)
any others of the Batavians took the oath in verba CLARA, DI'DIA, daughter of the emperor
Galliarum, which was the watchword of Classicus Didius Julianus and his wife Manlia Scantilla.
any others of the Batavians took the oath in verba CLARA, DI'DIA, daughter of the emperor
Galliarum, which was the watchword of Classicus Didius Julianus and his wife Manlia Scantilla.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
(Hirt.
tion which they occupied led the Romans to culti-
B. Afr. 62, 67. ) He is perhaps the same as the vate their friendship, and they rendered good ser-
Cispius Laevus, whom Plancus mentions in a letter vice to Rome in the wars in Germany and Britain,
to Cicero in B. C. 43. (Cic. ad Fum. x. 21. ) under the early emperors. When Rome gave up
3. Cispius, a debtor of Cicero's. (Cic. ad Att. ' the idea of subduing Germany, the nations west of
xii. 24, xiii. 33. )
Whether he is the same as the Rhine, especially those of Germanic origin, be-
either of the preceding, is uncertain,
gan to feel a hope of setting themselves free. The
CISSEUS (Kigeus), a king in Thrace, and civil wars afforded an opportunity for the attempt,
father of Theano or, according to others, of Hecabe. and the oppressions of the imperial legates furnish-
(Hom. II. vi. 295, xi. 223; Eurip. Hec. 3 ; Hygin. ed the provocation. It was out of such an act of
Fab. 91; Virg. Aen. vii. 720. ; Serv. ad Aen. v. 535. ) oppression that the rebellion of Civilis sprung. *
There are two other mythical beings of the name Julius Paulus and Claudius Civilis were brotherst
of Cisseus. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 5; Virg. Aen. x. of the Batavian royal race, and excelled all their
317. )
(L. S. ] nation in personal accomplishments. On a false
CI'SSIDAS (Knocidas), a Syracusan, command charge of treason, Nero's legate, Fonteius Capito,
ed the body of auxiliaries which Dionysius I. sent, put Julius Paulus to death, A. D. 67 or 68, and sent
for the second time, to the aid of Sparta. (B. C. Civilis in chains to Nero at Rome, where he was
367. ) He assisted Archidamus in his successful heard and acquitted by Galba. He was afterwards
attack on Caryae, and in his expedition against prefect of a cohort, but under Vitellius he became
Arcadia in the same year. But during the cam- an object of suspicion to the army, who demanded
paign in Arcadia he left him, as the period fixed his punishment. (Compare Tac. Hist. i. 59. ) He
for his stay by Dionysius had now expired. On escaped the danger, but he did not forget the af-
his march towards Laconia he was intercepted by a front. He thought of Hannibal and Sertorius, like
body of Messenians, and was obliged to send to whom he had lost an eye; and, being endowed, says
Archidamus for assistance. The prince having Tacitus, with greater mental power than is common
joined him with his forces, they changed their among barbarians, he began the execution of his
route, but were again intercepted by the combined schemes of enmity to Rome under the pretence of
troops of the Arcadians and Argives. The result supporting the cause of Vespasian. In order to
was, the defeat of the latter in that which has understand the events which occurred at this period
been called the “Tearless Battle. ” (Xen. Hell. ri. in the Germanies and Gaul, it must be remembered
1. SS 28–32; see p. 267, b. )
(E. E. ] that the legions of Germany were Vitellius's own
CITE'RIUS SIDO'NIÚS, the author of an troops, who had called him to the purple, and who
epigram on three shepherds, which has no poetical remained steadfast to his cause to the very last.
merits, and is only remarkable for its quaintness. The legates, on the other hand, early chose the side
It is printed in Wernsdorff's Poëtae Latini Mi- of Vespasian, and it was not without reason that
nores (vol. ii. p. 215), and in the Anthologia Latina they were accused by their soldiers of treasonable
(ii. Ep. 257, ed. Burmann, Ep. 253, ed. Meyer).
Its author appears to be the same as the Ci- * In the following narrative it is necessary to
terius, one of the professors at Bourdeaux, and bear in mind the distinction between Germany, pro-
the friend of Ausonius, commemorated in a poem perly so called, and the two Gallic provinces on the
of the latter. (Prof. Burdig. xiii. ) We learn left bank of the Rhine, which, from their popula-
from Ausonius that Citerius was born at Syracuse, tion being chiefly of Germanic origin, were called
in Sicily, and was a grammarian and a poet. In the Germanies (Germania Inferior, and Germania
his hyperbolical panegyric, Ausonius compares him Superior). The scene of the war with Civilis was
to Aristarchus and Zenodotus, and says that his on the left bank of the Rhine, and chiefly in Ger-
poems, written at an early age, were superior to mania Inferior.
those of Simonides. Citerius afterwards settled at + Tacitus (Hist. i. 59) also calls Civilis Julius,
Bourdeaux, married a rich and noble wiſe, but died and so do other writers. (Plut. Erot. 25, p. 770:
without leaving any children.
where, however, Julius Tutor is possibly meant
CITHAERON (K10aipuv), a mythical king in | Frontin. Strat. iv. 3. § 14. )
## p. 759 (#779) ############################################
CIVILIS.
753
CIVILIS.
:
connivance at the progress of the insurrection on the army ; but, being still unwilling to commit himself
Rhine. (See especially Tacit. Hist. iv. 27. ) Thus to an open contest with the Roman power, he
Civilis was urged by a letter from Antonius Primus, caused his followers to take the oath to Vespasian,
And by a personal request from Hordeonius Flaccus, and sent enroys to the two legions which, as above
to prevent the German legions from marching into related, had taken refuge in Vetera Castra, to in-
Italy to the support of Vitellius, by the appearance duce them to take the same oath. Enraged at
of a Germanic insurrection; an appearance which their refusal, he called to arms the whole ration of
Civilis himself resolved to convert into a reality. the Batavi, who were joined by the Bructeri and
His designs were aided by an edict of Vitellius, Teucteri, while emissaries were sent into Germany
calling for a levy of the Batavians, and still more to rouse the people. The Roman legates, Mummius
by the harshness with which the command was Lupercus and Numisius Rufus, sirengthened the
executed; for feeble old men were compelled to pay fortifications of Vetera Castril. Civilis marched
for exemption from service, and beautiful boys were down both banks of the Rhine, having ships also
seized for the vilest purposes. Irritated by these on the river, and blockaded the camp, after a fruit-
cruelties, and urged by Civilis and his confederates, less atteinpt to storm it. The operations of Hor-
the Batavians refused the levy; and Civilis having, deonius Flaccus were retarded by his weakness, his
according to the ancient German custom, called a anxiety to serve Vespasian, and the mistrust of his
solemn meeting at night in a sacred grove, easily soldiers, to whom this inclination was no secret ;
bound the chiefs of the Batavians by an oath to re- and he was at last compelled to give up the com-
volt. Messengers were sent to secure the assistance mand to Dillius Vocula. The dissensions at this
of the Canninefates, another Germanic tribe, living period in the Roman camp are described elsewhere.
on the same island, and others to try the fidelity of (HORDEONIUS Flaccus; HERENNIUS Gallus ;
the Batarian cohorts, which had formerly served in Dillius Vocula. ] Civilis, in the meantime,
Britain, and were now stationed at Magontiacum, having been joined by large forces from all Germany,
as a part of the Roman army on the Rbine. The proceeded to harass the tribes of Gaul west of the
first of these missions was completely successful. Mosal
, even as far as the Menapii and Morini, on
The Canninefates chose Brinno for their chief ; and the sea shore, in order to shake their fidelity to the
he, having joined to himself the Frisii, a nation be Romans. His efforts were more especially directed
yond the Rhine, atuncked the furthest winter against the Treviri and the Ubii. 'The Übii were
quarters of the Romans, and compelled them to re firm in their faith, and suffered severely in conse-
tire from their forts. Upon this, Civilis, still dis-quence. He then pressed on the siege of Vetera
sembling, accused the prefects, because they had | Castra, and, yielding to the ardour of his new allies
deserted the camp, and declared that with his single beyond the Rhine, tried again to storm it. The
cohort he would repress the revolt of the Cannine effort failed, and he had recourse to attempts to
fates, while the rest of the army might betake tamper with the besieged soldiery.
themselves quietly to their winter quarters. His These events occurred towards the end of A. D.
treachery was, however, seen through, and he found 69, before the battle of Cremona, which decided the
himself compelled openly to join the insurgents. victory of Vespasian over Vitellius. (VESPASIANUS. )
At the head of the Canninefates, Frisii, and Batavi, When the news of that battle reached the Roman
he engaged the Romans on the bank of the Rhine. army on the Rhine, ALPINUS MONTANUS was sent
In the midst of the battle, a cohort of the Tungri de to Civilis to summon him to lay down bis arms,
serted to Civilis, and decided the battle on the land; since his professed object was now accomplished.
while the Roman fleet, which had been collected on The only result of this mission was, that Civilis
the river to co-operate with the legions, was carried sowed the seeds of disaffection in the envoy's mind.
over to the German bank by the rowers, many Civilis now sent against Vocula his veteran cohorts
of whom wore Batavians, who overpowered the and the bravest of the Germans, under the com-
pilots and centurions. Civilis followed up his vic- mand of Julius Maximus, and Claudius Victor, his
tory by sending messengers through the two Ger- sister's son, who, having taken on their march the
manies and the provinces of Gaul, urging the peo- winter quarters of an auxiliary ala, at Asciburgium,
ple to rebellion ; and aimed at the kingdom of the fell suddenly upon the camp of Vocula, which was
Germanies and Gauls. Hordeonius Flaccus, the only saved by the arrival of unexpected aid. Civi-
governor of the Germanies, who had secretly en- lis and Vocula are both blamed by Tacitus, the
couraged the first efforts of Civilis, now ordered his former for not sending a sufficient force, the latter
legate, Mummius Lupercus, to march against the for neglecting to follow up his victory. Civilis now
enemy. Civilis gave him battle; and Lupercus attempted to gain over the legions who were be-
was immediately deserted by an ala of Batavians; sieged in Vetera Castra, by pretending that he had
the rest of the auxiliaries fied; and the legionary conquered Vocula, but one of the captives whom he
soldiers were obliged to retreat into Vetera Castra, paraded before the walls for this purpose, shouted
the great station which Augustus had formed on out and rerealed the truth, his credit, as Tacitus
the left bank of the Rhine, as the head quarters for obserres, being the more established by the fact,
operations against Germany. About the same time that he was stabbed to death by the Germans on
some veteran cohorts of Batavians and Cannine- the spot. Shortly afterwards, Vocula marched up
fates, who were on their march into Italy by the to the relief of Vetera Castra, and defeated Civilis,
order of Vitellius, were induced by the emissaries but again neglected to follow up his victory, most
of Civilis to mutiny and to march back into lower probably from design. [VOCULA. ] Civilis soon
Germany, in order to join Civilis, which they were again reduced the Romans to great want of provi-
enabled to effect by the indecision of Hordeonius sions, and forced them to retire to Gelduba, and
Flaccus ; defeating, on their way, the forces of thence to Novesium, while he again invested Ve-
Herennius Gallus, who was stationed at Bonn, and tera Castra, and took Gelduba. The Romans, pa-
who was forced by his soldiers to resist their ralyzed by new dissensions [HORDEONIUS Flaco
march. Civilis was now at the head of a complete cus; l'ocula), suffered another defeat from Ciri-
## p. 760 (#780) ############################################
760
CIVILIS.
CLARUS.
racter.
lis ; but some of them, rallying under Vocula, re- brave stand. The Canninefates destroyed the
took Magontiacum.
greater part of a Roman flect, and defeated a body
At the beginning of the new year (A. D. 70), of the Nervii, who, after submitting to Fabius
the war assumed a fresh and more formidable cha- Priscus, the Roman legate, had of their own accord
The news of the death of Vitellius exas- attacked their former allies. Having renewed his
perated the Roman soldiers, encouraged the insur- army from Germany, Civilis encamped at Vetera
gents, and shook the fidelity of the Gauls; while Castra, whither Cerealis also marched with increased
a rumour was moreover circulated that the winter forces, both leaders being cager for a decisive battle.
quarters of the Moesian and Pannonian legions were it was soon fought, and Cercalis gained the victory
besieged by the Dacians and Sarmatians; and by the treachery of a Batavian; but, as the Ro-
above all the burning of the Capitol was esteemed mans had no fleet, the Gerinans escaped across the
an omen of the approaching end of the Roman em- Rbine. Here Civilis was joined by reinforcements
pirc. Civilis, whose last remnant of dissimulation from the Chauci; and, after making, with Verax,
was necessarily torn away by tbe death of Vitel- Classicus, and Tutor, one more effort which was
lius, gave his undivided energies to the war, and partially successful, to hold his ground in the island
was joined by Classicus and Julius Tutor, who at of the Batavi, he was again defeated by Cerealis,
length gained over the army of Vocula. [Classi- and driven back across the Rhine. Emissaries
cus; TUTOR; Sabinus. ] The besieged legions at were sent by Cerealis to make private offers of
Vetera Castra could now hold out no longer; they peace to the Batavians, and of pardon to Civilis,
capitulated to Civilis, and took the oath to the em- who found that he had no alternative but to sur-
pire of the Gauls (in verba Galliarum), but as they render. He obtained an interview with Cerealis
marched away, they were all put to death by the on a bridge of the river Vahalis. The History of
Germans, probably not without the connivance of Tacitus breaks off suddenly just after the com-
Civilis. That chieftain, having at length performed mencement of his speech. (Tac. Hist. iv. 12–37,
his vow of enmity to the Romans, now cut off his 54-79, v. 14–26. Joseph. Bell, Jud. vii. 4. § 2;
hair which, according to the custom of the Germanis, Dion Cass. Ixvi. 3. )
[P. S. )
he had suffered to grow since the beginning of his CLANIS, the name of two mythical beings.
enterprise. (Tac. Germ. 31. ) Neither Civilis nor (Ov. Met. v. 140, xii. 379. )
(L. S.
)
any others of the Batavians took the oath in verba CLARA, DI'DIA, daughter of the emperor
Galliarum, which was the watchword of Classicus Didius Julianus and his wife Manlia Scantilla.
and Tutor, for they trusted that, after having dis She was married to Cornelius Repentinus, who was
posed of the Romans, they should be able to over- appointed praefectus urbi in the room of Flavius
power their Gallic allies. Civilis and Classicus now Sulpicianus; she received the title of Augusta upon
destroyed all the Roman winter camps, except her father's accession, and was deprived of it at
those at Magontiacum and Vindonissa. "The Ger- his death. Her effigy appears upon coins, but
mans demanded the destruction of Colonia Agrip- these are of great rarity. (Spartian. Julian. 3, 8;
pinensis, but it was at length spared, chiefly through Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 151. )
[W. R. )
the gratitude of Civilis, whose son had been kept
in safety there since the beginning of the war.
Civilis now gained over several neighbouring states.
He was opposed by his old enemy CLAUDIUS LABEO,
at the head of an irregular force of Betasii, Tungri,
and Nervii; and, by a daring act of courage, he
not only decided the victory, but gained the alliance
of the Tungri and the other tribes. The aitempt
however, to unite all Gaul in the revolt completely CLARIUS (Kidpos), a surname of A pollo,
failed, the Treviri and the Lingones being the only derived from his celebrated temple at Claros in
people who joined the insurgents. [SABINUS. ] Asia Minor, which had been founded by Manto,
The reports of these events which were carried the daughter of Teiresias, who, after the conquest
to Rome had at length roused Mucianus, who now of her native city of Thebes, was made orer to the
sent an immense army to the Rhine, under Petilius Delphic god, and was then sent into the country,
Cerealis and Annius Gallus (CEREALIS; Gallus. ] where subsequently Colophon was built by the
The insurgents were divided among themselves, Ionians. (Paus. vii. 3. § 1, ix. 33. & 1; Tacit.
Civilis was busy among the Belgae, trying to crush Ann. ii. 54; Strab. xiv. p. 642; Virg. Aen. iii.
Claudius Labeo; Classicus was quietly enjoying 360 ; comp. Müller, Dor. ii. 2. $ 7. ) Clarius also
his new empire ; while Tutor neglected the im- occurs as a surname of Zeus, describing him as the
portant duty, which had been assigned to him, of god who distributes things by lot (kāpos or k11-
guarding the Upper Rhine and the passes of the pos, Aeschyl. Suppl. 360). A bill near Tegea was
Alps.
Cerealis had therefore little difficulty in sacred to Zeus under this name. (Paus. viii. 53.
overcoming the Treviri and regaining their capital. $ 4. )
(L. S. )
['T UTOR; VALENTINUS. ] While he was stationed CLARUS, a cognomen of a noble Roman fa-
there he received a letter from Civilis and Classi- mily in the second century of the Christian aera.
cus, informing him that Vespasian was dead, and 1. C. SEPTICIUS CLARUS, a brother of No. 2,
offering him the empire of the Gauls. Civilis now and an uncle of No. 3, was an intimate friend of
wished to wait for succours from beyond the Rhine, the younger Pliny, who dedicated to him his
but the opinion of Tutor and Classicus prevailed, Epistles, and speaks of him as one
and a battle was fought on the Mosella in which verius, nihil simplicius, nihil candidius, nihil tide-
the Romans, though at first almost beaten, gained | lius novit. ” (Ep. ij. 9. ) Several of Pliny's Epis-
a complete victory, and destroyed the enemy's tles are addressed to him (i. 1, 15, vii. 28, viii. 1).
camp. Colonia Agrippinensis now came over to Clarus was appointed Praefectus Praetorio by Ha-
the Romans; but Civilis and Classicus still made a drian, but removed from this office soon afterwards,
(TO VICES
quo nihil
## p. 761 (#781) ############################################
CLASSICUS.
761
CLAUDIA.
having, like most of Hadrian's other friends, in- cended from a family of royal blood and of renown
curred his suspicion. (Spartian. Hadr. 9, 11, 15. ) both in peace and war, and through his ancestors
2. M. Erucius Clarus, brother of the prece- he accounted himself rather an enemy than an ally
ding, is spoken of by Pliny (Ep. ii. 9), as a man of the Roman people. His conspiracy was share 1
of honour, integrity, and learning, and well skilled by Julius TUTOR, a Treviran, and Julius SABI-
in pleading causes. He is probably the same as NUS, a Lingon. They met, with some Trevirans
the Erucius Clarus who took and burnt Seleuceia, and a few Ubii and Tungri, in a house at Colonia
in conjunction with Julius Alexander, in A. D. 115 Agrippinensis; and, having resolved to occupy the
(Dion Cass. lxviii. 30), and also the same as the passes of the Alps, to seduce the Roman legions,
M. Erucius Clarus, who was consul suffectus with and to kill the legates, they sent enuissaries to
Ti. Julius Alexander, in A. D. 117, the year of rouse the Gauls. Vocula was warned of the plot,
Trajan's death.
but did not feel strong enough to crush it. He
3. Sex. Erucius Clarus, son of No. 2, was even suffered himself to be enticed by the conspi-
also a friend of Pliny, who obtained for him from rators to leave his camp at Colonia and to march
Trajan the latus clavus, which admitted him to the against Civilis, who was besieging Vetera Castra.
senate, subsequently secured the quaestorship for The army was not far from this place, when Clas-
him, and writes a letter to his friend Apollinaris, sicus and Tutor, having communicated privately
requesting his assistance in canvassing for Erucius with the Germans, drew off their forces and formed
who was then aspiring to the tribunate. (Plin. Ep. a separate camp. Vocula, after attempting in vain
ii. 9. ) A. Gellius speaks of him as a contempo- to gain them back, retired to Novesium. They
rary, and says that he was most devoted to the followed at a little distance, and at length
study of ancient literature ; we also learn from the persuaded the disaffected soldiers of Vocula to
same author that he was praefect of the city, and mutiny against him; and in the midst of the mu-
had been twice consul. (Gell. vi. 6, xiii. 17. ) The tiny Classicus sent into the camp a deserter named
date of his first consulship is not known, but we Aemilius Longus, who murdered Vocula. Classi-
learn from Spartianus (Sever. 1), and an ancient cus then entered the camp, bearing the insignia of
inscription, that he was consul a second time in a Roman emperor, and compelled the soldiers to
A. D. 146, with Cn. Claudius Severus. One take the oath to the empire of Gaul (pro imperio
Pliny's Epistles (i. 15), is addressed to him. Galliarum). The command was now divided be
4. C. EruciUS CLARUS, consul in A. D. 170, tween Classicus and Tutor; and Classicus sent
with M. Cornelius Cethegus (Fast. ), was probably the worst disposed of the captured Roman soldiers
the son of No. 3, and the same as the Praefectus to induce the legions who were besieged in Vetera
Vigilum mentioned in the Digest. (1. tit. 15. s. 3. Castra to surrender and to take the same oath.
§ 2. )
The further progress of the war is related under
5. C. (JULIUS) ERucius Clarus, probably the Civilis. The last mention of Classicus is when
son of No. 4, was consul in A. D. 193, with Q. he crossed the Rhine with Civilis after his defeat
Sosius Falco. The emperor Commodus had deter- by Cerealis, and aided him in his last effort in the
mined to murder both consuls, as they entered island of the Batavi. (Tac. Hist. iv. 54—79, v.
upon their office on the 1st of January, but he was 19–22. )
[P. S. ]
himself assassinated on the preceding day. (Dion
CLAÚ'DIA. 1. Five of this name were daugh-
Cass. Ixvii. 22 ; Capitol. Pertin. 15. ) After the ters of App. Claudius Caecus, censor B. c. 372.
death of Niger, who had been one of the claimants (Claudius, Stemma, No. 10. ) It is related of one
to the vacant throne, Severus wished Clarus to of them, that, being thronged by the people as she
turn informer, and accuse persons falsely of having was returning home from the games, she expressed
assisted Niger, partly with the view of destroying a wish that her brother Publius bad been alive,
the character of Clarus, and partly that the well- that he might again lose a fleet, and lessen the
known integrity of Clarus might give an appear number of the populace. For this she was fined by
ance of justice to the unjust judgments that the plebeian aediles, B. C. 246. (Liv. xix. ; Valer.
might be pronounced. But as Clarus refused to Max. viii. , 1. $ 4; Sueton. Tib. 2; Gell. x. 6. )
discharge this disgraceful office, he was put to 2. CLAUDIA QUINTA (CLAUDIUS, Stemma, No.
death by Severus. (Dion Cass. lxxiv. 9; Spartian. 18), probably the sister of App. Claudius Pulcher
Sever. 13. )
[CLAUDIUB, No. 17), and grand-daughter of App.
CLA'SŚICUS, JULIUS, a Trevir, was prefect Claudius Caecus. Her fame is connected with the
of an ala of the Treviri in the Roman army on the story of the transportation of the image of Cybele
Rhine, under Vitellius, A. D. 69 (Tac. Hist. ii. 14), from Pessinus to Rome. The vessel conveying the
and afterwards joined Civilis at the head of some image had stuck fast in a shallow at the mouth of
of the Treviri in his rebellion against the Romans, the Tiber. The soothsayers announced that only
A. D. 70.
B. Afr. 62, 67. ) He is perhaps the same as the vate their friendship, and they rendered good ser-
Cispius Laevus, whom Plancus mentions in a letter vice to Rome in the wars in Germany and Britain,
to Cicero in B. C. 43. (Cic. ad Fum. x. 21. ) under the early emperors. When Rome gave up
3. Cispius, a debtor of Cicero's. (Cic. ad Att. ' the idea of subduing Germany, the nations west of
xii. 24, xiii. 33. )
Whether he is the same as the Rhine, especially those of Germanic origin, be-
either of the preceding, is uncertain,
gan to feel a hope of setting themselves free. The
CISSEUS (Kigeus), a king in Thrace, and civil wars afforded an opportunity for the attempt,
father of Theano or, according to others, of Hecabe. and the oppressions of the imperial legates furnish-
(Hom. II. vi. 295, xi. 223; Eurip. Hec. 3 ; Hygin. ed the provocation. It was out of such an act of
Fab. 91; Virg. Aen. vii. 720. ; Serv. ad Aen. v. 535. ) oppression that the rebellion of Civilis sprung. *
There are two other mythical beings of the name Julius Paulus and Claudius Civilis were brotherst
of Cisseus. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 5; Virg. Aen. x. of the Batavian royal race, and excelled all their
317. )
(L. S. ] nation in personal accomplishments. On a false
CI'SSIDAS (Knocidas), a Syracusan, command charge of treason, Nero's legate, Fonteius Capito,
ed the body of auxiliaries which Dionysius I. sent, put Julius Paulus to death, A. D. 67 or 68, and sent
for the second time, to the aid of Sparta. (B. C. Civilis in chains to Nero at Rome, where he was
367. ) He assisted Archidamus in his successful heard and acquitted by Galba. He was afterwards
attack on Caryae, and in his expedition against prefect of a cohort, but under Vitellius he became
Arcadia in the same year. But during the cam- an object of suspicion to the army, who demanded
paign in Arcadia he left him, as the period fixed his punishment. (Compare Tac. Hist. i. 59. ) He
for his stay by Dionysius had now expired. On escaped the danger, but he did not forget the af-
his march towards Laconia he was intercepted by a front. He thought of Hannibal and Sertorius, like
body of Messenians, and was obliged to send to whom he had lost an eye; and, being endowed, says
Archidamus for assistance. The prince having Tacitus, with greater mental power than is common
joined him with his forces, they changed their among barbarians, he began the execution of his
route, but were again intercepted by the combined schemes of enmity to Rome under the pretence of
troops of the Arcadians and Argives. The result supporting the cause of Vespasian. In order to
was, the defeat of the latter in that which has understand the events which occurred at this period
been called the “Tearless Battle. ” (Xen. Hell. ri. in the Germanies and Gaul, it must be remembered
1. SS 28–32; see p. 267, b. )
(E. E. ] that the legions of Germany were Vitellius's own
CITE'RIUS SIDO'NIÚS, the author of an troops, who had called him to the purple, and who
epigram on three shepherds, which has no poetical remained steadfast to his cause to the very last.
merits, and is only remarkable for its quaintness. The legates, on the other hand, early chose the side
It is printed in Wernsdorff's Poëtae Latini Mi- of Vespasian, and it was not without reason that
nores (vol. ii. p. 215), and in the Anthologia Latina they were accused by their soldiers of treasonable
(ii. Ep. 257, ed. Burmann, Ep. 253, ed. Meyer).
Its author appears to be the same as the Ci- * In the following narrative it is necessary to
terius, one of the professors at Bourdeaux, and bear in mind the distinction between Germany, pro-
the friend of Ausonius, commemorated in a poem perly so called, and the two Gallic provinces on the
of the latter. (Prof. Burdig. xiii. ) We learn left bank of the Rhine, which, from their popula-
from Ausonius that Citerius was born at Syracuse, tion being chiefly of Germanic origin, were called
in Sicily, and was a grammarian and a poet. In the Germanies (Germania Inferior, and Germania
his hyperbolical panegyric, Ausonius compares him Superior). The scene of the war with Civilis was
to Aristarchus and Zenodotus, and says that his on the left bank of the Rhine, and chiefly in Ger-
poems, written at an early age, were superior to mania Inferior.
those of Simonides. Citerius afterwards settled at + Tacitus (Hist. i. 59) also calls Civilis Julius,
Bourdeaux, married a rich and noble wiſe, but died and so do other writers. (Plut. Erot. 25, p. 770:
without leaving any children.
where, however, Julius Tutor is possibly meant
CITHAERON (K10aipuv), a mythical king in | Frontin. Strat. iv. 3. § 14. )
## p. 759 (#779) ############################################
CIVILIS.
753
CIVILIS.
:
connivance at the progress of the insurrection on the army ; but, being still unwilling to commit himself
Rhine. (See especially Tacit. Hist. iv. 27. ) Thus to an open contest with the Roman power, he
Civilis was urged by a letter from Antonius Primus, caused his followers to take the oath to Vespasian,
And by a personal request from Hordeonius Flaccus, and sent enroys to the two legions which, as above
to prevent the German legions from marching into related, had taken refuge in Vetera Castra, to in-
Italy to the support of Vitellius, by the appearance duce them to take the same oath. Enraged at
of a Germanic insurrection; an appearance which their refusal, he called to arms the whole ration of
Civilis himself resolved to convert into a reality. the Batavi, who were joined by the Bructeri and
His designs were aided by an edict of Vitellius, Teucteri, while emissaries were sent into Germany
calling for a levy of the Batavians, and still more to rouse the people. The Roman legates, Mummius
by the harshness with which the command was Lupercus and Numisius Rufus, sirengthened the
executed; for feeble old men were compelled to pay fortifications of Vetera Castril. Civilis marched
for exemption from service, and beautiful boys were down both banks of the Rhine, having ships also
seized for the vilest purposes. Irritated by these on the river, and blockaded the camp, after a fruit-
cruelties, and urged by Civilis and his confederates, less atteinpt to storm it. The operations of Hor-
the Batavians refused the levy; and Civilis having, deonius Flaccus were retarded by his weakness, his
according to the ancient German custom, called a anxiety to serve Vespasian, and the mistrust of his
solemn meeting at night in a sacred grove, easily soldiers, to whom this inclination was no secret ;
bound the chiefs of the Batavians by an oath to re- and he was at last compelled to give up the com-
volt. Messengers were sent to secure the assistance mand to Dillius Vocula. The dissensions at this
of the Canninefates, another Germanic tribe, living period in the Roman camp are described elsewhere.
on the same island, and others to try the fidelity of (HORDEONIUS Flaccus; HERENNIUS Gallus ;
the Batarian cohorts, which had formerly served in Dillius Vocula. ] Civilis, in the meantime,
Britain, and were now stationed at Magontiacum, having been joined by large forces from all Germany,
as a part of the Roman army on the Rbine. The proceeded to harass the tribes of Gaul west of the
first of these missions was completely successful. Mosal
, even as far as the Menapii and Morini, on
The Canninefates chose Brinno for their chief ; and the sea shore, in order to shake their fidelity to the
he, having joined to himself the Frisii, a nation be Romans. His efforts were more especially directed
yond the Rhine, atuncked the furthest winter against the Treviri and the Ubii. 'The Übii were
quarters of the Romans, and compelled them to re firm in their faith, and suffered severely in conse-
tire from their forts. Upon this, Civilis, still dis-quence. He then pressed on the siege of Vetera
sembling, accused the prefects, because they had | Castra, and, yielding to the ardour of his new allies
deserted the camp, and declared that with his single beyond the Rhine, tried again to storm it. The
cohort he would repress the revolt of the Cannine effort failed, and he had recourse to attempts to
fates, while the rest of the army might betake tamper with the besieged soldiery.
themselves quietly to their winter quarters. His These events occurred towards the end of A. D.
treachery was, however, seen through, and he found 69, before the battle of Cremona, which decided the
himself compelled openly to join the insurgents. victory of Vespasian over Vitellius. (VESPASIANUS. )
At the head of the Canninefates, Frisii, and Batavi, When the news of that battle reached the Roman
he engaged the Romans on the bank of the Rhine. army on the Rhine, ALPINUS MONTANUS was sent
In the midst of the battle, a cohort of the Tungri de to Civilis to summon him to lay down bis arms,
serted to Civilis, and decided the battle on the land; since his professed object was now accomplished.
while the Roman fleet, which had been collected on The only result of this mission was, that Civilis
the river to co-operate with the legions, was carried sowed the seeds of disaffection in the envoy's mind.
over to the German bank by the rowers, many Civilis now sent against Vocula his veteran cohorts
of whom wore Batavians, who overpowered the and the bravest of the Germans, under the com-
pilots and centurions. Civilis followed up his vic- mand of Julius Maximus, and Claudius Victor, his
tory by sending messengers through the two Ger- sister's son, who, having taken on their march the
manies and the provinces of Gaul, urging the peo- winter quarters of an auxiliary ala, at Asciburgium,
ple to rebellion ; and aimed at the kingdom of the fell suddenly upon the camp of Vocula, which was
Germanies and Gauls. Hordeonius Flaccus, the only saved by the arrival of unexpected aid. Civi-
governor of the Germanies, who had secretly en- lis and Vocula are both blamed by Tacitus, the
couraged the first efforts of Civilis, now ordered his former for not sending a sufficient force, the latter
legate, Mummius Lupercus, to march against the for neglecting to follow up his victory. Civilis now
enemy. Civilis gave him battle; and Lupercus attempted to gain over the legions who were be-
was immediately deserted by an ala of Batavians; sieged in Vetera Castra, by pretending that he had
the rest of the auxiliaries fied; and the legionary conquered Vocula, but one of the captives whom he
soldiers were obliged to retreat into Vetera Castra, paraded before the walls for this purpose, shouted
the great station which Augustus had formed on out and rerealed the truth, his credit, as Tacitus
the left bank of the Rhine, as the head quarters for obserres, being the more established by the fact,
operations against Germany. About the same time that he was stabbed to death by the Germans on
some veteran cohorts of Batavians and Cannine- the spot. Shortly afterwards, Vocula marched up
fates, who were on their march into Italy by the to the relief of Vetera Castra, and defeated Civilis,
order of Vitellius, were induced by the emissaries but again neglected to follow up his victory, most
of Civilis to mutiny and to march back into lower probably from design. [VOCULA. ] Civilis soon
Germany, in order to join Civilis, which they were again reduced the Romans to great want of provi-
enabled to effect by the indecision of Hordeonius sions, and forced them to retire to Gelduba, and
Flaccus ; defeating, on their way, the forces of thence to Novesium, while he again invested Ve-
Herennius Gallus, who was stationed at Bonn, and tera Castra, and took Gelduba. The Romans, pa-
who was forced by his soldiers to resist their ralyzed by new dissensions [HORDEONIUS Flaco
march. Civilis was now at the head of a complete cus; l'ocula), suffered another defeat from Ciri-
## p. 760 (#780) ############################################
760
CIVILIS.
CLARUS.
racter.
lis ; but some of them, rallying under Vocula, re- brave stand. The Canninefates destroyed the
took Magontiacum.
greater part of a Roman flect, and defeated a body
At the beginning of the new year (A. D. 70), of the Nervii, who, after submitting to Fabius
the war assumed a fresh and more formidable cha- Priscus, the Roman legate, had of their own accord
The news of the death of Vitellius exas- attacked their former allies. Having renewed his
perated the Roman soldiers, encouraged the insur- army from Germany, Civilis encamped at Vetera
gents, and shook the fidelity of the Gauls; while Castra, whither Cerealis also marched with increased
a rumour was moreover circulated that the winter forces, both leaders being cager for a decisive battle.
quarters of the Moesian and Pannonian legions were it was soon fought, and Cercalis gained the victory
besieged by the Dacians and Sarmatians; and by the treachery of a Batavian; but, as the Ro-
above all the burning of the Capitol was esteemed mans had no fleet, the Gerinans escaped across the
an omen of the approaching end of the Roman em- Rbine. Here Civilis was joined by reinforcements
pirc. Civilis, whose last remnant of dissimulation from the Chauci; and, after making, with Verax,
was necessarily torn away by tbe death of Vitel- Classicus, and Tutor, one more effort which was
lius, gave his undivided energies to the war, and partially successful, to hold his ground in the island
was joined by Classicus and Julius Tutor, who at of the Batavi, he was again defeated by Cerealis,
length gained over the army of Vocula. [Classi- and driven back across the Rhine. Emissaries
cus; TUTOR; Sabinus. ] The besieged legions at were sent by Cerealis to make private offers of
Vetera Castra could now hold out no longer; they peace to the Batavians, and of pardon to Civilis,
capitulated to Civilis, and took the oath to the em- who found that he had no alternative but to sur-
pire of the Gauls (in verba Galliarum), but as they render. He obtained an interview with Cerealis
marched away, they were all put to death by the on a bridge of the river Vahalis. The History of
Germans, probably not without the connivance of Tacitus breaks off suddenly just after the com-
Civilis. That chieftain, having at length performed mencement of his speech. (Tac. Hist. iv. 12–37,
his vow of enmity to the Romans, now cut off his 54-79, v. 14–26. Joseph. Bell, Jud. vii. 4. § 2;
hair which, according to the custom of the Germanis, Dion Cass. Ixvi. 3. )
[P. S. )
he had suffered to grow since the beginning of his CLANIS, the name of two mythical beings.
enterprise. (Tac. Germ. 31. ) Neither Civilis nor (Ov. Met. v. 140, xii. 379. )
(L. S.
)
any others of the Batavians took the oath in verba CLARA, DI'DIA, daughter of the emperor
Galliarum, which was the watchword of Classicus Didius Julianus and his wife Manlia Scantilla.
and Tutor, for they trusted that, after having dis She was married to Cornelius Repentinus, who was
posed of the Romans, they should be able to over- appointed praefectus urbi in the room of Flavius
power their Gallic allies. Civilis and Classicus now Sulpicianus; she received the title of Augusta upon
destroyed all the Roman winter camps, except her father's accession, and was deprived of it at
those at Magontiacum and Vindonissa. "The Ger- his death. Her effigy appears upon coins, but
mans demanded the destruction of Colonia Agrip- these are of great rarity. (Spartian. Julian. 3, 8;
pinensis, but it was at length spared, chiefly through Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 151. )
[W. R. )
the gratitude of Civilis, whose son had been kept
in safety there since the beginning of the war.
Civilis now gained over several neighbouring states.
He was opposed by his old enemy CLAUDIUS LABEO,
at the head of an irregular force of Betasii, Tungri,
and Nervii; and, by a daring act of courage, he
not only decided the victory, but gained the alliance
of the Tungri and the other tribes. The aitempt
however, to unite all Gaul in the revolt completely CLARIUS (Kidpos), a surname of A pollo,
failed, the Treviri and the Lingones being the only derived from his celebrated temple at Claros in
people who joined the insurgents. [SABINUS. ] Asia Minor, which had been founded by Manto,
The reports of these events which were carried the daughter of Teiresias, who, after the conquest
to Rome had at length roused Mucianus, who now of her native city of Thebes, was made orer to the
sent an immense army to the Rhine, under Petilius Delphic god, and was then sent into the country,
Cerealis and Annius Gallus (CEREALIS; Gallus. ] where subsequently Colophon was built by the
The insurgents were divided among themselves, Ionians. (Paus. vii. 3. § 1, ix. 33. & 1; Tacit.
Civilis was busy among the Belgae, trying to crush Ann. ii. 54; Strab. xiv. p. 642; Virg. Aen. iii.
Claudius Labeo; Classicus was quietly enjoying 360 ; comp. Müller, Dor. ii. 2. $ 7. ) Clarius also
his new empire ; while Tutor neglected the im- occurs as a surname of Zeus, describing him as the
portant duty, which had been assigned to him, of god who distributes things by lot (kāpos or k11-
guarding the Upper Rhine and the passes of the pos, Aeschyl. Suppl. 360). A bill near Tegea was
Alps.
Cerealis had therefore little difficulty in sacred to Zeus under this name. (Paus. viii. 53.
overcoming the Treviri and regaining their capital. $ 4. )
(L. S. )
['T UTOR; VALENTINUS. ] While he was stationed CLARUS, a cognomen of a noble Roman fa-
there he received a letter from Civilis and Classi- mily in the second century of the Christian aera.
cus, informing him that Vespasian was dead, and 1. C. SEPTICIUS CLARUS, a brother of No. 2,
offering him the empire of the Gauls. Civilis now and an uncle of No. 3, was an intimate friend of
wished to wait for succours from beyond the Rhine, the younger Pliny, who dedicated to him his
but the opinion of Tutor and Classicus prevailed, Epistles, and speaks of him as one
and a battle was fought on the Mosella in which verius, nihil simplicius, nihil candidius, nihil tide-
the Romans, though at first almost beaten, gained | lius novit. ” (Ep. ij. 9. ) Several of Pliny's Epis-
a complete victory, and destroyed the enemy's tles are addressed to him (i. 1, 15, vii. 28, viii. 1).
camp. Colonia Agrippinensis now came over to Clarus was appointed Praefectus Praetorio by Ha-
the Romans; but Civilis and Classicus still made a drian, but removed from this office soon afterwards,
(TO VICES
quo nihil
## p. 761 (#781) ############################################
CLASSICUS.
761
CLAUDIA.
having, like most of Hadrian's other friends, in- cended from a family of royal blood and of renown
curred his suspicion. (Spartian. Hadr. 9, 11, 15. ) both in peace and war, and through his ancestors
2. M. Erucius Clarus, brother of the prece- he accounted himself rather an enemy than an ally
ding, is spoken of by Pliny (Ep. ii. 9), as a man of the Roman people. His conspiracy was share 1
of honour, integrity, and learning, and well skilled by Julius TUTOR, a Treviran, and Julius SABI-
in pleading causes. He is probably the same as NUS, a Lingon. They met, with some Trevirans
the Erucius Clarus who took and burnt Seleuceia, and a few Ubii and Tungri, in a house at Colonia
in conjunction with Julius Alexander, in A. D. 115 Agrippinensis; and, having resolved to occupy the
(Dion Cass. lxviii. 30), and also the same as the passes of the Alps, to seduce the Roman legions,
M. Erucius Clarus, who was consul suffectus with and to kill the legates, they sent enuissaries to
Ti. Julius Alexander, in A. D. 117, the year of rouse the Gauls. Vocula was warned of the plot,
Trajan's death.
but did not feel strong enough to crush it. He
3. Sex. Erucius Clarus, son of No. 2, was even suffered himself to be enticed by the conspi-
also a friend of Pliny, who obtained for him from rators to leave his camp at Colonia and to march
Trajan the latus clavus, which admitted him to the against Civilis, who was besieging Vetera Castra.
senate, subsequently secured the quaestorship for The army was not far from this place, when Clas-
him, and writes a letter to his friend Apollinaris, sicus and Tutor, having communicated privately
requesting his assistance in canvassing for Erucius with the Germans, drew off their forces and formed
who was then aspiring to the tribunate. (Plin. Ep. a separate camp. Vocula, after attempting in vain
ii. 9. ) A. Gellius speaks of him as a contempo- to gain them back, retired to Novesium. They
rary, and says that he was most devoted to the followed at a little distance, and at length
study of ancient literature ; we also learn from the persuaded the disaffected soldiers of Vocula to
same author that he was praefect of the city, and mutiny against him; and in the midst of the mu-
had been twice consul. (Gell. vi. 6, xiii. 17. ) The tiny Classicus sent into the camp a deserter named
date of his first consulship is not known, but we Aemilius Longus, who murdered Vocula. Classi-
learn from Spartianus (Sever. 1), and an ancient cus then entered the camp, bearing the insignia of
inscription, that he was consul a second time in a Roman emperor, and compelled the soldiers to
A. D. 146, with Cn. Claudius Severus. One take the oath to the empire of Gaul (pro imperio
Pliny's Epistles (i. 15), is addressed to him. Galliarum). The command was now divided be
4. C. EruciUS CLARUS, consul in A. D. 170, tween Classicus and Tutor; and Classicus sent
with M. Cornelius Cethegus (Fast. ), was probably the worst disposed of the captured Roman soldiers
the son of No. 3, and the same as the Praefectus to induce the legions who were besieged in Vetera
Vigilum mentioned in the Digest. (1. tit. 15. s. 3. Castra to surrender and to take the same oath.
§ 2. )
The further progress of the war is related under
5. C. (JULIUS) ERucius Clarus, probably the Civilis. The last mention of Classicus is when
son of No. 4, was consul in A. D. 193, with Q. he crossed the Rhine with Civilis after his defeat
Sosius Falco. The emperor Commodus had deter- by Cerealis, and aided him in his last effort in the
mined to murder both consuls, as they entered island of the Batavi. (Tac. Hist. iv. 54—79, v.
upon their office on the 1st of January, but he was 19–22. )
[P. S. ]
himself assassinated on the preceding day. (Dion
CLAÚ'DIA. 1. Five of this name were daugh-
Cass. Ixvii. 22 ; Capitol. Pertin. 15. ) After the ters of App. Claudius Caecus, censor B. c. 372.
death of Niger, who had been one of the claimants (Claudius, Stemma, No. 10. ) It is related of one
to the vacant throne, Severus wished Clarus to of them, that, being thronged by the people as she
turn informer, and accuse persons falsely of having was returning home from the games, she expressed
assisted Niger, partly with the view of destroying a wish that her brother Publius bad been alive,
the character of Clarus, and partly that the well- that he might again lose a fleet, and lessen the
known integrity of Clarus might give an appear number of the populace. For this she was fined by
ance of justice to the unjust judgments that the plebeian aediles, B. C. 246. (Liv. xix. ; Valer.
might be pronounced. But as Clarus refused to Max. viii. , 1. $ 4; Sueton. Tib. 2; Gell. x. 6. )
discharge this disgraceful office, he was put to 2. CLAUDIA QUINTA (CLAUDIUS, Stemma, No.
death by Severus. (Dion Cass. lxxiv. 9; Spartian. 18), probably the sister of App. Claudius Pulcher
Sever. 13. )
[CLAUDIUB, No. 17), and grand-daughter of App.
CLA'SŚICUS, JULIUS, a Trevir, was prefect Claudius Caecus. Her fame is connected with the
of an ala of the Treviri in the Roman army on the story of the transportation of the image of Cybele
Rhine, under Vitellius, A. D. 69 (Tac. Hist. ii. 14), from Pessinus to Rome. The vessel conveying the
and afterwards joined Civilis at the head of some image had stuck fast in a shallow at the mouth of
of the Treviri in his rebellion against the Romans, the Tiber. The soothsayers announced that only
A. D. 70.
