(Masque of 'Alfred')
April Rain (The Seasons'- Spring)
The Lost Caravan (The Seasons'- Summer)
The Inundation (The Seasons' - Autumn)
The First Snow (The Seasons'.
April Rain (The Seasons'- Spring)
The Lost Caravan (The Seasons'- Summer)
The Inundation (The Seasons' - Autumn)
The First Snow (The Seasons'.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v21 to v25 - Rab to Tur
The descendants of Hillel
became the religious heads of the Jews throughout the Roman em-
pire; schools were established in various Palestinian towns: there was
## p. 14467 (#661) ##########################################
THE TALMUD
14467
little formality about the organization of a school; the scholars flocked
to this or that famous teacher, and the location of a school depended
on the teacher's place of residence. Most of the Jewish settlements
were in Galilee: there the schools that produced the Mishna, there
the schools that elaborated the Talmud of Palestine, are to be sought.
Then taught Jehuda the Holy One, whose activity in the last quarter
of the second century of our era gathered about him students from
near and far: his disciple from Babylon, Abba, carried back with him
his master's methods to his native country; with Abba, Jewish learning
in Babylonia may be said mainly to begin. The schools of Palestine
still continued to exist; the scholars of both countries were in con-
stant communication with one another: but the Babylonian schools
soon became more important, and when the schools of the mother
country came to an abrupt end with the advance of the Christian
Church (during the fourth century), the academies of Babylonia and
their heads came to be regarded as the representatives of Jewish
learning, and wielded great influence until they in turn yielded to the
advance of Islam; which again was the means of transplanting Jew-
ish science into Spain and the countries of Europe. But the influence
of Babylonia was felt even after it was extinct in the country where
it first manifested itself. The Talmud of Palestine was forgotten,
subsequently to be recovered from oblivion; it had no direct influence
on Jewish life in the Middle Ages. That is why when we speak of
the Talmud, we usually have reference to the Talmud of Babylon,
the Talmud par excellence. In all matters of law, the authority of the
iatter is final. Jewish Babylonia comprised the southern part of
Mesopotarnia.
2. The literature that clustered around the Talmud may fairly
be said to be a library in itself. The commentary spoken of in the
text is that of Solomon ben Isaac, commonly called Rashi, of Troyes;
he died in 1105. His disciples, who belonged at the same time to
his family, carried on his work in the form of supplementary notes
to the Commentary commentaire, kontres), called by the Hebrew
name Tosaphoth (supplements). Our ordinary Talmud editions have
the text in the centre of the page, with Rashi's commentary on
the inner and the Tosaphoth on the outer side. The author of the
lexicon is Nathan of Rome. The words are alphabetically arranged;
and the exegetical work underlying the meanings which are assigned
to them is mainly based on tradition and the works of older com-
mentators. The codes based on the Talmud and alluded to in the
text are written in the language of the Mishna,- i. e. , not in Ara-
maic, but in late Hebrew; they also adopt the Mishnic method, inas-
much as discussions are avoided, the result being stated in concise
language. It is needless to say that these codes have not escaped
## p. 14468 (#662) ##########################################
14468
THE TALMUD
the commentator's zeal; they are therefore as a rule printed in the
form of the Talmud, text in the middle and commentaries on the
two margins. To these codes, with their commentaries and super-
commentaries and glosses and scholia, the orthodox rabbi has recourse
whenever he is consulted on any matter of Jewish law; he may then
at times follow up a given decision to its very source in the Talmud.
But the Talmud is still studied without regard to practical application:
the dialectical exercise in quick questioning and answering is suffi-
ciently fascinating. In modern times the Talmud is also studied by
Christians. Portions of the Talmud are translated, but as
a rule
badly: the right method has as yet been hit upon by no translator.
D. A. de Sola and M. J. Raphall have translated eighteen treatises of
the Mishna into English (London, 1843). A French translation of the
greater part of the Palestinian Talmud was made by Moise Schwab
(Paris, 1871-1890). Of the Babylonian Talmud, single treatises have
of late been translated into modern languages. To mention one, Hagi-
gah was translated into English by A. W. Streane (Cambridge, 1891).
The criminal and civil legislation contained in the Talmud was elab-
orated in French by J. J. M. Rabbinowicz (Paris, 1876-1879). Professor
Hermann L. Strack of the University of Berlin is the author of a
German introduction to the Talmud (Berlin, 1894); more comprehens-
ive is the English introduction written by Professor Moses Mielziner
of the Hebrew Union College (Cincinnati, 1894). The treatise Aboth
(The Sayings of the Fathers) has been translated repeatedly: Charles
Taylor's translation (Cambridge, 1877) is the most scholarly. August
Wünsche has translated into German the haggadic portions of the
Talmud, - that is, those portions which are the production of the
leisure hours of the school, and deal with subjects which are of
more interest to the general reader (Zürich, 1880; Leipzig, 1886-1889).
a
Max Margols,
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## p. 14443 (#1) ############################################
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Lit 2020. 56
The gift of
Prof. Charles S. Thomas
HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
## p. 14445 (#3) ############################################
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#
1
e
## p. 14447 (#5) ############################################
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1
4
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TOLSTOY
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}
## p. 14451 (#9) ############################################
LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XXV
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
"
## p. 14452 (#10) ###########################################
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT 1897
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE WERNER COMPANY
PRINTERS
KPOR
BINDERS
1
## p. 14453 (#11) ###########################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
te
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 14454 (#12) ###########################################
## p. 14455 (#13) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOL. XXV
BY J. F. BINGHAM
LIVED
1544-1595
From 'Jerusalem Delivered '
The Crusaders' First Sight of the Holy City
Episode of Olindo and Sophronia
Description of the Sorceress Armida
Flight of Erminia
The Crusaders Go in Procession to Mass, Preparatory
to the Assault
Clorinda's Eunuch Narrates her History
Tancred in Ignorance Slays Clorinda
Armida Ensnares Rinaldo
The Two Knights in Search for Rinaldo Reach the For-
tunate Island, and Discover the Fountain of Laugh-
ter
Erminia Cures Tancred, and is Supposed to Become
his Bride
The Reconciliation of Rinaldo and Armida
The Aminta
I Am Content, Thyrsis
The Golden Age
Ode to the River Metauro
Congedo at the Conclusion of the 'Rinaldo'
To the Princess Leonora
When Forbidden by her Physicians to Sing
Written Soon After the Poet's Arrival at Ferrara
To Leonora of Este
To the Princess Lucretia
To Tarquinia Molza
To the Duke of Ferrara
To the Princesses of Ferrara
To the Duke Alphonso
Or Che L'aura Mia
PAGE
14469
## p. 14456 (#14) ###########################################
BAYARD TAYLOR
Charmian
BY ALBERT H. SMYTH
Fitz-Greene Halleck (Address at the Dedication of the
Halleck Monument)
Ariel in the Cloven Pine
Bedouin Song
Hylas
The Song of the Camp
SIR HENRY TAYLOR
Song
Aretina's Song (A Sicilian Summer')
To H. C.
JEREMY TAYLOR
vi
The Famine (Philip van Artevelde')
Vengeance on the Traitors (same)
Artevelde Refuses to Dismiss Elena (same)
BY T. W. HIGGINSON
ESAIAS TEGNÉR
The Rose (same)
Remedies Against Impatience (same)
LIVED
1825-1878
Of the Authority of Reason (Liberty of Prophesying')
The True Prosperity (Sermon-Faith and Patience of
the Saints')
From Frithiof's Saga'
1800-1886
The Merits of Adversity (Rules and Exercises of Holy
Dying')
The Power of Endurance (same)
On Husband and Wife (Sermon - The Marriage Ring')
The Value of an Hour ('Rules and Exercises of Holy
Dying')
Life and Death (same)
Frithiof and Ingeborg
Frithiof Goes into Banishment
The Viking Code
The Reconciliation
1613-1667
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
PAGE
14518
1782-1846
14539
14551
14563
1
## p. 14457 (#15) ###########################################
vii
ALFRED TENNYSON
.
BY HENRY VAN DYKE
The Lady of Shalott
Choric Song (The Lotos-Eaters')
Ulysses
Locksley Hall
Break, Break, Break
The Brook
The Splendor Falls on Castle Walls (The Princess')
Tears, Idle Tears (same)
TERENCE
Perfect Unity (same)
The Charge of the Light Brigade
From In Memoriam'
Come into the Garden, Maud (Maud')
Oh That 'Twere Possible (same)
The Farewell of King Arthur to Queen Guinevere ('Idylls
of the King')
In the Children's Hospital: Emmie
The Throstle
The Oak
Crossing the Bar
CHARLES TENNYSON TURNER
The Lion's Skeleton
The Lattice at Sunrise
The Rookery
Orion
LIVED
1809-1892
From The Self-Tormentor'
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY
1808-1879
BY THOMAS BOND LINDSAY
B. C. 185? -159
Letty's Globe
Her First-Born
Our Mary and the Child Mummy
The Buoy-Bell
1811-1863
PAGE
14581
BY W. C. BROWNELL
Beatrix Esmond (The History of Henry Esmond')
The Duke of Marlborough (same)
The Famous Mr. Joseph Addison (same)
Beatrix Esmond and the Duke of Hamilton (same)
Before the Battle of Waterloo (Vanity Fair')
14638
14643
14663
## p. 14458 (#16) ###########################################
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY
Continued:
Becky Admires her Husband (Vanity Fair')
Colonel Newcome in the Cave of Harmony (The New-
comes')
Colonel Newcome's Death (same)
From The Chronicle of the Drum'
What is Greatness? (same)
The White Squall
The Ballad of Bouillabaisse
OCTAVE THANET
Peg of Limavaddy
The Sorrows of Werther
Little Billee
From The Pen and the Album'
At the Church Gate
The Mahogany-Tree
The End of the Play
The Missionary Sheriff
CELIA THAXTER
Sorrow
Seaward
viii
The Sandpiper
The Watch of Boon Island
THEOCRITUS
-
The Song of Lycidas
The Song of Simichidas
The Festival of Adonis
The Psalm of Adonis
BY J. W. MACKAIL
Viol and Flute
The Sinking of the Pleiad
Idyl VII- The Harvest Feast
LIVED
The Song of Thyrsis
The Love of Simætha (Second Idyl)
The Songs of the Reapers (Tenth Idyl)
To Apollo and the Muses
Heaven on Earth
1836-1894
Impatience
In Death's Despite
Wild Geese
In Autumn
1860? -
Third Century B. C.
PAGE
14733
14760
14769
I
1
## p. 14459 (#17) ###########################################
ix
LIVED
Sixth and Fifth (? ) Centuries B. C.
The Beloved Youth Gains Fame from the Poet's Songs
Worldly Wisdom
"Desert a Beggar Born"
A Savage Prayer
THEOGNIS
ANDRÉ THEURIET
1833-
The Bretonne (Stories of Every-day Life')
An Easter Story (same)
AUGUSTIN THIERRY
BY FREDERIC LOLIÉE
The True History of Jacques Bonhomme, from Authentic
Documents (Historical Essays')
The Battle of Hastings (History of the Conquest of Eng-
land by the Normans')
The Story of Fortunatus (Historical Essays and Narra-
tives of the Merovingian Era')
ADOLPHE THIERS
1795-1856
Syrinx
Lethe
Sunset
BY ADOLPHE COHN
JAMES THOMSON
Why the Revolution Came (History of the French Revo-
lution')
1797-1877
The Revolutionary War in Western France (same)
The Height of the Terror (same)
The Policy of Napoleon in Egypt (same)
Napoleon's Address to his Army after the Disaster of
Aboukir (same)
EDITH MATILDA THOMAS
1854-
Cybele and her Children
The Grasshopper
Winter Sleep
1700-1748
Rule Britannia!
(Masque of 'Alfred')
April Rain (The Seasons'- Spring)
The Lost Caravan (The Seasons'- Summer)
The Inundation (The Seasons' - Autumn)
The First Snow (The Seasons'. Winter)
The Sheep-Washing (The Seasons'- Summer)
The Castle of Indolence (The Castle of Indolence')
PAGE
14789
14795
14803
14821
14845
14851
## p. 14460 (#18) ###########################################
JAMES THOMSON
From The City of Dreadful Night'
From 'Art'
HENRY D. THOREAU
Inspiration
The Fisher's Boy
Smoke
THUCYDIDES
ALBIUS TIBULLUS
X
BY JOHN BURROUGHS
Walking (Excursions')
JOHANN LUDWIG TIECK
HENRY TIMROD
Spring
Sonnet
The Night Attack on Platæa (History')
Pericles's Memorial Oration over the Athenian Dead of
the First Campaign (same)
The Fair-Haired Eckbert
LIVED
1834-1882
Work and Pay (Walden')
Solitude (same)
The Bean Field (same)
BY HERBERT WEIR SMYTH
Reflections on Revolution
The Final Struggle in the Harbor of Syracuse
54-19? B. C.
BY G. M. WHICHER
On the Pleasures of a Country Life
Written in Sickness at Corcyra
The Rural Deities
Love in the Country
To Cerinthus, on his Birthday
1817-1862
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE
471? -400? B. C.
773-1853
1829-1867
1805-1859
Education of Young Women in the United States ('De-
mocracy in America')
Political Association (same)
Cause of Legislative Instability in America (same)
Tyranny of the Majority (same)
PAGE
14865
14871
14909
14932
14943
14961
14965
## p. 14461 (#19) ###########################################
xi
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE-Continued:
LYOF TOLSTOY
Power Exercised by the Majority in America upon Opin-
ion (same)
Dangers from Omnipotence of the Majority (same)
France under the Rule of the Middle Class (Recollec-
tions of Alexis de Tocqueville')
Anna's Illness ('Anna Karénina')
Anna and her Son (same)
Anna Kills Herself (same)
At Borodino (War and Peace')
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
BY WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS
IVAN TURGENEFF
LIVED
1828-
1815-1882
BY JANE GROSVENOR COOKE
1818-1883
PAGE
War (Barchester Towers')
The Bishop of Barchester is Crushed (The Last Chron-
icle of Barset')
The Moral Responsibility of the Novelist ('Autobiography")
BY HENRY JAMES
The Death of Bazarov (Fathers and Children')
Lavretsky (A House of Gentlefolk')
The District Doctor ('A Sportsman's Sketches')
14985
15031
15057
## p. 14462 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 14463 (#21) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
Torquato Tasso
Bayard Taylor
Jeremy Taylor
Esaias Tegnér
Alfred Tennyson
IN VOL. XXV
Charles Tennyson Turner
Terence
William Makepeace Thackeray
Octave Thanet
Celia Thaxter
Theocritus
André Theuriet
Augustin Thierry
Adolphe Thiers
Edith Matilda Thomas
James Thomson
Henry D. Thoreau
Thucydides
Albius Tibullus
Johann Ludwig Tieck
Alexis de Tocqueville
Lyof Tolstoy
Anthony Trollope
Ivan Turgeneff
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
## p. 14464 (#22) ###########################################
1
1
1
!
## p. 14465 (#23) ###########################################
## p. 14466 (#24) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO.
0. Gresch
## p. 14467 (#25) ###########################################
size
1.
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$1.
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ཏ ནེ སཱ ཏ
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ghị.
[
"1111
## p. 14468 (#26) ###########################################
여
## p. 14469 (#27) ###########################################
14469
-
TORQUATO TASSO
(1544-1595)
BY J. F. BINGHAM
HE most prominent literary figure of the last half of the six-
teenth century, and the last of the great four Italian poets,
familiarly called, the world over, merely "Tasso," though
his father Bernardo Tasso was a poet of some distinction, and is still
read, was born under the soft breezes and among the orange and
lemon groves of Sorrento, the very ancient Roman watering-place
standing on the high rocks which bound the Bay of Naples to the
south. The house in which he was born, and the rocky foundations
on which it stood, have long since been washed away by the dashing
waves from the north; but may still be seen through the clear water
below the cliff on which stands to-day the Albergo del Tasso. His
sister Cornelia's house - his frequent refuge during all his troubled
life, for refreshment and comfort, and whither especially in his last
great distress, when he broke away from his imprisonment, he fled in
the disguise of a shepherd and found solace in a sister's unchanging
love is still pointed out.
His life drawn from a strain of nobility, and always passed
among the great—began, advanced, and ended, in troubled splendor.
Bernardo Tasso, while holding office near the person of the then
Prince of Salerno, Ferrante Sanseverino, met and married at Naples a
lady of the Neapolitan nobility, Porzia de' Rossi,- a family originally
from Pistoia. Her first child was a daughter, Cornelia; her second, a
boy baby, Torquato, which died a few days after birth; her third, a
son who received the name of the babe that died, and became our
illustrious Torquato.
The family at the time were in a kind of retreat at Sorrento,
whither the father had fled from the court at Salerno, for the quiet
of study and for completing a poem he was then composing. But at
the time of our poet's birth- the 11th of March, 1544-he was not at
home, being in response to his official duty at the war in Piedmont;
and afterward attending upon his royal master in the Netherlands,
where the terms of peace were negotiating. Returning to his home,
the father saw for the first time-in January 1545, the child being
then ten months old - the baby which was to bring such renown
and such misery to his house.
## p. 14470 (#28) ###########################################
14470
TORQUATO TASSO
The retreat in Sorrento continued till 1550. Here the little boy
enjoyed the care of a most affectionate and exemplary mother; the
instruction of the learned chaplain of the family, Don Giovanni
d'Angeluzzo; and above all, the devoted attention of his wise and
brilliant father. But in Torquato's sixth year, the father — having
in connection with his princely master fallen into the disfavor of
Spain, on matters concerning the Inquisition-was obliged to flee.
He being unable to take his family with him,- having lost his own
fortune by confiscation,- the family was transferred to Naples to
exist upon the mother's dower. In the loving care of his excellent
mother, Torquato attended the Jesuit schools, lately established there,
for four years longer; making under these skillful masters astonish-
ing progress in the Latin and Greek languages. In his tenth year
the dower, by some fiction of law, was virtually revoked. The family
means having now utterly vanished, Torquato was sent to Rome to
share the exile of the father; the mother and Cornelia took refuge
in the convent of San Festo. The separation of the mother and little
son was heart-rending to both. From the effects of it the mother
died in the convent two years later, and Tasso to his dying day
never recovered. He refers to it thirty years afterwards in tearful
words in the Ode to the River Metauro,' some stanzas of which
are given at the end of this article. At the death of the mother,
Cornelia was transferred to the care of an uncle. She was married
early, with no dowry but her goodness, accomplishments, and beauty,
to Marzio Sersale, a gentleman of Sorrento, of good family but of
slender fortune. Husband and wife were worthy people, and passed
their lives happily together.
At Rome, under the care of his father and the best teachers, Tor-
quato continued to make the most remarkable progress in study. In
his thirteenth year, having already mastered the Latin and Greek
languages, he was entered a student at the University of Padua; and
at seventeen graduated with honors in the four departments of Civil
Law, Canon Law, Theology, and Philosophy.
During these years, however, he had devoted himself with an
intense and loving zeal to poetry; "in stolen hours," as he says, and
certainly to the strong disapproval of his father. Before graduation
at Padua he visited and studied at various universities of northern
Italy; and especially at Venice, where the father was then residing;
and where, in its musical and voluptuous atmosphere, his literary
opportunities were greatest of all, and his poetical inspirations stimu-
lated by poetical associations and environments. But while still a stu-
dent at Padua, he sent to his father at Venice the manuscript of his
'Rinaldo'; an epic poem, having for material the legends of Charle-
magne and the Moors. In irresistible admiration of the production,—
## p. 14471 (#29) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
14471
and fortified by the judgment of the best critics of the day, who
declared it to be a marvelous work for one so young, the father
now laid aside the former disapproval of his son's poetical studies,
and gladly permitted the poem to be published at Venice in 1562,
before the young poet had completed his eighteenth year.
It was received with unmeasured applause; and the young author
was soon known throughout Italy by the name of Tassino (our dear
little Tasso). From this moment his fame was assured. The father
foresaw and predicted, with undisguised exultation, the coming glory.
of his son; and it was evident to all that a new star of the first
magnitude had arisen in the firmament of letters. Torquato remained
for three years more (till he should reach his majority) at Padua,
Bologna, Mantua, and other universities, continuing the most diligent
study of philosophy, rhetoric, and poetry. The father then, notwith-
standing the bitter experiences of his own life in connecting his for-
tune with the favor of princes, consented that his son should enter
upon the via dolorosa of the courtier.
→→→
The fame of 'Rinaldo' easily obtained for him access to the court
of Ferrara, first as a gentleman in the suite of the Prince Cardinal
Luigi d'Este (with whom he made his celebrated journey to France,
where he gained the lifelong and fruitful friendship of the King,
Charles IX. , and of the great Ronsard, the then favorite and laureate
of the French); afterward and most important of all, as attaché to
Alphonso II. , brother of the Cardinal and reigning Duke of Ferrara.
Nothing could be more splendid and gay than the beginning of this
courtly career. He was caressed by the duke, assigned beautiful lodg-
ings and an ample pension, and exempted from any specified duties,
in order that he might in leisure and tranquillity finish the great
poem on which it was known that he had been already some years
engaged; and for which, in the young poet's mind, the 'Rinaldo' had
been only a tentative precursor. He was welcomed by the sisters of
the duke, Lucretia and Eleonora, and by the ladies of the court; and
was admitted by them into great familiarity.
After five years of such stimulated labor on his great poem, Tasso
took a recess of two months; and in this playtime, wrote for the
amusement of the great ladies the pastoral drama 'Aminta,' a poem
of such beauty that if he had written nothing else, would have
made his name immortal. It was represented, at the expense of the
duke, with the greatest splendor, and received with enormous éclat.
It is a play of five acts in blank verse, varying from five to eleven
syllables, with intervening choruses; a translation of one of the most
celebrated of which 'The Golden Age' is given at the end of this
article. The theme, indeed, is not new, -a young girl averse to love,
who, conquered finally by the proofs of fidelity and sacrifice exhibited
-
――――
## p. 14472 (#30) ###########################################
14472
TORQUATO TASSO
toward her by her lover, consents to espouse him. But the perfect
construction of the story, the exquisite conceits never exceeding pas-
toral simplicity, the melody of the verse, the fascinating expression
of affection, met with such favor from the age, that many editions
in Italy and several translations into the Romance languages followed
in quick succession. From the great difficulty of transfusing its soft-
flowing melodies into the Gothic and Germanic speech, it has been
but little translated and little known in the North.
During the ten years of such glittering fortune, he at last brought
to a conclusion his magnificent poem on the great Crusade. Almost
from this moment began the sad series of sorrows, suspicions, neglect,
imprisonment, and untold miseries, which from now on overshadowed
his life with ever-increasing gloom. Many times he left the court
and wandered through Italy; but an irresistible force always brought
him back to Ferrara. Discontent at a less welcome reception there
than formerly (or the fantasies of a growing insanity) led him into
such extravagances, even towards the ladies and the very princesses,
that the duke shut him up as a lunatic in the Hospital of St. Anna.
In this dreary abode (a shocking cell, said to be that occupied by him,
is still shown), surrounded by the most appalling sights and sounds
of human misery, he was for more than seven years-1579–86— con-
fined, notwithstanding the most urgent intercessions of the princesses
and of some of the most eminent persons in Italy for his liberation.
In this gloomy period were written numberless letters still preserved
for their literary value, a book of Classic Dialogues of extreme ele-
gance, a book of Moral Discourses, a large part of more than a thou-
sand sonnets, and admirable replies to the assailants of his epic. His
now published works fill more than thirty volumes.
Tasso, liberated at last through the continued pressure of the
intercessions of his friends,- and especially by that of Vincenzo
Gonzaga, the enlightened and generous Duke of Mantua, the Mæce-
nas of his age,- left Ferrara forever. He now resided for a time at
Mantua, at Florence, at Naples (his sister at Sorrento died two years
after his liberation, but before his arrival at Naples), and finally found
a welcome and repose under the shade of the "holy keys. " He was
now protected by the Princes Aldobrandini; especially by the Cardinal
Cinzio, and by his uncle Pope Clement VIII. This pontiff, proud to
have for his guest the world-renowned songster of La Gerusalemme,'
was preparing for him the laurel crown; when poor Tasso, worn out
at last by his intolerable vexations and miseries, died on the 25th
of April, 1595, an eminently Christian death,-clasping the crucifix,
and with the words "Into thy hands, O Lord," on his lips. The
"cell" in which he lived and passed away –
-a large and comfortable
room in the convent of St. Onofrio, near St. Peter's, on the brow of
## p. 14473 (#31) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
14473
Janiculum-is now sacredly preserved; and contains a bust of the
poet taken from a waxen cast, his autograph, his inkstand and pens,
the chair in which he used to sit, the crucifix-an heirloom of his
father's- before which he made his devotions, and many other me-
mentos of his early and later days.
His funeral honors were unique, and paralleled only by those of
Petrarch. Robed in a Roman toga, and crowned with the laurel
wreath he was to have received in life, the body was borne by torch-
light through the principal streets of Rome, amidst thousands crowd-
ing to catch a last look at the features of the dead. The body was
interred, according to his desire, in a chapel of the Church of St.
Onofrio. A third successive monument (each more lavish than the
preceding), most exquisitely wrought in white marble, surmounted
by a bust of the poet, and inscribed with appropriate verses from the
great poem,-raised by Pope Pius IX. in 1857, now glorifies the spot.
Though Tasso's great poem was from the first received by most of
every class with infinite delight, and was pronounced by all Italy the
most beautiful epic of modern times, and though the poet himself
could not but know that it had gained for him a seat in the first rank
of literary immortals, yet the adverse criticisms which began at once
and continued for many years to pour in upon him, added gall to the
overflowing cup of mingled bitternesses which he was forced to drink
during all his later years. The controversy which arose among the
Italian literati for and against the 'Gerusalemme' occupies many
volumes of Tasso's works; and although he did not accept many of
the objections that were pressed both by envious foes and by avowed
friends, he was compelled to admit and defend himself against cer-
tain questionable ornamentations and an apparent (and to the critics
of that day, damning) violation of the "three unities. "
'Jerusalem Delivered' obviously contains three actions; but two so
subordinated to the principal, that they all seem one. This principal
subject is the pious Geoffrey, Duke of Lorraine, who leads the expe-
dition to Jerusalem; resists the voluptuous seductions of Armida;
calms the oft-occurring discords of his own army; provides against
its necessities, as from time to time they arise; obtains from God
relief for its thirst; sends to recall Rinaldo, who had been banished
for a homicide, and by means of him, overcomes the incantation of
the forest, and supplies material for his engines. He fights in per-
son like a hero; and the sacred city having fallen, and the war with
the King of Egypt having been won, he pays his conqueror's vow in
the temple of Delivered Jerusalem.
A second action has for its subject Rinaldo himself, a legendary
character among the ancestors of the house of Este; a very brave
youth who runs away from home to join the Crusaders. Offended in
## p. 14474 (#32) ###########################################
14474
TORQUATO TASSO
his amour propre, he kills the haughty Gernando, his fellow-soldier;
and to escape the penalty, forsakes the camp and sets free the Cru-
sading champions who had been enslaved by the sorceress Armida.
He himself afterwards falls into the power of this sorceress. Geoffrey
sends to liberate him, and has him brought back to the camp. In
overcoming the incantation of the forest, and in slaying the fiercest
enemies, he bears a principal part in the final triumph.
A third action is hinged on Tancred,- a historic character, one
of the principal Normans born in Italy,- the type of a bold and
courteous warrior; who is enamored of Clorinda, a hostile female
warrior, but without response from her. He has a duel with Argantes,
the mightiest of the Mussulman champions, and comes off wounded.
The beautiful Erminia, a saved princess of conquered and sacked
Antioch, once his prisoner and now free in Jerusalem, impelled by a
most passionate love goes to him to cure him. He, through her dis-
guise believing that she is Clorinda, follows her steps, and is left a
slave of Armida. Freed from Armida's snares with her other vic-
tims, by the prowess of Rinaldo, he returns to the camp. He after-
wards by mistake kills Clorinda herself, who has come disguised-
in armor with false bearings-to set on fire a wooden tower of the
Christians. In despair he meditates suicide, but by Peter the Her-
mit, is persuaded to resignation. In the final and successful assault
upon Jerusalem, having been cured of his wounds by Erminia, though
still weak he kills Argantes, and contributes his full share to the ulti-
mate triumph of the Crusaders.
Besides this, the "machinery" of the poem - the intervention of
the supernatural-is made up on the one hand, of the plots of every
kind which Satan, with the advice and aid of an assembled council
of demons, prepares against the Christians,—loves, arms, storms, in-
cantations; on the other hand, of the miraculous doings of the angels,
who by Divine command oppose themselves to the Infernal king.
Here were plainly three actions, although woven into one unbroken
and indivisible web: and three heroes, two of them officially subordi-
nated to Geoffrey, but not inferior to him, perhaps even his superi-
⚫ors in their exploits. This multiplicity, which was pleasing to the
multitude because they found in the 'Jerusalem' almost the variety
of romance, did not seem rhetorically right to the learned critics,
and still less to Tasso himself. First, it seemed to an unjustifiable
degree to sacrifice the "unity of action. " The "unity of place» as
well was offended in making Rinaldo go into the island of Armida,
situated on the extreme boundary of the world. Still further, so many
loves, often very tenderly described,- of Christians for Armida, of
Armida for Rinaldo, of Tancred for Clorinda, and of Erminia for Tan-
cred, were adjudged unsuited to the gravity of the heroic poem and
## p. 14474 (#33) ###########################################
AA4
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1
I
161
יר,
I
## p. 14474 (#35) ###########################################
ES
SARIA DIES
ROVATI TASSI
CELEBRATVR
ACADEMIIS VIS
RES EIVS
MORED DECORANT
CHAMBER OF TASSO
HOUSE OF TASSO
SORRENTO, ITALY
## p. 14474 (#36) ###########################################
## p. 14475 (#37) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
14475
to the sanctity of the argument. Beyond this, the dissatisfied critics
found that the poet had wandered too far from the facts of history;
and that even his style was in some parts mannered, labored, and
dry, and in others had an overplus of lyric ornamentation, which was
unsuited to epic gravity.
These and similar censures, piled mountain-high by the severe
critics, from the first and long afterwards, on this magnificent and
delightful poem, never for a moment persuaded the multitude of
readers: but alas, it did persuade Tasso himself; and while Italy and
all Christendom was ringing with delight and applause over the poem
as it was, the distressed author set himself in the last years of his
life to make over the poem. He began with the very title, which
had been criticized, and produced the 'Gerusalemme Conquistata in
twenty-four books; four more than were contained in the 'Liberata,'
which the whole world has nevertheless gone on reading and applaud-
ing, while the 'Conquistata' is almost forgotten. How far the world
and the centuries have been justified in their own delight and in their
applause of the poet, the reader will be surely able to judge for him-
self from the following selections.
F. Bingham
FROM JERUSALEM DELIVERED›
THE CRUSADERS' FIRST SIGHT OF THE HOLY CITY
HE purple morning left her crimson bed,
THE
And donned her robe of pure vermilion hue;
Her amber locks she crowned with roses red,
In Eden's flowery gardens gathered new:
When through the camp a murmur shrill was spread;
Arm, arm! they cried; arm, arm! the trumpets blew;
Their merry noise prevents the joyful blast:
So hum small bees, before their swarms they cast.
Their captain rules their courage, guides their heat,
Their forwardness he stays with gentle rein:
And yet more easy, haply, were the feat,
To stop the current near Charybdis's main,
Or calm the blustering winds on mountains great,
Than fierce desires of warlike hearts restrain:
He rules them yet, and ranks them in their haste,
For well he knows disordered speed makes waste.
## p. 14476 (#38) ###########################################
14476
TORQUATO TASSO
Feathered their thoughts, their feet in wings were dight;
Swiftly they marched, yet were not tired thereby,
For willing minds make heaviest burdens light:
But when the gliding sun was mounted high,
Jerusalem, behold, appeared in sight,
Jerusalem they view, they see, they spy;
Jerusalem with merry noise they greet,
With joyful shouts and acclamations sweet.
As when a troop of jolly sailors row,
Some new-found land and country to descry;
Through dangerous seas and under stars unknown,
Thrall to the faithless waves and trothless sky;
If once the wishèd shore begin to show,
They all salute with a joyful cry,
And each to other show the land in haste,
Forgetting quite their pains and perils past.
To that delight which their first sight did breed,
That pleased so the secret of their thought,
A deep repentance did forthwith succeed,
That reverend fear and trembling with it brought.
Scantly they durst their feeble eyes dispread
Upon that town where Christ was sold and bought,
Where for our sins he, faultless, suffered pain,
There where he died, and where he lived again.
Soft words, low speech, deep sobs, sweet sighs, salt tears,
Rose from their breasts, with joy and pleasure mixt;
For thus fares he, the Lord aright that fears,—
Fear on devotion, joy on faith is fixt;
Such noise their passions make, as when one hears
The hoarse sea-waves roar hollow rocks betwixt;
Or as the wind in hoults and shady greaves
A murmur makes among the boughs and leaves.
Their naked feet trod on the dusty way,
Following th' ensample of their zealous guide;
Their scarfs, their crests, their plumes, and feathers gay,
They quickly doft and willing laid aside:
Their molten hearts their wonted pride allay,
Along their watery cheeks warm tears down slide;
And then such secret speech as this they used.
While to himself each one himself accused:
## p. 14477 (#39) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
14477
"Flower of goodness, root of lasting bliss,
Thou well of life, whose streams were purple blood
That flowed here, to cleanse the foul amiss
Of sinful man,- behold this brinish flood,
That from my melting heart distilled is;
Receive in gree these tears, O Lord so good:
For never wretch with sin so overgone
Had fitter time or greater cause to moan.
>>
Translation of Edward Fairfax.
EPISODE OF OLINDO AND SOPHRONIA
[An image of the Virgin Mary is stolen from one of the Christian churches,
and set up in the royal mosque. The statue is stolen. The Moslem king,
unable to discover the thief, threatens to massacre all his Christian subjects.
Sophronia, a young Christian lady of great beauty and virtue, willing to sacri-
fice herself for her people, accuses herself to the king as the thief, and is
ordered to be burnt alive. Her lover Olindo contradicts her, declares himself
the perpetrator, and wishes to suffer in her stead. They are both bound,
naked and back to back, to the same stake. The flames are kindled; but by
the arrival of Clorinda they are saved, and married in the presence of the
crowd of spectators on the spot. ]
A
MONG them dwelt, her parents' joy and pleasure,
A maid whose fruit was ripe, not over-yeared;
Her beauty was her not-esteemèd treasure,-
The field of love, with plow of virtue eared.
Her labor goodness, godliness her leisure;
Her house the heaven by this full moon aye cleared,—
For there, from lover's eyes withdrawn, alone
With virgin beams this spotless Cinthia shone.
➖➖➖➖➖➖
But what availed her resolution chaste,
Whose soberest looks were whetstones to desire?
Nor love consents that beauty's field lie waste:
Her visage set Olindo's heart on fire.
O subtle love! a thousand wiles thou hast,
By humble suit, by service, or by hire,
To win a maiden's hold; - a thing soon done,
For nature framed all women to be won.
Sophronia she, Olindo hight the youth,
Both of one town, both in one faith were taught:
She fair,-he full of bashfulness and truth,
Loved much, hoped little, and desirèd naught;
## p. 14478 (#40) ###########################################
14478
TORQUATO TASSO
He durst not speak, by suit to purchase ruth,—
She saw not, marked not, wist not what he sought;
Thus loved, thus served he long, but not regarded,-
Unseen, unmarked, unpitied, unrewarded.
To her came message of the murderment,
Wherein her guiltless friends should hopeless serve.
She that was noble, wise, as fair and gent,
Cast how she might their harmless lives preserve:
Zeal was the spring whence flowed her hardiment,
From maiden's shame yet was she loth to swerve;
Yet had her courage ta'en so sure a hold,
That boldness shamefast, shame had made her bold.
And forth she went,- -a shop for merchandise,
Full of rich stuff, but none for sale exposed;
A veil obscured the sunshine of her eyes,
The rose within herself her sweetness closed.
Each ornament about her seemly lies,
By curious chance or careless art composed;
For what she most neglects, most curious prove,-
So beauty's helped by nature, heaven, and love.
Admired of all, on went this noble maid
Until the presence of the king she gained;
Nor for he swelled with ire was she afraid,
But his fierce wrath with fearless grace sustained.
"I come," quoth she,-"but be thine anger stayed,
And causeless rage 'gainst faultless souls restrained,-
I come to show thee and to bring thee, both,
The wight whose fact hath made thy heart so wroth. "
Her modest boldness, and that lightning ray
Which her sweet beauty streamèd on his face,
Had strook the prince with wonder and dismay,
Changed his cheer and cleared his moody grace,
That had her eyes disposed their looks to play,
The king had snarèd been in love's strong lace:
By wayward beauty doth not fancy move;
A frown forbids, a smile engendereth love.
It was amazement, wonder, and delight,
Although not love, that moved his cruel sense.
"Tell on," quoth he: "unfold the chance aright;
Thy people's lives I grant for recompense. "
## p. 14479 (#41) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
14479
Then she: "Behold the faulter here in sight:
This hand committed that supposed offense;
It took the image; mine that fault, that fact,
Mine be the glory of that virtuous act. "
This spotless lamb thus offered up her blood
To save the rest of Christ's selected fold:
O noble lie! was ever truth so good?
Blest be the lips that such a leasing told.
Thoughtful awhile remained the tyrant wood;
His native wrath he 'gan a space withhold,
And said, "That thou discover soon, I will,
What aid, what counsel hadst thou in that ill? "
"My lofty thoughts," she answered him, "envied
Another's hand should work my high desire;
The thirst of glory can no partner bide:
With mine own self I did alone conspire. "
"On thee alone," the tyrant then replied,
"Shall fall the vengeance of my wrath and ire. "
'Tis just and right," quoth she: "I yield consent,-
Mine be the honor, mine the punishment. "
The wretch, of new enragèd at the same,
Asked where she hid the image so conveyed:
"Not hid," quoth she, "but quite consumed with flame,
The idol is of that eternal maid;
For so at least I have preserved the same
With hands profane from being eft betrayed.
My lord, the thing thus stolen demand no more:
Here see the thief, that scorneth death therefor.
"And yet no theft was this; yours was the sin:
I brought again what you unjustly took. "
This heard, the tyrant did for rage begin
To whet his teeth, and bend his frowning look;
No pity, youth, fairness no grace could win;
Joy, comfort, hope, the virgin all forsook;
Wrath killed remorse, vengeance stopped mercy's breath,
Love's thrall to hate, and beauty slave to death.
Ta'en was the damsel, and without remorse;
The king condemned her, guiltless, to the fire;
Her veil and mantle plucked they off by force,
And bound her tender arms in twisted wire;
## p. 14480 (#42) ###########################################
14480
TORQUATO TASSO
Dumb was this silver dove, while from her corse
These hungry kites plucked off her rich attire:
And for some-deal perplexèd was her sprite,
Her damask late now changed to purest white.
The news of this mishap spread far and near;
The people ran, both young and old, to gaze:
Olindo also ran, and 'gan to fear
His lady was some partner in this case;
But when he found her bound, stripped from her gear,
And vile tormentors ready saw in place,
He broke the throng, and into present brast,
And thus bespake the king in rage and haste:-
"Not so, not so this girl shall bear away
From me the honor of so noble feat:
She durst not, did not, could not, so convey
The massy substance of that idol great;
What sleight had she the wardens to betray?
What strength to heave the goddess from her seat?
became the religious heads of the Jews throughout the Roman em-
pire; schools were established in various Palestinian towns: there was
## p. 14467 (#661) ##########################################
THE TALMUD
14467
little formality about the organization of a school; the scholars flocked
to this or that famous teacher, and the location of a school depended
on the teacher's place of residence. Most of the Jewish settlements
were in Galilee: there the schools that produced the Mishna, there
the schools that elaborated the Talmud of Palestine, are to be sought.
Then taught Jehuda the Holy One, whose activity in the last quarter
of the second century of our era gathered about him students from
near and far: his disciple from Babylon, Abba, carried back with him
his master's methods to his native country; with Abba, Jewish learning
in Babylonia may be said mainly to begin. The schools of Palestine
still continued to exist; the scholars of both countries were in con-
stant communication with one another: but the Babylonian schools
soon became more important, and when the schools of the mother
country came to an abrupt end with the advance of the Christian
Church (during the fourth century), the academies of Babylonia and
their heads came to be regarded as the representatives of Jewish
learning, and wielded great influence until they in turn yielded to the
advance of Islam; which again was the means of transplanting Jew-
ish science into Spain and the countries of Europe. But the influence
of Babylonia was felt even after it was extinct in the country where
it first manifested itself. The Talmud of Palestine was forgotten,
subsequently to be recovered from oblivion; it had no direct influence
on Jewish life in the Middle Ages. That is why when we speak of
the Talmud, we usually have reference to the Talmud of Babylon,
the Talmud par excellence. In all matters of law, the authority of the
iatter is final. Jewish Babylonia comprised the southern part of
Mesopotarnia.
2. The literature that clustered around the Talmud may fairly
be said to be a library in itself. The commentary spoken of in the
text is that of Solomon ben Isaac, commonly called Rashi, of Troyes;
he died in 1105. His disciples, who belonged at the same time to
his family, carried on his work in the form of supplementary notes
to the Commentary commentaire, kontres), called by the Hebrew
name Tosaphoth (supplements). Our ordinary Talmud editions have
the text in the centre of the page, with Rashi's commentary on
the inner and the Tosaphoth on the outer side. The author of the
lexicon is Nathan of Rome. The words are alphabetically arranged;
and the exegetical work underlying the meanings which are assigned
to them is mainly based on tradition and the works of older com-
mentators. The codes based on the Talmud and alluded to in the
text are written in the language of the Mishna,- i. e. , not in Ara-
maic, but in late Hebrew; they also adopt the Mishnic method, inas-
much as discussions are avoided, the result being stated in concise
language. It is needless to say that these codes have not escaped
## p. 14468 (#662) ##########################################
14468
THE TALMUD
the commentator's zeal; they are therefore as a rule printed in the
form of the Talmud, text in the middle and commentaries on the
two margins. To these codes, with their commentaries and super-
commentaries and glosses and scholia, the orthodox rabbi has recourse
whenever he is consulted on any matter of Jewish law; he may then
at times follow up a given decision to its very source in the Talmud.
But the Talmud is still studied without regard to practical application:
the dialectical exercise in quick questioning and answering is suffi-
ciently fascinating. In modern times the Talmud is also studied by
Christians. Portions of the Talmud are translated, but as
a rule
badly: the right method has as yet been hit upon by no translator.
D. A. de Sola and M. J. Raphall have translated eighteen treatises of
the Mishna into English (London, 1843). A French translation of the
greater part of the Palestinian Talmud was made by Moise Schwab
(Paris, 1871-1890). Of the Babylonian Talmud, single treatises have
of late been translated into modern languages. To mention one, Hagi-
gah was translated into English by A. W. Streane (Cambridge, 1891).
The criminal and civil legislation contained in the Talmud was elab-
orated in French by J. J. M. Rabbinowicz (Paris, 1876-1879). Professor
Hermann L. Strack of the University of Berlin is the author of a
German introduction to the Talmud (Berlin, 1894); more comprehens-
ive is the English introduction written by Professor Moses Mielziner
of the Hebrew Union College (Cincinnati, 1894). The treatise Aboth
(The Sayings of the Fathers) has been translated repeatedly: Charles
Taylor's translation (Cambridge, 1877) is the most scholarly. August
Wünsche has translated into German the haggadic portions of the
Talmud, - that is, those portions which are the production of the
leisure hours of the school, and deal with subjects which are of
more interest to the general reader (Zürich, 1880; Leipzig, 1886-1889).
a
Max Margols,
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}
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LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XXV
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
"
## p. 14452 (#10) ###########################################
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT 1897
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE WERNER COMPANY
PRINTERS
KPOR
BINDERS
1
## p. 14453 (#11) ###########################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
te
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 14454 (#12) ###########################################
## p. 14455 (#13) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOL. XXV
BY J. F. BINGHAM
LIVED
1544-1595
From 'Jerusalem Delivered '
The Crusaders' First Sight of the Holy City
Episode of Olindo and Sophronia
Description of the Sorceress Armida
Flight of Erminia
The Crusaders Go in Procession to Mass, Preparatory
to the Assault
Clorinda's Eunuch Narrates her History
Tancred in Ignorance Slays Clorinda
Armida Ensnares Rinaldo
The Two Knights in Search for Rinaldo Reach the For-
tunate Island, and Discover the Fountain of Laugh-
ter
Erminia Cures Tancred, and is Supposed to Become
his Bride
The Reconciliation of Rinaldo and Armida
The Aminta
I Am Content, Thyrsis
The Golden Age
Ode to the River Metauro
Congedo at the Conclusion of the 'Rinaldo'
To the Princess Leonora
When Forbidden by her Physicians to Sing
Written Soon After the Poet's Arrival at Ferrara
To Leonora of Este
To the Princess Lucretia
To Tarquinia Molza
To the Duke of Ferrara
To the Princesses of Ferrara
To the Duke Alphonso
Or Che L'aura Mia
PAGE
14469
## p. 14456 (#14) ###########################################
BAYARD TAYLOR
Charmian
BY ALBERT H. SMYTH
Fitz-Greene Halleck (Address at the Dedication of the
Halleck Monument)
Ariel in the Cloven Pine
Bedouin Song
Hylas
The Song of the Camp
SIR HENRY TAYLOR
Song
Aretina's Song (A Sicilian Summer')
To H. C.
JEREMY TAYLOR
vi
The Famine (Philip van Artevelde')
Vengeance on the Traitors (same)
Artevelde Refuses to Dismiss Elena (same)
BY T. W. HIGGINSON
ESAIAS TEGNÉR
The Rose (same)
Remedies Against Impatience (same)
LIVED
1825-1878
Of the Authority of Reason (Liberty of Prophesying')
The True Prosperity (Sermon-Faith and Patience of
the Saints')
From Frithiof's Saga'
1800-1886
The Merits of Adversity (Rules and Exercises of Holy
Dying')
The Power of Endurance (same)
On Husband and Wife (Sermon - The Marriage Ring')
The Value of an Hour ('Rules and Exercises of Holy
Dying')
Life and Death (same)
Frithiof and Ingeborg
Frithiof Goes into Banishment
The Viking Code
The Reconciliation
1613-1667
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
PAGE
14518
1782-1846
14539
14551
14563
1
## p. 14457 (#15) ###########################################
vii
ALFRED TENNYSON
.
BY HENRY VAN DYKE
The Lady of Shalott
Choric Song (The Lotos-Eaters')
Ulysses
Locksley Hall
Break, Break, Break
The Brook
The Splendor Falls on Castle Walls (The Princess')
Tears, Idle Tears (same)
TERENCE
Perfect Unity (same)
The Charge of the Light Brigade
From In Memoriam'
Come into the Garden, Maud (Maud')
Oh That 'Twere Possible (same)
The Farewell of King Arthur to Queen Guinevere ('Idylls
of the King')
In the Children's Hospital: Emmie
The Throstle
The Oak
Crossing the Bar
CHARLES TENNYSON TURNER
The Lion's Skeleton
The Lattice at Sunrise
The Rookery
Orion
LIVED
1809-1892
From The Self-Tormentor'
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY
1808-1879
BY THOMAS BOND LINDSAY
B. C. 185? -159
Letty's Globe
Her First-Born
Our Mary and the Child Mummy
The Buoy-Bell
1811-1863
PAGE
14581
BY W. C. BROWNELL
Beatrix Esmond (The History of Henry Esmond')
The Duke of Marlborough (same)
The Famous Mr. Joseph Addison (same)
Beatrix Esmond and the Duke of Hamilton (same)
Before the Battle of Waterloo (Vanity Fair')
14638
14643
14663
## p. 14458 (#16) ###########################################
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY
Continued:
Becky Admires her Husband (Vanity Fair')
Colonel Newcome in the Cave of Harmony (The New-
comes')
Colonel Newcome's Death (same)
From The Chronicle of the Drum'
What is Greatness? (same)
The White Squall
The Ballad of Bouillabaisse
OCTAVE THANET
Peg of Limavaddy
The Sorrows of Werther
Little Billee
From The Pen and the Album'
At the Church Gate
The Mahogany-Tree
The End of the Play
The Missionary Sheriff
CELIA THAXTER
Sorrow
Seaward
viii
The Sandpiper
The Watch of Boon Island
THEOCRITUS
-
The Song of Lycidas
The Song of Simichidas
The Festival of Adonis
The Psalm of Adonis
BY J. W. MACKAIL
Viol and Flute
The Sinking of the Pleiad
Idyl VII- The Harvest Feast
LIVED
The Song of Thyrsis
The Love of Simætha (Second Idyl)
The Songs of the Reapers (Tenth Idyl)
To Apollo and the Muses
Heaven on Earth
1836-1894
Impatience
In Death's Despite
Wild Geese
In Autumn
1860? -
Third Century B. C.
PAGE
14733
14760
14769
I
1
## p. 14459 (#17) ###########################################
ix
LIVED
Sixth and Fifth (? ) Centuries B. C.
The Beloved Youth Gains Fame from the Poet's Songs
Worldly Wisdom
"Desert a Beggar Born"
A Savage Prayer
THEOGNIS
ANDRÉ THEURIET
1833-
The Bretonne (Stories of Every-day Life')
An Easter Story (same)
AUGUSTIN THIERRY
BY FREDERIC LOLIÉE
The True History of Jacques Bonhomme, from Authentic
Documents (Historical Essays')
The Battle of Hastings (History of the Conquest of Eng-
land by the Normans')
The Story of Fortunatus (Historical Essays and Narra-
tives of the Merovingian Era')
ADOLPHE THIERS
1795-1856
Syrinx
Lethe
Sunset
BY ADOLPHE COHN
JAMES THOMSON
Why the Revolution Came (History of the French Revo-
lution')
1797-1877
The Revolutionary War in Western France (same)
The Height of the Terror (same)
The Policy of Napoleon in Egypt (same)
Napoleon's Address to his Army after the Disaster of
Aboukir (same)
EDITH MATILDA THOMAS
1854-
Cybele and her Children
The Grasshopper
Winter Sleep
1700-1748
Rule Britannia!
(Masque of 'Alfred')
April Rain (The Seasons'- Spring)
The Lost Caravan (The Seasons'- Summer)
The Inundation (The Seasons' - Autumn)
The First Snow (The Seasons'. Winter)
The Sheep-Washing (The Seasons'- Summer)
The Castle of Indolence (The Castle of Indolence')
PAGE
14789
14795
14803
14821
14845
14851
## p. 14460 (#18) ###########################################
JAMES THOMSON
From The City of Dreadful Night'
From 'Art'
HENRY D. THOREAU
Inspiration
The Fisher's Boy
Smoke
THUCYDIDES
ALBIUS TIBULLUS
X
BY JOHN BURROUGHS
Walking (Excursions')
JOHANN LUDWIG TIECK
HENRY TIMROD
Spring
Sonnet
The Night Attack on Platæa (History')
Pericles's Memorial Oration over the Athenian Dead of
the First Campaign (same)
The Fair-Haired Eckbert
LIVED
1834-1882
Work and Pay (Walden')
Solitude (same)
The Bean Field (same)
BY HERBERT WEIR SMYTH
Reflections on Revolution
The Final Struggle in the Harbor of Syracuse
54-19? B. C.
BY G. M. WHICHER
On the Pleasures of a Country Life
Written in Sickness at Corcyra
The Rural Deities
Love in the Country
To Cerinthus, on his Birthday
1817-1862
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE
471? -400? B. C.
773-1853
1829-1867
1805-1859
Education of Young Women in the United States ('De-
mocracy in America')
Political Association (same)
Cause of Legislative Instability in America (same)
Tyranny of the Majority (same)
PAGE
14865
14871
14909
14932
14943
14961
14965
## p. 14461 (#19) ###########################################
xi
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE-Continued:
LYOF TOLSTOY
Power Exercised by the Majority in America upon Opin-
ion (same)
Dangers from Omnipotence of the Majority (same)
France under the Rule of the Middle Class (Recollec-
tions of Alexis de Tocqueville')
Anna's Illness ('Anna Karénina')
Anna and her Son (same)
Anna Kills Herself (same)
At Borodino (War and Peace')
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
BY WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS
IVAN TURGENEFF
LIVED
1828-
1815-1882
BY JANE GROSVENOR COOKE
1818-1883
PAGE
War (Barchester Towers')
The Bishop of Barchester is Crushed (The Last Chron-
icle of Barset')
The Moral Responsibility of the Novelist ('Autobiography")
BY HENRY JAMES
The Death of Bazarov (Fathers and Children')
Lavretsky (A House of Gentlefolk')
The District Doctor ('A Sportsman's Sketches')
14985
15031
15057
## p. 14462 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 14463 (#21) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
Torquato Tasso
Bayard Taylor
Jeremy Taylor
Esaias Tegnér
Alfred Tennyson
IN VOL. XXV
Charles Tennyson Turner
Terence
William Makepeace Thackeray
Octave Thanet
Celia Thaxter
Theocritus
André Theuriet
Augustin Thierry
Adolphe Thiers
Edith Matilda Thomas
James Thomson
Henry D. Thoreau
Thucydides
Albius Tibullus
Johann Ludwig Tieck
Alexis de Tocqueville
Lyof Tolstoy
Anthony Trollope
Ivan Turgeneff
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
## p. 14464 (#22) ###########################################
1
1
1
!
## p. 14465 (#23) ###########################################
## p. 14466 (#24) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO.
0. Gresch
## p. 14467 (#25) ###########################################
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## p. 14468 (#26) ###########################################
여
## p. 14469 (#27) ###########################################
14469
-
TORQUATO TASSO
(1544-1595)
BY J. F. BINGHAM
HE most prominent literary figure of the last half of the six-
teenth century, and the last of the great four Italian poets,
familiarly called, the world over, merely "Tasso," though
his father Bernardo Tasso was a poet of some distinction, and is still
read, was born under the soft breezes and among the orange and
lemon groves of Sorrento, the very ancient Roman watering-place
standing on the high rocks which bound the Bay of Naples to the
south. The house in which he was born, and the rocky foundations
on which it stood, have long since been washed away by the dashing
waves from the north; but may still be seen through the clear water
below the cliff on which stands to-day the Albergo del Tasso. His
sister Cornelia's house - his frequent refuge during all his troubled
life, for refreshment and comfort, and whither especially in his last
great distress, when he broke away from his imprisonment, he fled in
the disguise of a shepherd and found solace in a sister's unchanging
love is still pointed out.
His life drawn from a strain of nobility, and always passed
among the great—began, advanced, and ended, in troubled splendor.
Bernardo Tasso, while holding office near the person of the then
Prince of Salerno, Ferrante Sanseverino, met and married at Naples a
lady of the Neapolitan nobility, Porzia de' Rossi,- a family originally
from Pistoia. Her first child was a daughter, Cornelia; her second, a
boy baby, Torquato, which died a few days after birth; her third, a
son who received the name of the babe that died, and became our
illustrious Torquato.
The family at the time were in a kind of retreat at Sorrento,
whither the father had fled from the court at Salerno, for the quiet
of study and for completing a poem he was then composing. But at
the time of our poet's birth- the 11th of March, 1544-he was not at
home, being in response to his official duty at the war in Piedmont;
and afterward attending upon his royal master in the Netherlands,
where the terms of peace were negotiating. Returning to his home,
the father saw for the first time-in January 1545, the child being
then ten months old - the baby which was to bring such renown
and such misery to his house.
## p. 14470 (#28) ###########################################
14470
TORQUATO TASSO
The retreat in Sorrento continued till 1550. Here the little boy
enjoyed the care of a most affectionate and exemplary mother; the
instruction of the learned chaplain of the family, Don Giovanni
d'Angeluzzo; and above all, the devoted attention of his wise and
brilliant father. But in Torquato's sixth year, the father — having
in connection with his princely master fallen into the disfavor of
Spain, on matters concerning the Inquisition-was obliged to flee.
He being unable to take his family with him,- having lost his own
fortune by confiscation,- the family was transferred to Naples to
exist upon the mother's dower. In the loving care of his excellent
mother, Torquato attended the Jesuit schools, lately established there,
for four years longer; making under these skillful masters astonish-
ing progress in the Latin and Greek languages. In his tenth year
the dower, by some fiction of law, was virtually revoked. The family
means having now utterly vanished, Torquato was sent to Rome to
share the exile of the father; the mother and Cornelia took refuge
in the convent of San Festo. The separation of the mother and little
son was heart-rending to both. From the effects of it the mother
died in the convent two years later, and Tasso to his dying day
never recovered. He refers to it thirty years afterwards in tearful
words in the Ode to the River Metauro,' some stanzas of which
are given at the end of this article. At the death of the mother,
Cornelia was transferred to the care of an uncle. She was married
early, with no dowry but her goodness, accomplishments, and beauty,
to Marzio Sersale, a gentleman of Sorrento, of good family but of
slender fortune. Husband and wife were worthy people, and passed
their lives happily together.
At Rome, under the care of his father and the best teachers, Tor-
quato continued to make the most remarkable progress in study. In
his thirteenth year, having already mastered the Latin and Greek
languages, he was entered a student at the University of Padua; and
at seventeen graduated with honors in the four departments of Civil
Law, Canon Law, Theology, and Philosophy.
During these years, however, he had devoted himself with an
intense and loving zeal to poetry; "in stolen hours," as he says, and
certainly to the strong disapproval of his father. Before graduation
at Padua he visited and studied at various universities of northern
Italy; and especially at Venice, where the father was then residing;
and where, in its musical and voluptuous atmosphere, his literary
opportunities were greatest of all, and his poetical inspirations stimu-
lated by poetical associations and environments. But while still a stu-
dent at Padua, he sent to his father at Venice the manuscript of his
'Rinaldo'; an epic poem, having for material the legends of Charle-
magne and the Moors. In irresistible admiration of the production,—
## p. 14471 (#29) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
14471
and fortified by the judgment of the best critics of the day, who
declared it to be a marvelous work for one so young, the father
now laid aside the former disapproval of his son's poetical studies,
and gladly permitted the poem to be published at Venice in 1562,
before the young poet had completed his eighteenth year.
It was received with unmeasured applause; and the young author
was soon known throughout Italy by the name of Tassino (our dear
little Tasso). From this moment his fame was assured. The father
foresaw and predicted, with undisguised exultation, the coming glory.
of his son; and it was evident to all that a new star of the first
magnitude had arisen in the firmament of letters. Torquato remained
for three years more (till he should reach his majority) at Padua,
Bologna, Mantua, and other universities, continuing the most diligent
study of philosophy, rhetoric, and poetry. The father then, notwith-
standing the bitter experiences of his own life in connecting his for-
tune with the favor of princes, consented that his son should enter
upon the via dolorosa of the courtier.
→→→
The fame of 'Rinaldo' easily obtained for him access to the court
of Ferrara, first as a gentleman in the suite of the Prince Cardinal
Luigi d'Este (with whom he made his celebrated journey to France,
where he gained the lifelong and fruitful friendship of the King,
Charles IX. , and of the great Ronsard, the then favorite and laureate
of the French); afterward and most important of all, as attaché to
Alphonso II. , brother of the Cardinal and reigning Duke of Ferrara.
Nothing could be more splendid and gay than the beginning of this
courtly career. He was caressed by the duke, assigned beautiful lodg-
ings and an ample pension, and exempted from any specified duties,
in order that he might in leisure and tranquillity finish the great
poem on which it was known that he had been already some years
engaged; and for which, in the young poet's mind, the 'Rinaldo' had
been only a tentative precursor. He was welcomed by the sisters of
the duke, Lucretia and Eleonora, and by the ladies of the court; and
was admitted by them into great familiarity.
After five years of such stimulated labor on his great poem, Tasso
took a recess of two months; and in this playtime, wrote for the
amusement of the great ladies the pastoral drama 'Aminta,' a poem
of such beauty that if he had written nothing else, would have
made his name immortal. It was represented, at the expense of the
duke, with the greatest splendor, and received with enormous éclat.
It is a play of five acts in blank verse, varying from five to eleven
syllables, with intervening choruses; a translation of one of the most
celebrated of which 'The Golden Age' is given at the end of this
article. The theme, indeed, is not new, -a young girl averse to love,
who, conquered finally by the proofs of fidelity and sacrifice exhibited
-
――――
## p. 14472 (#30) ###########################################
14472
TORQUATO TASSO
toward her by her lover, consents to espouse him. But the perfect
construction of the story, the exquisite conceits never exceeding pas-
toral simplicity, the melody of the verse, the fascinating expression
of affection, met with such favor from the age, that many editions
in Italy and several translations into the Romance languages followed
in quick succession. From the great difficulty of transfusing its soft-
flowing melodies into the Gothic and Germanic speech, it has been
but little translated and little known in the North.
During the ten years of such glittering fortune, he at last brought
to a conclusion his magnificent poem on the great Crusade. Almost
from this moment began the sad series of sorrows, suspicions, neglect,
imprisonment, and untold miseries, which from now on overshadowed
his life with ever-increasing gloom. Many times he left the court
and wandered through Italy; but an irresistible force always brought
him back to Ferrara. Discontent at a less welcome reception there
than formerly (or the fantasies of a growing insanity) led him into
such extravagances, even towards the ladies and the very princesses,
that the duke shut him up as a lunatic in the Hospital of St. Anna.
In this dreary abode (a shocking cell, said to be that occupied by him,
is still shown), surrounded by the most appalling sights and sounds
of human misery, he was for more than seven years-1579–86— con-
fined, notwithstanding the most urgent intercessions of the princesses
and of some of the most eminent persons in Italy for his liberation.
In this gloomy period were written numberless letters still preserved
for their literary value, a book of Classic Dialogues of extreme ele-
gance, a book of Moral Discourses, a large part of more than a thou-
sand sonnets, and admirable replies to the assailants of his epic. His
now published works fill more than thirty volumes.
Tasso, liberated at last through the continued pressure of the
intercessions of his friends,- and especially by that of Vincenzo
Gonzaga, the enlightened and generous Duke of Mantua, the Mæce-
nas of his age,- left Ferrara forever. He now resided for a time at
Mantua, at Florence, at Naples (his sister at Sorrento died two years
after his liberation, but before his arrival at Naples), and finally found
a welcome and repose under the shade of the "holy keys. " He was
now protected by the Princes Aldobrandini; especially by the Cardinal
Cinzio, and by his uncle Pope Clement VIII. This pontiff, proud to
have for his guest the world-renowned songster of La Gerusalemme,'
was preparing for him the laurel crown; when poor Tasso, worn out
at last by his intolerable vexations and miseries, died on the 25th
of April, 1595, an eminently Christian death,-clasping the crucifix,
and with the words "Into thy hands, O Lord," on his lips. The
"cell" in which he lived and passed away –
-a large and comfortable
room in the convent of St. Onofrio, near St. Peter's, on the brow of
## p. 14473 (#31) ###########################################
TORQUATO TASSO
14473
Janiculum-is now sacredly preserved; and contains a bust of the
poet taken from a waxen cast, his autograph, his inkstand and pens,
the chair in which he used to sit, the crucifix-an heirloom of his
father's- before which he made his devotions, and many other me-
mentos of his early and later days.
His funeral honors were unique, and paralleled only by those of
Petrarch. Robed in a Roman toga, and crowned with the laurel
wreath he was to have received in life, the body was borne by torch-
light through the principal streets of Rome, amidst thousands crowd-
ing to catch a last look at the features of the dead. The body was
interred, according to his desire, in a chapel of the Church of St.
Onofrio. A third successive monument (each more lavish than the
preceding), most exquisitely wrought in white marble, surmounted
by a bust of the poet, and inscribed with appropriate verses from the
great poem,-raised by Pope Pius IX. in 1857, now glorifies the spot.
Though Tasso's great poem was from the first received by most of
every class with infinite delight, and was pronounced by all Italy the
most beautiful epic of modern times, and though the poet himself
could not but know that it had gained for him a seat in the first rank
of literary immortals, yet the adverse criticisms which began at once
and continued for many years to pour in upon him, added gall to the
overflowing cup of mingled bitternesses which he was forced to drink
during all his later years. The controversy which arose among the
Italian literati for and against the 'Gerusalemme' occupies many
volumes of Tasso's works; and although he did not accept many of
the objections that were pressed both by envious foes and by avowed
friends, he was compelled to admit and defend himself against cer-
tain questionable ornamentations and an apparent (and to the critics
of that day, damning) violation of the "three unities. "
'Jerusalem Delivered' obviously contains three actions; but two so
subordinated to the principal, that they all seem one. This principal
subject is the pious Geoffrey, Duke of Lorraine, who leads the expe-
dition to Jerusalem; resists the voluptuous seductions of Armida;
calms the oft-occurring discords of his own army; provides against
its necessities, as from time to time they arise; obtains from God
relief for its thirst; sends to recall Rinaldo, who had been banished
for a homicide, and by means of him, overcomes the incantation of
the forest, and supplies material for his engines. He fights in per-
son like a hero; and the sacred city having fallen, and the war with
the King of Egypt having been won, he pays his conqueror's vow in
the temple of Delivered Jerusalem.
A second action has for its subject Rinaldo himself, a legendary
character among the ancestors of the house of Este; a very brave
youth who runs away from home to join the Crusaders. Offended in
## p. 14474 (#32) ###########################################
14474
TORQUATO TASSO
his amour propre, he kills the haughty Gernando, his fellow-soldier;
and to escape the penalty, forsakes the camp and sets free the Cru-
sading champions who had been enslaved by the sorceress Armida.
He himself afterwards falls into the power of this sorceress. Geoffrey
sends to liberate him, and has him brought back to the camp. In
overcoming the incantation of the forest, and in slaying the fiercest
enemies, he bears a principal part in the final triumph.
A third action is hinged on Tancred,- a historic character, one
of the principal Normans born in Italy,- the type of a bold and
courteous warrior; who is enamored of Clorinda, a hostile female
warrior, but without response from her. He has a duel with Argantes,
the mightiest of the Mussulman champions, and comes off wounded.
The beautiful Erminia, a saved princess of conquered and sacked
Antioch, once his prisoner and now free in Jerusalem, impelled by a
most passionate love goes to him to cure him. He, through her dis-
guise believing that she is Clorinda, follows her steps, and is left a
slave of Armida. Freed from Armida's snares with her other vic-
tims, by the prowess of Rinaldo, he returns to the camp. He after-
wards by mistake kills Clorinda herself, who has come disguised-
in armor with false bearings-to set on fire a wooden tower of the
Christians. In despair he meditates suicide, but by Peter the Her-
mit, is persuaded to resignation. In the final and successful assault
upon Jerusalem, having been cured of his wounds by Erminia, though
still weak he kills Argantes, and contributes his full share to the ulti-
mate triumph of the Crusaders.
Besides this, the "machinery" of the poem - the intervention of
the supernatural-is made up on the one hand, of the plots of every
kind which Satan, with the advice and aid of an assembled council
of demons, prepares against the Christians,—loves, arms, storms, in-
cantations; on the other hand, of the miraculous doings of the angels,
who by Divine command oppose themselves to the Infernal king.
Here were plainly three actions, although woven into one unbroken
and indivisible web: and three heroes, two of them officially subordi-
nated to Geoffrey, but not inferior to him, perhaps even his superi-
⚫ors in their exploits. This multiplicity, which was pleasing to the
multitude because they found in the 'Jerusalem' almost the variety
of romance, did not seem rhetorically right to the learned critics,
and still less to Tasso himself. First, it seemed to an unjustifiable
degree to sacrifice the "unity of action. " The "unity of place» as
well was offended in making Rinaldo go into the island of Armida,
situated on the extreme boundary of the world. Still further, so many
loves, often very tenderly described,- of Christians for Armida, of
Armida for Rinaldo, of Tancred for Clorinda, and of Erminia for Tan-
cred, were adjudged unsuited to the gravity of the heroic poem and
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AA4
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1
I
161
יר,
I
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ES
SARIA DIES
ROVATI TASSI
CELEBRATVR
ACADEMIIS VIS
RES EIVS
MORED DECORANT
CHAMBER OF TASSO
HOUSE OF TASSO
SORRENTO, ITALY
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TORQUATO TASSO
14475
to the sanctity of the argument. Beyond this, the dissatisfied critics
found that the poet had wandered too far from the facts of history;
and that even his style was in some parts mannered, labored, and
dry, and in others had an overplus of lyric ornamentation, which was
unsuited to epic gravity.
These and similar censures, piled mountain-high by the severe
critics, from the first and long afterwards, on this magnificent and
delightful poem, never for a moment persuaded the multitude of
readers: but alas, it did persuade Tasso himself; and while Italy and
all Christendom was ringing with delight and applause over the poem
as it was, the distressed author set himself in the last years of his
life to make over the poem. He began with the very title, which
had been criticized, and produced the 'Gerusalemme Conquistata in
twenty-four books; four more than were contained in the 'Liberata,'
which the whole world has nevertheless gone on reading and applaud-
ing, while the 'Conquistata' is almost forgotten. How far the world
and the centuries have been justified in their own delight and in their
applause of the poet, the reader will be surely able to judge for him-
self from the following selections.
F. Bingham
FROM JERUSALEM DELIVERED›
THE CRUSADERS' FIRST SIGHT OF THE HOLY CITY
HE purple morning left her crimson bed,
THE
And donned her robe of pure vermilion hue;
Her amber locks she crowned with roses red,
In Eden's flowery gardens gathered new:
When through the camp a murmur shrill was spread;
Arm, arm! they cried; arm, arm! the trumpets blew;
Their merry noise prevents the joyful blast:
So hum small bees, before their swarms they cast.
Their captain rules their courage, guides their heat,
Their forwardness he stays with gentle rein:
And yet more easy, haply, were the feat,
To stop the current near Charybdis's main,
Or calm the blustering winds on mountains great,
Than fierce desires of warlike hearts restrain:
He rules them yet, and ranks them in their haste,
For well he knows disordered speed makes waste.
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14476
TORQUATO TASSO
Feathered their thoughts, their feet in wings were dight;
Swiftly they marched, yet were not tired thereby,
For willing minds make heaviest burdens light:
But when the gliding sun was mounted high,
Jerusalem, behold, appeared in sight,
Jerusalem they view, they see, they spy;
Jerusalem with merry noise they greet,
With joyful shouts and acclamations sweet.
As when a troop of jolly sailors row,
Some new-found land and country to descry;
Through dangerous seas and under stars unknown,
Thrall to the faithless waves and trothless sky;
If once the wishèd shore begin to show,
They all salute with a joyful cry,
And each to other show the land in haste,
Forgetting quite their pains and perils past.
To that delight which their first sight did breed,
That pleased so the secret of their thought,
A deep repentance did forthwith succeed,
That reverend fear and trembling with it brought.
Scantly they durst their feeble eyes dispread
Upon that town where Christ was sold and bought,
Where for our sins he, faultless, suffered pain,
There where he died, and where he lived again.
Soft words, low speech, deep sobs, sweet sighs, salt tears,
Rose from their breasts, with joy and pleasure mixt;
For thus fares he, the Lord aright that fears,—
Fear on devotion, joy on faith is fixt;
Such noise their passions make, as when one hears
The hoarse sea-waves roar hollow rocks betwixt;
Or as the wind in hoults and shady greaves
A murmur makes among the boughs and leaves.
Their naked feet trod on the dusty way,
Following th' ensample of their zealous guide;
Their scarfs, their crests, their plumes, and feathers gay,
They quickly doft and willing laid aside:
Their molten hearts their wonted pride allay,
Along their watery cheeks warm tears down slide;
And then such secret speech as this they used.
While to himself each one himself accused:
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TORQUATO TASSO
14477
"Flower of goodness, root of lasting bliss,
Thou well of life, whose streams were purple blood
That flowed here, to cleanse the foul amiss
Of sinful man,- behold this brinish flood,
That from my melting heart distilled is;
Receive in gree these tears, O Lord so good:
For never wretch with sin so overgone
Had fitter time or greater cause to moan.
>>
Translation of Edward Fairfax.
EPISODE OF OLINDO AND SOPHRONIA
[An image of the Virgin Mary is stolen from one of the Christian churches,
and set up in the royal mosque. The statue is stolen. The Moslem king,
unable to discover the thief, threatens to massacre all his Christian subjects.
Sophronia, a young Christian lady of great beauty and virtue, willing to sacri-
fice herself for her people, accuses herself to the king as the thief, and is
ordered to be burnt alive. Her lover Olindo contradicts her, declares himself
the perpetrator, and wishes to suffer in her stead. They are both bound,
naked and back to back, to the same stake. The flames are kindled; but by
the arrival of Clorinda they are saved, and married in the presence of the
crowd of spectators on the spot. ]
A
MONG them dwelt, her parents' joy and pleasure,
A maid whose fruit was ripe, not over-yeared;
Her beauty was her not-esteemèd treasure,-
The field of love, with plow of virtue eared.
Her labor goodness, godliness her leisure;
Her house the heaven by this full moon aye cleared,—
For there, from lover's eyes withdrawn, alone
With virgin beams this spotless Cinthia shone.
➖➖➖➖➖➖
But what availed her resolution chaste,
Whose soberest looks were whetstones to desire?
Nor love consents that beauty's field lie waste:
Her visage set Olindo's heart on fire.
O subtle love! a thousand wiles thou hast,
By humble suit, by service, or by hire,
To win a maiden's hold; - a thing soon done,
For nature framed all women to be won.
Sophronia she, Olindo hight the youth,
Both of one town, both in one faith were taught:
She fair,-he full of bashfulness and truth,
Loved much, hoped little, and desirèd naught;
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14478
TORQUATO TASSO
He durst not speak, by suit to purchase ruth,—
She saw not, marked not, wist not what he sought;
Thus loved, thus served he long, but not regarded,-
Unseen, unmarked, unpitied, unrewarded.
To her came message of the murderment,
Wherein her guiltless friends should hopeless serve.
She that was noble, wise, as fair and gent,
Cast how she might their harmless lives preserve:
Zeal was the spring whence flowed her hardiment,
From maiden's shame yet was she loth to swerve;
Yet had her courage ta'en so sure a hold,
That boldness shamefast, shame had made her bold.
And forth she went,- -a shop for merchandise,
Full of rich stuff, but none for sale exposed;
A veil obscured the sunshine of her eyes,
The rose within herself her sweetness closed.
Each ornament about her seemly lies,
By curious chance or careless art composed;
For what she most neglects, most curious prove,-
So beauty's helped by nature, heaven, and love.
Admired of all, on went this noble maid
Until the presence of the king she gained;
Nor for he swelled with ire was she afraid,
But his fierce wrath with fearless grace sustained.
"I come," quoth she,-"but be thine anger stayed,
And causeless rage 'gainst faultless souls restrained,-
I come to show thee and to bring thee, both,
The wight whose fact hath made thy heart so wroth. "
Her modest boldness, and that lightning ray
Which her sweet beauty streamèd on his face,
Had strook the prince with wonder and dismay,
Changed his cheer and cleared his moody grace,
That had her eyes disposed their looks to play,
The king had snarèd been in love's strong lace:
By wayward beauty doth not fancy move;
A frown forbids, a smile engendereth love.
It was amazement, wonder, and delight,
Although not love, that moved his cruel sense.
"Tell on," quoth he: "unfold the chance aright;
Thy people's lives I grant for recompense. "
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TORQUATO TASSO
14479
Then she: "Behold the faulter here in sight:
This hand committed that supposed offense;
It took the image; mine that fault, that fact,
Mine be the glory of that virtuous act. "
This spotless lamb thus offered up her blood
To save the rest of Christ's selected fold:
O noble lie! was ever truth so good?
Blest be the lips that such a leasing told.
Thoughtful awhile remained the tyrant wood;
His native wrath he 'gan a space withhold,
And said, "That thou discover soon, I will,
What aid, what counsel hadst thou in that ill? "
"My lofty thoughts," she answered him, "envied
Another's hand should work my high desire;
The thirst of glory can no partner bide:
With mine own self I did alone conspire. "
"On thee alone," the tyrant then replied,
"Shall fall the vengeance of my wrath and ire. "
'Tis just and right," quoth she: "I yield consent,-
Mine be the honor, mine the punishment. "
The wretch, of new enragèd at the same,
Asked where she hid the image so conveyed:
"Not hid," quoth she, "but quite consumed with flame,
The idol is of that eternal maid;
For so at least I have preserved the same
With hands profane from being eft betrayed.
My lord, the thing thus stolen demand no more:
Here see the thief, that scorneth death therefor.
"And yet no theft was this; yours was the sin:
I brought again what you unjustly took. "
This heard, the tyrant did for rage begin
To whet his teeth, and bend his frowning look;
No pity, youth, fairness no grace could win;
Joy, comfort, hope, the virgin all forsook;
Wrath killed remorse, vengeance stopped mercy's breath,
Love's thrall to hate, and beauty slave to death.
Ta'en was the damsel, and without remorse;
The king condemned her, guiltless, to the fire;
Her veil and mantle plucked they off by force,
And bound her tender arms in twisted wire;
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TORQUATO TASSO
Dumb was this silver dove, while from her corse
These hungry kites plucked off her rich attire:
And for some-deal perplexèd was her sprite,
Her damask late now changed to purest white.
The news of this mishap spread far and near;
The people ran, both young and old, to gaze:
Olindo also ran, and 'gan to fear
His lady was some partner in this case;
But when he found her bound, stripped from her gear,
And vile tormentors ready saw in place,
He broke the throng, and into present brast,
And thus bespake the king in rage and haste:-
"Not so, not so this girl shall bear away
From me the honor of so noble feat:
She durst not, did not, could not, so convey
The massy substance of that idol great;
What sleight had she the wardens to betray?
What strength to heave the goddess from her seat?
