His first very promising prose comedy,
(Lindow's Bairns) (1881), was followed by the
prose tragedy Nero) (1885).
(Lindow's Bairns) (1881), was followed by the
prose tragedy Nero) (1885).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
) and (Calas) (both 1791); "Caius Grac-
chus) (1793); and others - brought him fame
and success by the accordance of their republi-
can and revolutionary sentiments with the pub-
lic opinion of the time, rather than by their
merits as compositions. His national songs
were approved by the best test of such pro-
ductions,-popularity: one of them, (The Part-
ing Song) (Partant pour la Syrie), is hardly
less famous than the Marseillaise. His satires
are full of spirit, point, and wit, but often ran-
corous and unjust.
Cheraskoff, Michail Matvejevich (cher-äs'.
kõf). A Russian poet (1733-1807); born in the
government of Poltava. By his contemporaries
he was called the Russian Homer"; but he
had little original genius. We have from him
several epics after Virgil and Voltaire, accord-
ing to the orthodox rules of Boileau; among
them «The Rossiad, celebrating the conquest
of Kasan by Ivan the Terrible, and “Vladimir,
commemorating the Christianization of Russia.
He wrote also a number of dramas, romances,
fables, and songs. He excels in description of
natural scenery.
Cherbuliez, Victor (shăr-bü-lyā'). A dis-
tinguished French romancist; born at Geneva,
of a noted family of littérateurs, July 19, 1829.
Having studied in the universities of Geneva,
Paris, Bonn, and Berlin, he was for a time an
educator at Geneva; but in 1864 became one
of the editors of the Revue des Deux Mondes.
He first gained distinction as art critic and
observer of public affairs, as also by his ro-
mances, under the pseudonym “G. Valbert. " He
wrote a volume of art travels in Greece; (A
Horse by Phidias); “Political Spain'; (Foreign
Profiles); (Art and Nature); etc. His romances
are characterized by clever treatment of the
problems of domestic and social life and a
fine psychological analysis, with a marked bias
for description of odd characters. Among his
most successful novels -- and their success has
hardly been less abroad than at home - are:
(Romance of a Respectable Woman) (1866);
Ladislas Bolski's Adventure ) (1869); "Sam-
uel Brohl & Co. (1877). The last two were
dramatized, but won little popular favor on the
stage. *
Cherville, Gaspard Georges, Marquis de
(shār-vēl'). A French novelist; born at Char-
tres, 1821. He was for several years collabo-
rator with the elder Dumas; about 40 volumes
were the fruit of the partnership. Independ-
ently he contributed to the Paris Temps sev-
eral admirable sketches and stories of rural
life and the chase. A few of his studies have
been published in sumptuously illustrated edi.
tions; e. g. , Life in the Country) (1879, 3 vols. ).
Chesebro, Caroline. An American novelist;
born in Canandaigua, N. Y. , about 1828; died
in Piermont, N. Y. , Feb. 16, 1873. She was
author of Dream-Land by Daylight,' a volume
of stories and sketches (1851); (The Beautiful
Gate and Other Tales) (1863). The novels
Philly and Kit) (1856); Peter Carradine)
(1863); (The Foe in the Household) (1871);
and various others, are well known.
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl
of. An English man of affairs and of the
world; born in London, Sept. 22, 1694; died
there (? ), March 24, 1773. His literary fame
rests principally upon his (Letters to his Son. ' *
Chettle, Henry. An English dramatist; born
in London (? ), about 1565 (? ); died there (? ),
1607 (? ). He was contemporary with Shakes-
peare, and his best play is probably “Hoffman,'
a tragedy. He wrote various pamphlets, popu-
lar in his day.
Chézy, Antoine Léonard de (shā-zē'). A
distinguished French Orientalist (1773-1832).
For him the first chair of ancient Indian lan-
guages in France was founded in 1815. Bopp,
W. von Humboldt, F. von Schlegel, Burnouf,
Langlois, and other renowned scholars and
Orientalists, were his pupils. His principal
work is an edition, with French translation, of
Kalidasa's (Sakuntala) (1830).
Chézy, Helmina Christiane von. A Ger-
man poet and novelist; born (von Klencke) in
Berlin, Jan. 26, 1783; died in Geneva, Feb. 28,
1856. She produced : Poems) (1812); (Heart
Notes during a Pilgrimage) (1833); and similar
romantic stanzas; besides 'Emma's Ordeals)
(1827), a novel of merit.
Chézy, Wilhelm von. A German novelist
and historical essayist, son of Helmine C. ; born
in Paris, March 21, 1806; died in Vienna, March
13, 1865. He acquitted himself creditably as a
journalist, and wrote many popular tales : (The
Wandering Pupil (1835), «The Six Noble Pas-
sions) (1842), and “The Last Janissary) (1853),
among them; as well as Chivalry in Picture
and Word (1848), a study of much value.
Chiabrera, Gabriello (ke-ä-brā'rä). An Ital-
ian lyric poet (1552–1637); born at Savona.
Impatient of dependence on the great, he
again and again abandoned the courts of noble
patrons, and at last settled down in his native
Savona. Pindar and Anacreon were his de-
lights among the poets, and his countrymen
named him the Italian Pindar. ” But his
Pindaric odes have little of the grace and force
of Pindar; the poet labors too patently for
effect in strophe and antistrophe, in bold in-
versions and composite epithets; he is not
spontaneous; he is dull. Yet some of his little
songs after Anacreon are models of elegance
and grace.
His epic and dramatic poems
hardly rise above mediocrity. He wrote
charming autobiographical sketch, which shows
him to have been ever an honorable man, good
lover, good hater, and sincere Christian.
Chiarini, Giuseppe (ke-ä-rē'nē). An Ital-
ian poet and critic; born at Arezzo, Aug. 17,
1833. He is a student of foreign literatures,
especially English and German, and has been
editor of literary journals. His verse is mostly
lyrical, and has been collected under the titles:
a
## p. 107 (#123) ############################################
CHIAVACCI – CHOMJAKOFF
107
2
as
(Poems) (1874); (In Memoriam (1875); "La-
crymæ) (1879); etc. It gives proof of deep
poetic sensibility. He has translated some of
Heine's poems, and has published critical es-
says on English and German poets.
Chiavacci, Vincenz (kē-ä'vä-chē). An Aus-
trian humorist; born at Vienna, June 15, 1847.
As “Dame Sopherl, a Woman of Standing »
keeping a stand in the fruit market --- he began
in 1883 to contribute to the Vienna journals a
series of humorous remarks, in the Vienna
slang, on the occurrences of the preceding week.
Dame Sopherl and her whole circle of gossips,
male and female, were put upon the stage (1890)
and afforded infinite amusement. The author
has worked this and similar veins of humor
with distinguished success in a series of volumes.
Child, Francis James. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Boston, Mass. , Feb.
I, 1825; died there, Sept. II, 1896. He was
professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard
from 1851 till 1876, when he exchanged for the
chair of English literature. His principal work,
(English and Scottish Ballads,' a subject on
which he was the highest authority in this
country, he improved and enlarged for publica-
tion in 1886. Among his other works are :
(Four Old Plays) (1848); and a collection of
(Poems of Sorrow and Comfort) (1865).
Child, Lydia Maria. An American prose-
writer; born in Medford, Mass. , Feb. 11, 1802;
died in Wayland, Mass. , Oct. 20, 1880. Her
first novel, Hobomok,' was written and pub-
lished in 1821. She was an ardent abolition-
ist, and published the first book written on
that subject, entitled (Appeal for that class
of Americans called African. ' Dr. Channing
went over to Roxbury to thank her for it.
Among her numerous works are: Philothea,
a romance of Greece in the days of Pericles
(1835); (Fact and Fiction (1846); Looking
Toward Sunset) (1864); Miria: A Romance
of the Republic) (1867); and (Aspirations of
the World' (1878). A collection of her letters,
with an introduction by John G. Whittier, and
an appendix by Wendell Phillips, was published
in 1882.
Childs, George William. An American phi-
lanthropist, publisher, and memoir writer; born
at Baltimore, Md. , May 22, 1829; died at Phil.
adelphia, Feb. 3, 1894. He published the Phila-
delphia Public Ledger, 1864-94. He gave a
Shakespeare memorial fountain to Stratford-
on-Avon, a memorial window in Westminster
Abbey to Cowper and Herbert, and assisted
in establishing a home for printers at Colorado
Springs. He published: (Recollections of Gen-
eral Grant) (1885); and Personal Recollec-
tions) (1889).
Chiles, Mrs. Mary Eliza (Hicks) (Hemdin).
An American novelist and writer of verse ;
born in Kentucky, 1820. She has published :
Louisa Elton, a reply to (Uncle Tom'; 'Os-
wyn Dudley); etc. ; and (Select Poems. )
Chillingworth, William. An English di-
vine and theological writer; born at Oxford,
1602; died January 1644. His fame rests upon
(The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to
Salvation (1637).
Chittenden, Lucius Eugene. An American
lawyer and historical writer; born in Vermont,
1824. His home is in New York. He has writ.
ten : (Recollections of Lincoln and his Ad.
ministration); Personal Reminiscences, 1840-
1890); etc.
Chivers, Thomas Holley. An American
writer of verse; born 1807; died 1858. His
home was in Georgia. He wrote: (Virginalia,
or Songs of my Summer Nights) (1853); (At-
lanta) (1855); (The Lost Pleiad.
Chmelnizkij, Nikolaj Ivanovich (chmel-nits'.
skē-e). A Russian writer of comedy (1789-1846).
He contributed largely to the reformation and
elevation of the Russian stage, both by his
original productions and by his translations of
Regnard, Molière, and other great masters.
Among his comedies are: (The Babblers);
(Air Castles); (The Waverer. He wrote also
a historical drama : Zenobius Bogdan; or, The
Incorporation of Little Russia. '
Chmielovski, Peter (shmēl-ov'skē). A Polish
historian of literature, and critic; born 1848.
His early studies were made in Leipsic, but
the theatre of his journalistic and literary ac-
tivities has long been Warsaw. His investiga.
tions have been mostly in nineteenth-century
subjects. (Adam Mickiewicz) (1886) and (Stud.
ies and Sketches in the History of Polish Liter-
ature) (1886) are among the important results
of his labors.
Choate, Rufus. A famous American lawyer,
orator and statesman; born at Essex, Mass. ,
Oct. 1, 1799; died at Halifax, N. S. , July 13,
1859. He succeeded Daniel Webster in the
United States Senate (1841-45), and was long
the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts
bar. He was one of the most distinguished of
American orators. His works were published
in 1863 (2 vols. ). *
Chodzko, Alexander (chöds'ko). A Polish
poet and scholar; born in Krzywicze, July 11,
1804; died in Juvisy, Dec. 20, 1891. His ver-
sions of numerous masterpieces of Oriental lit.
erature are esteemed; but he is happiest in the
(Slav Legends of the Middle Ages) (1859)
and (Bulgarian Studies) (1875).
Chodzko, Ignacy. A Polish poet and sketch-
writer; born in Zabloczyzna, Jan. 15, 1795; died
there, Aug. 1, 1861. He first attempted odes in
the classical style; but subsequently produced
(Lithuanian Pictures) (1840-62) and Lithua-
nian Traditions) (1852-58), vivid (prose sketches
of manners and people, portraying especially
the Lithuanian nobility of the 18th century.
Chomjakoff, Alexéj Stepánovich (chom'yä.
kõf). A Russian poet, dramatist, and contro-
versialist ; born in Moscow, May 13, 1804; died
there, Oct. 5, 1860. His writings -- particularly
(The Pseudo-Demetrius) (1833: a tragedy), bis
collected Poems) (1844), and Letters to the
a
## p. 108 (#124) ############################################
108
CHORLEY – CHURCH
a
Slavs in Moscow) (1860)-embody an essen-
tially Russian conservatism.
Chorley, Henry Fothergill. An English
critic and miscellaneous writer; born in Black-
ley Hurst, Lancashire, Dec. 15, 1808; died in
London, Feb. 15, 1872. His criticisms ap-
peared mostly in the Atheneum, of London,
displaying fine perception and exquisite taste
in matters connected with literature and music.
His novels, however ("Conti,' (The Prodigy,'
and “The Lion'), are failures from the popular
point of view, although finely written; and his
plays, with the exception of (Old Love and
New Fortune, are weak.
Chortatzis, Georgios (chor-täts'ēs). A mod.
ern Greek dramatic poet, who seems to have
been a native of Crete and to have fourished
about 1620. His tragedy of Erophile (1637 ;
new ed. 1879) is the first play written in the
(new) or modern Greek; the work possesses
many merits, and was at one time very popu-
lar because of its epigrammatic sententiousness,
but its imitation of Giraldi's (Orbecche) is
palpable.
Chrétien de Troyes (kret-yen de trwä). The
greatest of the early French romancers; 12th
century. Though he won high fame as a lyrist,
his renown is based on his epic compositions,
especially on his stories of King Arthur and
the Round Table. His epic of King Marcus
and the Fair Ysault) is lost; but these remain :
(Irec and Enid); (Cligès); (The Knight of
La Charette); (The Knight with the Lion);
(Perceval the Welshman. ' The last is his
most considerable work, but it does not come
from his hand alone, being continued and
completed by Gautier de Denet and Menassier.
In this piece are wrought into one story the
legend of the Holy Grail and that of Arthur,
which thereafter were not divorced. His lan-
guage and versification were models for trou-
badours and romancers for a long time; and
from him the Arthurian poets to the end of
the 13th century borrowed episodes, themes,
situations, characters, and all manner of poets'
devices. Chrétien was a master of invention,
fashioned for himself a competent literary
vehicle, and made most effective use of his
large knowledge of men and manners.
Christen, Ada (kris'ten), pseudonym of
Christiane Breden. An Austrian poet and
novelist; born in Vienna, March 6, 1844. Her
first success was the volume of poems (Songs
of One Lost) (1868); a collection evincing deli-
cacy of sentiment blended with the vigor of
health. Her subsequent verse, in (Shadows)
(1873) and (From the Deep) (1878), revealed
an accession of power. Her novel of (Ella)
(1873) is a fair production, and the drama
(Faustina) (1871) merits praise; but her best
prose is in the book of tales and sketches
called (From Life) (1876).
Christiansen, Arne Einar (krist'yen-sen). A
Danish poet; born at Copenhagen, July 20,
1861.
His first very promising prose comedy,
(Lindow's Bairns) (1881), was followed by the
prose tragedy Nero) (1885). The author had
meantime traveled extensively in Europe and
the East; then, together with a series of prose
dramas, he produced three historical and ro-
mantic plays in verse. He makes dexterous use
of the resources of dramaturgic art, and gives
his native genius free play regardless of literary
fashions and conventions.
Christopulos, Athanasios (kris-top'ö-los).
A Greek poet and scholar; born in Kastoria,
Macedonia, 1772 (or 1770); died in Wallachia,
Jan. 29, 1847. His best work is (Love's Self-
Vindication (Paris, 1833), a collection published
originally as 'Erotica and Bacchica) (1811), and
comprising love lays and drinking songs.
Chrysander, Friedrich (kris-än'der). A Ger-
man historian of music; born in Lübtheen,
Mecklenburg, July 8, 1826. He has won recog.
nition as an authority on the annals and epochs
of music, a biography of Handel (1858-67, vols.
i. -iii. , first half) being his masterpiece. He has
also written many critical papers on the ora-
torio and other forms, in addition to editing
musical periodicals; but his attempts in musical
composition have not been happy.
Chrysippus (kris'ip-us). A famed Greek
philosopher; about 280-206 B. C. ; born proba-
bly at Soli in Cilicia. He attended at Athens
the lectures of Zeno, at least of Cleanthes;
after the death of Cleanthes he became head
of the school. His writings were exceedingly
numerous, but only fragments remain. The
loss is not very much to be regretted, if we
may judge of the quality of the whole mass
by specimens preserved for us in ancient au-
thors. But there were precious gems of thought
scattered through the rubbish of hair-splitting
refinements and mere anilities; and it is to be
regretted that these were not timely tried
out) and the rest shot into the dust-hole.
This service Seneca could have done most
acceptably,-a reverent disciple of Chrysippus,
but also an outspoken critic of his writings,
as we see in his treatise on Kindnesses): «I
may seem to be setting Chrysippus to rights:
he is a great man, but after all a Greek; his
all too fine analysis is worked overmuch; even
when you think he is getting at the heart of
the matter, he punctures only, instead of boring
through. ”
Chrysoloras, Manuel (kris-7-lõ'räs). A
Greek scholar; born in Constantinople, about
1355; died at Constance, April 15, 1415. He
was the first to attain eminence in Italy as a
teacher of the literature and language of Greece:
a work by him called "Queries) (Erotemata)
long remained authoritative on Greek grammar.
Chrysostom, St. John. A Greek Church
father ; born in Antioch, Syria, 350 (? ); died at
Comana, 407. His works, consisting of homi-
lies, commentaries, liturgies, epistles, etc. , are
comprised in 13 vols. fol. (1718). *
Church, Mrs. Ella Rodman (MacIlvane).
An American miscellaneous writer, better
known as “Ella Rodman"); born in New
## p. 109 (#125) ############################################
CHURCH-CIECO DA FERRARA
109
York State, 1831. She has written : (Flights of
Fancy); “Grandmother's Recollections) (1851);
(Flyers and Crawlers, or Talks about Insects)
(1884); (How to Furnish a Home); Money-
Blaking for Ladies); etc.
Church, Francis Pharcellus. 'An Ameri-
can editor; born in Rochester, N. Y. , Feb. 22,
1839. First publisher and editor of the Army
and Navy Journal; afterward, with his brother,
established and edited the Galaxy magazine.
He is also a leading editorial writer of the
daily journals of New York.
Church, William Conant. An American
journalist; born in Rochester, N. Y. , Aug. 11,
1836. He became the publisher of the New
York Sun in 1860, and was war correspondent
of the Times (1861–62). In conjunction with
his brother Francis he established the Army
and Navy Journal (1863) and the Galaxy mag-
azine (1866); and has been a contributor to
the Century and other periodicals. He has
written a notable biography of General Grant.
Churchill, Charles. An English satirical
poet; born in Westminster, February 1731 ;
died at Boulogne, Nov. 4, 1764. He won his
fame with (The Rosciad,' a satire upon the
actors of the time, in which only Garrick and
some few popular actresses are praised. His
capacity for ridicule was so great that “The
Ghost); (The Farewell); "The Conference);
(The Author); and (The Prophecy of Famine,
proved exceedingly popular. He is almost
without a peer in his special field.
Chwostoff, Dmitrij Ivanovich, Count (kvos'.
tof or kwos'tõſ). A Russian poet and states-
man; born in St. Petersburg, July 19, 1757;
died there, Nov. 3, 1835. His public career
was distinguished. The four volumes of his
(Works) (1817) comprise odes and miscella-
neous poems.
Ciampi, Ignazio (che-äm'pē). An Italian
poet and historian (1824-80); born in Rome.
He was a jurist, and from 1874 till his death
was professor of modern history in the Uni-
versity of Rome. Among his poetical works
are some imitations of the Russian Pushkin;
an epic, “Stella); and two volumes of (Vari-
ous Poems. He wrote several works on the
history of literature, also biographies and his.
tories of special periods. His principal work
appeared posthumously: Modern History,
from 1492 to the Peace of Westphalia.
Ciampoli, Domenico (che-äm'pö-lē).
Italian novelist; born at Atezza in Abruzzi,
Aug. 25, 1855. His stories and romances are to
a great extent pictures of life among the peas-
antry and mountain folk of Southern Italy. He
has also written romances of a less local char-
acter: (Diana); (The Unknown. He has de-
voted special study to Slavic literature, and
published several volumes on that subject.
Cibber, Colley. An English dramatist; born
in London, Nov. 6, 1671; died there, Dec. 12,
1757. He was one of the most successful
stagers of plays in the history of the theatre,
and he saw every effect with the eyes of the
audience. Hence his dramatic works -- par-
ticularly 'Love's Last Shift,' a farce; (Love
Makes a Man); (She Would and She Would
Not); and (The Careless Husband,' comedies -
are masterpieces of construction, although their
literary qualities are not up to the high level
one might expect. He portrayed the fop, how-
ever, with an infinite felicity; and not a few of
his scenes are unexampled as specimens of ef-
fective action unmarred by meaningless detail.
Cicci, Maria Luigia (che'che). An Italian
poet; born in Pisa, Nov. 14, 1760; died March
8, 1794. She fell early under the influence of
Dante's great poem, and applied herself de.
votedly to letters, philosophy, physics, and his-
tory; her collected (Poems) (1796) showing the
results in refinement of imagery, and polished
though perhaps pedantic taste.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (sis'ę-ro). The
prince of Roman orators, a statesman, and a
distinguished writer on philosophy, rhetoric,
morals, etc. (106-43 B. C. ); born at Arpinum.
He wrote several treatises on the art of ora-
tory, the chief of these being: (The Orator,
to Marcus Brutus); “Of the Orator); and
(Brutus, or of Illustrious Orators. Of his
philosophical writings we have: (The Aca-
demics'; “Tusculan Disputations'; 'Of Defini-
tions of Good and Evil. ? Of discussions of
moral questions we have the practical treatise
(Of Mutual Offices. Theological notions are
examined in the two treatises Of Divinations)
and Of the Nature of the Gods. In the
shorter treatises (Of Old Age, (Of Friend-
ship, (Of Consolation, he collects such pre-
cepts of philosophy as have special application
in the decline of life. The letters of Cicero
to his friends (and some of theirs to him) are
extant to the number of 864, distributed under
these titles : (To Intimate Friends) (16 books),
extending over the years 62-43 B. C. ; (To
Atticus) (also 16 books), years 68-43; (To
Quintus,' his brother (3 books), years 60-54;
and «Correspondence with M. Brutus) (2
books), belonging to the time immediately after
Cæsar's assassination. *
Ciconi, Teobaldo (che-kõ'nē). An Italian
comic poet (1824-63); born at San Daniele in
the district of Friuli. His first collection of
lyric poems was published in 1853, and the
same year his drama (Eleonora of Toldo);
neither had much success. But in 1857 his
comedy (The Little Stray Sheep' was
ceived with hearty favor throughout Italy; and
not less gratifying was the success of the pieces
which succeeded it.
Cieco da Ferrara (ché-ā'ko). An Italian
poet of the latter half of the 15th century.
The true name of this « Blindman of Ferrara »
was Francesco Bello. His romantic epic (The
Man of Mamre) celebrates in 45 cantos the
adventures of an Oriental prince. It is plan-
less, and makes a curious jumble of Christian
ideas and ancient myths; yet it is not without
An
re-
## p. 110 (#126) ############################################
IIO
CIENFUEGOS-CLARK
(
His poem
By
traits of lively invention and scintillations of
wit. It was first printed after the Cieco's death.
Cienfuegos, Nicasio Alvarez de (the-en-
fwā'gos).
A Spanish poet (1764-1809); born
in Madrid. He was an alumnus of the School
of Poets at Salamanca, and passed his life
at Madrid wholly in the service of the Muses.
His tragedy (Pitacol won him membership
in the Spanish Academy: it is his masterpiece.
He wrote two other tragedies; and a comedy,
(The Magnanimous Sisters. His tragedies are
hampered by the rules of a pseudo-classicism,
but betray the inspiration of noble ideas. His
genius was lyric; and in songs, odes, and elegies
he proved himself a genine poet.
Cinna, C. Helvius (sin'ä). A Roman poet,
the companion of Catullus.
(Smyrna' has perished, all but a few frag-
ments. He was killed by a mob on the night
of Julius Cæsar's funeral.
Cino da Pistoja (che'nö dä pēs-to'yä). An
Italian poet (1270-1337); born at Pistoia.
profession he was a jurisconsult, and he wrote
a celebrated commentary on the Justinian Code.
Thereafter till his death he was professor of
jurisprudence in Italian universities. He was
an intimate friend of Dante. His love songs
(Rimes') addressed to his mistress Selvaggia
are full of tender passion; they entitle him to
a place among the lyric precursors of Petrarch.
Cintio or Cinzio. See Giraldi.
Cladel, Léon (klä-del'). A French romancist
(1855-92); born at Montauban. He rose sud-
denly into prominence with his story (The
Ridiculous Martyrs) (1862), a satirical descrip-
tion of the lower walks of literature in Paris.
This first success was repeated with the later
novels : (Eral the Tamer); "One Qouael); the
(My Peasants) series; (Barefoot); (A Woman
under Ban) (for this he suffered four weeks'
imprisonment); and many others.
Claflin, Mary Bucklin. An American prose-
writer; born in Hopkinton, Mass. , July 1825;
died in Whitinsville, Mass. , June 13, 1896. She
was the wife of Governor Claflin of Massachu-
setts. For eighteen years she was a trustee of
Boston University; and of Wellesley College
from its foundation till her death. Among her
publications are: (Brampton Sketches); “Rec-
ollections of Whittier); and (Under the Elms.
Clairmonte, Mrs. See Egerton, George.
Clairville, Louis François (klār-vēl'). A
French writer of light comedy (1811-79); born
at Lyons. Author of more than 220 comedies,
farces, and comic-opera libretti. Among his
most successful operettas are: (Daphnis and
Chloe (1849); Mme. Angot's Daughter)
(1873); among his vaudevilles : Property Is
Robbery) (1848); Antoinette's Temptations!
(1850); "Cinderella' (1866).
Clare, John. An English poet; born in
Helpstone, near Peterborough, July 13, 1793 ;
died at Northampton, May 20, 1864. He was
an agricultural laborer, absolutely uneducated;
and wrote (Poems, Descriptive of Rural Life
and Scenery, in which a talent not far re-
moved from genius attains many fervent and
moving effects.
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of. An
English historian and statesman; born at Din-
ton, Wiltshire, Feb. 18, 1609; died in exile at
Rouen, France, Dec. 9, 1674. His History of
the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England) and
(History of the Civil War in Ireland) are
among the foremost authorities for the events
and the political biography of the time; and
their force, acuteness, and dignified elevation of
style give them a high place as literature. His
Essay on an Active and Contemplative Life)
also contains many observations good in matter
and style. *
Claretie, Jules (klär-tē'). A French novelist
and dramatist; born at Limoges, Dec. 3, 1840.
He has written a long series of very successful
novels, the most noteworthy of them being :
(Madeleine Bertin) (1868); (The Million
(1882); Monsieur the Minister (1882); Noris,
Manners of the Time) (1883); (The American
Woman) (1892). He wrote also some striking
chapters of contemporary history, as (The
Revolution of 1870-71); (Paris Besieged”;
(Five Years After: Alsace and Lorraine since
Annexation. His dramatic compositions re-
late mostly to the time of the great Revolution.
He became administrator of the Comédie
Française in 1885, and was chosen member of
the Academy in 1888.
Clark, Alexander. A prominent American
Methodist divine and miscellaneous writer;
born in Jefferson county, O. , 1834; died in
Georgia, July 6, 1879. He was editor of the
Methodist Recorder (1870–79). He wrote: the
(Old Log Schoolhouse) (1864)'; Workaday
Christianity) (1870); Rambles in Europe
(1877); (Ripples on the River,' verse ; etc.
Clark, Charles Heber. (“Max Adeler. "
An American journalist and humorist; born
18–. He is attached to the Philadelphia Even-
ing Bulletin, and editor of the Textile Record
He has written : (Out of the Hurly-Burly
(1874); "Elbow-Room! (1876); Fortunate
Island, and Other Stories) (1881); etc.
Clark, George Hunt. An American poet;
born in Northampton, Mass. , 1809; died in
Hartford, Conn. , Aug. 20, 1881. He was a fre-
quent contributor to Putnam's, Knickerbocker,
and other journals. His published poems in-
clude : (Now and Then); (The News); and a
collection of humorous and sentimental pieces
entitled (Undertow of a Trade-Wind Surf.
Clark, Henry James. An American natural-
ist and prose-writer; born in Easton, Mass. ,
June 22, 1826; died in Amherst, Mass. , July 1,
1873. He was associated in work with Agassiz
for several years; also was professor in many
of our leading colleges and universities. Among
his many contributions to literature are: (Mind
in Nature, or the Origin of Life, and the Mode
of Development of Animals) (1865); (Claims
for Scientific Property) (1863).
3
## p. 111 (#127) ############################################
2
CLARK - CLARKE
III
Clark, James Gowdy. An American song- the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller d'Ossoli. His
writer; born in Constantia, N.
chus) (1793); and others - brought him fame
and success by the accordance of their republi-
can and revolutionary sentiments with the pub-
lic opinion of the time, rather than by their
merits as compositions. His national songs
were approved by the best test of such pro-
ductions,-popularity: one of them, (The Part-
ing Song) (Partant pour la Syrie), is hardly
less famous than the Marseillaise. His satires
are full of spirit, point, and wit, but often ran-
corous and unjust.
Cheraskoff, Michail Matvejevich (cher-äs'.
kõf). A Russian poet (1733-1807); born in the
government of Poltava. By his contemporaries
he was called the Russian Homer"; but he
had little original genius. We have from him
several epics after Virgil and Voltaire, accord-
ing to the orthodox rules of Boileau; among
them «The Rossiad, celebrating the conquest
of Kasan by Ivan the Terrible, and “Vladimir,
commemorating the Christianization of Russia.
He wrote also a number of dramas, romances,
fables, and songs. He excels in description of
natural scenery.
Cherbuliez, Victor (shăr-bü-lyā'). A dis-
tinguished French romancist; born at Geneva,
of a noted family of littérateurs, July 19, 1829.
Having studied in the universities of Geneva,
Paris, Bonn, and Berlin, he was for a time an
educator at Geneva; but in 1864 became one
of the editors of the Revue des Deux Mondes.
He first gained distinction as art critic and
observer of public affairs, as also by his ro-
mances, under the pseudonym “G. Valbert. " He
wrote a volume of art travels in Greece; (A
Horse by Phidias); “Political Spain'; (Foreign
Profiles); (Art and Nature); etc. His romances
are characterized by clever treatment of the
problems of domestic and social life and a
fine psychological analysis, with a marked bias
for description of odd characters. Among his
most successful novels -- and their success has
hardly been less abroad than at home - are:
(Romance of a Respectable Woman) (1866);
Ladislas Bolski's Adventure ) (1869); "Sam-
uel Brohl & Co. (1877). The last two were
dramatized, but won little popular favor on the
stage. *
Cherville, Gaspard Georges, Marquis de
(shār-vēl'). A French novelist; born at Char-
tres, 1821. He was for several years collabo-
rator with the elder Dumas; about 40 volumes
were the fruit of the partnership. Independ-
ently he contributed to the Paris Temps sev-
eral admirable sketches and stories of rural
life and the chase. A few of his studies have
been published in sumptuously illustrated edi.
tions; e. g. , Life in the Country) (1879, 3 vols. ).
Chesebro, Caroline. An American novelist;
born in Canandaigua, N. Y. , about 1828; died
in Piermont, N. Y. , Feb. 16, 1873. She was
author of Dream-Land by Daylight,' a volume
of stories and sketches (1851); (The Beautiful
Gate and Other Tales) (1863). The novels
Philly and Kit) (1856); Peter Carradine)
(1863); (The Foe in the Household) (1871);
and various others, are well known.
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl
of. An English man of affairs and of the
world; born in London, Sept. 22, 1694; died
there (? ), March 24, 1773. His literary fame
rests principally upon his (Letters to his Son. ' *
Chettle, Henry. An English dramatist; born
in London (? ), about 1565 (? ); died there (? ),
1607 (? ). He was contemporary with Shakes-
peare, and his best play is probably “Hoffman,'
a tragedy. He wrote various pamphlets, popu-
lar in his day.
Chézy, Antoine Léonard de (shā-zē'). A
distinguished French Orientalist (1773-1832).
For him the first chair of ancient Indian lan-
guages in France was founded in 1815. Bopp,
W. von Humboldt, F. von Schlegel, Burnouf,
Langlois, and other renowned scholars and
Orientalists, were his pupils. His principal
work is an edition, with French translation, of
Kalidasa's (Sakuntala) (1830).
Chézy, Helmina Christiane von. A Ger-
man poet and novelist; born (von Klencke) in
Berlin, Jan. 26, 1783; died in Geneva, Feb. 28,
1856. She produced : Poems) (1812); (Heart
Notes during a Pilgrimage) (1833); and similar
romantic stanzas; besides 'Emma's Ordeals)
(1827), a novel of merit.
Chézy, Wilhelm von. A German novelist
and historical essayist, son of Helmine C. ; born
in Paris, March 21, 1806; died in Vienna, March
13, 1865. He acquitted himself creditably as a
journalist, and wrote many popular tales : (The
Wandering Pupil (1835), «The Six Noble Pas-
sions) (1842), and “The Last Janissary) (1853),
among them; as well as Chivalry in Picture
and Word (1848), a study of much value.
Chiabrera, Gabriello (ke-ä-brā'rä). An Ital-
ian lyric poet (1552–1637); born at Savona.
Impatient of dependence on the great, he
again and again abandoned the courts of noble
patrons, and at last settled down in his native
Savona. Pindar and Anacreon were his de-
lights among the poets, and his countrymen
named him the Italian Pindar. ” But his
Pindaric odes have little of the grace and force
of Pindar; the poet labors too patently for
effect in strophe and antistrophe, in bold in-
versions and composite epithets; he is not
spontaneous; he is dull. Yet some of his little
songs after Anacreon are models of elegance
and grace.
His epic and dramatic poems
hardly rise above mediocrity. He wrote
charming autobiographical sketch, which shows
him to have been ever an honorable man, good
lover, good hater, and sincere Christian.
Chiarini, Giuseppe (ke-ä-rē'nē). An Ital-
ian poet and critic; born at Arezzo, Aug. 17,
1833. He is a student of foreign literatures,
especially English and German, and has been
editor of literary journals. His verse is mostly
lyrical, and has been collected under the titles:
a
## p. 107 (#123) ############################################
CHIAVACCI – CHOMJAKOFF
107
2
as
(Poems) (1874); (In Memoriam (1875); "La-
crymæ) (1879); etc. It gives proof of deep
poetic sensibility. He has translated some of
Heine's poems, and has published critical es-
says on English and German poets.
Chiavacci, Vincenz (kē-ä'vä-chē). An Aus-
trian humorist; born at Vienna, June 15, 1847.
As “Dame Sopherl, a Woman of Standing »
keeping a stand in the fruit market --- he began
in 1883 to contribute to the Vienna journals a
series of humorous remarks, in the Vienna
slang, on the occurrences of the preceding week.
Dame Sopherl and her whole circle of gossips,
male and female, were put upon the stage (1890)
and afforded infinite amusement. The author
has worked this and similar veins of humor
with distinguished success in a series of volumes.
Child, Francis James. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Boston, Mass. , Feb.
I, 1825; died there, Sept. II, 1896. He was
professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard
from 1851 till 1876, when he exchanged for the
chair of English literature. His principal work,
(English and Scottish Ballads,' a subject on
which he was the highest authority in this
country, he improved and enlarged for publica-
tion in 1886. Among his other works are :
(Four Old Plays) (1848); and a collection of
(Poems of Sorrow and Comfort) (1865).
Child, Lydia Maria. An American prose-
writer; born in Medford, Mass. , Feb. 11, 1802;
died in Wayland, Mass. , Oct. 20, 1880. Her
first novel, Hobomok,' was written and pub-
lished in 1821. She was an ardent abolition-
ist, and published the first book written on
that subject, entitled (Appeal for that class
of Americans called African. ' Dr. Channing
went over to Roxbury to thank her for it.
Among her numerous works are: Philothea,
a romance of Greece in the days of Pericles
(1835); (Fact and Fiction (1846); Looking
Toward Sunset) (1864); Miria: A Romance
of the Republic) (1867); and (Aspirations of
the World' (1878). A collection of her letters,
with an introduction by John G. Whittier, and
an appendix by Wendell Phillips, was published
in 1882.
Childs, George William. An American phi-
lanthropist, publisher, and memoir writer; born
at Baltimore, Md. , May 22, 1829; died at Phil.
adelphia, Feb. 3, 1894. He published the Phila-
delphia Public Ledger, 1864-94. He gave a
Shakespeare memorial fountain to Stratford-
on-Avon, a memorial window in Westminster
Abbey to Cowper and Herbert, and assisted
in establishing a home for printers at Colorado
Springs. He published: (Recollections of Gen-
eral Grant) (1885); and Personal Recollec-
tions) (1889).
Chiles, Mrs. Mary Eliza (Hicks) (Hemdin).
An American novelist and writer of verse ;
born in Kentucky, 1820. She has published :
Louisa Elton, a reply to (Uncle Tom'; 'Os-
wyn Dudley); etc. ; and (Select Poems. )
Chillingworth, William. An English di-
vine and theological writer; born at Oxford,
1602; died January 1644. His fame rests upon
(The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to
Salvation (1637).
Chittenden, Lucius Eugene. An American
lawyer and historical writer; born in Vermont,
1824. His home is in New York. He has writ.
ten : (Recollections of Lincoln and his Ad.
ministration); Personal Reminiscences, 1840-
1890); etc.
Chivers, Thomas Holley. An American
writer of verse; born 1807; died 1858. His
home was in Georgia. He wrote: (Virginalia,
or Songs of my Summer Nights) (1853); (At-
lanta) (1855); (The Lost Pleiad.
Chmelnizkij, Nikolaj Ivanovich (chmel-nits'.
skē-e). A Russian writer of comedy (1789-1846).
He contributed largely to the reformation and
elevation of the Russian stage, both by his
original productions and by his translations of
Regnard, Molière, and other great masters.
Among his comedies are: (The Babblers);
(Air Castles); (The Waverer. He wrote also
a historical drama : Zenobius Bogdan; or, The
Incorporation of Little Russia. '
Chmielovski, Peter (shmēl-ov'skē). A Polish
historian of literature, and critic; born 1848.
His early studies were made in Leipsic, but
the theatre of his journalistic and literary ac-
tivities has long been Warsaw. His investiga.
tions have been mostly in nineteenth-century
subjects. (Adam Mickiewicz) (1886) and (Stud.
ies and Sketches in the History of Polish Liter-
ature) (1886) are among the important results
of his labors.
Choate, Rufus. A famous American lawyer,
orator and statesman; born at Essex, Mass. ,
Oct. 1, 1799; died at Halifax, N. S. , July 13,
1859. He succeeded Daniel Webster in the
United States Senate (1841-45), and was long
the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts
bar. He was one of the most distinguished of
American orators. His works were published
in 1863 (2 vols. ). *
Chodzko, Alexander (chöds'ko). A Polish
poet and scholar; born in Krzywicze, July 11,
1804; died in Juvisy, Dec. 20, 1891. His ver-
sions of numerous masterpieces of Oriental lit.
erature are esteemed; but he is happiest in the
(Slav Legends of the Middle Ages) (1859)
and (Bulgarian Studies) (1875).
Chodzko, Ignacy. A Polish poet and sketch-
writer; born in Zabloczyzna, Jan. 15, 1795; died
there, Aug. 1, 1861. He first attempted odes in
the classical style; but subsequently produced
(Lithuanian Pictures) (1840-62) and Lithua-
nian Traditions) (1852-58), vivid (prose sketches
of manners and people, portraying especially
the Lithuanian nobility of the 18th century.
Chomjakoff, Alexéj Stepánovich (chom'yä.
kõf). A Russian poet, dramatist, and contro-
versialist ; born in Moscow, May 13, 1804; died
there, Oct. 5, 1860. His writings -- particularly
(The Pseudo-Demetrius) (1833: a tragedy), bis
collected Poems) (1844), and Letters to the
a
## p. 108 (#124) ############################################
108
CHORLEY – CHURCH
a
Slavs in Moscow) (1860)-embody an essen-
tially Russian conservatism.
Chorley, Henry Fothergill. An English
critic and miscellaneous writer; born in Black-
ley Hurst, Lancashire, Dec. 15, 1808; died in
London, Feb. 15, 1872. His criticisms ap-
peared mostly in the Atheneum, of London,
displaying fine perception and exquisite taste
in matters connected with literature and music.
His novels, however ("Conti,' (The Prodigy,'
and “The Lion'), are failures from the popular
point of view, although finely written; and his
plays, with the exception of (Old Love and
New Fortune, are weak.
Chortatzis, Georgios (chor-täts'ēs). A mod.
ern Greek dramatic poet, who seems to have
been a native of Crete and to have fourished
about 1620. His tragedy of Erophile (1637 ;
new ed. 1879) is the first play written in the
(new) or modern Greek; the work possesses
many merits, and was at one time very popu-
lar because of its epigrammatic sententiousness,
but its imitation of Giraldi's (Orbecche) is
palpable.
Chrétien de Troyes (kret-yen de trwä). The
greatest of the early French romancers; 12th
century. Though he won high fame as a lyrist,
his renown is based on his epic compositions,
especially on his stories of King Arthur and
the Round Table. His epic of King Marcus
and the Fair Ysault) is lost; but these remain :
(Irec and Enid); (Cligès); (The Knight of
La Charette); (The Knight with the Lion);
(Perceval the Welshman. ' The last is his
most considerable work, but it does not come
from his hand alone, being continued and
completed by Gautier de Denet and Menassier.
In this piece are wrought into one story the
legend of the Holy Grail and that of Arthur,
which thereafter were not divorced. His lan-
guage and versification were models for trou-
badours and romancers for a long time; and
from him the Arthurian poets to the end of
the 13th century borrowed episodes, themes,
situations, characters, and all manner of poets'
devices. Chrétien was a master of invention,
fashioned for himself a competent literary
vehicle, and made most effective use of his
large knowledge of men and manners.
Christen, Ada (kris'ten), pseudonym of
Christiane Breden. An Austrian poet and
novelist; born in Vienna, March 6, 1844. Her
first success was the volume of poems (Songs
of One Lost) (1868); a collection evincing deli-
cacy of sentiment blended with the vigor of
health. Her subsequent verse, in (Shadows)
(1873) and (From the Deep) (1878), revealed
an accession of power. Her novel of (Ella)
(1873) is a fair production, and the drama
(Faustina) (1871) merits praise; but her best
prose is in the book of tales and sketches
called (From Life) (1876).
Christiansen, Arne Einar (krist'yen-sen). A
Danish poet; born at Copenhagen, July 20,
1861.
His first very promising prose comedy,
(Lindow's Bairns) (1881), was followed by the
prose tragedy Nero) (1885). The author had
meantime traveled extensively in Europe and
the East; then, together with a series of prose
dramas, he produced three historical and ro-
mantic plays in verse. He makes dexterous use
of the resources of dramaturgic art, and gives
his native genius free play regardless of literary
fashions and conventions.
Christopulos, Athanasios (kris-top'ö-los).
A Greek poet and scholar; born in Kastoria,
Macedonia, 1772 (or 1770); died in Wallachia,
Jan. 29, 1847. His best work is (Love's Self-
Vindication (Paris, 1833), a collection published
originally as 'Erotica and Bacchica) (1811), and
comprising love lays and drinking songs.
Chrysander, Friedrich (kris-än'der). A Ger-
man historian of music; born in Lübtheen,
Mecklenburg, July 8, 1826. He has won recog.
nition as an authority on the annals and epochs
of music, a biography of Handel (1858-67, vols.
i. -iii. , first half) being his masterpiece. He has
also written many critical papers on the ora-
torio and other forms, in addition to editing
musical periodicals; but his attempts in musical
composition have not been happy.
Chrysippus (kris'ip-us). A famed Greek
philosopher; about 280-206 B. C. ; born proba-
bly at Soli in Cilicia. He attended at Athens
the lectures of Zeno, at least of Cleanthes;
after the death of Cleanthes he became head
of the school. His writings were exceedingly
numerous, but only fragments remain. The
loss is not very much to be regretted, if we
may judge of the quality of the whole mass
by specimens preserved for us in ancient au-
thors. But there were precious gems of thought
scattered through the rubbish of hair-splitting
refinements and mere anilities; and it is to be
regretted that these were not timely tried
out) and the rest shot into the dust-hole.
This service Seneca could have done most
acceptably,-a reverent disciple of Chrysippus,
but also an outspoken critic of his writings,
as we see in his treatise on Kindnesses): «I
may seem to be setting Chrysippus to rights:
he is a great man, but after all a Greek; his
all too fine analysis is worked overmuch; even
when you think he is getting at the heart of
the matter, he punctures only, instead of boring
through. ”
Chrysoloras, Manuel (kris-7-lõ'räs). A
Greek scholar; born in Constantinople, about
1355; died at Constance, April 15, 1415. He
was the first to attain eminence in Italy as a
teacher of the literature and language of Greece:
a work by him called "Queries) (Erotemata)
long remained authoritative on Greek grammar.
Chrysostom, St. John. A Greek Church
father ; born in Antioch, Syria, 350 (? ); died at
Comana, 407. His works, consisting of homi-
lies, commentaries, liturgies, epistles, etc. , are
comprised in 13 vols. fol. (1718). *
Church, Mrs. Ella Rodman (MacIlvane).
An American miscellaneous writer, better
known as “Ella Rodman"); born in New
## p. 109 (#125) ############################################
CHURCH-CIECO DA FERRARA
109
York State, 1831. She has written : (Flights of
Fancy); “Grandmother's Recollections) (1851);
(Flyers and Crawlers, or Talks about Insects)
(1884); (How to Furnish a Home); Money-
Blaking for Ladies); etc.
Church, Francis Pharcellus. 'An Ameri-
can editor; born in Rochester, N. Y. , Feb. 22,
1839. First publisher and editor of the Army
and Navy Journal; afterward, with his brother,
established and edited the Galaxy magazine.
He is also a leading editorial writer of the
daily journals of New York.
Church, William Conant. An American
journalist; born in Rochester, N. Y. , Aug. 11,
1836. He became the publisher of the New
York Sun in 1860, and was war correspondent
of the Times (1861–62). In conjunction with
his brother Francis he established the Army
and Navy Journal (1863) and the Galaxy mag-
azine (1866); and has been a contributor to
the Century and other periodicals. He has
written a notable biography of General Grant.
Churchill, Charles. An English satirical
poet; born in Westminster, February 1731 ;
died at Boulogne, Nov. 4, 1764. He won his
fame with (The Rosciad,' a satire upon the
actors of the time, in which only Garrick and
some few popular actresses are praised. His
capacity for ridicule was so great that “The
Ghost); (The Farewell); "The Conference);
(The Author); and (The Prophecy of Famine,
proved exceedingly popular. He is almost
without a peer in his special field.
Chwostoff, Dmitrij Ivanovich, Count (kvos'.
tof or kwos'tõſ). A Russian poet and states-
man; born in St. Petersburg, July 19, 1757;
died there, Nov. 3, 1835. His public career
was distinguished. The four volumes of his
(Works) (1817) comprise odes and miscella-
neous poems.
Ciampi, Ignazio (che-äm'pē). An Italian
poet and historian (1824-80); born in Rome.
He was a jurist, and from 1874 till his death
was professor of modern history in the Uni-
versity of Rome. Among his poetical works
are some imitations of the Russian Pushkin;
an epic, “Stella); and two volumes of (Vari-
ous Poems. He wrote several works on the
history of literature, also biographies and his.
tories of special periods. His principal work
appeared posthumously: Modern History,
from 1492 to the Peace of Westphalia.
Ciampoli, Domenico (che-äm'pö-lē).
Italian novelist; born at Atezza in Abruzzi,
Aug. 25, 1855. His stories and romances are to
a great extent pictures of life among the peas-
antry and mountain folk of Southern Italy. He
has also written romances of a less local char-
acter: (Diana); (The Unknown. He has de-
voted special study to Slavic literature, and
published several volumes on that subject.
Cibber, Colley. An English dramatist; born
in London, Nov. 6, 1671; died there, Dec. 12,
1757. He was one of the most successful
stagers of plays in the history of the theatre,
and he saw every effect with the eyes of the
audience. Hence his dramatic works -- par-
ticularly 'Love's Last Shift,' a farce; (Love
Makes a Man); (She Would and She Would
Not); and (The Careless Husband,' comedies -
are masterpieces of construction, although their
literary qualities are not up to the high level
one might expect. He portrayed the fop, how-
ever, with an infinite felicity; and not a few of
his scenes are unexampled as specimens of ef-
fective action unmarred by meaningless detail.
Cicci, Maria Luigia (che'che). An Italian
poet; born in Pisa, Nov. 14, 1760; died March
8, 1794. She fell early under the influence of
Dante's great poem, and applied herself de.
votedly to letters, philosophy, physics, and his-
tory; her collected (Poems) (1796) showing the
results in refinement of imagery, and polished
though perhaps pedantic taste.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (sis'ę-ro). The
prince of Roman orators, a statesman, and a
distinguished writer on philosophy, rhetoric,
morals, etc. (106-43 B. C. ); born at Arpinum.
He wrote several treatises on the art of ora-
tory, the chief of these being: (The Orator,
to Marcus Brutus); “Of the Orator); and
(Brutus, or of Illustrious Orators. Of his
philosophical writings we have: (The Aca-
demics'; “Tusculan Disputations'; 'Of Defini-
tions of Good and Evil. ? Of discussions of
moral questions we have the practical treatise
(Of Mutual Offices. Theological notions are
examined in the two treatises Of Divinations)
and Of the Nature of the Gods. In the
shorter treatises (Of Old Age, (Of Friend-
ship, (Of Consolation, he collects such pre-
cepts of philosophy as have special application
in the decline of life. The letters of Cicero
to his friends (and some of theirs to him) are
extant to the number of 864, distributed under
these titles : (To Intimate Friends) (16 books),
extending over the years 62-43 B. C. ; (To
Atticus) (also 16 books), years 68-43; (To
Quintus,' his brother (3 books), years 60-54;
and «Correspondence with M. Brutus) (2
books), belonging to the time immediately after
Cæsar's assassination. *
Ciconi, Teobaldo (che-kõ'nē). An Italian
comic poet (1824-63); born at San Daniele in
the district of Friuli. His first collection of
lyric poems was published in 1853, and the
same year his drama (Eleonora of Toldo);
neither had much success. But in 1857 his
comedy (The Little Stray Sheep' was
ceived with hearty favor throughout Italy; and
not less gratifying was the success of the pieces
which succeeded it.
Cieco da Ferrara (ché-ā'ko). An Italian
poet of the latter half of the 15th century.
The true name of this « Blindman of Ferrara »
was Francesco Bello. His romantic epic (The
Man of Mamre) celebrates in 45 cantos the
adventures of an Oriental prince. It is plan-
less, and makes a curious jumble of Christian
ideas and ancient myths; yet it is not without
An
re-
## p. 110 (#126) ############################################
IIO
CIENFUEGOS-CLARK
(
His poem
By
traits of lively invention and scintillations of
wit. It was first printed after the Cieco's death.
Cienfuegos, Nicasio Alvarez de (the-en-
fwā'gos).
A Spanish poet (1764-1809); born
in Madrid. He was an alumnus of the School
of Poets at Salamanca, and passed his life
at Madrid wholly in the service of the Muses.
His tragedy (Pitacol won him membership
in the Spanish Academy: it is his masterpiece.
He wrote two other tragedies; and a comedy,
(The Magnanimous Sisters. His tragedies are
hampered by the rules of a pseudo-classicism,
but betray the inspiration of noble ideas. His
genius was lyric; and in songs, odes, and elegies
he proved himself a genine poet.
Cinna, C. Helvius (sin'ä). A Roman poet,
the companion of Catullus.
(Smyrna' has perished, all but a few frag-
ments. He was killed by a mob on the night
of Julius Cæsar's funeral.
Cino da Pistoja (che'nö dä pēs-to'yä). An
Italian poet (1270-1337); born at Pistoia.
profession he was a jurisconsult, and he wrote
a celebrated commentary on the Justinian Code.
Thereafter till his death he was professor of
jurisprudence in Italian universities. He was
an intimate friend of Dante. His love songs
(Rimes') addressed to his mistress Selvaggia
are full of tender passion; they entitle him to
a place among the lyric precursors of Petrarch.
Cintio or Cinzio. See Giraldi.
Cladel, Léon (klä-del'). A French romancist
(1855-92); born at Montauban. He rose sud-
denly into prominence with his story (The
Ridiculous Martyrs) (1862), a satirical descrip-
tion of the lower walks of literature in Paris.
This first success was repeated with the later
novels : (Eral the Tamer); "One Qouael); the
(My Peasants) series; (Barefoot); (A Woman
under Ban) (for this he suffered four weeks'
imprisonment); and many others.
Claflin, Mary Bucklin. An American prose-
writer; born in Hopkinton, Mass. , July 1825;
died in Whitinsville, Mass. , June 13, 1896. She
was the wife of Governor Claflin of Massachu-
setts. For eighteen years she was a trustee of
Boston University; and of Wellesley College
from its foundation till her death. Among her
publications are: (Brampton Sketches); “Rec-
ollections of Whittier); and (Under the Elms.
Clairmonte, Mrs. See Egerton, George.
Clairville, Louis François (klār-vēl'). A
French writer of light comedy (1811-79); born
at Lyons. Author of more than 220 comedies,
farces, and comic-opera libretti. Among his
most successful operettas are: (Daphnis and
Chloe (1849); Mme. Angot's Daughter)
(1873); among his vaudevilles : Property Is
Robbery) (1848); Antoinette's Temptations!
(1850); "Cinderella' (1866).
Clare, John. An English poet; born in
Helpstone, near Peterborough, July 13, 1793 ;
died at Northampton, May 20, 1864. He was
an agricultural laborer, absolutely uneducated;
and wrote (Poems, Descriptive of Rural Life
and Scenery, in which a talent not far re-
moved from genius attains many fervent and
moving effects.
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of. An
English historian and statesman; born at Din-
ton, Wiltshire, Feb. 18, 1609; died in exile at
Rouen, France, Dec. 9, 1674. His History of
the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England) and
(History of the Civil War in Ireland) are
among the foremost authorities for the events
and the political biography of the time; and
their force, acuteness, and dignified elevation of
style give them a high place as literature. His
Essay on an Active and Contemplative Life)
also contains many observations good in matter
and style. *
Claretie, Jules (klär-tē'). A French novelist
and dramatist; born at Limoges, Dec. 3, 1840.
He has written a long series of very successful
novels, the most noteworthy of them being :
(Madeleine Bertin) (1868); (The Million
(1882); Monsieur the Minister (1882); Noris,
Manners of the Time) (1883); (The American
Woman) (1892). He wrote also some striking
chapters of contemporary history, as (The
Revolution of 1870-71); (Paris Besieged”;
(Five Years After: Alsace and Lorraine since
Annexation. His dramatic compositions re-
late mostly to the time of the great Revolution.
He became administrator of the Comédie
Française in 1885, and was chosen member of
the Academy in 1888.
Clark, Alexander. A prominent American
Methodist divine and miscellaneous writer;
born in Jefferson county, O. , 1834; died in
Georgia, July 6, 1879. He was editor of the
Methodist Recorder (1870–79). He wrote: the
(Old Log Schoolhouse) (1864)'; Workaday
Christianity) (1870); Rambles in Europe
(1877); (Ripples on the River,' verse ; etc.
Clark, Charles Heber. (“Max Adeler. "
An American journalist and humorist; born
18–. He is attached to the Philadelphia Even-
ing Bulletin, and editor of the Textile Record
He has written : (Out of the Hurly-Burly
(1874); "Elbow-Room! (1876); Fortunate
Island, and Other Stories) (1881); etc.
Clark, George Hunt. An American poet;
born in Northampton, Mass. , 1809; died in
Hartford, Conn. , Aug. 20, 1881. He was a fre-
quent contributor to Putnam's, Knickerbocker,
and other journals. His published poems in-
clude : (Now and Then); (The News); and a
collection of humorous and sentimental pieces
entitled (Undertow of a Trade-Wind Surf.
Clark, Henry James. An American natural-
ist and prose-writer; born in Easton, Mass. ,
June 22, 1826; died in Amherst, Mass. , July 1,
1873. He was associated in work with Agassiz
for several years; also was professor in many
of our leading colleges and universities. Among
his many contributions to literature are: (Mind
in Nature, or the Origin of Life, and the Mode
of Development of Animals) (1865); (Claims
for Scientific Property) (1863).
3
## p. 111 (#127) ############################################
2
CLARK - CLARKE
III
Clark, James Gowdy. An American song- the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller d'Ossoli. His
writer; born in Constantia, N.
