in a posi-
tion of such unexampled difificulty, so strong in its
justifiable self-esteem, and so weak through its
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? In Memory of the Great War 203
wretched federal constitution, must necessarily fall
into confused and aimless party struggles, and
pass through all the infant ailments of political
life. Among the milHons abroad there was only
one, our faithful friend Thomas Carlyle, who,
in spite of the confusion of our party divisions,
recognized the nobility of the soul of the German
nation. All others were unanimous in the belief
that we would come to nothing, and that this cen-
tral part of the Continent, on whose weakness the
old society of States had so long rested, would never
become strong. In the eyes of foreigners we were
only the comic-looking, jovial members of singing
and shooting clubs, and the German word '' Vater-
land" was, in England, simply a term of contempt.
Then, when Prussia had again entered the old
victorious paths of the Great Elector, and the
Great King freed our Northern Marches, and
shattered the foreign rule of the House of Austria
by the cannon of Koniggratz, Europe was still far
from recognizing the new order of things in Ger-
many. We had in early times aimed at the world-
rule of the Roman Empire, and had been then, by
the cruel justice of history, condemned to an un-
happy cosmopolitanism, so that our territory pro-
vided the arena for the armies and the diplomatic
intrigues of all nations. Was this state of things to
continue?
What we needed was a complete, incontestable
victory, won solely by German strength, which
would compel our neighbours to acknowledge at
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? 204 In Memory of the Great War
last respectfully that we, as a nation, had attained
our majority. This was clearly understood by the
Emperor William, who so often re-echoed his
people's words, when he said in his address from
the throne, *'If Germany silently endured vio-
lations of her rights and of her honour in past
centuries, that was only because she did not realize
in her dismembered condition how strong she
was. " For a long time past we were no longer the
poor, ill-treated nation of 1813, which had seen its
colours disgraced, its lands laid desolate, prayed in
holy wrath, ''Save us from the yoke of slavery! "
and then, quietly prepared for the worst, waged the
unequal strife. On the contrary, at the King's
summons, a free, strong, proud nation arose in
radiant exultation ; she knew her power, and from
amid the confused tumult of public meetings and
the din of the streets, of the newspapers and the
pamphlets, one cry overpowered all other sounds,
''We must, we will conquer. " Poets have com-
pared the grey-haired ruler as he rode majesti-
cally before his knights to the kings of armies
in German antiquity.
King William was more;
he was a hero of our time, the dominating mon-
archic leader of an immense democratic mass-move-
ment, which shook the nation from top to bottom,
and, sure of its goal, stormily swept on, regard-
less of the caution of hesitating Courts. It was
a matter of course that the ancient and faithful
nobility of Prussia should joyfully take up arms.
Here in each peasant's farmhouse the talk was
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? In Memory of the Great War 205
stiU of ''the old Fritz" and "the old Blucher/'
Here even in the French churches hung tablets with
the iron cross and the inscription, '' Morts pour le
rot et la patrie/' and the long lists of French names
below showed how deeply a noble State may imbue
noble foreigners with its spirit. But even in the
small States, which had so long foregone the joy
of victory, and now for the first learnt what a
nation in arms means, there awoke everywhere a
like zeal and a like confidence. Then a favourable
turn of fortune brought it about that at the very
beginning of the war the old scores of German
internecine strife were wiped out, and wrongs
committed in old quarrels were adjusted. The
Bavarians, who had already three times owed the
deliverance of their State to the friendship of
Prussia, but through the misleading influences of
the Court had become quite estranged from their
old natural allies, now, led by Prussia's Crown
Prince, helped to win the battles of Weissenburg
and Worth. " Our Fritz, " with his kindly radiant
smile, soon became the favourite of them all;
he knit together the hearts of the South and
North, and it was not long before the Bavarian
reckoned the Prussian as his most faithful brother.
Once, Maurice of Saxony had betrayed the bulwark
of Lorraine to the French. Now Saxon regiments,
nobly atoning for the sins of their fathers at St.
Privat, carried out the final operations in the
battles round Metz; and their Crown Prince
Albert, who four years before at Koniggratz had
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? 2o6 In Memory of the Great War
chivalrously covered the retreat of the defeated
army, now proved himself to be one of the best of
the leaders of the Prussian- German Army. The
envy and jealousy of the German races was absorbed
in the passionate rivalry of good comrades and
blood-relations. Now there was nothing to remind
anyone of the anxious way in which the Prussian
Guards had been spared risks which had caused
so much discontent in 1 8 14. The Guards bled and
fought with much more devotion than many other
corps, and if anyone complained it was only because
he found that his regiment did not come often
enough under fire.
With such an army everything may be dared;
every general aimed at the proud privilege of the
initiative, which King Frederick had reserved
for his Prussians. Spontaneously, and without a
plan, and yet necessitated by the character of our
army, the terrible battle raged round the heights of
Spichem, because each commandant of a corps
without ado went in the direction of the cannon-
firing. One day, sooner than they were com-
manded, the Brandenburgers ascended the left
bank of the Moselle, and through the whole
summer-day, quite unsupported at first, blocked at
Mars la Tour the retreat which would have saved
the whole of the enemy's army in the most heroic
battle of the whole war. Thus two days after-
wards that daring, tremendous battle with a
reversed front was possible, which would have
hurled our forces, if they had not been victorious,
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? In Memory of the Great War 207
into the midst of the enemy's country. As soon as
one army was shut up in Metz, began, as the
musketeers said, the great "battue" against
the other. At Sedan, the descendants surpassed
the deeds of the brave Landsknechts at the battle
of Pavia, which their ancestors had celebrated;
the French Emperor and his last army laid down
their arms. Hitherto our troops had fought a
well-trained army with crushing attacks as befitted
the proud Prussian tradition. This army con-
sisted for a large part of old professional soldiers
who were accustomed to victory, but was inferior
in numbers to its opponents. Now they had
suddenly to undertake an entirely different and
more troublesome task, less suited to the Prussian
character. There commenced what was hitherto
unexampled in all history, the siege of a metro-
polis defended with fanatical courage. While the
Germans beat back the continual sallies of the
Parisian army recruited from the people, which was
far superior to their own in numbers, there pressed
from all sides to the relief of the capital new
armies in countless masses, the choicest of the
French youth, remnants of the old army and
undisciplined mobs in wild confusion.
Against these the besiegers had to conduct great
sallying skirmishes and make bold attacks as far
as the canal and the Loire. We Germans can
surely not give Gambetta the name of "the
raging fool," as many of his countrymen did in
the heat of party strife. To attempt the impossible
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? 2o8 In Memory of the Great War
in order to save one's fatherland is always a great
thing to do. Moreover, the dictator's plans were
not absolutely impossible; with his revolutionary
impetuosity, he created new armies as if by a word,
and fanned the flame of his nation's ardent patriot-
ism into the fury of a race-war. The copious
economic resources of Southern France, which had
been accumulated through long years of industry
and were as yet untouched by the war, seemed
inexhaustible ; but moral resources are not so, either
in the case of nations or individuals. From the
beginning the French armies lacked the fidelity,
the confidence, the consciousness of right which
alone gives defeated troops a stand-by. And now,
when all their fiery courage, all the momentum of
their heavy masses, all the superiority of their
infantry's firearms, could not in twenty battles
turn the fortune of war, and as the Germans,
veiled by the screen of their wide-sweeping cavalry
squadrons, kept on pressing forward, contrary
to all expectations, then even brave hearts were
seized by the Prussian nightmare {le cauchemar
prussien) .
France had already lost the leading position in
Europe since the overthrow of the first Empire, and
then apparently recovered it through the diplo-
matic skill of the third Napoleon. As soon as
Prussia's victories in Bohemia threatened to re-
store a just balance of power, there took posses-
sion of those noisy Parisian circles, which had
always dominated the wavering provinces, a
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? In Memory of the Great War 209
fantastic intoxication of national pride. There
reappeared the old delusion that France's great-
ness depended on the weakness of her neighbours.
The public opinion of the agitators compelled the
sick Emperor to declare war against his will; it
arrogantly controlled and disturbed every move-
ment of the enemy; it compelled the fatal march
to Sedan. After the first defeats, the imperial
throne, whose only support was good fortune,
fell, and the party-rule of the new revolutionary
government could neither exercise justice, nor com-
mand the general respect. The fact that a supe-
rior commands and a subordinate obeys was almost
forgotten in the widespread and unnatural mis-
trust which prevailed. Every misfortune was
regarded as a piece of treachery, even when the
war had seasoned men, and the army of the Loire
had found a commander in Chanzy. Finally,
after the surrender of Paris, the conquered people,
under the eyes of the conqueror, tore each other to
pieces in a terrible civil war.
Seldom has it been so clearly demonstrated that
it is the will which is the deciding factor in national
struggles for existence, and in unity of will we were
the stronger. France, which had so often fomented
and misused our domestic quarrels, all at once
found herself opposed by the vital union of the
Germans ; for a righteous war releases all the natu-
ral forces of character, and, side by side with
hatred, the power of affection. Inviolable con-
fidence bound the soldiers to their officers, and all
14
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? 210 In Memory of the Great War
of them to those in supreme command. The
people of Suabia, Baden, and Bavaria, who had
hitherto known us only as enemies, and were now
for the first time joined to us by the loose tie of
treaties based on international law, said quite as
confidently as the Prussians, "The King and
Moltke will manage it all right! " What a safe-
guard and stay this absolute confidence was for
the mass of the rank-and-file, when, after the
victorious exultation of the summer, they had
now in winter to make acquaintance with the
whole terrible prosaic side of war -- hunger, frost,
exhaustion, necessary mercilessness towards the
enemy, and, being aroused from a short sleep in
the snow-filled furrows by the sound of drums
and fifes, to fresh fights and endless marches the
purport and object of which they did not under-
stand. Many did not learn the value of the
victories they had won till later, as though by hear-
say. Thus, for example, the brave 56th drove
the Gardes Mobiles of Brittany out of the farm La
Tuilerie without suspecting that they had given
a decisive turn to the three days' battle of Le
Mans. "Good will, persistence, and discipline
overcome all difficulties" -- such is Moltke's simple
verdict. This good will, however, was possible only
in a nation of religious-minded soldiers. In simple
humility, without much talking and praying, men
bowed before the Inscrutable, who reaps the harvest
of death on the battle-field. Often did an army
chaplain, when he administered the last consola-
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? In Memory of the Great War 211
tions to the dying, hear from them words of deep
and modest piety.
Those who remained at home also became
more generous, broader-minded, and affectionate;
the seriousness of the crisis Hf ted them above the
selfishness of every-day life. Party strife dis-
appeared, isolated, unpatriotic fools were quickly
reduced to silence, and the longer the struggle
lasted the more firmly did the whole nation unite
in the resolve that this war should restore to us the
German Empire and our old lost w^estern provinces.
One hundred and thirty thousand Germans fell a
sacrifice to war's insatiable demands, but the lines
of the old Landwehr's men which followed them
appeared endless, till more than a million of our
soldiers gradually crossed the French frontier.
The war demanded all. When the reports of
deaths arrived from the West, the fathers and
brothers of those who had fallen said, "Much
mourning, much honour," and even the mothers,
wives, and sisters had in their heavy sorrow the
consolation that their little house owned a leaf
in the growing garland of German glory.
But ideas alone kindle no enduring fire in the
hearts of a nation; they need men. And certainly
it was fortunate that the nation could look up
unitedly to the grey-headed ruler, whose vener-
able figure will always appear greater to coming
generations the more closely it is made the subject
of historical investigation. "His Majesty sees
everything! " the sergeant-majors used to thunder
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? 212 In Memory of the Great War
at their careless men, and they said the truth.
When destiny raised him at an advanced age to the
throne he had never sought, he soon perceived that
Providence had determined him and his army to be
an instrument for its dispensations. "If I did
not beHeve that," he said calmly, ''how could I
otherwise have been able to bear the burden of
this war? " As a youth, he had admired the
nation under arms, when under the pressure of
necessity it had collected to carry out Scham-
horst's plans though only half -drilled ; as a man,
he had constantly considered with Schamhorst's
successor. Boy en, how these unripe ideas might
take a vital shape; finally as king, amid severe
parliamentary struggles, he had carried through
the three-years' service law which strengthened the
troops of the line, and secured us an army which
was at once popular and fully trained. He knew
every little wheel- work of the gigantic machine;
now he watched with satisfaction how it worked.
Alone, without a council of war, he formed his
resolves according to Moltke's reports. Earlier
and more clearly than all those around him, he
perceived that the battle of Sedan had indeed
decided, but was far from ending the war. He
knew the fervent patriotic pride of the French; he
possessed in a special degree the rich experience
of old age preserved by a powerful memory; he
remembered how fifty-six years previously the
armed throngs of the peasantry of Champagne
had, as it were, started up out of the ground under
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? In Memory of the Great War 213
the eyes of the Prussians. Sooner and more clearly
than all others, he perceived the danger which
threatened from the Loire, and ordered the army
in the South to be strengthened. Thus, till the end
he remained the Commander-in-Chief, and when he
left French territory, even after such victories, he
seriously thought of the perpetual vicissitudes of
mortal things, and warned the army of what was
now united Germany that it could maintain its
position only by perpetual striving after improve-
ment.
It is the characteristic charm of German history
that we have never known a Napoleon suppressing
all the personalities around him. At all great
epochs there have stood near our principal heroes
free men of firm character and assured self-con-
fidence. King William also, a bom ruler, under-
stood how to allow able men, each superior to
himself in his own department, to have a free hand,
each in the right place. Nothing is more admir-
able than the true friendship which united the
Commander-in-Chief to the strategist, the intel-
lectual leader of the army, the wonderful man on
whom prodigal Nature bestowed not only the
sure eye and genial energy of a great commander,
but the keenness of an intelligence which compre-
hended almost the whole range of human know-
ledge and the artistic sense of a classical author.
And by the side of Moltke stood Roon, the stem
and bitterly hated; hard and immovable in his
principles hke a devout dragoon of Oliver Crom-
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? 214 In Memory of the Great War
weirs, he had carried out the reconstitution of the
army according to the instructions of his master;
now his converted opponents called him "Ger-
many's new armourer. " Then came the army-
leaders. After the Crown Prince, Goeben, the
serious and taciturn, of whom his men said that he
could not speak, but also that he could make no
mistake; they did not know that he could write
in a style like that of Csesar's Commentaries.
Then Con stan tine Alvensleben, a genuine son of
the Brandenburg warriors, cheerful and good-
natured, but terrible in battle, impetuous and
unweariable, until at last his troops' shout of
victory, "Hurrah! Brandenburg! " rang out at Le
Mans. Then the spirited, fiery Franke von der
Tann, who now helped to complete what he had
once attempted in the ardent fervour of youth, as
leader of the Schleswig-Holstein voluntary corps;
and so on, a large company of brave and thought-
ful men whom our people in the course of years
will regard with ever-deepening affection as they
do the heroes of the War of Liberation. Just as
the King himself was so simple and assured in his
bearing that the flatterers of the Courts never
dared to make any attempts on him, so his gener-
als, with a very few exceptions, displayed the
modest demeanour which Germans like. Let
anyone go through the forest to the Httle hunting-
lodge of Dreilinden. There in rural retirement
lived the commander to whom the announcement
was made, Monseigneur, fai Vordre de vous rendre
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? In Memory of the Great War 215
la garde imperiale. This was Prince Friedrich
Karl, who brought about the greatest capitulation
in the worid's history.
At last came the time of harvest. Paris sur-
rendered, and the last desperate attempt of the
French against Southern Alsace came to a pitiable
end. Four great armies were taken prisoners or
disarmed, and all the German races had an equal
and glorious share in the enormous success. In
these last weeks of the war there stepped into
the foreground of German history the strong
man of whom the troops had so often spoken by
their bivouac-fires. Ever since historical times
began the masses of people have always rated
character and energy above intellect and culture;
the greatest and most boundless popularity was
always only bestowed on the heroes of religion and
of the sword. The one statesman who seems to be
an exception only confirms the rule. In the popu-
lar mind Bismarck was never anything but the
gigantic warrior with the bronze helmet and the
yellow collar of the cuirassiers of Mars la Tour, as
the painters depicted him riding down the avenue
of poplars at Sedan. It was he who had once
spoken the salutary word, "Get rid of Austria! "
It was he who by treaties with the South German
States had in his far-sighted way prepared for the
inevitable war. And when twenty-five years
ago he read to the Reichstag the French declara-
tion of war, all felt as though he were the first to
raise the cry, ''All Germany on into France! "
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? 2i6 In Memory of the Great War
and it seemed to all as though he rode into the
enemy's land like a herald in front of the German
squadrons. Now when the war was over he
summed up the net results of the great battles,
and after troublesome negotiations settled the
constitution of the new kingdom. This constitu-
tion seemed quite new, and yet it evoked the old
sacred unforgettable emotions of German loyalty
to the Kaiser. It appeared complicated even to
formlessness, and yet it was fundamentally simple
because it admitted of unlimited development.
In her relations to foreign countries Germany
was henceforth one, and in spite of much doubt
all discerning people hoped that the Empire,
possessing an imperial head, would now attain
to its full growth.
This work of Bismarck's brought peace and
reconciliation to nearly all the old factions which
had hitherto struggled on our territory. They
had all made mistakes, and almost all rediscovered
in the constitution of the Empire some of their
most deeply-cherished projects. Our princes
especially had been in the wrong. In the course
of an eventful history they had often been the
protectors of German religious freedom and the
rich many-sidedness of our civilization, but had
been often misled by dynastic envy and pride,
even to the point of committing treachery. At
the middle of the century their pride was at its
height, for what else was the object of the war of
1866 except to break in pieces the State of the
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