Gascoigne,
Caroline
Leigh (gas’koin).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
A
Mexican poet; born in León, Guanajuato, Nov.
3, 1831 ; died in Napa, Cal. , Nov. 27, 1869. He
published three volumes of poems : Dreams
and Visions) (Mexico, 1856); (Clouds and
Stars) (Guadalajara, 1865); and Legends and
Romances) (San Francisco, 1868); also a col-
lection of poems, "Home Stories. He wrote
many comedies. The drama (Maria Antonieta
de Lorena) is regarded as his best work.
Gallatin, Albert. An American statesman,
financier, and author; born in Geneva, Switzer-
land, Jan. 29, 1761; came to this country in
1780; died at Astoria, L. I. , Aug. 12, 1849.
He was in Congress 1795-1801; Secretary of
the Treasury 1801-1813; minister to France
1815-1823, and to England 1826-27. Later he
engaged in banking. Among his works are:
"Considerations of the Currency and Banking
Systems of the United States) (1831); (Memoir
on Northeastern Boundary) (1843); Notes on
the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan,
and Central America' (1845).
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins. An American
writer and educator; born at Philadelphia,
1787; died at Hartford, Conn. , 1851. In 1817
founded at Hartford the first deaf-mute insti-
tute in America, but in 1830 he resigned the
presidency of it. He was afterwards chaplain
of the Connecticut Retreat for the Insane from
1838 until his death. He wrote (Bible Stories
for the Young) (1838) and (The Child's Book
of the Soul (1850).
Gallego, Juan Nicasio (gäl-yā'go). A Span-
ish lyric poet; born in Zamora, Dec. 14, 1777 ;
died at Madrid, Jan. 9, 1853. He studied law,
philosophy, and theology, at Salamanca; but
began a poetical career upon becoming in-
timate with Valdés, Quintana, and Cienfuegos.
His political activity resulted in his imprison-
ment in 1814, and banishment for a short time
subsequently. His first poetry was light and
amorous, but he later took up sterner subjects.
His “The Second of May,' and an elegy upon
the death of Queen Isabella (1818), have at.
tained particular celebrity. He served in the
Spanish Cortes for some years.
Gallenga, Antonio Carlo Napoleon (gäl-
leng'gä). An Italian publicist and author;
born in Parma, Nov. 4, 1810. He left Italy in
1831 by reason of political disturbances, and
lived abroad. Hie represented Piedmont at
Frankfort in 1848-49, and was a member of
Parliament from 1854 to 1864. He was long the
London Times's special correspondent in Italy.
His works, many of them issued under the
name of “Mariotti,” include: Italy, Past and
Present (1841-49); (Castellamonte, an Auto-
biography) (1854); Mariotti's Italian Gram-
mar,' which went through twelve editions ;
(History of Piedmont' (1855-56); (The Pearl
of the Antilles) (1873); and several books of
travel.
Galt, John. A Scottish novelist; born at
Irvine, Ayrshire, May 2, 1779; died at Greenock,
April II, 1839. Going abroad, he met Lord
Byron at Gibraltar, and sailed with him for
Greece. Returning to London, he contributed
to Blackwood's. (The Annals of the Parish
was published in 1821, and met a popular wel-
come. In rapid succession appeared (Sir An.
drew Wylie,' (The Entail, (The Steamboat,'
(The Provost,' (Ringan Gilhaize, (The Spae-
wife,' and (Rothelan. His Literary Miscel-
lanies) was published in 1834. He also wrote
a 'Life of Byron.
Galton, Francis. A distinguished English
anthropologist and traveler; born at Duddes-
ton, near Birmingham, 1822. He is grandson
of Erasmus Darwin, and thus a kinsman of the
celebrated author of «The Origin of Species.
His principal works are : Narrative of an Ex-
plorer in Tropical South Africa) (1853); (The
Art of Travel, or Shifts and Contrivances in
Wild Countries) (1855); Hereditary Genius,
its Laws and Consequences) (1869); “Experi-
ments in Pangenesis) (1871); and in the same
line of studies, (English Men of Science, their
Nature and Nurture) (1874); "Inquiry into
Human Faculty) (1883); (Natural Inheritance)
(1889); Finger Prints) (1893). He has also
written several memoirs on anthropometric sub-
jects and kindred topics. He has held official
positions in connection with the Royal Society,
the Royal Geographical Society, and other scien-
tific bodies. He invented the system of com-
posite photography.
Gama, José Basilio da (gä'mä). A Brazil-
ian poet; born in the district of Rio-dos-Mor.
tes, Brazil, in 1740; died in Lisbon, Portugal,
July 31, 1795. Educated by the Jesuits, he joined
their order; but about 1786 renounced his al-
legiance to it, and published the poem (Uru-
guay) to expose the alleged Jesuit design of
forming an independent State among the Uru-
guay Indians. He was elected a member of
the Academy of Lisbon. He also published
"Lenitivo da Sandade do Principe D. José
(1788), and Quitubia (1791).
Ganghofer, Ludwig (gäng'höf-ér). A Ger-
man dramatist and novelist; born in Kauf.
beuren, July 7, 1855; resides in Vienna. At
first engaged in mechanics, he later embarked
in literature. His first great triumph in the
drama was “The Sculptor of Oberammergau,'
written in collaboration with Hans Neuert.
## p. 208 (#224) ############################################
208
GANNETT-GARFIELD
3
were
His other plays have been staged in all the
European capitals. His novels steadily grow
in repute; the most successful are: It Was
Once Upon a Time,' and (Discontent. His
volume of lyric poetry, From the Tribe of
Asia,' has attracted great attention.
Gannett, William Channing. An American
clergyman and author; born in Boston, Mass. ,
March 13, 1840. He graduated from Harvard
in 1800. He has held the pastorates of several
Unitarian churches throughout the West and
East. Among his works are: Memoir of
E. S. Gannett' (1875); (A Year of Miracle )
(1881); (The Thought of God' (with F. L.
Hosmer).
Garay, János (gor'oi). A Hungarian dram-
atist and poet; born in Szegszard, Oct. 10,
1812; died at Buda-Pesth, Nov. 5, 1853. His
work was inspired by the German drama; as
shown in Arbocz,' his best-known historical
composition. The poems (The Skirmisher,
(Bosnyák Zsofia,' and (Arpádok,' and a volume
of historical ballads, have received warm praise
from the best European critics.
Garborg, Arne. A Norwegian novelist; born
in Jæderen, Jan. 25, 1851. He was the son of
humble parents, and prepared himself with diffi-
culty for a school-teacher's career. He took up
literature as a means of expressing his theories,
and produced the novels Pleasant Students)
and Mannfolk, both of a rebellious and often
displeasing realism, which brought him fame,-
but also trouble, for the truthful portraiture in
one of them cost him his post in the govern-
ment service. *
Garção, Pedro Antonio Correa (gär-sän').
A Portuguese poet; born in Lisbon, April 29,
1724; died there, Nov. 10, 1772. As a lyric poet
he stands very high; while his satires, odes,
and epistles, -- upon the models of Horace,-
are dainty and spiritual. He also wrote suc-
cessful dramas. The Portuguese esteem him
for the perfection with which he employed
their language in his works. The (Hymn to
Dido) is one of his most popular productions.
He was arrested for a personal satire, and
died in prison after a long captivity.
Garcia de Quevedo, José Heriberto (gär-
the a dẻ ka-vaºdo). A South-American author;
born in Coro, Venezuela, March 1819; died in
Paris, June 1871. Educated in France and
Spain, he settled in Paris, and was killed in
the communard insurrection of 1871. Among
his poems are: (To Columbus ); “To Liberty);
(To Pius IX. '; (Frenzy): (The Life to Come);
and (The Proscript. His dramas were well
received. He wrote the novels (The Love
of a Girl and (Two Duels Eighteen Years
Apart.
Garcia Gutierrez. See Gutierrez.
Garcia y Tassara, Gabriel (gär-thē'ä e täs-
är'â). A Spanish poet and publicist; born in
Seville, June 16, 1817; died at Madrid, Feb.
14, 1875. Among his noteworthy poems, CA
Devil into the Bargain) (Un Diablo Más) is
reckoned the best. His lyrics are very effective.
Garcilaso de la Vega (gär-the-läs'ā dā lä
vā'ga). (Properly Garcias Laso. ] A Spanish
poet of high rank ; born in Toledo in 1503;
died at Nice, Oct. 14, 1536. He appeared very
early at the court of Charles V. , where his
progress was rapid, not alone in letters but in
arms. He became ambassador to France and
subsequently traveled in Alva's suite, only to
lose the Emperor's favor and languish long
in prison. He it was who naturalized the
smoother of the Italian metres in Spain, and
softened the stern outlines of his country's
models into a delicate elegance. Theocritus,
Virgil, and Petrarch, he copied gracefully but
unblushingly, as in his famed First Eclogue.
Sonnets, lyrics, pastorals, and canzone
written by him in great profusion, often on the
eve of battle. He was mortally wounded while
charging an enemy at the head of his troops.
Garczynski, Stephen (gär-chin'skē). A Po-
Tish poet; born in Kosmovo, Oct. 13, 1806;
died at Avignon, Sept. 20, 1833. He studied
law at Warsaw, and heard Hegel lecture at
Berlin; after which he took part in the revolu-
tion of 1831, and then fled to France. His epic
poem, (The Fate of Waclaw, and his minor
poetry, display a pronounced tendency to mys-
ticism; but they are an earnest expression of
the Polish spirit of independence and its yearn-
ing for a national life.
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. An eminent
English historian; born at Ropley, Hants,
England, March 4, 1829. He was educated at
Winchester and Oxford, and for some time
held the professorship of modern history at
King's College, London. His great unfinished
(History of England from the Accession of
James I. to the Restoration' (II vols, now
issued) is one of the monuments of English
historical work. Among his lesser books, but
all of the soundest excellence, are (The Fall
of the Monarchy of Charles I. ) and (The
Thirty Years' War, in the 'Epochs of His-
tory) series; a (Students' History of England);
and a volume (1897) on the Gunpowder Plot.
Gardner, Dorsey. An American editor, com-
piler, and author; born in Philadelphia, Aug.
1, 1842; died in Short Hills, N. J. , Nov. 30,
1894. He was at one time connected with
the Christian Union and New York Commer-
cial Advertiser; became one of the secretaries
of the United States Centennial Commission ;
and since 1882 had been engaged editorially
in the revision of the Webster International
Dictionary He published: Quatre Bras,
Ligny, and Waterloo) (1882); (A Condensed
Etymological Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage) (1884).
Garfield, James Abram Twentieth Presi-
dent of the United States; born at Orange, O. ,
1831; died at Elberon, N. J. , 1881. His (Col.
lected Works) (2 vols. , 1883, have been edited
by B. A. Hinsdale.
## p. 209 (#225) ############################################
GARLAND-GASPE
209
Garland, Hamlin. An American story-writer
and poet; born in La Crosse, Wis. , Sept. 16,
1800. His works include: Main Traveled
Roads) (1891); (A Spoil of Office); Prairie
Folks); Prairie Songs (1893); (Crumbling
Idois); "Little Norsk) (1893); (Rose of Dutch-
er's Coolly) (1895); Jason Edwards); etc. *
Garnett, Richard. An English librarian,
editor, and poet; born in Lichfield, England,
Feb. 27, 1835. Keeper of Printed Books in the
British Museum. He has edited the works of
Shelley, De Quincey, Peacock, Drayton, and
others; and is the author of biographies of
Carlyle, Emerson, and Milton, in the "Great
Writers) series. Besides contributions to peri-
odicals and encyclopædias, he has published:
"lo in Egypt, and Other Poems) (1859);
(Poems from the German) (1862); (The Twi.
light of the Gods, and Other Tales) (1889);
(Iphigenia in Delphi, a Dramatic Poem)
(1890).
Garnier, Robert (gär-ne-a'). A French
poet; born in La Ferté-Bernard, Maine, in
1531; died at Le Mans, Aug. 15, 1590. He
studied law, and sat in the Parliament of Paris,
but his Floral Diversions) caused him to be
more widely known as a poet than as a law-
yer. He wrote eight tragedies that attracted
much attention, Porcie) and (Bradamante)
being the best ; but they are scarcely adapted
to the stage. He was the predecessor of Cor-
neille, and marks a distinct epoch in the de-
velopment of French literature.
Garrison, William Lloyd. The famous
American abolitionist and journalist; born in
Newburyport, Mass. , Dec. 10 or 12, 1804 or 1805
(authorities conflict); died in New York city,
May 24, 1879. He began life as a printer.
After writing for various papers in New Eng.
land, he became associate editor of the Genius
of Cniversal Emancipation, published at Balti-
more, Md. In 1831 he founded the famous anti-
slavery paper, the Liberator, in Boston. He
was also the founder of the American Anti-
Slavery Society, and its president from 1843
to 1865. Among his works are : (Thoughts on
African Colonization' (1832); (Sonnets and
Poems) (1843).
Garshin, Vsevolod Michailovich (gär'shin).
A Russian novelist; born in Bachmut, Yekate-
rinoslav, Feb. 14, 1855; died at St. Petersburg,
April 5, 1888. He took part in the Russo-
Turkish war, and was wounded at Charkow.
He soon after finished his great work Four
Days, in which the sufferings and hallucina-
tions of a wounded soldier are strikingly set
forth. A Very Little Story, (The Night,' and
several more novels, came from his pen during
the next few years. He developed a tendency
to melancholy (occasionally relapsing into in-
sanity), traces of which are to be found in
(Attalea Princeps) and Night,' two weird tales ;
and in the psychiatrical study of (The Red
Flower. He had intervals of sheer mental
blankness.
Garth, Sir Samuel. An English physician
and poet; born in Yorkshire (? ), 1661, or at
Bolam, Durham, 1660 (? ); died in London (? ),
Jan. 18, 1719. His medical practice made him
famous; still more so the 'Dispensary) (1699),
a polemic poem, written to sustain the physi-
cians in a contemporary war upon the apothe-
caries. He also translated Ovid, and made
stinging epigrams.
Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh (gas’koin). An
English novelist and poet; born (Smith) at
Dale Park (? ), May 2, 1813; died June 11, 1883.
Literature was her earliest taste, and after her
marriage to a noted soldier she wrote (Tempta-
tion, or a Wife's Perils) (1839); (The School
for Wives) (1839); “The Next Door Neighbors)
(1855); and other novels showing keen obser-
vation of character and of the subjective life.
(Belgravia) (1851) reveals her pleasingly as a
poet.
Gascoigne, George (gas-koin'). An English
poet ; born perhaps in Westmoreland, 1525 (? );
died in Stamford, Lincolnshire, Oct. 7, 1577.
(The Steele Glass) (1576) is probably the first
English satire written in blank verse; Jo-
casta) is a tragedy modeled upon a play by
Euripides; these, his lyrics, and (The Glass of
Government,' a prose comedy intercalated with
poesies, were much esteemed in their day.
Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (Stevenson).
An English novelist; born in Chelsea, Sept.
29, 1810; died Nov. 12, 1865. She had been
long a wife and mother before she turned her
attention to story-writing, which she did for
the sake of forgetting a domestic grief. Mary
Barton, a book of the class to which Dick-
ens's (Hard Times) belongs; “Sylvia's Lovers,'
a revelation of the old press-gang's doings;
(Cousin Phillis, a story of humor and pathos
in tasteful alternation; and (Cranford,' a series
of sketches,- the last-named a seemingly en-
during classic, - are her best. Her Life of
Charlotte Bronté) brought her under criticism,
but as a writer she belongs to a rank by no
means crowded. *
Gasparin, Agénor Étienne, Comte de (gas-
pä-ran'). A French publicist and author; born
in Orange, France, July 12, 1810; died near Ge-
neva, Switzerland, May 14, 1871. Elected to
the Chamber in 1846, he attracted attention by
his advocacy of religious liberty, prison reform,
abolition of slavery, and social purity. At the
outbreak of the American Civil War he pub-
lished two books maintaining the justice of
the Federal cause, entitled “The Uprising of a
Great People) (1861) and (America before Eu-
rope) (1862). Other important works were:
(Slavery) (1838); Christianity and Paganism)
(1850); "Liberal Christianity) (1869); ' Innocent
III. , published posthumously.
Gaspé, Philip Aubert de. A Canadian
author; born in Quebec, Oct. 30, 1786; died
there, Jan. 29, 1871. A lawyer, afterwards
sheriff, he became involved in debt for which
he was imprisoned four years; and when
14
## p. 210 (#226) ############################################
2 IO
GASSENDI – GAY
released, secluded himself on his estate of
St. Jean Port-Joli. His (Old-Time Canadians)
(1862), and his (Memoirs) (1866), treat of Cana-
dian traditions and folk-lore, and were writ-
ten in French. The former was perhaps the
most popular book ever published in Canada.
An English translation was made by Mrs.
Pennie.
Gassendi, Pierre (gäs-san-dē). A French
philosopher, scholar, and astronomer; born
near Digne, Provence, Jan. 22, 1592; died
at Paris, Oct. 24, 1655. A child-prodigy at 4,
despite poverty and mean birth he fought his
way to becoming the academic miracle of his
day. A list of his works would be a catalogue
of seventeenth-century science : but above the
rest stand Exercises in Paradox in Opposi-
tion to Aristotle); Objections to the Theories
of Descartes); and (On the Life, Character,
and Doctrine of Epicurus. Either because
he was so miscellaneous, or because his mind
was more acquisitive than profound, he failed
to contribute materially to the sum of human
knowledge; but his writings clearly denote
that he was gifted with a most subtle intel-
lect.
Gaszynski, Konstantin (gä-shin'ske or gäsh-
tsin’ske). A Polish poet and novelist; born
in leziorno, near Warsaw, March 30, 1809; died
at Aix, Provence, Oct. 8, 1866. His early liter-
ary career was interfered with by the distracted
condition of his country, and he took refuge in
France in 1831. Among his productions, (Songs
of a Polish Pilgrim); Recollections of an
Officer); Poems); (Stories and Scenes from
Aristocratic Life); and two or three others,
are prominent. He wrote in both Polish and
French, and the literary studies to which he
devoted himself in Provence are widely quoted
as authorities on its language and people.
Gatty, Margaret. An English juvenile
writer; born (Scott) at Burnham, Essex, 1809;
died in Ecclesfield, Oct. 3, 1873. Her career in
letters was inaugurated with (The Fairy God.
mother and Other Tales) (1851); but (Parables
from Nature (1855-71) is most popular.
Gaudy, Baron Franz von (goud'tē or goud'é).
A German poet and novelist; born in Frank-
fort-on-the-Oder, April 19, 1800; died at Berlin,
Feb. 6. 1840. He began life a soldier, but
abandoned arms for literature at the age of
33. His bent was toward humorous poetry
and epigram ; and (Erato,' his first book of
any importance, is in the Heine vein. His
lyric poetry is of unequal merit, while his songs
are more or less imitations of French popular
authors. Desangaño, (Extracts from the Di-
ary of a Traveling Tailor,' and Venetian
Sketches,' are distinguished among his works
of fiction. He wrote some very good accounts
of his travels in Europe.
Gautier, Judith (go-tyā'). A French novel-
ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer, daughter of
Théophile Gautier and Carlotta Grisi the fa-
mous Italian singer; born in Paris, 1850. She
married Catulle Mendès, but was divorced.
When quite young she learned Chinese from
a mandarin, a guest of her father, and has
ever since evinced great interest in the Ori-
ental languages and literature. Her first work,
under the name Judith Walther, was "The
Book of Jade) (1867), a collection of prose and
verse translated from the Chinese; it was fol-
lowed by (I he Imperial Dragon' (1869), a
Chinese romance, signed (Judith Mendès ));
( The Usurper,' a Japanese romance, crowned
by the French Academy in 1875; Lucienne)
(1877); (The Cruelties of Love) (1878); Iso-
line) (1881); Poems of the Dragon Fly) (1884),
adapted from the Japanese; Potiphar’s Wife)
(1884), a Persian romance; (The Merchant of
Smiles) (1888), a drama adapted from the Chi-
nese ; (The Marriage of Fingal (1888), a lyric
poem.
Gautier, Léon. A French scholar and critic;
born in Havre, Aug. 8, 1832. He held offi-
cial positions connected with the schools and
libraries of his native place till his growing
eminence as a writer brought him to Paris.
His works, which are criticized for a tendency
to overestimate the Middle Ages, count among
their choicest few : (Chivalry); Benedict XI. ,
a Study of the Papacy'; and (Contemporary
Portraits and Present Questions.
Gautier, Théophile. A French poet, critic,
and novelist; born in Tarbes, Hautes Pyrénées,
1811; died near Paris, 1872. His works in-
clude : Poems) (1830 ); (Albertus) (1833 );
(Young France) (1833); (Mademoiselle de
Maupin' (1835). His best work as a critic is
the History of Romanticism' (1854). As a
result of his travels he wrote: (A Journey in
Spain' (1843); (Italy) (1852); Constantinople )
(1854); etc. : also the novels (Miltona) (1847) ;
( Arria Marcella) (1852); etc. Other stories are :
(The Golden Fleece); (Beautiful Jenny); (Ma-
demoiselle Dafne); “Omphale); (The Little Dog
of the Marquise); “The Nest of Nightingales)
( 1833); (The Loving Dead) (1836); (The
Chain of Gold); (A Night of Cleopatra's)
(1845); “Jean and Jeannette) (1846); (The Ti.
ger Skin (1864-65); “Spirite) (1866); etc. For
the stage he wrote : (Posthumus Pierrot) (1845);
(The Jewess of Constantine) (1840); Look
but Do Not Touch) (1847); etc. His works of
pure fantasy are: (Avatar); (A Year of the
Devil) (1839); and themes for ballets. Some
of his poems have been collected under the
title of "The Comedy of Death. On art he
has written : (Modern Art) (1852); (The Arts
in Europe) (1852); etc. *
Gay, Delphine (gā). A French poet and
novelist, daughter of Sophie; born in Aix-la-
Chapelle, Jan. 26, 1804; died at Paris, June 29,
1855. Carefully educated by her celebrated
mother, Sophie Gay, she won fame with her
poetry at the age of fifteen, an academic prize
at eighteen, and a royal pension at twenty.
After her marriage with the famous Émile de
Girardin in 1831, she began to write romances,
and they proved prodigiously popular. Her
(
## p. 211 (#227) ############################################
GAY - GEFFROY
2 II
(
(
(
poems include "Sisters of St. Camille, “The
Vision of Joan of Arc,' and 'The Widow of
Nain. Her best-known works of fiction are
"Lorgnon, « The Marquis de Pontanges,' and
(Balzac's Cane. Her literary work is charac-
terized by a tendency to mysticism and a some-
what lackadaisical style.
Gay, John. An English poet; born near
Barnstable, Devonshire, in August (? ) 1685;
died at London, Dec. 4, 1732. His life was
a series of vicissitudes: starvation and luxury,
neglect and admiration, alternating in kaleido.
scopic abruptness throughout his bohemian
existence. His (Rural Sports gave him his
start in literature; and (Trivia, or the Art of
Walking the Streets of London) has become
a classic. But “The Beggar's Opera' (the first
English comic opera), the “Fables,' and 'The
Shepherd's Week,' must remain his enduring
monuments. He wrote also (The Wife of Bath,
and many other poems which add to his repu-
tation. *
Gay, Sophie. A French novelist; born
(Nichault de Lavalette) in Paris, July 1, 1776;
died there, March 5, 1852. She married M.
Liottier, a financier, in 1793; was divorced, and
married M. Gay, a high government official.
Her literary talent asserted itself early; and
her romantic and sentimental but not silly
novels - especially (Laure d'Estell, Léonie de
Montbreuse,' and (Anatole ) - made her famous
early in the century. Her play (The Marquis
of Pomenars) had quite a run.
Gay, Sydney Howard. An American author;
born in Hingham, Mass. , May 22, 1814; died in
New Brighton, N. Y. , June 25, 1888. He left Har-
vard before graduation on account of ill-health;
and studied law, but abandoned it because he
could not conscientiously take the required
oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the
United States. He became a «Garrisonian
abolitionist,” and in 1844 was editor of the
Anti-Slavery Standard. In 1858 he became edi.
torially connected with the New York Tribune,
of which he was managing editor 1862–66. He
wrote a History of the United States) (4 vols. ,
1876-81), of which W. C. Bryant wrote the
preface; a Life of James Madison (1884), in
the American Statesmen series ; etc.
Gayangos y Arce, Pascual de (gi-äng'gos ē
är'tha). A Spanish scholar and historical writer;
born in Seville, Spain, June 21, 1809. From
1843 to 1872 he held the professorship of Ori-
ental languages at the University of Madrid;
since 1881 he has resided mostly in London.
He has published the Calendar of Letters
Illustrative of the History of England in Con-
nection with that of Spain, during the Reign
of Henry VIII. (7 vols. ). In Spanish he has
issued : (Memoria del Mora Raris) (1845);
(Memorial History of Spain? (19 vols. ); and
contributions to various societies.
Gayarré, Charles Étienne Arthur (gi-ä-rā').
An American lawyer, politician, and historian;
born at New Orleans, La. , Jan. 9, 1805; died
in 1895. He was admitted to the bar in 1829;
was several times a member of the Louisiana
Legislature; deputy State Attorney-General
(1831); Secretary of State of Louisiana (1846-
53). Among his works, which deal largely
with the history of his native State, are: (His-
tory of Louisiana, in French (1830); (Louisi-
ana, its History as French Colony) (1851);
(Philip II. of Spain) (1866); Fernando de
Lemos,' a novel (1872).
Gayler, Charles. An American journalist and
dramatist; born in New York city, April 1, 1820;
died in Brooklyn, May 28, 1892. He wrote over
200 plays, and at one time had five produced
simultaneously at New York theatres. He also
wrote the first drama on the Civil War, en-
titled Bull Run. Among his dramas are:
(The Gold Hunters ); (Taking the Chances);
(Lights and Shadows of New York); (Fritz. ?
Among his novels are: (Out of the Streets)
and (Romance of a Poor Young Man.
Gazzoletti, Antonio (gäts-7-let'te). An Ital-
ian lyric poet; born in Nago, March 20, 1813;
died at Milan, Aug. 21, 1866. He was a law-
yer at Trieste for many years, and became
a government pleader upon the union of Lom-
bardy and Piedmont. Ballads and lyrics were
his poetical forms. What Is the Italian's Coun-
try ? ) is an attempt to write a national hymn.
(Verses); (Memories and Fancies); 'Umberto
Biancamano); and a poem written in honor of
the Dante sexcentenary, have given him a prom-
inent position among modern Italian authors.
Gebhart, Émile (geb-är'). A French critic
and essayist ; born in Nancy, July 19, 1839.
His numerous writings have to do mostly with
the poetry and art of antiquity. History of the
Poetic Sentiment in Relation to Nature during
the Greek and Roman Classical Period); Essay
on Genre Painting in Antiquity); and Prax-
iteles,' are his typical productions.
Geddes, Patrick. A Scotch botanist and
author; born in 1854. He was educated at the
Normal School of Science under Professor
Huxley, and at several foreign universities; and
is now professor of botany at University Col-
lege, Dundee. He is the founder of University
Hall, Edinburgh, which is part of a vast scheme
of university reform and social reconstruction.
Besides numerous monographs and articles in
the 'Encyclopædia Britannica,' he has written:
(Chapters in Modern Botany); (The Evolution
of Sex (with J. Arthur Thomson); (The Clas-
sification of Statistics) (1882); John Ruskin,
Economist) (1884); (An Analysis of the Prin-
ciples of Economics) (1885).
Geffroy, Mathieu Auguste (zhef-rwä'). A
French historian; born in Paris, April 21,
1820; died there, Aug. 15, 1895. He was
called to the chair of history at Bordeaux in
1852. He became professor of ancient history
at Paris in 1872; and three years later was ap-
pointed director of the French school at Rome.
Besides several articles in the Revue des
Deux Mondes, he published: (History of the
## p. 212 (#228) ############################################
212
GEIBEL - GENEE
nown.
Scandinavians) (1851); Letters of Charles
XII. (1852); (Gustavus III. and his Court)
(1867); (Rome and the Barbarians) (1875);
Madame de Maintenon (1887).
Geibel, Emanuel (giʻbel). A German poet ;
born in Lübeck, Oct. 18, 1815; died there, April
6, 1884. His early choice was for the clerical
life, but he soon turned to poetry and to the
study of Greek history and letters. He was a
versatile writer, and many productions of ex-
quisite sentiment and pathos, as well as works
in lighter vein,-notably Master Andrea, a
comedy,-- have proceeded from his pen. *
Geijer, Erik Gustaf (yi'er). A Swedish
historian; born in the province of Wermland,
Jan. 12, 1783; died in Stockholm, April 23, 1847.
At 20 he won a prize írom the Swedish Academy
for a eulogy of the great mediæval regent
Sten Sture, and at 27 became professor of
history at the University of Upsala. He sat
in the national Parliament for some years,
and was distinguished for his eloquence. His
(History of the Swedish People, History
of the State of Sweden from 1718 to 1772,
and various contributions to the history of
philosophy, theology, and ästhetics, are epoch-
making in Swedish letters. He had considerable
musical talent, and many of his compositions
have become favorite songs in Sweden.
Geikie, Archibald. A Scotch geologist and
scientific writer; born in Edinburgh, 1835. In
the course of a brilliant career of discovery
and experiment he has written : Elementary
Lessons in Physical Geography) (4th ed. 1884);
(Scenery of Scotland Viewed in Connection
with its Physical Geology) (2d ed. 1887); (Out-
lines of Field Geology) (4th ed. 1891); and
(Text-Book of Geology) (3d ed. 1893).
Geikie, James. A Scotch geologist and
scientific wri brother of Archibald ; born in
Edinburgh, 1839. (The Great Ice Age) (2d ed.
1877), and Prehistoric Europe) (1881), are
works of profound learning and distinguished
by much brilliancy of style.
Geiregat, Pieter (gi-rā-gädt'). A Flemish
novelist and dramatist ; born in Ghent, Feb.
25, 1828. He began as a journalist, but soon
became known as a writer of sketches and
stories, and plays of realistic and spectacular
character.
Mexican poet; born in León, Guanajuato, Nov.
3, 1831 ; died in Napa, Cal. , Nov. 27, 1869. He
published three volumes of poems : Dreams
and Visions) (Mexico, 1856); (Clouds and
Stars) (Guadalajara, 1865); and Legends and
Romances) (San Francisco, 1868); also a col-
lection of poems, "Home Stories. He wrote
many comedies. The drama (Maria Antonieta
de Lorena) is regarded as his best work.
Gallatin, Albert. An American statesman,
financier, and author; born in Geneva, Switzer-
land, Jan. 29, 1761; came to this country in
1780; died at Astoria, L. I. , Aug. 12, 1849.
He was in Congress 1795-1801; Secretary of
the Treasury 1801-1813; minister to France
1815-1823, and to England 1826-27. Later he
engaged in banking. Among his works are:
"Considerations of the Currency and Banking
Systems of the United States) (1831); (Memoir
on Northeastern Boundary) (1843); Notes on
the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan,
and Central America' (1845).
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins. An American
writer and educator; born at Philadelphia,
1787; died at Hartford, Conn. , 1851. In 1817
founded at Hartford the first deaf-mute insti-
tute in America, but in 1830 he resigned the
presidency of it. He was afterwards chaplain
of the Connecticut Retreat for the Insane from
1838 until his death. He wrote (Bible Stories
for the Young) (1838) and (The Child's Book
of the Soul (1850).
Gallego, Juan Nicasio (gäl-yā'go). A Span-
ish lyric poet; born in Zamora, Dec. 14, 1777 ;
died at Madrid, Jan. 9, 1853. He studied law,
philosophy, and theology, at Salamanca; but
began a poetical career upon becoming in-
timate with Valdés, Quintana, and Cienfuegos.
His political activity resulted in his imprison-
ment in 1814, and banishment for a short time
subsequently. His first poetry was light and
amorous, but he later took up sterner subjects.
His “The Second of May,' and an elegy upon
the death of Queen Isabella (1818), have at.
tained particular celebrity. He served in the
Spanish Cortes for some years.
Gallenga, Antonio Carlo Napoleon (gäl-
leng'gä). An Italian publicist and author;
born in Parma, Nov. 4, 1810. He left Italy in
1831 by reason of political disturbances, and
lived abroad. Hie represented Piedmont at
Frankfort in 1848-49, and was a member of
Parliament from 1854 to 1864. He was long the
London Times's special correspondent in Italy.
His works, many of them issued under the
name of “Mariotti,” include: Italy, Past and
Present (1841-49); (Castellamonte, an Auto-
biography) (1854); Mariotti's Italian Gram-
mar,' which went through twelve editions ;
(History of Piedmont' (1855-56); (The Pearl
of the Antilles) (1873); and several books of
travel.
Galt, John. A Scottish novelist; born at
Irvine, Ayrshire, May 2, 1779; died at Greenock,
April II, 1839. Going abroad, he met Lord
Byron at Gibraltar, and sailed with him for
Greece. Returning to London, he contributed
to Blackwood's. (The Annals of the Parish
was published in 1821, and met a popular wel-
come. In rapid succession appeared (Sir An.
drew Wylie,' (The Entail, (The Steamboat,'
(The Provost,' (Ringan Gilhaize, (The Spae-
wife,' and (Rothelan. His Literary Miscel-
lanies) was published in 1834. He also wrote
a 'Life of Byron.
Galton, Francis. A distinguished English
anthropologist and traveler; born at Duddes-
ton, near Birmingham, 1822. He is grandson
of Erasmus Darwin, and thus a kinsman of the
celebrated author of «The Origin of Species.
His principal works are : Narrative of an Ex-
plorer in Tropical South Africa) (1853); (The
Art of Travel, or Shifts and Contrivances in
Wild Countries) (1855); Hereditary Genius,
its Laws and Consequences) (1869); “Experi-
ments in Pangenesis) (1871); and in the same
line of studies, (English Men of Science, their
Nature and Nurture) (1874); "Inquiry into
Human Faculty) (1883); (Natural Inheritance)
(1889); Finger Prints) (1893). He has also
written several memoirs on anthropometric sub-
jects and kindred topics. He has held official
positions in connection with the Royal Society,
the Royal Geographical Society, and other scien-
tific bodies. He invented the system of com-
posite photography.
Gama, José Basilio da (gä'mä). A Brazil-
ian poet; born in the district of Rio-dos-Mor.
tes, Brazil, in 1740; died in Lisbon, Portugal,
July 31, 1795. Educated by the Jesuits, he joined
their order; but about 1786 renounced his al-
legiance to it, and published the poem (Uru-
guay) to expose the alleged Jesuit design of
forming an independent State among the Uru-
guay Indians. He was elected a member of
the Academy of Lisbon. He also published
"Lenitivo da Sandade do Principe D. José
(1788), and Quitubia (1791).
Ganghofer, Ludwig (gäng'höf-ér). A Ger-
man dramatist and novelist; born in Kauf.
beuren, July 7, 1855; resides in Vienna. At
first engaged in mechanics, he later embarked
in literature. His first great triumph in the
drama was “The Sculptor of Oberammergau,'
written in collaboration with Hans Neuert.
## p. 208 (#224) ############################################
208
GANNETT-GARFIELD
3
were
His other plays have been staged in all the
European capitals. His novels steadily grow
in repute; the most successful are: It Was
Once Upon a Time,' and (Discontent. His
volume of lyric poetry, From the Tribe of
Asia,' has attracted great attention.
Gannett, William Channing. An American
clergyman and author; born in Boston, Mass. ,
March 13, 1840. He graduated from Harvard
in 1800. He has held the pastorates of several
Unitarian churches throughout the West and
East. Among his works are: Memoir of
E. S. Gannett' (1875); (A Year of Miracle )
(1881); (The Thought of God' (with F. L.
Hosmer).
Garay, János (gor'oi). A Hungarian dram-
atist and poet; born in Szegszard, Oct. 10,
1812; died at Buda-Pesth, Nov. 5, 1853. His
work was inspired by the German drama; as
shown in Arbocz,' his best-known historical
composition. The poems (The Skirmisher,
(Bosnyák Zsofia,' and (Arpádok,' and a volume
of historical ballads, have received warm praise
from the best European critics.
Garborg, Arne. A Norwegian novelist; born
in Jæderen, Jan. 25, 1851. He was the son of
humble parents, and prepared himself with diffi-
culty for a school-teacher's career. He took up
literature as a means of expressing his theories,
and produced the novels Pleasant Students)
and Mannfolk, both of a rebellious and often
displeasing realism, which brought him fame,-
but also trouble, for the truthful portraiture in
one of them cost him his post in the govern-
ment service. *
Garção, Pedro Antonio Correa (gär-sän').
A Portuguese poet; born in Lisbon, April 29,
1724; died there, Nov. 10, 1772. As a lyric poet
he stands very high; while his satires, odes,
and epistles, -- upon the models of Horace,-
are dainty and spiritual. He also wrote suc-
cessful dramas. The Portuguese esteem him
for the perfection with which he employed
their language in his works. The (Hymn to
Dido) is one of his most popular productions.
He was arrested for a personal satire, and
died in prison after a long captivity.
Garcia de Quevedo, José Heriberto (gär-
the a dẻ ka-vaºdo). A South-American author;
born in Coro, Venezuela, March 1819; died in
Paris, June 1871. Educated in France and
Spain, he settled in Paris, and was killed in
the communard insurrection of 1871. Among
his poems are: (To Columbus ); “To Liberty);
(To Pius IX. '; (Frenzy): (The Life to Come);
and (The Proscript. His dramas were well
received. He wrote the novels (The Love
of a Girl and (Two Duels Eighteen Years
Apart.
Garcia Gutierrez. See Gutierrez.
Garcia y Tassara, Gabriel (gär-thē'ä e täs-
är'â). A Spanish poet and publicist; born in
Seville, June 16, 1817; died at Madrid, Feb.
14, 1875. Among his noteworthy poems, CA
Devil into the Bargain) (Un Diablo Más) is
reckoned the best. His lyrics are very effective.
Garcilaso de la Vega (gär-the-läs'ā dā lä
vā'ga). (Properly Garcias Laso. ] A Spanish
poet of high rank ; born in Toledo in 1503;
died at Nice, Oct. 14, 1536. He appeared very
early at the court of Charles V. , where his
progress was rapid, not alone in letters but in
arms. He became ambassador to France and
subsequently traveled in Alva's suite, only to
lose the Emperor's favor and languish long
in prison. He it was who naturalized the
smoother of the Italian metres in Spain, and
softened the stern outlines of his country's
models into a delicate elegance. Theocritus,
Virgil, and Petrarch, he copied gracefully but
unblushingly, as in his famed First Eclogue.
Sonnets, lyrics, pastorals, and canzone
written by him in great profusion, often on the
eve of battle. He was mortally wounded while
charging an enemy at the head of his troops.
Garczynski, Stephen (gär-chin'skē). A Po-
Tish poet; born in Kosmovo, Oct. 13, 1806;
died at Avignon, Sept. 20, 1833. He studied
law at Warsaw, and heard Hegel lecture at
Berlin; after which he took part in the revolu-
tion of 1831, and then fled to France. His epic
poem, (The Fate of Waclaw, and his minor
poetry, display a pronounced tendency to mys-
ticism; but they are an earnest expression of
the Polish spirit of independence and its yearn-
ing for a national life.
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. An eminent
English historian; born at Ropley, Hants,
England, March 4, 1829. He was educated at
Winchester and Oxford, and for some time
held the professorship of modern history at
King's College, London. His great unfinished
(History of England from the Accession of
James I. to the Restoration' (II vols, now
issued) is one of the monuments of English
historical work. Among his lesser books, but
all of the soundest excellence, are (The Fall
of the Monarchy of Charles I. ) and (The
Thirty Years' War, in the 'Epochs of His-
tory) series; a (Students' History of England);
and a volume (1897) on the Gunpowder Plot.
Gardner, Dorsey. An American editor, com-
piler, and author; born in Philadelphia, Aug.
1, 1842; died in Short Hills, N. J. , Nov. 30,
1894. He was at one time connected with
the Christian Union and New York Commer-
cial Advertiser; became one of the secretaries
of the United States Centennial Commission ;
and since 1882 had been engaged editorially
in the revision of the Webster International
Dictionary He published: Quatre Bras,
Ligny, and Waterloo) (1882); (A Condensed
Etymological Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage) (1884).
Garfield, James Abram Twentieth Presi-
dent of the United States; born at Orange, O. ,
1831; died at Elberon, N. J. , 1881. His (Col.
lected Works) (2 vols. , 1883, have been edited
by B. A. Hinsdale.
## p. 209 (#225) ############################################
GARLAND-GASPE
209
Garland, Hamlin. An American story-writer
and poet; born in La Crosse, Wis. , Sept. 16,
1800. His works include: Main Traveled
Roads) (1891); (A Spoil of Office); Prairie
Folks); Prairie Songs (1893); (Crumbling
Idois); "Little Norsk) (1893); (Rose of Dutch-
er's Coolly) (1895); Jason Edwards); etc. *
Garnett, Richard. An English librarian,
editor, and poet; born in Lichfield, England,
Feb. 27, 1835. Keeper of Printed Books in the
British Museum. He has edited the works of
Shelley, De Quincey, Peacock, Drayton, and
others; and is the author of biographies of
Carlyle, Emerson, and Milton, in the "Great
Writers) series. Besides contributions to peri-
odicals and encyclopædias, he has published:
"lo in Egypt, and Other Poems) (1859);
(Poems from the German) (1862); (The Twi.
light of the Gods, and Other Tales) (1889);
(Iphigenia in Delphi, a Dramatic Poem)
(1890).
Garnier, Robert (gär-ne-a'). A French
poet; born in La Ferté-Bernard, Maine, in
1531; died at Le Mans, Aug. 15, 1590. He
studied law, and sat in the Parliament of Paris,
but his Floral Diversions) caused him to be
more widely known as a poet than as a law-
yer. He wrote eight tragedies that attracted
much attention, Porcie) and (Bradamante)
being the best ; but they are scarcely adapted
to the stage. He was the predecessor of Cor-
neille, and marks a distinct epoch in the de-
velopment of French literature.
Garrison, William Lloyd. The famous
American abolitionist and journalist; born in
Newburyport, Mass. , Dec. 10 or 12, 1804 or 1805
(authorities conflict); died in New York city,
May 24, 1879. He began life as a printer.
After writing for various papers in New Eng.
land, he became associate editor of the Genius
of Cniversal Emancipation, published at Balti-
more, Md. In 1831 he founded the famous anti-
slavery paper, the Liberator, in Boston. He
was also the founder of the American Anti-
Slavery Society, and its president from 1843
to 1865. Among his works are : (Thoughts on
African Colonization' (1832); (Sonnets and
Poems) (1843).
Garshin, Vsevolod Michailovich (gär'shin).
A Russian novelist; born in Bachmut, Yekate-
rinoslav, Feb. 14, 1855; died at St. Petersburg,
April 5, 1888. He took part in the Russo-
Turkish war, and was wounded at Charkow.
He soon after finished his great work Four
Days, in which the sufferings and hallucina-
tions of a wounded soldier are strikingly set
forth. A Very Little Story, (The Night,' and
several more novels, came from his pen during
the next few years. He developed a tendency
to melancholy (occasionally relapsing into in-
sanity), traces of which are to be found in
(Attalea Princeps) and Night,' two weird tales ;
and in the psychiatrical study of (The Red
Flower. He had intervals of sheer mental
blankness.
Garth, Sir Samuel. An English physician
and poet; born in Yorkshire (? ), 1661, or at
Bolam, Durham, 1660 (? ); died in London (? ),
Jan. 18, 1719. His medical practice made him
famous; still more so the 'Dispensary) (1699),
a polemic poem, written to sustain the physi-
cians in a contemporary war upon the apothe-
caries. He also translated Ovid, and made
stinging epigrams.
Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh (gas’koin). An
English novelist and poet; born (Smith) at
Dale Park (? ), May 2, 1813; died June 11, 1883.
Literature was her earliest taste, and after her
marriage to a noted soldier she wrote (Tempta-
tion, or a Wife's Perils) (1839); (The School
for Wives) (1839); “The Next Door Neighbors)
(1855); and other novels showing keen obser-
vation of character and of the subjective life.
(Belgravia) (1851) reveals her pleasingly as a
poet.
Gascoigne, George (gas-koin'). An English
poet ; born perhaps in Westmoreland, 1525 (? );
died in Stamford, Lincolnshire, Oct. 7, 1577.
(The Steele Glass) (1576) is probably the first
English satire written in blank verse; Jo-
casta) is a tragedy modeled upon a play by
Euripides; these, his lyrics, and (The Glass of
Government,' a prose comedy intercalated with
poesies, were much esteemed in their day.
Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (Stevenson).
An English novelist; born in Chelsea, Sept.
29, 1810; died Nov. 12, 1865. She had been
long a wife and mother before she turned her
attention to story-writing, which she did for
the sake of forgetting a domestic grief. Mary
Barton, a book of the class to which Dick-
ens's (Hard Times) belongs; “Sylvia's Lovers,'
a revelation of the old press-gang's doings;
(Cousin Phillis, a story of humor and pathos
in tasteful alternation; and (Cranford,' a series
of sketches,- the last-named a seemingly en-
during classic, - are her best. Her Life of
Charlotte Bronté) brought her under criticism,
but as a writer she belongs to a rank by no
means crowded. *
Gasparin, Agénor Étienne, Comte de (gas-
pä-ran'). A French publicist and author; born
in Orange, France, July 12, 1810; died near Ge-
neva, Switzerland, May 14, 1871. Elected to
the Chamber in 1846, he attracted attention by
his advocacy of religious liberty, prison reform,
abolition of slavery, and social purity. At the
outbreak of the American Civil War he pub-
lished two books maintaining the justice of
the Federal cause, entitled “The Uprising of a
Great People) (1861) and (America before Eu-
rope) (1862). Other important works were:
(Slavery) (1838); Christianity and Paganism)
(1850); "Liberal Christianity) (1869); ' Innocent
III. , published posthumously.
Gaspé, Philip Aubert de. A Canadian
author; born in Quebec, Oct. 30, 1786; died
there, Jan. 29, 1871. A lawyer, afterwards
sheriff, he became involved in debt for which
he was imprisoned four years; and when
14
## p. 210 (#226) ############################################
2 IO
GASSENDI – GAY
released, secluded himself on his estate of
St. Jean Port-Joli. His (Old-Time Canadians)
(1862), and his (Memoirs) (1866), treat of Cana-
dian traditions and folk-lore, and were writ-
ten in French. The former was perhaps the
most popular book ever published in Canada.
An English translation was made by Mrs.
Pennie.
Gassendi, Pierre (gäs-san-dē). A French
philosopher, scholar, and astronomer; born
near Digne, Provence, Jan. 22, 1592; died
at Paris, Oct. 24, 1655. A child-prodigy at 4,
despite poverty and mean birth he fought his
way to becoming the academic miracle of his
day. A list of his works would be a catalogue
of seventeenth-century science : but above the
rest stand Exercises in Paradox in Opposi-
tion to Aristotle); Objections to the Theories
of Descartes); and (On the Life, Character,
and Doctrine of Epicurus. Either because
he was so miscellaneous, or because his mind
was more acquisitive than profound, he failed
to contribute materially to the sum of human
knowledge; but his writings clearly denote
that he was gifted with a most subtle intel-
lect.
Gaszynski, Konstantin (gä-shin'ske or gäsh-
tsin’ske). A Polish poet and novelist; born
in leziorno, near Warsaw, March 30, 1809; died
at Aix, Provence, Oct. 8, 1866. His early liter-
ary career was interfered with by the distracted
condition of his country, and he took refuge in
France in 1831. Among his productions, (Songs
of a Polish Pilgrim); Recollections of an
Officer); Poems); (Stories and Scenes from
Aristocratic Life); and two or three others,
are prominent. He wrote in both Polish and
French, and the literary studies to which he
devoted himself in Provence are widely quoted
as authorities on its language and people.
Gatty, Margaret. An English juvenile
writer; born (Scott) at Burnham, Essex, 1809;
died in Ecclesfield, Oct. 3, 1873. Her career in
letters was inaugurated with (The Fairy God.
mother and Other Tales) (1851); but (Parables
from Nature (1855-71) is most popular.
Gaudy, Baron Franz von (goud'tē or goud'é).
A German poet and novelist; born in Frank-
fort-on-the-Oder, April 19, 1800; died at Berlin,
Feb. 6. 1840. He began life a soldier, but
abandoned arms for literature at the age of
33. His bent was toward humorous poetry
and epigram ; and (Erato,' his first book of
any importance, is in the Heine vein. His
lyric poetry is of unequal merit, while his songs
are more or less imitations of French popular
authors. Desangaño, (Extracts from the Di-
ary of a Traveling Tailor,' and Venetian
Sketches,' are distinguished among his works
of fiction. He wrote some very good accounts
of his travels in Europe.
Gautier, Judith (go-tyā'). A French novel-
ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer, daughter of
Théophile Gautier and Carlotta Grisi the fa-
mous Italian singer; born in Paris, 1850. She
married Catulle Mendès, but was divorced.
When quite young she learned Chinese from
a mandarin, a guest of her father, and has
ever since evinced great interest in the Ori-
ental languages and literature. Her first work,
under the name Judith Walther, was "The
Book of Jade) (1867), a collection of prose and
verse translated from the Chinese; it was fol-
lowed by (I he Imperial Dragon' (1869), a
Chinese romance, signed (Judith Mendès ));
( The Usurper,' a Japanese romance, crowned
by the French Academy in 1875; Lucienne)
(1877); (The Cruelties of Love) (1878); Iso-
line) (1881); Poems of the Dragon Fly) (1884),
adapted from the Japanese; Potiphar’s Wife)
(1884), a Persian romance; (The Merchant of
Smiles) (1888), a drama adapted from the Chi-
nese ; (The Marriage of Fingal (1888), a lyric
poem.
Gautier, Léon. A French scholar and critic;
born in Havre, Aug. 8, 1832. He held offi-
cial positions connected with the schools and
libraries of his native place till his growing
eminence as a writer brought him to Paris.
His works, which are criticized for a tendency
to overestimate the Middle Ages, count among
their choicest few : (Chivalry); Benedict XI. ,
a Study of the Papacy'; and (Contemporary
Portraits and Present Questions.
Gautier, Théophile. A French poet, critic,
and novelist; born in Tarbes, Hautes Pyrénées,
1811; died near Paris, 1872. His works in-
clude : Poems) (1830 ); (Albertus) (1833 );
(Young France) (1833); (Mademoiselle de
Maupin' (1835). His best work as a critic is
the History of Romanticism' (1854). As a
result of his travels he wrote: (A Journey in
Spain' (1843); (Italy) (1852); Constantinople )
(1854); etc. : also the novels (Miltona) (1847) ;
( Arria Marcella) (1852); etc. Other stories are :
(The Golden Fleece); (Beautiful Jenny); (Ma-
demoiselle Dafne); “Omphale); (The Little Dog
of the Marquise); “The Nest of Nightingales)
( 1833); (The Loving Dead) (1836); (The
Chain of Gold); (A Night of Cleopatra's)
(1845); “Jean and Jeannette) (1846); (The Ti.
ger Skin (1864-65); “Spirite) (1866); etc. For
the stage he wrote : (Posthumus Pierrot) (1845);
(The Jewess of Constantine) (1840); Look
but Do Not Touch) (1847); etc. His works of
pure fantasy are: (Avatar); (A Year of the
Devil) (1839); and themes for ballets. Some
of his poems have been collected under the
title of "The Comedy of Death. On art he
has written : (Modern Art) (1852); (The Arts
in Europe) (1852); etc. *
Gay, Delphine (gā). A French poet and
novelist, daughter of Sophie; born in Aix-la-
Chapelle, Jan. 26, 1804; died at Paris, June 29,
1855. Carefully educated by her celebrated
mother, Sophie Gay, she won fame with her
poetry at the age of fifteen, an academic prize
at eighteen, and a royal pension at twenty.
After her marriage with the famous Émile de
Girardin in 1831, she began to write romances,
and they proved prodigiously popular. Her
(
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GAY - GEFFROY
2 II
(
(
(
poems include "Sisters of St. Camille, “The
Vision of Joan of Arc,' and 'The Widow of
Nain. Her best-known works of fiction are
"Lorgnon, « The Marquis de Pontanges,' and
(Balzac's Cane. Her literary work is charac-
terized by a tendency to mysticism and a some-
what lackadaisical style.
Gay, John. An English poet; born near
Barnstable, Devonshire, in August (? ) 1685;
died at London, Dec. 4, 1732. His life was
a series of vicissitudes: starvation and luxury,
neglect and admiration, alternating in kaleido.
scopic abruptness throughout his bohemian
existence. His (Rural Sports gave him his
start in literature; and (Trivia, or the Art of
Walking the Streets of London) has become
a classic. But “The Beggar's Opera' (the first
English comic opera), the “Fables,' and 'The
Shepherd's Week,' must remain his enduring
monuments. He wrote also (The Wife of Bath,
and many other poems which add to his repu-
tation. *
Gay, Sophie. A French novelist; born
(Nichault de Lavalette) in Paris, July 1, 1776;
died there, March 5, 1852. She married M.
Liottier, a financier, in 1793; was divorced, and
married M. Gay, a high government official.
Her literary talent asserted itself early; and
her romantic and sentimental but not silly
novels - especially (Laure d'Estell, Léonie de
Montbreuse,' and (Anatole ) - made her famous
early in the century. Her play (The Marquis
of Pomenars) had quite a run.
Gay, Sydney Howard. An American author;
born in Hingham, Mass. , May 22, 1814; died in
New Brighton, N. Y. , June 25, 1888. He left Har-
vard before graduation on account of ill-health;
and studied law, but abandoned it because he
could not conscientiously take the required
oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the
United States. He became a «Garrisonian
abolitionist,” and in 1844 was editor of the
Anti-Slavery Standard. In 1858 he became edi.
torially connected with the New York Tribune,
of which he was managing editor 1862–66. He
wrote a History of the United States) (4 vols. ,
1876-81), of which W. C. Bryant wrote the
preface; a Life of James Madison (1884), in
the American Statesmen series ; etc.
Gayangos y Arce, Pascual de (gi-äng'gos ē
är'tha). A Spanish scholar and historical writer;
born in Seville, Spain, June 21, 1809. From
1843 to 1872 he held the professorship of Ori-
ental languages at the University of Madrid;
since 1881 he has resided mostly in London.
He has published the Calendar of Letters
Illustrative of the History of England in Con-
nection with that of Spain, during the Reign
of Henry VIII. (7 vols. ). In Spanish he has
issued : (Memoria del Mora Raris) (1845);
(Memorial History of Spain? (19 vols. ); and
contributions to various societies.
Gayarré, Charles Étienne Arthur (gi-ä-rā').
An American lawyer, politician, and historian;
born at New Orleans, La. , Jan. 9, 1805; died
in 1895. He was admitted to the bar in 1829;
was several times a member of the Louisiana
Legislature; deputy State Attorney-General
(1831); Secretary of State of Louisiana (1846-
53). Among his works, which deal largely
with the history of his native State, are: (His-
tory of Louisiana, in French (1830); (Louisi-
ana, its History as French Colony) (1851);
(Philip II. of Spain) (1866); Fernando de
Lemos,' a novel (1872).
Gayler, Charles. An American journalist and
dramatist; born in New York city, April 1, 1820;
died in Brooklyn, May 28, 1892. He wrote over
200 plays, and at one time had five produced
simultaneously at New York theatres. He also
wrote the first drama on the Civil War, en-
titled Bull Run. Among his dramas are:
(The Gold Hunters ); (Taking the Chances);
(Lights and Shadows of New York); (Fritz. ?
Among his novels are: (Out of the Streets)
and (Romance of a Poor Young Man.
Gazzoletti, Antonio (gäts-7-let'te). An Ital-
ian lyric poet; born in Nago, March 20, 1813;
died at Milan, Aug. 21, 1866. He was a law-
yer at Trieste for many years, and became
a government pleader upon the union of Lom-
bardy and Piedmont. Ballads and lyrics were
his poetical forms. What Is the Italian's Coun-
try ? ) is an attempt to write a national hymn.
(Verses); (Memories and Fancies); 'Umberto
Biancamano); and a poem written in honor of
the Dante sexcentenary, have given him a prom-
inent position among modern Italian authors.
Gebhart, Émile (geb-är'). A French critic
and essayist ; born in Nancy, July 19, 1839.
His numerous writings have to do mostly with
the poetry and art of antiquity. History of the
Poetic Sentiment in Relation to Nature during
the Greek and Roman Classical Period); Essay
on Genre Painting in Antiquity); and Prax-
iteles,' are his typical productions.
Geddes, Patrick. A Scotch botanist and
author; born in 1854. He was educated at the
Normal School of Science under Professor
Huxley, and at several foreign universities; and
is now professor of botany at University Col-
lege, Dundee. He is the founder of University
Hall, Edinburgh, which is part of a vast scheme
of university reform and social reconstruction.
Besides numerous monographs and articles in
the 'Encyclopædia Britannica,' he has written:
(Chapters in Modern Botany); (The Evolution
of Sex (with J. Arthur Thomson); (The Clas-
sification of Statistics) (1882); John Ruskin,
Economist) (1884); (An Analysis of the Prin-
ciples of Economics) (1885).
Geffroy, Mathieu Auguste (zhef-rwä'). A
French historian; born in Paris, April 21,
1820; died there, Aug. 15, 1895. He was
called to the chair of history at Bordeaux in
1852. He became professor of ancient history
at Paris in 1872; and three years later was ap-
pointed director of the French school at Rome.
Besides several articles in the Revue des
Deux Mondes, he published: (History of the
## p. 212 (#228) ############################################
212
GEIBEL - GENEE
nown.
Scandinavians) (1851); Letters of Charles
XII. (1852); (Gustavus III. and his Court)
(1867); (Rome and the Barbarians) (1875);
Madame de Maintenon (1887).
Geibel, Emanuel (giʻbel). A German poet ;
born in Lübeck, Oct. 18, 1815; died there, April
6, 1884. His early choice was for the clerical
life, but he soon turned to poetry and to the
study of Greek history and letters. He was a
versatile writer, and many productions of ex-
quisite sentiment and pathos, as well as works
in lighter vein,-notably Master Andrea, a
comedy,-- have proceeded from his pen. *
Geijer, Erik Gustaf (yi'er). A Swedish
historian; born in the province of Wermland,
Jan. 12, 1783; died in Stockholm, April 23, 1847.
At 20 he won a prize írom the Swedish Academy
for a eulogy of the great mediæval regent
Sten Sture, and at 27 became professor of
history at the University of Upsala. He sat
in the national Parliament for some years,
and was distinguished for his eloquence. His
(History of the Swedish People, History
of the State of Sweden from 1718 to 1772,
and various contributions to the history of
philosophy, theology, and ästhetics, are epoch-
making in Swedish letters. He had considerable
musical talent, and many of his compositions
have become favorite songs in Sweden.
Geikie, Archibald. A Scotch geologist and
scientific writer; born in Edinburgh, 1835. In
the course of a brilliant career of discovery
and experiment he has written : Elementary
Lessons in Physical Geography) (4th ed. 1884);
(Scenery of Scotland Viewed in Connection
with its Physical Geology) (2d ed. 1887); (Out-
lines of Field Geology) (4th ed. 1891); and
(Text-Book of Geology) (3d ed. 1893).
Geikie, James. A Scotch geologist and
scientific wri brother of Archibald ; born in
Edinburgh, 1839. (The Great Ice Age) (2d ed.
1877), and Prehistoric Europe) (1881), are
works of profound learning and distinguished
by much brilliancy of style.
Geiregat, Pieter (gi-rā-gädt'). A Flemish
novelist and dramatist ; born in Ghent, Feb.
25, 1828. He began as a journalist, but soon
became known as a writer of sketches and
stories, and plays of realistic and spectacular
character.
