To which the
Ambassador
answered, " that
penance, be it severe or light, implied sin, which the theologians afi'ir-
- med they had not committed.
penance, be it severe or light, implied sin, which the theologians afi'ir-
- med they had not committed.
Sarpi - 1868 - Life of Fra Paolo Sarpi
D.
1607.
thin, but the head somewhat large in proportion to the person. Though
small in stature, the bearing is dignified, and the agreeable and affable
expression of this fine countenance is pervaded by modesty and integrity.
Paolo sufiered much from cold, and generally carried balls of heated
iron, enclosed in a small case, which was imitated and is to be seen in the
collections of the curious. 3"
H&ppendi-x.
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? 137
CHAPTER VIII.
A. D. 1607 -- A. D. 1608.
Doen or Vmuoa. Leonardo Donato.
SOVEREIGN or GERMANY. Rodolph II.
Gansr BRITA-IN. James I.
Famcu. Henry IV.
SPAIN. Philip III.
Tuaxnv. Achmet III.
Porn. Paul V.
NNJ/Mrrw
Embassy to Rome. - Complaints of the Pope and Cardinals against Fra Paolo. '
Despatches. - Audiences. -' The Pope's resolve. - Secret communications. -F
Fra Paolo attacked. - Council. - Proclamations. - Despatches as to the
attack -on F. Paolo. - Rewards. - State of religion in Venice. - Letters.
The Pope was still exasperated against Fra Paolo, as appears through-
out the despatches of the Ambassador, j\Francesco Contarini di Bertucci
who had gone to Rome immediately after the accommodation. His Excel-
lency had been: received with great pomp; his entry into the city was
attended by the carriages of nearly one hundred nobles and prelates, and
all appeared to evince towards the Republic that good feeling which had
been so long forgotten. The Pope had welcomed the Gontarini with
marked honor, permitted him to kiss his foot and hand, embraced him
and begged him to be seated: but beyond compliments, little had passed
at several successive receptions. The Cardinals, however, Were more open
in their communications. Pinelli attacked the works of Fra Paolo, d'Ascoli
affirmed, " that he lay awake a whole night through fear of here/sky being
introduced into Venice. " Baronius had suffered in health, since his work
had been so ill received. " Bellarmine was the only one of the number who
appeared anxious to apologize, and showed, " writes the Ambassador,
" marvellous courtesy to me. He said that he wished to confide two
things to me for his own satisfaction, First that he understands it has been
divulged that he counselled the Pope to publish the Monitory against the
1 From Rome June 2. 1607. This, and the following MSS. Contarini all in the
possession of The Rawdon Brown. Venice.
(Sum/A
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? 138 THE LIFE OF [A D. 1607.
I
Republic, but that this was not true; for although the Pope is wont to
consult him in cases of conscience in religion, he nevertheless never spoke
to him on this subject, nor did he know anything thereof until his
Holiness gave account of his resolve in the Consistory, and perhaps the
Pope had not spoken to any other Cardinal thereon, and had the decision
been communicated to him, his opinion would have indubitably have dif-
fered from that which was adopted. Secondly, he merely wrote on these
matters in reply to the eight propositions of Marsilio who compelled him;
that Marsilio was a man of great daring and little learning, that he did
not consider he (Bellarmine) had offered any offence by confuting his
errors, that he advised the Pope to a reconciliation before things went too
far, and the territories of the Republic were infested with heresy, as he
well knew by what way it had entered England, France and other provin-
cos. He thanked God the disputes were adjusted. "
Contarini answered, " that the provocation proceeded from Rome, and
the Republic permitted the publication of the works; " and he said the
eight propositions would not have been published but for the writing print-
ed at Milan, which affirmed that marriages were invalid during the in-
terdict, children illegitimate, et cetera. The Cardinal spoke of Gerson's work
being reprinted, which the reader will call to mind was done by order of
the Senate, with additions by Fra Paolo. Contarini concludes his letter
thus" all wished the Republic Well. " But it was not long before he
found that urgent demands would be made to get possession of the persons
of the theologians, " Fra Paolo, Fulgenzio, Marsilio and others; although
the Pope had been expressly informed that the Doge would by no means
abandon those who supported the rights of the Republic. " Paul, however,
continued to flatter her with assurances of good will, and apparently Fra
Paolo had no cause to fear when he learned that the Pontiff said to Con-
tarini " facts themselves will show, on an opportunity offering, the pater-
nal affection we bear to the Republic, and our wishes for her greatness
and prosperity. " '
. But the Servite knew better than to trust to these protestations, although
another of the theologians had been allured by fair promises to go to Rome,
and was at first well received. Fra Paolo saw nothing to tempt him to go
thither, although his presence was still required, the Roman court still
preserved great secresy as to the affairs of the Interdict, but the Pope thus
expressed himself to the Venetian ambassador.
" We have given commission for nothing more to be uttered about the
past, and for the cessation of all further interference about observance or
its breach, these were the first orders received from us, and we will repeat
1 Rome June 9 1607. MSS. Con.
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? /1? /r. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 139
them again. Recedant Vetera. Let the past be forgotten, we have absolved
all by a general benediction, nor do we choose anything to be said of
what is past, promising our selves the like good correspondence in behalf
of these Lords, in replacing matters in their former state. " So spoke the
Pope to the Venetian Envoy.
Assuredly in these words, " we have absolved all by a general benedic-
tion, " Fra Paolo Sarpi and the other theologians were included. The
Pope never mentioned the word Interdict, and the ambassador regard-
ed this as clearly expressive of a desire to place all under perpetual si-
lence. Subsequently, however, Contarini changed his opinion, when the
Pope continued to urge his demand on him to remonstrate with the Vene
tians, and said, "warn these Lords, on my behalf, to beware of heresies. " '
In fact, Paul V was evidently well informed of all that passed at Ve-
nice by his spies, and thathe found it difficult to stem the current of pu-
plic opinion and public enquiry there; nor has it ever since been wholly
stopped. Sarpi had opened up the question, What is truth? The reply to
which it has been seen was to be found only in the Holy Scriptures, and
he had not only explained them from the pulpit in his native language,
but had boldly expressed that the service of the Church ought to' be in a
language that was understood, and in support of his assertion he appealed
to Saint Paul. Paul V did not approve, but Sarpi and his friends conti-
nued to annunciate truth. It is a curious fact, but one which sets at rest a
long agitated question, that the Ambassador remarks on king James'
book (which proves it was extant in 1607), and therefore there is no reason
to doubt the statements that Fra Paolo wished Mr. Bedell to present it to
the Doge, as before mentioned.
The Pope was greatly annoyed by the king's book, but consoled by
Contarini's assurances of its destruction, and whatever hopes the Servite
had of its benefit to his countrymen were now at an end. The Venetian
Ambassador however was wearied, as well as grieved, by the tedious invec-
tives against Fra Paolo and the other theologians, especially Marsilius,
whose upright conduct and firm faith to the Republic appeared likely to
bring him into trouble. . . ,
'On one occasion, when Contarini complained that Fra Paolo's books
had been burned at Rome, the Pope was much moved, and affirmed so'
lemnly, " that this had taken place without his knowledge, and that he
should not even have heard of it afterwards had not the Cardinal nephew
read the Avisi to him. " Here was a mark of progress by Venice, adopted
elsewhere at later period. These Avisi were not, as some state, printed,
but manuscript sheets of paper containing the news of the day. In Venice
3 MSS. Contarini 23 June 1607 Borne 7 July.
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? - 140 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607.
they were originally sold for a gazetta, a Venetian coin worth two pence,
hence called Gazettes; in Rome they bore the name of Avisi or Reporti.
They were taken from dispatches receivedby the Republic by the secre-
taries, or others employed in the Ducal Chancery, who enjoyed the profits
of this sale as a perquisite. The Pope continued to blame the theologians,
Contarini to exonerate them, hence we learn that Fra Paolo frequented
the British embassy. This was also repeated by the Cardinal Borghese.
" We have sure intelligence from Venice how these good Theologians
assemble with the Ambassador from England, with English, Flemings,
and others infected in the linen Warehouse of Cicchinelli, where they
have a room, and say the worst they can of us, of the Pope, and of the
apostolic chair. This is a thing that is public; one cannot dissemble but
that such an assembly is notorious to every one, and even the place and
the room are known, which are important details. Let the Lord Ambassa-
dor now see what good will these Doctors in Divinity hear us, and be
pleased to write to Venice, whether (independently of their having been
declared excommunicated for the fine things which they wrote against us
which are known to every body, as likewise on account of this assembly
wherein. from its members one can understand what they say of us) they
deserved to be protected and pensioned by the Republic. " '
The search for and prohibition of books had been relaxed at Venice,
this pleased Sarpi, but gave offence to the Pope. He complained to
Contarini, who thus wrote to the Doge.
" Most Serene Prince,
"' On this occasion, when his Holiness was treating of the Inquisition,
looking at me with joyous countenance, he added, we are likewise expecting
these Lords to form some holy resolve concerning these theologians (con
allegra faccia), who, having written and preached manifest heresies, con-
tinue to say mass, to frequent the churches and the choir, and to cause
themselves to be considered saints; and that Friar FulgentiofI ' (and
this he uttered laughing), he-u-ado:-steed," has had a _portrait of himself
printed in copper, with a crucifix in his hand, and it is sold about Venice;
your excellency must know it, and indeed it is a source of considerable
alms.
" He is moreover excommunicated, particularly having preached that
the communion ought not to be frequented, nor confession made so often,
blaming the exercise of the Christian doctrine) 'fh'e're are existing here
1 MSS. Contarini.
2 Fulgentio Manfredi.
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? E1'. 55. ] FHA PAOLO SARPI 141
depositions to this effect, made by divers witnesses de auditu. Maestro
Paulo is considered so learned, and yet one reads in his works many opi-
nions of authors condemned as heretical by the councils; and the cogni-
zance of similar matters as regards the apostolic chair, as has been custo-
mary for so many centuries with regard to matters of faith, wherein it_can- J'P~''
not err, our Saviour having said, " Non deficiet fides tua. " He said it
was told him that the English Ambassador had sent the portrait of 'Fra
Paulo to his king, and in Frankfort, where as many Catholic as heretical
books are printed, they had placed the book entitled " Le Considerazioni "
of the said Fra Paulo amongst the heretical works. That he was urged to
permit the execution of what is usual against excommunicated persons,
who, at the expiration of a year, are proclaimed heretics and burned in
effigy publicly.
" He professed to love the Republic with all his heart, and that he wished
to gratify her, as might be deduced by your lordships from the adjustment
made, as such was contrary to the opinion of almost all the college of Car-
dinals and of others, and that although he then armed for war, yet his
thoughts were turned to peace; but concerning these theologians he wishes
your Serenity to form some resolve becoming your piety. I, seeing that
he had this time launched forth beyond his wont on former audiences,
replied -- Holy father, the point that your Holiness now touches upon
is one of great importance ;\ were I to state my sense thereon in full, I
should say, with the greatest possible respect, that the best expedient would
be not to discuss this matter, by reason of its very great difficulties and
consequences of extreme moment as can well be imagined. I will not
speak of portraits or similar things, because I have no knowledge thereof;
neither does it seem to me of import to dwell thereon, though I shall
observe that as your Holiness has removed the occasion of war and disturb-
ance, which fact obtains for you singular merit before the Lord God, and
infinite glory in the eyes of good men; you may be pleased moreover to'
withhold encouragement from those who under pretext of religion wish to
see every sort of misunderstanding between your Holiness and the most
serene Republic; but I hope in his Divine Majesty that they will not suc-
ceed in their perverse designs, and of a surety it will one day be neces-
sary for me to state some details hereof to your Holiness; similar individuals
would very willingly desire the burning of effigies, and other similar de-
monstrations, with a view to the introduction of the greatest possible in-
convenience. I know that when that Fra Fulgentio preached, strict inves-
tigation was made, and it was reported in the most excellent college that
he preached sound and Catholic doctrine, and if he himself confessed and
communicated frequently, I do not see how they could tally, the preaching
one thing in the pulpit, and the acting in contradiction elsewhere. The
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? 142 THE LIFE or [. . 'D. 1607.
most serene Republic cannot abandon these who have written in her favour,
and have served her on the late occasion; so I prayed him by a single
stroke to sever or separate himself from the path of malignity, and with
his great prudence to apply the true remedy to this tortuous affair.
-)'< " " Con un colpo
'ml
4,. 5":
A
solo; ogni maggior piacevolezza, bisognarebbe che fosse un colpo da mae-
stro? " With a single blow, it must be a master stroke.
" Such precisely I enjoined it would be, on proceeding from his Holiness
and from his great ability; nor did the same disorders even require the
same remedies, circumstances alter matters notably; when ordinary affairs
are treated, it is true that the usual terms are adopted; should a private
individual be excommunicated, and not act becomingly at the expiration
of a year, he is declared an heretic, and one proceeds according to the
canons-, but in great and extraordinary cases, and which tend beyond, it is
necessary to proceed in modes both unusual and peculiar to the time and
matter under consideration. So I made sure that with his goodness and
prudence he will find the road easy, speedily burying the whole in oblivion,
and confounding the evil-born desires of scoundrels. The Pontifi" assured
1ne that his thoughts were frequently directed to this end; but he could
not discover the way, and that he wished that by me (to use his own words),
' by your Excellency's being replete with such great knowledge and intel-
ligence, ' the mode might be suggested to him for acting well concerning
such a matter, and in the meanwhile he should continue to pray the Lord
God to be pleased to inspire him for the best, although he did not at pre-
sent see what he could do, and he added those precise words, ' Let them
come, for we will willingly embrace them. ' The Pope said that I was to
write to your Excellencies what he had stated to me.
" I assured him that I would obey him, as such was my duty, but
that this was pefiititio principii, and a return to the original disorder. I do
not at all doubt but that if the Pontiff did discuss these matters, it was at
the instigation of others who, under the pretext of good, do not cease to
suggest these conceits to his Holiness. At the close of these topics, which
passed off with extreme tranquillity, his Holiness began to talk about the
Jesuits and their revenues, and asked why they were excluded? To this,
amongst other replies, the ambassador Contarini referred the Pope to their
treatment of the Republic, calling her in their printed works, the most vile
and abject nation in the world. In these matters, concludes his Excel-
lency, although the most disagreable that can be treated of, the Pontiff
nevertheless conducted himself as quietly as possible; and although I
every now and then kept answering him contrary to his intention, and
excluding all discussion as much as I could, still/X' listened to the whole
without the slightest emotion. "
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? ET. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 143
The Contarini despatehes of this, and subsequent dates, are but a tissue
of complaints on the part of the Pope, and of denial on that of the Vene-
tian envoy. That Fra Paolo believed after the raising of the censure by
the Cardinal J oyeuse, he was no longer excommunicated by the Pope, is
confirmed by a letter to the Cardinal Borghese from the Inquistor of . '
Ravenna of the sixth of September 1607. The Court of Rome, however,
held that the Servite Friar was still excommunicate, and there seems no
doubt that the Pope, Camilla Borghese, broke faith with the Friar, Paolo
Sarpi. On one occasion it Was proposed that he with the other theologians
should perform penance.
To which the Ambassador answered, " that
penance, be it severe or light, implied sin, which the theologians afi'ir-
- med they had not committed. " The state of the papal mind is clearly
shown by Contarini's despatch to the Doge. Paul was jealous of the coun-
sels still given by the Servite to Venetia, and appeared resolved at all
hazards to press the Doge and Senate to give him up.
" Most Serene Prince, -- It having been communicated to me by the
French Ambassador, that at his residence last week, the Pope told him
that having understood from me, in the course of divers conversations,
how slight an inclination exists for giving him satisfaction about the
theologians, he had a great desire to terminate in some way the impor--
tunities and molestations received by him from sundry quarters, urging
the Ambassador to restore the dignity of the Apostolic Chair, thus
spurned; added to which he will at the same time find some remedy
against these excommunicated individuals celebrating the mass and other
divine services; and that I adduced no other remedy save that" by a
single stroke, " by which he might terminate the whole, but that I did
not condescend to any detail, and therefore it was not becoming to keep
matters in any obscurity or doubt, to which the Lord Ambassator deemed
it necessary to reply, that through his Nuncio, who is on the spot, his
Holiness might witness the end thereof, by sending him such authority as
would suffice to settle the Whole, and in like manner, as many exclaimed
before the adjustment, and then were quieted, so would it be likewise in
this instance, if entirely settled Without further delay, whereupon the
Pontiff remained somewhat in suspense, and thanked the Ambassador.
His Holiness added that he had thoughts of authorizing the Nuncio to
send for the theologians, but that it should be first intimated under
hand, whether they would go, so as not to risk the Nuncio's dignity, in
case of their '1-efusing, so the Ambassador aforesaid requested I would
write to your Serenity, being of opinion that if a promise should be made
to this effect, the whole might be shortly settled to mutual satisfaction,
meaning to hint precisely as the rest has been arranged, praying me, that
all might be kept most secret, as if the Pope's inclination Were known
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? 144 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607
again, very great murmurs would be heard from the Cardinals, who hear
these matters according to their own views. I did not refuse to execute
what he wished, but observed, that the general reconciliation ought to
have sutficed. In virtue thereof these affairs likewise were meant to be
pacified, and although the Ambassador is well informed of the whole,
nevertheless I omitted again to tell him the necessity for the public
protection, the which, in durability, will never fail the Qiesaid theolo-
gians. " Gratiee (E0. ' _
Although it was partly obvious to the Ambassador that the Court of
Rome was uneasy, and it seemed as if there might shortly be a rupture
with Venice, still Contarini does not appear to have been suspicious of
any immediate danger to Fra Paolo; nevertheless he feared that all was
not well, by the multiplicity of letters which came to Rome from Venice.
Upon one occasion, the Ambassador, having warmly taken the part of the
theologians, the Pope said, " Do not exert yourself my Lord Ambassador,
I admit all that has been said, I am most ready for every good, but cannot
condescend at present. I believe you saw the drift of what ' I said before,
that Ishould have it said of me now, that I concede the tenths to the Re-
public. It is but a question of three or four cases of this sort, in the course
of the year, which do not at all prejudice the authority and jurisdiction of
the Republic. The Procurator of the Servi 'has informed us, that in the
monastery in Venice, by order of the Lords, Chiefs of the ten, that there
hgve been officers to inspect all the writings; when laymen perform these
functions, there is no longer any occasion to maintain Priors, nor Generals
of the Orders. The Patriarch comes not; the Theologians still perform di-
vine service in contempt of the Holy Chair, although excommunicated,
not forsooth for having written the Republids reasons, as, had they limi-
' ted themselves to this alone, it would have pleased and gratified us, but
because of the heresies which they have uttered publicly, That tempo-
ral princes have power direct from God over ecclesiastics. This is an
infidel proposition, condemned by the High Pontiffs with the assent of
men remarkable for their learning who have written thereon. Monsignore,
the Nuncio mentions/having spoken in the College about a priest of
Ascola. who has been put in prison, and yet//there are the Bishops to
Whom these trials should be left. " All this proved that every thing done at
Venice was known at Rome, all that Contarini could do was, to give re-
spectful advice of all that might reach his notice. Of the same date is a
singularly incoherent, but curious and secret communication, addressed to
the Doge Leonardo Donato by him from Rome, September 29, 1607.
" Most Serene Prince, -- I send to your Serenity, here annexed, what
1 Sep. 15. 1607 - both from Rome, 28 Sep. 1607. MSS. Contarini.
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? Air. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 145
has been told me in confidence, about a certain machination to be execu-
ted in Venice, or shortly distant thence, with other details, which such as
\ they may be, I have not chosen to keep to myself, but for every good end
have deemed them worthy of your cognizance, and should anything else
be communicated to me, I shall not fail to give advice thereof.
" In Rome, 25th September,\in the Palace of S. Mark, Messer Flavio
Martignone, oflfizsso Ferrato, latelancient Cattaro, with the Lord Colonel
Guilio da Mont Abolto, now resident here in Rome for his private affairs,
having come to the Most Excellent the Lord Ambassador, deposed having
first made the greatest possible instance for its being kept very secret,
which was constantly promised him.
" I have served the Most Serene Republic; I have received good trea-
ment, and purpose re-entering her service, I shall go in a month at the
farthest, I shall betake myself either to the said Lord Colonel at- Zara, or
to Venice, from my own instinct, I revere the Most Serene Republic as
much as ifwere my natural sovereign, and with zeal for her Welfare, I am
come to notify what I know of an affair which I deem of great importance.
" Last year, at the time of the disturbance between the Pope and the
Republic, there was in the garrison of the Rovigo a captain named Fulvio
Cesenari, of in Umbria. He was imprisoned with an ancient of his,
called there Rotilio Orlandini of"l"e? rni, they being accused of a plot to
surrender Rovigo to the General of Ferrara, and they were released; yet,
I am sure they had this understanding with the Signor Paulo Savelliq
the general of Ferrara, for here in Rome I have seen letters written at
that time in Rovigo, and signed by the said captain and ancient, whereby
they promised the said Savella) to give the town (Rovigo) into his hands,
saying that they had two or three gates in their power, and that they had
the soldiers of their company (200, if I mistake not) in readiness. "
Being interrogated, he replied,
" I saw no other detail in the letters, they appeared to have been writ-
ten previously, and several letters had passed, indeed, I know that the
ancient had been repeatedly to Ferrara; they said in the letter that they
were ready to give him the town whensoever he should present himself. " 1
Being interrogated, he replied,
" I saw this letter at the time here in Rome, when the general sent it
to his brother, for him to show it to the Pope. It was shown to me by his
secretary, my intimate friend. pAfter that, the ancient and the captain were
released from pri'son,l_Rovigo, the captain, was sent with his company to
Padua, where he still is, and the ancient came here, with a safe conduct
from the Pope, for he was an unfrocked friar of St. Paul's " (one of those
friars dressed in black, with wide sleeves) " and a highwayman; his true
name is Achille Orlandini, of Scantriglia, a small castle in this Campagna,
5/42. .
in
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? 146 THE LIFE OF [A. D- 1607.
twenty-five miles distant from hence. In his order he was called Friar
Arsenio. He was not ordained; but at Rovigo changed his name to Roti-
lio, as I have stated. Being here in Rome (for he came for a week or a
fortnight, and resided permanently at his village), he received absolution
for himself and for two of his brothers-in-law, natives of his village, who
were banished, I know not why. Neither do I know their names. I
was acquainted with this ancient when he was a friar and since, and con-
versed with him after his return to Rome, and have eaten with him seve-
ral times. The last time I saw him was on Friday, the 21st inst. , and he
told me that he was to leave us today for Venice with these two his
brothers-in-law; they are little dark men, dressed in grey or russet cloth
as peasants, I will, moreover, endeavour to bring you their names. He
invited me to go with him, and told me that he was going to do a certain
deed, and that he had been promised 8,000 crowns. I answered him as
if undecided, and this I did in order to learn the details better, but he _
never spoke to me more openly, save that he was therefore taking with
him those two brothers-in-law, and on Friday he told me he had received
a letter for the said monies to be paid in Ferrara, immediately after the
execution of the deed. I am not able to discover for certain whether this
deed is to be done in, or out of Venice, but he is going te Venice. "
Being interrogated, he said, -
" He is not going post, norin haste, indeed from what he said he will
reinain three or four days in Ferrara, and perhaps in passing through Far-
rara will go to his captain. "
Being interrogated, he replied,
" He is going to do this deed by order of the masters here, he says he
has spoken with the Pope, but he certainly negotiated with the Secretary
Della Consulta, for he, that is to 'say the ancient, has told me so several
times. "
Being interrogated, he' replied,
" I think this deed which he has to do is some murder, for he told me
he shall do all in an hour; he moreover appeared not to intend residing
in Venice, but out in the country to await time and opportunity, and he
likewise spoke to me in such a manner that I may also suppose it his
intention to wait until that person, or those whom he may mean to kill,
shall go out. I have nothing else to communicate; but they are all three
vassals of the Signor Giovanni Orsino, in Whose house I dwell, and who
is expected from his castle in ten days or a fortnight, and on his arrival,
I shall elicit something else from some of his servants, for I pass for the
confident of these men, and will come and tell your lordship. "
Being interrogated, he replied,
" Besides the letter which I saw, written by the captain and by this
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? ll'. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 147'
man to Savelli} about betraying Rovigo to him, this said ancient spoke to
me of the plot, but without coming to details, save that he and the captain
would have been rich. "
Being interrogated, he said,
" He did not mention to me any other in the plot save himself and the
captain, neither soldiers nor others, but there must have been some con-
cerned. Concerning this affair which he is now going to perpetrate, he
says, It is known to him alone, and that he has not even spoken to his,
brothers-in-law, and that he does not choose to tell them anything until
the hour for action. He took them away, saying that he meant to take
them to his company, whereof he is ancient, and that they should have
pay' 7'
Being again interrogated about the on-twer-cl-apppea-ra-nee of these two,
he answered, '
" Little men, but very stout or corpulent, black, furrowed, black beards,
chestnut-brown, and thin; they are both aged from thirty five to forty
years. As to the ancient, he is dressed in drab with gold lace, he has a
black cloak, and his hat likewise has a gold band. He is tall of stature,
marked with the small-pox, brown beard, very little mustachios, from thir-
ty three to thirty four years old; he is lame, do not know on which side;
he lamed himself in prison at Rovigo; on the journey they carry long
arquebuses; they will subsequently supply themselves at Ferrara. I shall
endeavour also to make friends with a certain favourite of his, and shall
report with that readiness which becomes my affection and respect. "
It is remarkable that the day after the Ambassador Contarini wrote to
inform the Doge and Senate that he had dined in the most friendly man-
ner with the Cardinal Borghese at Frescati, an event took place at Ve-
nice disgraceful to all concerned. The French Ambassador, who was friendly
to Fra Paolo, also entertained Contarini with an account of his late
audience with the Pope, who had then asserted that the Doge was in treaty
with him for a safe place where Fra Paolo and the other theologians
might discuss what they had published. .
" Most Serene Prince. To show that I held account of the invitation
given to me by the Lord Cardinal Borghese, to go to dine with him at
Frascati, I determined on so doing yesterday, and so much the more was
I induced thus to act, inasmuch as with such an opportunity I should be
enabled to execute your Serenity's commissions to the French ambassador,
whom I likewise found in the same neighbourhood of Frascati, in a house
belonging to the Duke d'Altemps, rather more than a mile distant from the
Pontifi? 's. He informed me that on the preceding day his Holiness had
told him that your Serenity was making suit about a safe place for the
theologians to dispute on the topics they had published, and put into
. M
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? 148 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607.
print. I expressed my surprise how this should have been "uttered, since
neither in Venice nor here, had any discussion been held to this effect;
nay, that owing to your Serenity's' great wish to put an end to similar and
other discourse, productive of the worst consequences, you had commanded
me to request him (since he had laboured and exerted himself so much in
the past commotions) to use his endeavours with the Pontiff to give the
finishing stroke to this matter, relying on his prudence and dexterity that,
having overcome greater difficulties, he would in like manner terminate
this, which alone remained of the past fluctuations, conferring thus a very
great obligation on the Republic.
" To this instance the French ambassador replied, that His Majesty 1
had written to him about a conversation held with the Ambassador Priuli,
wherein he exhorted him to find means for finishing the disputes current
on this point, that he must speak not only in conformity with the king's
sentiments, but that he likewise, individually, views it in the same light
as similar impediments to a good understanding with the Pontiff, and
gives matter for great joy to the common enemies, and that it seems im-
possible to him that your Serenity should be unable to find the means
(consisting as such do merely in appearance) for satisfying his Holiness,
who would fain justify himself with the world, and with the members of
the Inquisition in particular, to whom he cannot but make a show of
giving some sort of satisfaction, since it is a matter pertaining to that
office, to whose resolves he must defer.
" I observed that the whole adjustment rests merely in the Pope's
hands, who may very easily absorb and terminate the business in divers
manners, and as to the Congregation,'if he settled the principal part of the
matter, without communicating with the Congregation, or, indeed, without
the whole college of Cardinals, by so much the more can he do in this
instance, in such wise as shall be well known to his prudence; and -the
saying, he had regard for the congregation, was like His Most Christian
Majesty saying that the Parliament do not choose such a thing, although
when he pleases he does without them. So likewise can the Pontiff' com-
municate and give such share as he shall please to the Congregation, ob-
serving such style as shall be deemed most fitting, by declaring these
theologians included under this universal reconciliation. It had always
been believed at Venice that they were included. Whence I passed on to
make him a very long speech about the causes that induce your Serenity
to protect them, without your being able in this respect to form any other
resolve soever; that in supporting the Republic's rights, if any proposi-
tion was inserted that does not please, they purpose choosing to defend it
1 MSS. Contarini, From Rome, Oct. ' 6. 1607.
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? ar. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 149
entirely; but that it was not fitting to enter thereon, as it would be a
voluntary submersion into an abyss of inconvenience and disorder, that
your Serenity is the much more bound to adhere to this, inasmuch as
the churchmen, who through your goodness have now returned into your
territories, go daily resuscitating fresh ills, whereto you are of sheer ne-
cessity compelled to apply the due remedies; and I told him of the daring
attempts of those Theatines of Bergamo, at which he was much surprised,
and I came to this conclusion, that your Serenity has reason for keeping
very much on the watch, and also for supporting those who, postponing
all their own interests and regards, defended the justice of your cause,
exhorting him to persuade the Pontiff at once to cut off all negotiations,
and to dispose himself towards favouring the Republic in her honest de-
mands, as since my residence at the court I experience harshness, even
in my most_reasonable demands and offices, nor can I obtain that good
fruit which I expected for the common weal. The ambassador of France
- evinced no slight regret at whathe heard through these statements which
I made him, and in particular, remarked of his own accord, that the Pon-
tiff has done ill in not giving satisfaction in the matter of this vacancy,
occasioned by the death of the lord abbot Pesaro, and he was so persuaded
in other respects, that he promised to speak thereon fully and freely, and
use his endeavours to terminate the affairs of the theologians, the which
concluded, he doubted not but that all would pass off well, and that one
would indubitably obtain from the Pontiff all that could be laid claim to;
one will keep awaiting the consequence of his offices, which, if they result
in conformity with the wish evinced by him for exerting himself stre-
nuously, cannot fail to be such as desired. Gratiae de? c. "
We now pass from the friendly offers of the French envoy to Venice,
where we find another individual warning Sarpi against danger. The name
of Scioppius is almost proverbial as a satirist; embittered against the Pope
he endeavored to convince Paolo of the impossibility of his escape from his
wrath, that he, like other princes, could easily reach out his hands against
him, and if he wished to take his life, there was no lack of means; but he
thought Paul still wished to take Fra Paolo alive, to seize him at Venice
and conduct him to Rome, and he concluded by offering to bring about an
honorable reconciliation between the Pope and the Servite.
To all this Fra Paolo answered, as he had often before said, That he
had done nothing by which the Pope could be offended, that he had
pleaded for a just cause, that he was sorry the defence had met the indig-
nation of the Pope, but that he was prepared to submit to the divine
will, and was not so ignorant of human affairs as not to know. what he
ought to think of life and death, that if he was taken alive to Rome, all
the power of the Pope could not hinder a man being more master of his life
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? 150 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607.
than others could be, that he was resolved to be master of his own life,
and that the Pope should not be so. He thanked Scioppius for his good
offices, but expressed himself inseparably united to the interests of the
state.
" The proposals of killing him, or taking him alive to Rome appeared
strange, but what followed clearly showed Scioppius had good grounds
for his assertions, and that designs against Paolo were already really ripe
for execution. The satirist left Venice; and in a satire narrated his conver-
sation with the Friar, and bore witness to his being non indoctum non
timidum. "
But the Father, who was so good as not to be able to think evil of any
one, believed the above menace to be merely a conceit of Scioppius, and
being a man of great intrepidity, although often warned by the Lord In-
quisitors of State, who are the chief magistrates of Venice and have charge
of the most secret transaction of designs against life, yet apparently he
did not take any care of himself ; either, from his great nobility of mind
of which writes Fulgenzio, " I can vouch and have often experienced it,H
or, from his certain conviction that nothing can happen without Divine
permission, and that what is appointed by God, cannot be hindered by
any human caution or foresight, but that too much anxiety and caution
are frequently the causes of contrary events, he never was inclined to
change his mode of life in the smallest particular, and would always re-
mark that it was indifferent to him in what manner he died, only, that he
died justly, because he was sure that in no way death could ever find him
unprepared. '
" As usual he pursued his daily toil at the Ducal palace, and at this time
walked from Saint Mark's to his Convent in the evening: but his friends
would not suffer him to go alone: and this is not surprising, considering
the reports that had reached them that there were designs against his life;
he was frequently accompanied by the noble Malpietro, who although aged
was a man of intrepid spirit, and of piety and worth: if we are to judge
of Fra Paolo's friendship for him by his grief at his death, he must have
been one of his chosen friends.
" It was late on the evening of the fifth of October that Paolo, in com-
pany with Malpietro, Fra Fnlgenzio, and his servant, Fra Marino went on
foot from the Palace to the Merceria together; and from thence Fra Paolo,
Malpietro and Fra Marino continued their way. They had crossed the small
square of the San Fosca and had arrived at the bridge of la Guerra, very
near the Convent. Malpietro had walked a little in advance of Fra Paolo,
who was followed at a short distance by his servant, Marino. On the
bridge, while descending it on the north side, Fra Paolo was suddenly as-
saulted by five assassins, some keeping guard in a boat while the others
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? arr. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 151
wounded him in the neck with their stilettoes, and with one in the face,
which entered the right ear and came out in the small hollow which lies
between the nose and the right cheek. The assassin could not withdraw
his stiletto, because it had passed through the bone where it remained
transfixed. It was more than three months since the Father had been ac-
companied, besides Fra Marino a lay brother who was his servant, by Fra
Fulgenzio and by the valorous Malpietro. Notwithstanding the continual
warnings given to the Father to take care of himself, the Friars who ae-
companied him, did so entirely regardless of personal harm because they
knew that they did well in defending a cause which was notoriously just,
believing, that when the violence of the controversy was past, no one could
be so impious as to presume after so solemn an accommodation, that
princes had not always about them learned and zealous advocates to de-
fend them with as little fear of assassins, as themselves. On this evening
the Father was left by Fulgenzio and his companion, because Fra
Fulgenzio wished to see a fire which had been burning during two days
in a house in the Saliciati of San Lio, in the middle of the street which
leads to the Merceria, and on hearing that the fire was not yet extinguished,
he came back to seek the Father to take him to see it.
" But Fulgenzio, having stayed long, thought the Father might have gone
home by the San Lio, and he was thus left alone with one companion, who
being behind him, was seized by one of the murderers who held his hands,
while the other stabbed the Father, and as he expected mortally.
" The ruffian having left his stiletto in the wound, he and his compa-
nions raised their guns to fire on any of the populace who might give an
alarm, after this they left Fra Marino free, but on seeing three of the as-
sassins unsheath their arms, without saying a word, he ran away. "
Notwithstanding the pains thus taken by the assassins to murder Fra
Paolo while walking by himself, and then to effect their escape, the whole
transaction was seen by some women at a window, Who immediately
raised a cry for help; on this Malpietro turned round, what a spectacle
met his sight! Fra Paolo stunned, bleeding and defenceless in the midst
of armed ruffians, and wounded apparently to death by the dagger
Which still lay buried in the noble head from which streamed his blood,
but happily not his life blood. His foes had not so completely triumphed, the
intrepid Servite was deeply but not mortally wounded: stunned, but not
slain, nature was exhausted but not overcome, well might his companion
and friend marvel at his escape. " Fifteen thrusts which were reckoned up
by the holes in his doublet and hood, " told to the world the deadly
aim which had been taken against Fra Paolo, but as he had only received
three wounds in the neck, besides that on his face, one cannot help seeing
a mark of divine providence which deprived the murderer both of his
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? 152 THE LIFE OF [40. 1607.
strength and senses, as he might with one high powerful thrust either in
his side or back have killed this innocent and helpless man. '
He afterwards said that the two first blows of the stiletto were given
as if at the same moment, and the third as if a ponderous weight had fal-
len upon him and stunned him, and he was quite overcome on reaching
his Convent, although in the full possession of his senses, he was stretched
on his bed from whence it was very long before he arose again.
The tidings of his attempted assassination soon reached the ears of the
government, and immediate steps were taken to obtain evidence of this
lamentable event. That given by Malpietro is of great interest, and its
date shows that this witness was called instantly.
Having been brought before their Excellencies, the most noble Signor
Alessandro Malpietro declared as follows: --
" May it please your E1-:cellencies--I was in the Marzaria, with Messer
Paolo di Servi, to day, about the twenty second hour. We joined com-
pany to go together to our houses, being neighbours, and the Father had
a lay brother with him.
thin, but the head somewhat large in proportion to the person. Though
small in stature, the bearing is dignified, and the agreeable and affable
expression of this fine countenance is pervaded by modesty and integrity.
Paolo sufiered much from cold, and generally carried balls of heated
iron, enclosed in a small case, which was imitated and is to be seen in the
collections of the curious. 3"
H&ppendi-x.
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? 137
CHAPTER VIII.
A. D. 1607 -- A. D. 1608.
Doen or Vmuoa. Leonardo Donato.
SOVEREIGN or GERMANY. Rodolph II.
Gansr BRITA-IN. James I.
Famcu. Henry IV.
SPAIN. Philip III.
Tuaxnv. Achmet III.
Porn. Paul V.
NNJ/Mrrw
Embassy to Rome. - Complaints of the Pope and Cardinals against Fra Paolo. '
Despatches. - Audiences. -' The Pope's resolve. - Secret communications. -F
Fra Paolo attacked. - Council. - Proclamations. - Despatches as to the
attack -on F. Paolo. - Rewards. - State of religion in Venice. - Letters.
The Pope was still exasperated against Fra Paolo, as appears through-
out the despatches of the Ambassador, j\Francesco Contarini di Bertucci
who had gone to Rome immediately after the accommodation. His Excel-
lency had been: received with great pomp; his entry into the city was
attended by the carriages of nearly one hundred nobles and prelates, and
all appeared to evince towards the Republic that good feeling which had
been so long forgotten. The Pope had welcomed the Gontarini with
marked honor, permitted him to kiss his foot and hand, embraced him
and begged him to be seated: but beyond compliments, little had passed
at several successive receptions. The Cardinals, however, Were more open
in their communications. Pinelli attacked the works of Fra Paolo, d'Ascoli
affirmed, " that he lay awake a whole night through fear of here/sky being
introduced into Venice. " Baronius had suffered in health, since his work
had been so ill received. " Bellarmine was the only one of the number who
appeared anxious to apologize, and showed, " writes the Ambassador,
" marvellous courtesy to me. He said that he wished to confide two
things to me for his own satisfaction, First that he understands it has been
divulged that he counselled the Pope to publish the Monitory against the
1 From Rome June 2. 1607. This, and the following MSS. Contarini all in the
possession of The Rawdon Brown. Venice.
(Sum/A
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? 138 THE LIFE OF [A D. 1607.
I
Republic, but that this was not true; for although the Pope is wont to
consult him in cases of conscience in religion, he nevertheless never spoke
to him on this subject, nor did he know anything thereof until his
Holiness gave account of his resolve in the Consistory, and perhaps the
Pope had not spoken to any other Cardinal thereon, and had the decision
been communicated to him, his opinion would have indubitably have dif-
fered from that which was adopted. Secondly, he merely wrote on these
matters in reply to the eight propositions of Marsilio who compelled him;
that Marsilio was a man of great daring and little learning, that he did
not consider he (Bellarmine) had offered any offence by confuting his
errors, that he advised the Pope to a reconciliation before things went too
far, and the territories of the Republic were infested with heresy, as he
well knew by what way it had entered England, France and other provin-
cos. He thanked God the disputes were adjusted. "
Contarini answered, " that the provocation proceeded from Rome, and
the Republic permitted the publication of the works; " and he said the
eight propositions would not have been published but for the writing print-
ed at Milan, which affirmed that marriages were invalid during the in-
terdict, children illegitimate, et cetera. The Cardinal spoke of Gerson's work
being reprinted, which the reader will call to mind was done by order of
the Senate, with additions by Fra Paolo. Contarini concludes his letter
thus" all wished the Republic Well. " But it was not long before he
found that urgent demands would be made to get possession of the persons
of the theologians, " Fra Paolo, Fulgenzio, Marsilio and others; although
the Pope had been expressly informed that the Doge would by no means
abandon those who supported the rights of the Republic. " Paul, however,
continued to flatter her with assurances of good will, and apparently Fra
Paolo had no cause to fear when he learned that the Pontiff said to Con-
tarini " facts themselves will show, on an opportunity offering, the pater-
nal affection we bear to the Republic, and our wishes for her greatness
and prosperity. " '
. But the Servite knew better than to trust to these protestations, although
another of the theologians had been allured by fair promises to go to Rome,
and was at first well received. Fra Paolo saw nothing to tempt him to go
thither, although his presence was still required, the Roman court still
preserved great secresy as to the affairs of the Interdict, but the Pope thus
expressed himself to the Venetian ambassador.
" We have given commission for nothing more to be uttered about the
past, and for the cessation of all further interference about observance or
its breach, these were the first orders received from us, and we will repeat
1 Rome June 9 1607. MSS. Con.
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? /1? /r. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 139
them again. Recedant Vetera. Let the past be forgotten, we have absolved
all by a general benediction, nor do we choose anything to be said of
what is past, promising our selves the like good correspondence in behalf
of these Lords, in replacing matters in their former state. " So spoke the
Pope to the Venetian Envoy.
Assuredly in these words, " we have absolved all by a general benedic-
tion, " Fra Paolo Sarpi and the other theologians were included. The
Pope never mentioned the word Interdict, and the ambassador regard-
ed this as clearly expressive of a desire to place all under perpetual si-
lence. Subsequently, however, Contarini changed his opinion, when the
Pope continued to urge his demand on him to remonstrate with the Vene
tians, and said, "warn these Lords, on my behalf, to beware of heresies. " '
In fact, Paul V was evidently well informed of all that passed at Ve-
nice by his spies, and thathe found it difficult to stem the current of pu-
plic opinion and public enquiry there; nor has it ever since been wholly
stopped. Sarpi had opened up the question, What is truth? The reply to
which it has been seen was to be found only in the Holy Scriptures, and
he had not only explained them from the pulpit in his native language,
but had boldly expressed that the service of the Church ought to' be in a
language that was understood, and in support of his assertion he appealed
to Saint Paul. Paul V did not approve, but Sarpi and his friends conti-
nued to annunciate truth. It is a curious fact, but one which sets at rest a
long agitated question, that the Ambassador remarks on king James'
book (which proves it was extant in 1607), and therefore there is no reason
to doubt the statements that Fra Paolo wished Mr. Bedell to present it to
the Doge, as before mentioned.
The Pope was greatly annoyed by the king's book, but consoled by
Contarini's assurances of its destruction, and whatever hopes the Servite
had of its benefit to his countrymen were now at an end. The Venetian
Ambassador however was wearied, as well as grieved, by the tedious invec-
tives against Fra Paolo and the other theologians, especially Marsilius,
whose upright conduct and firm faith to the Republic appeared likely to
bring him into trouble. . . ,
'On one occasion, when Contarini complained that Fra Paolo's books
had been burned at Rome, the Pope was much moved, and affirmed so'
lemnly, " that this had taken place without his knowledge, and that he
should not even have heard of it afterwards had not the Cardinal nephew
read the Avisi to him. " Here was a mark of progress by Venice, adopted
elsewhere at later period. These Avisi were not, as some state, printed,
but manuscript sheets of paper containing the news of the day. In Venice
3 MSS. Contarini 23 June 1607 Borne 7 July.
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? - 140 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607.
they were originally sold for a gazetta, a Venetian coin worth two pence,
hence called Gazettes; in Rome they bore the name of Avisi or Reporti.
They were taken from dispatches receivedby the Republic by the secre-
taries, or others employed in the Ducal Chancery, who enjoyed the profits
of this sale as a perquisite. The Pope continued to blame the theologians,
Contarini to exonerate them, hence we learn that Fra Paolo frequented
the British embassy. This was also repeated by the Cardinal Borghese.
" We have sure intelligence from Venice how these good Theologians
assemble with the Ambassador from England, with English, Flemings,
and others infected in the linen Warehouse of Cicchinelli, where they
have a room, and say the worst they can of us, of the Pope, and of the
apostolic chair. This is a thing that is public; one cannot dissemble but
that such an assembly is notorious to every one, and even the place and
the room are known, which are important details. Let the Lord Ambassa-
dor now see what good will these Doctors in Divinity hear us, and be
pleased to write to Venice, whether (independently of their having been
declared excommunicated for the fine things which they wrote against us
which are known to every body, as likewise on account of this assembly
wherein. from its members one can understand what they say of us) they
deserved to be protected and pensioned by the Republic. " '
The search for and prohibition of books had been relaxed at Venice,
this pleased Sarpi, but gave offence to the Pope. He complained to
Contarini, who thus wrote to the Doge.
" Most Serene Prince,
"' On this occasion, when his Holiness was treating of the Inquisition,
looking at me with joyous countenance, he added, we are likewise expecting
these Lords to form some holy resolve concerning these theologians (con
allegra faccia), who, having written and preached manifest heresies, con-
tinue to say mass, to frequent the churches and the choir, and to cause
themselves to be considered saints; and that Friar FulgentiofI ' (and
this he uttered laughing), he-u-ado:-steed," has had a _portrait of himself
printed in copper, with a crucifix in his hand, and it is sold about Venice;
your excellency must know it, and indeed it is a source of considerable
alms.
" He is moreover excommunicated, particularly having preached that
the communion ought not to be frequented, nor confession made so often,
blaming the exercise of the Christian doctrine) 'fh'e're are existing here
1 MSS. Contarini.
2 Fulgentio Manfredi.
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? E1'. 55. ] FHA PAOLO SARPI 141
depositions to this effect, made by divers witnesses de auditu. Maestro
Paulo is considered so learned, and yet one reads in his works many opi-
nions of authors condemned as heretical by the councils; and the cogni-
zance of similar matters as regards the apostolic chair, as has been custo-
mary for so many centuries with regard to matters of faith, wherein it_can- J'P~''
not err, our Saviour having said, " Non deficiet fides tua. " He said it
was told him that the English Ambassador had sent the portrait of 'Fra
Paulo to his king, and in Frankfort, where as many Catholic as heretical
books are printed, they had placed the book entitled " Le Considerazioni "
of the said Fra Paulo amongst the heretical works. That he was urged to
permit the execution of what is usual against excommunicated persons,
who, at the expiration of a year, are proclaimed heretics and burned in
effigy publicly.
" He professed to love the Republic with all his heart, and that he wished
to gratify her, as might be deduced by your lordships from the adjustment
made, as such was contrary to the opinion of almost all the college of Car-
dinals and of others, and that although he then armed for war, yet his
thoughts were turned to peace; but concerning these theologians he wishes
your Serenity to form some resolve becoming your piety. I, seeing that
he had this time launched forth beyond his wont on former audiences,
replied -- Holy father, the point that your Holiness now touches upon
is one of great importance ;\ were I to state my sense thereon in full, I
should say, with the greatest possible respect, that the best expedient would
be not to discuss this matter, by reason of its very great difficulties and
consequences of extreme moment as can well be imagined. I will not
speak of portraits or similar things, because I have no knowledge thereof;
neither does it seem to me of import to dwell thereon, though I shall
observe that as your Holiness has removed the occasion of war and disturb-
ance, which fact obtains for you singular merit before the Lord God, and
infinite glory in the eyes of good men; you may be pleased moreover to'
withhold encouragement from those who under pretext of religion wish to
see every sort of misunderstanding between your Holiness and the most
serene Republic; but I hope in his Divine Majesty that they will not suc-
ceed in their perverse designs, and of a surety it will one day be neces-
sary for me to state some details hereof to your Holiness; similar individuals
would very willingly desire the burning of effigies, and other similar de-
monstrations, with a view to the introduction of the greatest possible in-
convenience. I know that when that Fra Fulgentio preached, strict inves-
tigation was made, and it was reported in the most excellent college that
he preached sound and Catholic doctrine, and if he himself confessed and
communicated frequently, I do not see how they could tally, the preaching
one thing in the pulpit, and the acting in contradiction elsewhere. The
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? 142 THE LIFE or [. . 'D. 1607.
most serene Republic cannot abandon these who have written in her favour,
and have served her on the late occasion; so I prayed him by a single
stroke to sever or separate himself from the path of malignity, and with
his great prudence to apply the true remedy to this tortuous affair.
-)'< " " Con un colpo
'ml
4,. 5":
A
solo; ogni maggior piacevolezza, bisognarebbe che fosse un colpo da mae-
stro? " With a single blow, it must be a master stroke.
" Such precisely I enjoined it would be, on proceeding from his Holiness
and from his great ability; nor did the same disorders even require the
same remedies, circumstances alter matters notably; when ordinary affairs
are treated, it is true that the usual terms are adopted; should a private
individual be excommunicated, and not act becomingly at the expiration
of a year, he is declared an heretic, and one proceeds according to the
canons-, but in great and extraordinary cases, and which tend beyond, it is
necessary to proceed in modes both unusual and peculiar to the time and
matter under consideration. So I made sure that with his goodness and
prudence he will find the road easy, speedily burying the whole in oblivion,
and confounding the evil-born desires of scoundrels. The Pontifi" assured
1ne that his thoughts were frequently directed to this end; but he could
not discover the way, and that he wished that by me (to use his own words),
' by your Excellency's being replete with such great knowledge and intel-
ligence, ' the mode might be suggested to him for acting well concerning
such a matter, and in the meanwhile he should continue to pray the Lord
God to be pleased to inspire him for the best, although he did not at pre-
sent see what he could do, and he added those precise words, ' Let them
come, for we will willingly embrace them. ' The Pope said that I was to
write to your Excellencies what he had stated to me.
" I assured him that I would obey him, as such was my duty, but
that this was pefiititio principii, and a return to the original disorder. I do
not at all doubt but that if the Pontiff did discuss these matters, it was at
the instigation of others who, under the pretext of good, do not cease to
suggest these conceits to his Holiness. At the close of these topics, which
passed off with extreme tranquillity, his Holiness began to talk about the
Jesuits and their revenues, and asked why they were excluded? To this,
amongst other replies, the ambassador Contarini referred the Pope to their
treatment of the Republic, calling her in their printed works, the most vile
and abject nation in the world. In these matters, concludes his Excel-
lency, although the most disagreable that can be treated of, the Pontiff
nevertheless conducted himself as quietly as possible; and although I
every now and then kept answering him contrary to his intention, and
excluding all discussion as much as I could, still/X' listened to the whole
without the slightest emotion. "
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? ET. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 143
The Contarini despatehes of this, and subsequent dates, are but a tissue
of complaints on the part of the Pope, and of denial on that of the Vene-
tian envoy. That Fra Paolo believed after the raising of the censure by
the Cardinal J oyeuse, he was no longer excommunicated by the Pope, is
confirmed by a letter to the Cardinal Borghese from the Inquistor of . '
Ravenna of the sixth of September 1607. The Court of Rome, however,
held that the Servite Friar was still excommunicate, and there seems no
doubt that the Pope, Camilla Borghese, broke faith with the Friar, Paolo
Sarpi. On one occasion it Was proposed that he with the other theologians
should perform penance.
To which the Ambassador answered, " that
penance, be it severe or light, implied sin, which the theologians afi'ir-
- med they had not committed. " The state of the papal mind is clearly
shown by Contarini's despatch to the Doge. Paul was jealous of the coun-
sels still given by the Servite to Venetia, and appeared resolved at all
hazards to press the Doge and Senate to give him up.
" Most Serene Prince, -- It having been communicated to me by the
French Ambassador, that at his residence last week, the Pope told him
that having understood from me, in the course of divers conversations,
how slight an inclination exists for giving him satisfaction about the
theologians, he had a great desire to terminate in some way the impor--
tunities and molestations received by him from sundry quarters, urging
the Ambassador to restore the dignity of the Apostolic Chair, thus
spurned; added to which he will at the same time find some remedy
against these excommunicated individuals celebrating the mass and other
divine services; and that I adduced no other remedy save that" by a
single stroke, " by which he might terminate the whole, but that I did
not condescend to any detail, and therefore it was not becoming to keep
matters in any obscurity or doubt, to which the Lord Ambassator deemed
it necessary to reply, that through his Nuncio, who is on the spot, his
Holiness might witness the end thereof, by sending him such authority as
would suffice to settle the Whole, and in like manner, as many exclaimed
before the adjustment, and then were quieted, so would it be likewise in
this instance, if entirely settled Without further delay, whereupon the
Pontiff remained somewhat in suspense, and thanked the Ambassador.
His Holiness added that he had thoughts of authorizing the Nuncio to
send for the theologians, but that it should be first intimated under
hand, whether they would go, so as not to risk the Nuncio's dignity, in
case of their '1-efusing, so the Ambassador aforesaid requested I would
write to your Serenity, being of opinion that if a promise should be made
to this effect, the whole might be shortly settled to mutual satisfaction,
meaning to hint precisely as the rest has been arranged, praying me, that
all might be kept most secret, as if the Pope's inclination Were known
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? 144 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607
again, very great murmurs would be heard from the Cardinals, who hear
these matters according to their own views. I did not refuse to execute
what he wished, but observed, that the general reconciliation ought to
have sutficed. In virtue thereof these affairs likewise were meant to be
pacified, and although the Ambassador is well informed of the whole,
nevertheless I omitted again to tell him the necessity for the public
protection, the which, in durability, will never fail the Qiesaid theolo-
gians. " Gratiee (E0. ' _
Although it was partly obvious to the Ambassador that the Court of
Rome was uneasy, and it seemed as if there might shortly be a rupture
with Venice, still Contarini does not appear to have been suspicious of
any immediate danger to Fra Paolo; nevertheless he feared that all was
not well, by the multiplicity of letters which came to Rome from Venice.
Upon one occasion, the Ambassador, having warmly taken the part of the
theologians, the Pope said, " Do not exert yourself my Lord Ambassador,
I admit all that has been said, I am most ready for every good, but cannot
condescend at present. I believe you saw the drift of what ' I said before,
that Ishould have it said of me now, that I concede the tenths to the Re-
public. It is but a question of three or four cases of this sort, in the course
of the year, which do not at all prejudice the authority and jurisdiction of
the Republic. The Procurator of the Servi 'has informed us, that in the
monastery in Venice, by order of the Lords, Chiefs of the ten, that there
hgve been officers to inspect all the writings; when laymen perform these
functions, there is no longer any occasion to maintain Priors, nor Generals
of the Orders. The Patriarch comes not; the Theologians still perform di-
vine service in contempt of the Holy Chair, although excommunicated,
not forsooth for having written the Republids reasons, as, had they limi-
' ted themselves to this alone, it would have pleased and gratified us, but
because of the heresies which they have uttered publicly, That tempo-
ral princes have power direct from God over ecclesiastics. This is an
infidel proposition, condemned by the High Pontiffs with the assent of
men remarkable for their learning who have written thereon. Monsignore,
the Nuncio mentions/having spoken in the College about a priest of
Ascola. who has been put in prison, and yet//there are the Bishops to
Whom these trials should be left. " All this proved that every thing done at
Venice was known at Rome, all that Contarini could do was, to give re-
spectful advice of all that might reach his notice. Of the same date is a
singularly incoherent, but curious and secret communication, addressed to
the Doge Leonardo Donato by him from Rome, September 29, 1607.
" Most Serene Prince, -- I send to your Serenity, here annexed, what
1 Sep. 15. 1607 - both from Rome, 28 Sep. 1607. MSS. Contarini.
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? Air. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 145
has been told me in confidence, about a certain machination to be execu-
ted in Venice, or shortly distant thence, with other details, which such as
\ they may be, I have not chosen to keep to myself, but for every good end
have deemed them worthy of your cognizance, and should anything else
be communicated to me, I shall not fail to give advice thereof.
" In Rome, 25th September,\in the Palace of S. Mark, Messer Flavio
Martignone, oflfizsso Ferrato, latelancient Cattaro, with the Lord Colonel
Guilio da Mont Abolto, now resident here in Rome for his private affairs,
having come to the Most Excellent the Lord Ambassador, deposed having
first made the greatest possible instance for its being kept very secret,
which was constantly promised him.
" I have served the Most Serene Republic; I have received good trea-
ment, and purpose re-entering her service, I shall go in a month at the
farthest, I shall betake myself either to the said Lord Colonel at- Zara, or
to Venice, from my own instinct, I revere the Most Serene Republic as
much as ifwere my natural sovereign, and with zeal for her Welfare, I am
come to notify what I know of an affair which I deem of great importance.
" Last year, at the time of the disturbance between the Pope and the
Republic, there was in the garrison of the Rovigo a captain named Fulvio
Cesenari, of in Umbria. He was imprisoned with an ancient of his,
called there Rotilio Orlandini of"l"e? rni, they being accused of a plot to
surrender Rovigo to the General of Ferrara, and they were released; yet,
I am sure they had this understanding with the Signor Paulo Savelliq
the general of Ferrara, for here in Rome I have seen letters written at
that time in Rovigo, and signed by the said captain and ancient, whereby
they promised the said Savella) to give the town (Rovigo) into his hands,
saying that they had two or three gates in their power, and that they had
the soldiers of their company (200, if I mistake not) in readiness. "
Being interrogated, he replied,
" I saw no other detail in the letters, they appeared to have been writ-
ten previously, and several letters had passed, indeed, I know that the
ancient had been repeatedly to Ferrara; they said in the letter that they
were ready to give him the town whensoever he should present himself. " 1
Being interrogated, he replied,
" I saw this letter at the time here in Rome, when the general sent it
to his brother, for him to show it to the Pope. It was shown to me by his
secretary, my intimate friend. pAfter that, the ancient and the captain were
released from pri'son,l_Rovigo, the captain, was sent with his company to
Padua, where he still is, and the ancient came here, with a safe conduct
from the Pope, for he was an unfrocked friar of St. Paul's " (one of those
friars dressed in black, with wide sleeves) " and a highwayman; his true
name is Achille Orlandini, of Scantriglia, a small castle in this Campagna,
5/42. .
in
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? 146 THE LIFE OF [A. D- 1607.
twenty-five miles distant from hence. In his order he was called Friar
Arsenio. He was not ordained; but at Rovigo changed his name to Roti-
lio, as I have stated. Being here in Rome (for he came for a week or a
fortnight, and resided permanently at his village), he received absolution
for himself and for two of his brothers-in-law, natives of his village, who
were banished, I know not why. Neither do I know their names. I
was acquainted with this ancient when he was a friar and since, and con-
versed with him after his return to Rome, and have eaten with him seve-
ral times. The last time I saw him was on Friday, the 21st inst. , and he
told me that he was to leave us today for Venice with these two his
brothers-in-law; they are little dark men, dressed in grey or russet cloth
as peasants, I will, moreover, endeavour to bring you their names. He
invited me to go with him, and told me that he was going to do a certain
deed, and that he had been promised 8,000 crowns. I answered him as
if undecided, and this I did in order to learn the details better, but he _
never spoke to me more openly, save that he was therefore taking with
him those two brothers-in-law, and on Friday he told me he had received
a letter for the said monies to be paid in Ferrara, immediately after the
execution of the deed. I am not able to discover for certain whether this
deed is to be done in, or out of Venice, but he is going te Venice. "
Being interrogated, he said, -
" He is not going post, norin haste, indeed from what he said he will
reinain three or four days in Ferrara, and perhaps in passing through Far-
rara will go to his captain. "
Being interrogated, he replied,
" He is going to do this deed by order of the masters here, he says he
has spoken with the Pope, but he certainly negotiated with the Secretary
Della Consulta, for he, that is to 'say the ancient, has told me so several
times. "
Being interrogated, he' replied,
" I think this deed which he has to do is some murder, for he told me
he shall do all in an hour; he moreover appeared not to intend residing
in Venice, but out in the country to await time and opportunity, and he
likewise spoke to me in such a manner that I may also suppose it his
intention to wait until that person, or those whom he may mean to kill,
shall go out. I have nothing else to communicate; but they are all three
vassals of the Signor Giovanni Orsino, in Whose house I dwell, and who
is expected from his castle in ten days or a fortnight, and on his arrival,
I shall elicit something else from some of his servants, for I pass for the
confident of these men, and will come and tell your lordship. "
Being interrogated, he replied,
" Besides the letter which I saw, written by the captain and by this
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? ll'. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 147'
man to Savelli} about betraying Rovigo to him, this said ancient spoke to
me of the plot, but without coming to details, save that he and the captain
would have been rich. "
Being interrogated, he said,
" He did not mention to me any other in the plot save himself and the
captain, neither soldiers nor others, but there must have been some con-
cerned. Concerning this affair which he is now going to perpetrate, he
says, It is known to him alone, and that he has not even spoken to his,
brothers-in-law, and that he does not choose to tell them anything until
the hour for action. He took them away, saying that he meant to take
them to his company, whereof he is ancient, and that they should have
pay' 7'
Being again interrogated about the on-twer-cl-apppea-ra-nee of these two,
he answered, '
" Little men, but very stout or corpulent, black, furrowed, black beards,
chestnut-brown, and thin; they are both aged from thirty five to forty
years. As to the ancient, he is dressed in drab with gold lace, he has a
black cloak, and his hat likewise has a gold band. He is tall of stature,
marked with the small-pox, brown beard, very little mustachios, from thir-
ty three to thirty four years old; he is lame, do not know on which side;
he lamed himself in prison at Rovigo; on the journey they carry long
arquebuses; they will subsequently supply themselves at Ferrara. I shall
endeavour also to make friends with a certain favourite of his, and shall
report with that readiness which becomes my affection and respect. "
It is remarkable that the day after the Ambassador Contarini wrote to
inform the Doge and Senate that he had dined in the most friendly man-
ner with the Cardinal Borghese at Frescati, an event took place at Ve-
nice disgraceful to all concerned. The French Ambassador, who was friendly
to Fra Paolo, also entertained Contarini with an account of his late
audience with the Pope, who had then asserted that the Doge was in treaty
with him for a safe place where Fra Paolo and the other theologians
might discuss what they had published. .
" Most Serene Prince. To show that I held account of the invitation
given to me by the Lord Cardinal Borghese, to go to dine with him at
Frascati, I determined on so doing yesterday, and so much the more was
I induced thus to act, inasmuch as with such an opportunity I should be
enabled to execute your Serenity's commissions to the French ambassador,
whom I likewise found in the same neighbourhood of Frascati, in a house
belonging to the Duke d'Altemps, rather more than a mile distant from the
Pontifi? 's. He informed me that on the preceding day his Holiness had
told him that your Serenity was making suit about a safe place for the
theologians to dispute on the topics they had published, and put into
. M
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? 148 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607.
print. I expressed my surprise how this should have been "uttered, since
neither in Venice nor here, had any discussion been held to this effect;
nay, that owing to your Serenity's' great wish to put an end to similar and
other discourse, productive of the worst consequences, you had commanded
me to request him (since he had laboured and exerted himself so much in
the past commotions) to use his endeavours with the Pontiff to give the
finishing stroke to this matter, relying on his prudence and dexterity that,
having overcome greater difficulties, he would in like manner terminate
this, which alone remained of the past fluctuations, conferring thus a very
great obligation on the Republic.
" To this instance the French ambassador replied, that His Majesty 1
had written to him about a conversation held with the Ambassador Priuli,
wherein he exhorted him to find means for finishing the disputes current
on this point, that he must speak not only in conformity with the king's
sentiments, but that he likewise, individually, views it in the same light
as similar impediments to a good understanding with the Pontiff, and
gives matter for great joy to the common enemies, and that it seems im-
possible to him that your Serenity should be unable to find the means
(consisting as such do merely in appearance) for satisfying his Holiness,
who would fain justify himself with the world, and with the members of
the Inquisition in particular, to whom he cannot but make a show of
giving some sort of satisfaction, since it is a matter pertaining to that
office, to whose resolves he must defer.
" I observed that the whole adjustment rests merely in the Pope's
hands, who may very easily absorb and terminate the business in divers
manners, and as to the Congregation,'if he settled the principal part of the
matter, without communicating with the Congregation, or, indeed, without
the whole college of Cardinals, by so much the more can he do in this
instance, in such wise as shall be well known to his prudence; and -the
saying, he had regard for the congregation, was like His Most Christian
Majesty saying that the Parliament do not choose such a thing, although
when he pleases he does without them. So likewise can the Pontiff' com-
municate and give such share as he shall please to the Congregation, ob-
serving such style as shall be deemed most fitting, by declaring these
theologians included under this universal reconciliation. It had always
been believed at Venice that they were included. Whence I passed on to
make him a very long speech about the causes that induce your Serenity
to protect them, without your being able in this respect to form any other
resolve soever; that in supporting the Republic's rights, if any proposi-
tion was inserted that does not please, they purpose choosing to defend it
1 MSS. Contarini, From Rome, Oct. ' 6. 1607.
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? ar. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 149
entirely; but that it was not fitting to enter thereon, as it would be a
voluntary submersion into an abyss of inconvenience and disorder, that
your Serenity is the much more bound to adhere to this, inasmuch as
the churchmen, who through your goodness have now returned into your
territories, go daily resuscitating fresh ills, whereto you are of sheer ne-
cessity compelled to apply the due remedies; and I told him of the daring
attempts of those Theatines of Bergamo, at which he was much surprised,
and I came to this conclusion, that your Serenity has reason for keeping
very much on the watch, and also for supporting those who, postponing
all their own interests and regards, defended the justice of your cause,
exhorting him to persuade the Pontiff at once to cut off all negotiations,
and to dispose himself towards favouring the Republic in her honest de-
mands, as since my residence at the court I experience harshness, even
in my most_reasonable demands and offices, nor can I obtain that good
fruit which I expected for the common weal. The ambassador of France
- evinced no slight regret at whathe heard through these statements which
I made him, and in particular, remarked of his own accord, that the Pon-
tiff has done ill in not giving satisfaction in the matter of this vacancy,
occasioned by the death of the lord abbot Pesaro, and he was so persuaded
in other respects, that he promised to speak thereon fully and freely, and
use his endeavours to terminate the affairs of the theologians, the which
concluded, he doubted not but that all would pass off well, and that one
would indubitably obtain from the Pontiff all that could be laid claim to;
one will keep awaiting the consequence of his offices, which, if they result
in conformity with the wish evinced by him for exerting himself stre-
nuously, cannot fail to be such as desired. Gratiae de? c. "
We now pass from the friendly offers of the French envoy to Venice,
where we find another individual warning Sarpi against danger. The name
of Scioppius is almost proverbial as a satirist; embittered against the Pope
he endeavored to convince Paolo of the impossibility of his escape from his
wrath, that he, like other princes, could easily reach out his hands against
him, and if he wished to take his life, there was no lack of means; but he
thought Paul still wished to take Fra Paolo alive, to seize him at Venice
and conduct him to Rome, and he concluded by offering to bring about an
honorable reconciliation between the Pope and the Servite.
To all this Fra Paolo answered, as he had often before said, That he
had done nothing by which the Pope could be offended, that he had
pleaded for a just cause, that he was sorry the defence had met the indig-
nation of the Pope, but that he was prepared to submit to the divine
will, and was not so ignorant of human affairs as not to know. what he
ought to think of life and death, that if he was taken alive to Rome, all
the power of the Pope could not hinder a man being more master of his life
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? 150 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1607.
than others could be, that he was resolved to be master of his own life,
and that the Pope should not be so. He thanked Scioppius for his good
offices, but expressed himself inseparably united to the interests of the
state.
" The proposals of killing him, or taking him alive to Rome appeared
strange, but what followed clearly showed Scioppius had good grounds
for his assertions, and that designs against Paolo were already really ripe
for execution. The satirist left Venice; and in a satire narrated his conver-
sation with the Friar, and bore witness to his being non indoctum non
timidum. "
But the Father, who was so good as not to be able to think evil of any
one, believed the above menace to be merely a conceit of Scioppius, and
being a man of great intrepidity, although often warned by the Lord In-
quisitors of State, who are the chief magistrates of Venice and have charge
of the most secret transaction of designs against life, yet apparently he
did not take any care of himself ; either, from his great nobility of mind
of which writes Fulgenzio, " I can vouch and have often experienced it,H
or, from his certain conviction that nothing can happen without Divine
permission, and that what is appointed by God, cannot be hindered by
any human caution or foresight, but that too much anxiety and caution
are frequently the causes of contrary events, he never was inclined to
change his mode of life in the smallest particular, and would always re-
mark that it was indifferent to him in what manner he died, only, that he
died justly, because he was sure that in no way death could ever find him
unprepared. '
" As usual he pursued his daily toil at the Ducal palace, and at this time
walked from Saint Mark's to his Convent in the evening: but his friends
would not suffer him to go alone: and this is not surprising, considering
the reports that had reached them that there were designs against his life;
he was frequently accompanied by the noble Malpietro, who although aged
was a man of intrepid spirit, and of piety and worth: if we are to judge
of Fra Paolo's friendship for him by his grief at his death, he must have
been one of his chosen friends.
" It was late on the evening of the fifth of October that Paolo, in com-
pany with Malpietro, Fra Fnlgenzio, and his servant, Fra Marino went on
foot from the Palace to the Merceria together; and from thence Fra Paolo,
Malpietro and Fra Marino continued their way. They had crossed the small
square of the San Fosca and had arrived at the bridge of la Guerra, very
near the Convent. Malpietro had walked a little in advance of Fra Paolo,
who was followed at a short distance by his servant, Marino. On the
bridge, while descending it on the north side, Fra Paolo was suddenly as-
saulted by five assassins, some keeping guard in a boat while the others
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? arr. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 151
wounded him in the neck with their stilettoes, and with one in the face,
which entered the right ear and came out in the small hollow which lies
between the nose and the right cheek. The assassin could not withdraw
his stiletto, because it had passed through the bone where it remained
transfixed. It was more than three months since the Father had been ac-
companied, besides Fra Marino a lay brother who was his servant, by Fra
Fulgenzio and by the valorous Malpietro. Notwithstanding the continual
warnings given to the Father to take care of himself, the Friars who ae-
companied him, did so entirely regardless of personal harm because they
knew that they did well in defending a cause which was notoriously just,
believing, that when the violence of the controversy was past, no one could
be so impious as to presume after so solemn an accommodation, that
princes had not always about them learned and zealous advocates to de-
fend them with as little fear of assassins, as themselves. On this evening
the Father was left by Fulgenzio and his companion, because Fra
Fulgenzio wished to see a fire which had been burning during two days
in a house in the Saliciati of San Lio, in the middle of the street which
leads to the Merceria, and on hearing that the fire was not yet extinguished,
he came back to seek the Father to take him to see it.
" But Fulgenzio, having stayed long, thought the Father might have gone
home by the San Lio, and he was thus left alone with one companion, who
being behind him, was seized by one of the murderers who held his hands,
while the other stabbed the Father, and as he expected mortally.
" The ruffian having left his stiletto in the wound, he and his compa-
nions raised their guns to fire on any of the populace who might give an
alarm, after this they left Fra Marino free, but on seeing three of the as-
sassins unsheath their arms, without saying a word, he ran away. "
Notwithstanding the pains thus taken by the assassins to murder Fra
Paolo while walking by himself, and then to effect their escape, the whole
transaction was seen by some women at a window, Who immediately
raised a cry for help; on this Malpietro turned round, what a spectacle
met his sight! Fra Paolo stunned, bleeding and defenceless in the midst
of armed ruffians, and wounded apparently to death by the dagger
Which still lay buried in the noble head from which streamed his blood,
but happily not his life blood. His foes had not so completely triumphed, the
intrepid Servite was deeply but not mortally wounded: stunned, but not
slain, nature was exhausted but not overcome, well might his companion
and friend marvel at his escape. " Fifteen thrusts which were reckoned up
by the holes in his doublet and hood, " told to the world the deadly
aim which had been taken against Fra Paolo, but as he had only received
three wounds in the neck, besides that on his face, one cannot help seeing
a mark of divine providence which deprived the murderer both of his
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-11 22:54 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31158010289923 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 152 THE LIFE OF [40. 1607.
strength and senses, as he might with one high powerful thrust either in
his side or back have killed this innocent and helpless man. '
He afterwards said that the two first blows of the stiletto were given
as if at the same moment, and the third as if a ponderous weight had fal-
len upon him and stunned him, and he was quite overcome on reaching
his Convent, although in the full possession of his senses, he was stretched
on his bed from whence it was very long before he arose again.
The tidings of his attempted assassination soon reached the ears of the
government, and immediate steps were taken to obtain evidence of this
lamentable event. That given by Malpietro is of great interest, and its
date shows that this witness was called instantly.
Having been brought before their Excellencies, the most noble Signor
Alessandro Malpietro declared as follows: --
" May it please your E1-:cellencies--I was in the Marzaria, with Messer
Paolo di Servi, to day, about the twenty second hour. We joined com-
pany to go together to our houses, being neighbours, and the Father had
a lay brother with him.
