No More Learning

Help from without is often
revolutionary. In Part Second, the author enfeebling in its effects, but help from
makes critical examination of the Old and
within invariably invigorates. ) The book
abounds in
New Testament, to support the conclus-
celebrated
anecdotes of
ions and inferences of Part First. Yet
men,- inventors, scientists, artists, sol-
the work is not wholly negative. «The
diers, clergymen, and statesmen: Min-
Word of God is the creation we behold. »
ton and Wedgewood, the potters; Ark-
Lanthenas's French rendering of Part
wright, Watts, and Peel; Davy, Fara-
First contains this remarkable reference
day, Herschel, and many others, among
to Jesus, found presumably in the lost
scientists; Reynolds, Michael Angelo,
original version: “Trop peu imité, trop
Haydn, Bach, Beethoven, and others in
oublié, trop méconnu. ”
the arts; Napoleon, Wellington, Napier,
Livingstone, as examples of energy and
Aids
ids to Reflection, by S. T. Coleridge, courage. The various chapters dwell
which appeared in 1825, is a collec- upon National and Individual Self-
tion of moral and religious aphorisms, Help; Application and
Perseverance;


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330
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
)
(
Helps and Opportunities; Industry, En- society in a contract; (2) the theory of
ergy, and Courage; Business Qualities; sovereignty and the general will; (3) the
Money, its Use and Abuse; Self-Culture; constitution of a government; and (4)
and Character.
civil religion. It overthrows the old
conception that property and birth should
Molinos the Quietist, by John Bige-
alone give a title to political power, and
low, (1882,) is a little volume, nar-
upholds the claim of the toilers to share
rating in the tone appropriate to the
subject the eventless history of Michel
in the government of the State which
de Molinos, a priest of Spanish descent,
they sustain by their productive labor.
who was the originator of one of the
Kant, Immanuel: Critical Philoso-
most formidable schisms that ever rent phy for English Readers. A new
the Latin Church. (Il Guida Spirituale,' and complete edition. By John P. Ma-
the book containing the obnoxious doc-
haffy and John H. Bernard. Vol. i. :
trine of quietism, appeared at Rome in The Critique of Pure Reason. Vol. ii. :
Italian in 1675; and in six years went Translation of the Prolegomena. The
through twenty editions in different lan- two works here mentioned form the first
guages, an English translation appear- stage of the career of the greatest of all
ing in 1699. The main points of the modern philosophers. The Critique
doctrine are thus described: The human (1781) stands highest as a product of
soul is the temple and abode of God: genius in philosophy. The second was
we ought therefore to keep it unspoiled designed more clearly to explain the
by worldliness and sin. The true end portion of the (Critique) which might
of life is the attainment of perfection, in be called the gateway to philosophy.
reaching which two stages exist, medi- A second great (Critique) Kant de-
tation and contemplation. In the first, voted to ethics, morality, what practi-
reason is the faculty employed; in the cally we ought to think,- the Critique
second, reason no longer acts, the soul of Practical Reason. ) For this the Eng-
merely contemplates the truth in silence lish reader may consult the following:
and repose, passively receives the celes- (Critique of Practical Reason and Other
tial light, desiring nothing, not even its Works on the Theory of Ethics, Trans-
own salvation, fearing nothing, not even lated by T. K. Abbott. With Memoir. )
hell, and indifferent to the sacraments In addition to these two critiques, of
and all practices of external devotion, things theoretical or speculative, and of
having transcended the sphere of their things practical or ethical, Kant made a
efficacy. Sixty-eight of the propositions third called the “Critique of Judgment,'
in this work were condemned as heret- or the philosophy of matters æsthetic,
ical at Rome in 1687; and its author the products of art,- beauty, sublimity,
was imprisoned for life, dying in con- design. This appears in English as
finement in 1697.
(The Critique of Judgment. Translated
by John H. Bernard. The chief diffi-
PRINCIPLES
Social Contract, The; or, Principles
OF POLITICAL RIGHT, by Jean Jacques
culty for English readers of Kant is that
of translation.
Rousseau. In French this is a master-
Professor F. Max Müller
piece of style. The principle that «Will,
has published a translation of the Cri-
not force, is the basis of the State » has
tique of Pure Reason); and Dr. Edward
Caird's (The
never been more effectively proclaimed.
Critical Philosophy of
Kant) is another book of value.
(The Social Contract) was published in
1762, and was regarded as the catechism H"
uman Intercourse, by Philip Gilbert
of the
Hamerton, (1884,) is a collection of
European life and thought was essays on social relationships, opening
Rousseau's aim was to guar-
with a short treatise on the difficulty of
antee individual rights and social liberty discovering fixed laws in this domain
by transforming existent States; and in which all inhabit, which so few under-
explaining this he dwelt upon the right- stand. The remaining essays treat of
ful authority of the general will. (The passionate love, of friendship. of filial
Social Contract) has little or no claim duties and affections, of priests and
to originality, but the borrowed doc- women, of differences of rank and
trines are strikingly presented. The wealth; in short, they cover nearly all
work is divided into four books, treating divisions of the subject. The author
respectively of—(1) The origin of civil brings to the consideration of his theme
on
enormous.


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
331
an
man,
are
a
reasonableness and sympathy. In his which approaches nearest to God. »
essays on marriage and on love, espe- « Nothing can separate two souls which
cially, he shows a keen knowledge of
for
instant have been good to-
human nature, and of the hidden springs gether. » «I know not whether I would
of passion. It is his comprehension of dare to love the man who had made no
passion, indeed, which makes possible one weep. ”
his intelligence on other subjects related
to human intercourse. The essays are Greek
reek Education, old, by J. P. Ma-
well supplied with concrete examples haffy, (1881), considers a subject
from life, in illustration of the points in which is not often presented systemati-
question. They are written in every- cally. The author traces the develop-
day forcible English, well fitted to the ment of a Greek youth from the cradle
subject-matter.
to the university; thus leaving off where
most writers on Greek life and customs
Treasure of the Humble, The, a series begin. In this obscure field, his scholar-
of essays by Maurice Maeterlinck,
ship presents much that is unfamiliar
makes its appeal to the God which is in to the general reader. The successive
The writer of soul-dramas here chapters treat of the infancy and ear-
presents his mystical, twentieth-century lier childhood of Grecian boys, of
philosophy in concrete form. This mys- their school-days, of the subjects and
ticism seems the direct fruit of modern methods of education, of military train-
science, which has so completely dis- ing, of the higher education, of the-
proved the existence of the soul that a ories of education, and of university
new immortality is henceforth insured to life. These subjects
considered
it. But the converts of the end of the in familiar, popular manner,
de-
century, among whom Maeterlinck may signed to bring the reader closer to
be numbered, find that they must estab- the ancient civilization, to enable him to
lish the claims of the spirit on no super- appreciate it upon its every-day side.
ficial or acknowledged grounds. “We do The work is valuable as a preparation
not judge our fellows by their acts for a wider study of Greek customs,
even by their
secret
manners, and institutions. It is written
thoughts; for these are not always undis- with a nimble pen, and its entertaining-
cernible, and we go far beyond the un- ness is not eclipsed even by its scholar-
discernible. A man shall have committed ship.
crimes reputed to be the vilest of all,
and yet it may be that even the black Art of Poetry, The (“Ars Poetica»), by
est of these shall not have tarnished
The name by which this
for one single moment the breath of
famous work is known is not the name
fragrance and ethereal purity that sur- given it by its author, who called it sim-
rounds his presence; while at the ap- ply a Letter to the Pisos. It does not
proach of a philosopher or a martyr,
pretend to be a didactic treatise, and
our soul may be steeped in unendurable is rather in the nature of a friendly talk
gloom. These essays go, indeed, far by a man of exquisite taste and discern-
beyond the undiscernible; whether the ment. It has become the type of all works
author write of Mystic Morality,' of
of a similar character, In the first part
(Women,' of 'The Tragical in Daily Horace treats of the unity that is essen-
Life,' of The Invisible Goodness, or of tial to every composition, and the harmo-
(The Inner Beauty. ' Some spiritual ex-
nious combination of the several parts,
perience is needed to comprehend; other- without which there can be no lasting
wise they will seem but words full of
The metre and style must also
sound and fury, signifying nothing be in unison with the particular kind of
They are not addressed to the intellect poetry in question: the form of verse suited
primarily, but to the universal soul of to tragedy not being suited to comedy,
“It is only by the communica- although it is allowable for a tragic hero
tions we have with the infinite that we to use occasionally the speech of ordinary
are to be distinguished from each other. ” life. The language must be adapted to
« To love one's neighbor in the immova- the situation and passions of the char-
ble depths means to love in others that acter, and must be consistent through-
which is eternal; for one's neighbor in out with the disposition assigned him
the truest sense of the term is that by history or fable. and with the age
most
nay, not
success.
man.


## p. 332 (#368) ############################################

332
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
in which he lived. In the second part, tells us how we may disentangle it from
the poet confines himself to the form of ordinary or oratorical language, and re
the drama, the principles he has already duce it to scientific form by stripping it
established being so general that they of the extraneous ornaments that hide it
apply to every class of composition. This from our view. In the second treatise,
form is the representation of the action he discusses the logic of science. Every
itself, and he points out the limits be- science has its own primary, universal,
yond which the dramatic writer may not and immediate principles. These prin-
go. In the third part Horace shows how ciples are not innate, but the result of
a young poet will find ample material for
reason or observation. He deals also
his works in the writings of the philoso- with other forms of reasoning; notably
phers, and above all in a careful observa- induction, which he endeavors to reduce
tion of life and society. He then traces to a syllogistic form. «Induction,” he
the character of a perfect poem. But says, “is in some sort the opposite of
perfection is not to be expected. Faults the syllogism: it is a mode of reasoning
are excusable if they are rare and unim- by which we demonstrate the general by
portant. What neither gods nor publishers means of the particular. ” A part of the
will excuse is mediocrity. Yet mediocrity treatise is devoted to the classification of
is the order of the day. One of the causes the fallacies employed in argument, and
of this is that poets do not take their art shows that every unsound reason is the
seriously. But poetry is of more im- counterfeit of a sound one. Aristotle re-
portance than many think. Horace con- gards deductive reasoning as the most
cludes by counseling the author not to be conclusive form of demonstration.
in a hurry to publish, and to seek the ad-
vice of some safe guide and critic. AT
ristotle in English. An edition of
Aristotle for English readers has not
Analytica, The, by Aristotle, is the been made; but the most important of his
third treatise in the philosopher's writings can be studied in either transla-
(Organon,' or Instrument. It embraces tions of single works, or in commentaries
in general all that concerns the art of on the Greek text of some of the most im-
reasoning. The four principal weapons portant works, the introductions to which
of dialectics are: an ample store of un- are so elaborate, and the notes so full, as
answerable maxims, the study of the dif- to open everything of importance to read-
ferent significations that may be given to ers without regard to their knowledge of
terms, the determination of differences, Greek. Among books of chief importance
and the observance of resemblances. He are the following: -
shows how an argument should be con- (The Parts of Animals,'translated, with
ducted, and the method to be adopted if Introduction and Votes, by W. Ogle, 1882,
we would hide from an opponent what opens for the reader a special field of in-
we wish to prove, until we trap him into terest. One of the subjects of Aristotle's
the admission of something involved in interest and research was animal life, the
the conclusion we wish to draw. Aristotle phenomena of which he carefully observed,
does not call his system logic, or claim and a theory of which he endeavored to
to have invented it; but his theory is so form. In his work on the parts of animals,
perfect that no philosopher has been able following that on their history, he under-
to add to it any element of importance took to find the causes of biological phe-
since it was first advanced. The work is nomena, and set forth his physiological
divided into two parts: the first deals conclusions. He showed profound scien-
with the form of every demonstration; tific insight in recognizing the importance
the second, with the demonstration itself. of comparative anatomy as the foundation
In the first dissertation he treats of the of biology, and was one of the first to
terms composing a proposition, defines a look for the laws of life in all organic
syllogism, and shows how it is con- beings. Although making but little ap-
structed. Then he proceeds to demon-proach to the exact knowledge of today,
strate that the various ways in which the Aristotle's study of animals is of great
terms of a syllogism may be employed interest from its anticipation of the best
give birth to three figures, to
one of modern method, and to some extent from
which every syllogism must belong; and the material which it furnishes. The
he describes their nature. After study- whole work is carefully translated and
ing the construction of the syllogism, he explained in Mr. Ogle's volume.


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
333
(
Aristotle's (History of Animals,' in ten Newman, who devotes an introductory
books, is counted one of his greatest volume of 580 pages to a very careful
achievements. It shows an acquaintance study of the political theories of Aris-
with about 500 species, and enumerates totle, in comparison with other Greek
observations very remarkable for the political teaching, and in his second and
time at which they were made. A trans- third volumes gives the Greek text of
lation in two volumes is given in Bohn's the Politics) with very elaborate and
Library.
valuable notes. A less expensive work than
(On Youth and Old Age; Life and Death Jowett's, for a good English translation of
and Respiration, translated, with Intro- the Politics, is J. E. C. Welldon's; a
duction and Notes, by W. Ogle, 1897, is the complete English version, with an analysis
latest of the treatises devoted by Aristotle in 96 pages, and some critical foot-notes.
to the phenomena of animal life; and a To scholars a work of elaborate learn-
specially important one, as containing | ing will be found in (The Politics of
ideas of vitality, of the soul, of youth Aristotle: A Revised [Greek] Text, with
compared with age, of the contrast of life Introduction, Analysis, and Commentary,
and death, and of respiration or the breath by Franz Susemihl and R. D. Hicks, of
of life, and its function in the animal sys-
which the first volume, of 700 pages, was
tem. Even the errors of Aristotle are published in 1894.
curiously interesting, and in some of his Aristotle's (Constitution of Athens) -
ideas there are remarkable suggestions of Translation, Introduction, and Notes, by
truth as modern research has established F. G. Kenyon, 1891; also an edition,
it. Not a little of Aristotle's reference translated, by E. Poste – is an important
of the phenomena of life to fire would recent addition to our knowledge of Greek
prove sound science if a doctrine of elec- politics.
tricity as the cause of vitality should be (The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle,
adopted. The translator of the work de- newly translated into English, by Robert
votes an elaborate introduction to a care- Williams, 1869-91, is the most important
ful review of all the points made by to the modern reader of all that Aristotle
Aristotle, and he further appends full
has left us. The work is a brief and
notes to his translation of Aristotle's text. methodical system of moral philosophy,
It is easy now to correct the errors of with much in it of connection with
Aristotle, but even as wrong guesses at modern thought. The translation here
truth they are interesting. In his con- given is designed to reproduce the ori-
ception of the animal system the play of ginal in an intelligible and connected
the heart causes heat; heat causes the form for the benefit of the general reader.
lungs and chest to expand; and cold air J. A. Stewart's Notes on the Nicoma-
rushing in checks this expansion by neu- chean Ethics of Aristotle) is a two-volume
tralizing the heat.
work of more than a thousand pages, de-
Aristotle's (Politics. ) G. Bekker's Greek voted to notes discussing and explaining,
Text of Books i. , iii. , iv. (vii. ), with an from the Greek text, the thoughts of Aris-
English translation by W. E. Bolland, totle and the exact meaning of the Greek
and short Introductory Essays by A. terms employed by him. It can be used
Lang, gives a good introduction to this by the English reader, without reference
part of Aristotle's writings.
The essays
to knowledge of Greek.
by Lang, extending to 105 pages, give The Rhetoric of Aristotle, with a
an excellent view of Greek political ideas Commentary; by Edward Meredith Cope:
represented by Aristotle. The fine two- Revised by John Edwin (Sandys: 3 vols. ,
volume edition of Jowett's Politics) of 1877), gives Aristotle's work in the ori-
Aristotle, translated into English, with ginal Greek, with very full and valuable
an elaborate Introduction, a whole vol- notes. Mr. Cope published in 1867 an
ume of critical notes, and a very full (Introduction to Aristotle's Rhetoric,) in
Index, puts the reader in complete pos- which he gives a general outline of the
session of the means of thoroughly know- contents of the treatise and paraphrases of
ing what Aristotle taught on politics. In the more difficult portions. With the four
every respect the work is one of the volumes the English reader can readily
most admirable presentations ever made find the points and arguments of Aris-
of a masterpiece of Greek antiquity. A totle's treatment of the art of rhetoric.
second work of great value is the elab- Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine
orate Politics of Aristotle,' by W. L. Art, with a Critical [Greek] Text and a


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
334
men.
Translation of the (Poetics,' by S. H. instructor of youth. It is Alcibiades who
Butcher, (1895,) is an excellent treatment draws the portrait of his master. He has
of Aristotle's theory of poetry in connec- just entered the banquet hall with some
tion with other aspects of his comprehens- of his boon companions, and is himself
ive thought. The insight of Aristotle in tipsy. His potations, however, serve to
his conception of the essential character add fire and energy to his description of
of poetry, his penetrating analysis of the the philosopher, whom he says he knows
imaginative creations of Greece, and his thoroughly, and of whom he has also a
views of tragedy, limited by the theatre good many personal reasons to complain.
of his time, give a special interest to Dr. Socrates, he continues, is not unlike those
Butcher's volume.
Silenuses you find in the studios of the
sculptors, with reed-pipes or flutes be-
Banquet, The, a dialogue by Plato.
,
tween their fingers. Separate the two
(The Banquet) is usually considered pieces composing a Silenus, and lo! the
the finest of Plato's dialogues, because of sacred figure of some god or other, which
its infinite variety, its vivid and truth- was hidden by the outer covering, is re-
ful discrimination of character, and the vealed to your eyes.
As far as outward
ease with which the author rises naturally appearance goes, then, Socrates resembles
from the comic, and even the grotesque, a Silenus or satyr. Indeed, any one who
to the loftiest heights of sublimity. A looks closely can perceive clearly that he
number of guests assemble at the house is the very image of the satyr Marsyas,
of Agathon. The subject of love is intro-morally as well as physically. Can he
duced; they proceed to discuss, praise, deny that he is an unblushing scoffer? If
and define it, each according to his ideas, he does, witnesses are within call ready
disposition, and character. Socrates, sum- to prove the contrary. Is he not also
moned to give his opinion, relates a con- a flute-player, and a far better one than
versation he once had with a woman of Marsyas, too? It was by the potency
Mantinea named Diotime. This artifice of the sounds which the satyr's lips drew
enables Plato to make Socrates responsi- from his instruments that he charmed
ble for ideas that are really his own.
In
The only difference between him
the opinion of the Mantinean lady, the and Socrates is that the latter, without
only way to reach love is to begin with instruments and by his discourses simply,
the cultivation of beauty here below, and produces the same effects. Alcibiades
then rise gradually, by steps of the lad- next dwells on the oracles that predicted
der, to supreme beauty. Thus we should the advent of his divine teacher, and their
proceed from the contemplation of one mutual relations at Athens during the
beautiful body to two, from two to sev- military expedition to Potidæa and in the
eral; then from beautiful functions and defeat at Delium. He then returns to
occupations to beautiful sciences. Thus his comparison between Socrates and a
we come at last to the perfect science, Silenus, and declares that his discourses
which is nothing else but the science of also are Silenuses. With all his admi-
supreme beauty. A man absorbed in the
ration for the philosopher, he must ac-
contemplation of pure, simple, elementary knowledge that at first his language
beauty — beauty devoid of flesh, color, and seemed to him as grotesque as his per-
all other perishable vanities; in a word, The words and expressions form-
divine beauty, one and absolute - could ing the exterior garb of his thought are
never endure to have his ideas distressed
quite as rugged and uncouth as the hide
by the consideration of ephemeral things. of some repulsive satyr. And then he is
Such a man will perceive beauty by means always talking of such downright asses
of the organ by which beauty is percep- as blacksmiths, cobblers, curriers, and so
tible; and will engender here below, not forth, and he is always saying the same
phantoms of virtue, because he does not thing in the same terms. But a person
embrace phantoms, but true virtues, be- has only to open his discourses and take
cause he embraces truth. Now, he who a peep inside, and he will discover, first,
engenders and fosters true virtue is loved that there is some meaning in them after
by God; and if any one deserves to be all; and after closer observation, that they
immortal, surely it is he. The end of are altogether divine, and enshrine the
the dialogue is almost entirely devoted to sacred images of every virtue and almost
the praise of Socrates, and to a picture of every principle that must guide any
of his life as a man, a soldier, and an one ambitious to become a good man.
son.


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
335
to
Banquet, The, a dialogue by Xenophon, part of the oration he exposes the men-
is the third work directly inspired dacity of Clodius, and says that as
by the author's recollections of Socrates, his accusation that he, Cicero, had pro-
and was probably written with the view faned the ground upon which his house
of giving a correcter idea of his mas- stood, that was impossible, for it had
ter's doctrines than is presented in "The already been officially decided that this
Banquet) of Plato. The scene takes ground had never been consecrated, in the
place at the home of the wealthy Callias legal sense. In the second part of the
during the Panathenaic festival. Callias speech, which is full of fire and vehe-
has invited a large party to a banquet mence, he discusses each point in the re-
arranged in honor of young Autolycos. ply of the aruspices, and shows that every
Socrates and a number of his friends are one of them applies directly to Clodius,
among the guests. The extraordinary who has incurred the anger of the gods by
beauty of Autolycos has such an effect his profanations, his impieties, and his
on the assembly that every one is struck unspeakable outrages. Therefore, Cicero
dumb with admiration. The buffoon concludes, Clodius himself is far more the
Philippos makes vain efforts to dispel this foe of the gods than any other Roman,
universal gravity; but he has only poor and is the most dangerous enemy of the
success, and complains with mock solem- State as well. This speech takes rank
nity of his failure. When the tables are among the greatest of Cicero's orations,
removed, three comedians, a harper, a though the orator had little time for
flute-player, and a dancer enter, and with preparation, and suffered under the dis-
them their manager. The artists play, advantage of addressing an audience at
sing, and dance; while the guests ex- first openly unfriendly.
change casual remarks, which, on account
of the distraction caused by the entertain- Archæology, Manual of Egyptian, and
ment, become more and more disconnected. Guide to the Study of Antiquities in
Socrates proposes that conversation take Egypt, by Gaston Maspero. Translated
the place of music entirely, and that each by Amelia B. Edwards. Fourth Revised
describe the art he cultivates, and speak Edition: 1895. One of the most pictur-
in praise of it. Then several discourses esque, original, and readable volumes in
follow. The most important of them are the immense literature to which our vast
two by Socrates, in one of which he eulo- new knowledge of the long-buried Egypt
gizes the dignity of the trade he himself has given rise. With its many
has adopted. In the other, he speaks of facts and new views and interpretations,
love. The love, however, which he cele- gleaned by M. Maspero with his unri-
brates, is the pure love that has the i valed facilities as director of the great
heavenly Aphrodite for its source, and Boulak Museum at Cairo, the volume is,
has no connection with the popular Aph- for the general reader and the student,
rodite. After these discourses an imi- the most adequate of text-books and
tative dance is given by the artists, in handbooks of its subject.
which the loves of Bacchus and Ariadne
are portrayed.
Ak kbar-nahmeh, by Abul Fazl. (1605. )
A history in Persian of the nearly
Aruspices, On the Reply of the, an fifty years' reign of Akbar, Mogul em-
oration by Cicero. After Cicero's re- peror of India (a contemporary of Queen
call from exile, different prodigies alarmed Elizabeth); the greatest Asiatic monarch
the people of Rome. The aruspices of modern times, and in genius and
(priests who inspected the entrails of character one of the most remarkable
birds, etc. , to draw omens of the gods' men that ever lived. A recent Life)
will or temper from their appearance), has appeared in the English (Rulers of
being consulted, answered that the pub- India' series, edited by Sir W. W. Hunter.
lic ceremonies had been neglected, the According to this history, Akbar was the
holy places profaned, and frightful calam- | grandson of Baber, the first of the Great
ities decreed in consequence. Thereupon Moguls in India. He succeeded his father,
Clodius assembled the citizens and de- Baber's eldest son Humayun, when barely
nounced Cicero the cause of the fourteen. At Akbar's birth, October 14th,
misfortunes that menaced the city. On 1542, Humayun had lost his dominions,
the following day the orator replied in and had only begun after twelve years
the Senate to the attack. In the first of exile to recover them, when his death
new
as


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336
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
(
in 1556 left Akbar the throne of Delhi, gives a series of sketches of certain
with an able but despotic Turkoman parts of astronomy which especially rep-
noble acting as regent. Akbar at seven- resent new knowledge.
teen took the government into his own The large work on (The Story of the
hands; and by his vigilance, energy, and Heavens,' revised to represent recent
wisdom, with a magnanimity, toleration, progress, brings within a single volume
and generosity rarely seen
in power-
all the principal facts of the magnificent
ful rulers, extended and consolidated story of the sun and moon, the solar
his empire on a scale of territory and system, the laws which rule it, the plan-
strength, and to a degree of order, peace, ets of our system, their satellites, the
and prosperity, wholly unexampled. In minor planets, comets, and shooting
addition to economic and social reforms stars; and the vast depths of the uni-
of the most enlightened and equitable verse filled with suns which we see as
character, Akbar rose far above his age, stars. The special questions of the star-
and above his own creed as a Moslem, land known by the telescope and the
in establishing absolute toleration. He spectroscope are all carefully treated.
gave the Hindus freedom of worship, Dr. Ball mentions Professor Newcomb's
only prohibiting inhuman barbarities. Popular Astronomy,) and Professor
He had Christian teachers expound their Young's volume on "The Sun, as works
faith at his court, and made Hindu, Mos- from which he has derived valuable as-
lem, and Christian meet in a parliament sistance, and which readers may include
of religions, to study the sympathy of in a complete astronomical library. Two
faiths. He even founded a new-depart- small works by Dr. Ball, not mentioned
ure faith for uniting all believers in God. above, are (The Cause of an Ice Age,'
He promoted schools for Hindus as well discussing the possible astronomical ex-
as Moslems, and was a munificent patron planations of the ages of excessive cold
of literature. The enduring record of this in the immensely remote past of the
great reign, and picture of this noble earth; and (Time and Tide,' a couple of
character and great mind, which his able lectures on the very beginnings by which
prime minister, Abul Fazl, made, was the globe came into the shape and place
worthy to have been seen by Shakespeare. through which it could become the earth
as we know it.
Story of the Heavens, The, by Robert
(1894. ) Dr. Ball is pro- Hegel, The Secret of. Being the He-
fessor of astronomy in the English Uni- gelian system in Origin, Principle,
versity of Cambridge, and his books Form, and Matter. By James Hutchison
constitute one of the best existing libra- Stirling. (New revised edition, 1897. )
ries of knowledge of astronomical facts, A very elaborate work (750 pages) which
guesses, reasonings, and conclusions. In drew from both Emerson and Carlyle
his (Star-Land; or, Talks with Young the strongest possible commendation for
People about the Wonders of the Heav- its lucid analysis and exposition of the
ens, there is a story which no less a teaching of the most difficult of German
man than Mr. Gladstone has justly pro- philosophers. Originally published in
nounced «luminous and delightful. ” His 1865, its learning, power of thought,
volume on The Great Astronomers) is and perspicuity, made an epoch in Eng-
a most interesting biographical account lish study of philosophy. The literature
of the progress of the science, from Hip- of the subject hardly shows a greater
parchus and Ptolemy to our own time. masterpiece. The author followed it in
The large volume devoted to The 1881 with a complete (Text-Book to
Story of the Sun) is a richly illustrated Kant,' comprising a translation of the
exposition of the great central facts of (Critique of Pure Reason,' with a com-
our system of nature, those of the sun's mentary and biographical sketch. In
nature and action, which all modern in- Dr. Stirling's view, Hegel's philosophy
vestigation more and more proves to is itself but «a development into full
have supreme significance for all life on and final shape of Kant's antecedent
the earth. In a special volume entitled system. The reader of Dr. Stirling may
In Starry Realms,' Dr. Ball reviews thus cover under one master the two
the wonders of the world of stars, for most famous of modern philosophies, who
popular readers; and in a second vol- have turned the very principle of unreal-
ume, called "In the High Heavens," he ity into a basis for deeper realities.


## p. 337 (#373) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
337
move
scenes
are
or
one
Short Studies on Great Subjects, by connected with early English life and lit-
James Anthony Froude. The pecul- erature; among them The Druidical In-
iar charm of Froude as an essayist and stitution; Cædmon and Milton; Dialects;
historian lies in his picturesque and Early Libraries; The Ship of Fools; and
almost romantic manner, making past Roger Ascham. The second volume, pos-
events and persons live once more and sessing less unity of design, has thirty-two
across his pages. The graphic chapters on subjects strange, familiar, and
in these (Short Studies)
quaint : Rhyming Dictionaries are treated
highly effective, though preserving no of; Allegories and the Rosicrucian Fludd
logical sequence
relation to
are discussed. There are chapters on Sir
another. The first volume begins with Philip Sidney, on Spenser, Hooker, and
a treatise on (The Science of History); Drayton, and a dissertation on Pam-
and the fourth ends with the social phlets. The book as a whole is a pleas-
allegory called “On a Siding at a Railway ant guide into the half-hidden by-paths
Station,' where the luggage of a hetero- of English literary history. It is a re-
geneous group of passengers is supposed pository of much curious book-gossip and
to be examined, and to contain not of authors' lore.
clothing and gewgaws, but specimens
of the life-work of each passenger or Phalaris, Dissertation on the Epis-
possibly nothing at all, — by which he tles of, by Richard Bentley: (1699. )
then is judged. The very discursiveness (The Letters of Phalaris ) was a Greek
of these studies enables one to find here work purporting to be real correspond-
something for various moods, — whether ence of a ferocious Dorian tyrant of
classic, moral, or æsthetic; whether the Sicily in the sixth century before Christ.
thought of war be uppermost in the The educated world of Swift's time ac.
reader's mind, or of travel, or science, cepted them as genuine; and Sir Will-
or some special phase of the conduct of iam Temple, in a pamphlet assuming
life.
the literal truth of many of the wildest
legends and myths of antiquity, and set-
Amenities of Literature, by Isaac Dis-
ting the ancients in general above the
raeli, father of Lord Beaconsfield, moderns in a series of comparisons cu-
was published in 1841, when the author riously naïve for an educated man, had
was seventy-five years old. The title was extravagantly lauded them. This led a
adopted to connect it with two preceding young Oxford man, Charles Boyle, to
volumes, (Curiosities of Literature) and edit the Letters) for English readers of
(Miscellanies of Literature. ) As the au- Greek; and in doing this he used an
thor relates in the preface, it forms a por- insulting expression with regard to a
tion of a great work projected, but never fancied wrong done him by Bentley, who
accomplished. "A history of our vernacu- had just then (1694) become librarian
lar literature has occupied my studies for to the King. Bentley had promised a
many years. It was my design, not to friend, who wished to take the other
furnish an arid narrative of books or of side in the discussion with Temple, an
authors, but following the steps of the essay on the Phalaris letters; and in
human mind through the wide track of this he showed clearly that they were
time, to trace from their beginning the a clumsy forgery by a Greek rhetorician
rise, progress, and decline of public opin- of about the time of Christ. Boyle took
ions.
In the progress of these offense in connection with the appear-
researches many topics presented them- ance of Bentley's essay, and with the
selves, some of which from their novelty help of several Oxford wits brought out
and curiosity courted investigation. Lit- a sharp reply, January 1698. It was
erary history, in this enlarged circuit, to dispose of this that Bentley, fourteen
becomes not merely a philological history months later, March 1699, published his
of critical erudition, but ascends into a (Dissertation); not merely a crushing
philosophy of books. ) In the midst of reply to Boyle, but in matter and style,
his studies toward the working-out of on lines which were then new, a master-
this design, Disraeli was arrested by loss piece of literature.
It was
a brilliant
of sight. The papers in Amenities of piece of criticism, based on accurate his-
Literature) form a portion of the pro- torical research; it presented on several
jected history. The first volume con- points, which are still of interest, stores
sists of thirty-eight chapters on subjects of learning rarely ever equaled; and it
;
(
XXX-22


## p. 338 (#374) ############################################

338
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
abundantly testified Bentley's genius as a was forty per cent. The Irish were bit.
controversialist. As a scholar, a learned terly enraged, became turbulent, and every
critic, and a university educator, Bentley effort was made to conciliate them. A
stands not only at the highest level, but report sustaining Wood, which had been
at the head of the stream which has drawn up by Sir Robert Walpole, was
come down to our time. There began answered by Swift in these letters. Swift,
with him a broad and thorough scholar- who viewed Wood's patent as a death-
ship in Greek and Latin literature, which blow to Irish independence, asserts that
before him was only beginning to get the English Parliament cannot, without
under way. He is thus to scholars one usurpation, maintain the power of bind-
of the great names of learning and of ing Ireland by laws to which it does not
letters.
consent. This assertion led to the arrest
ttle of the Books, The, by Jona-
of the printer of the letters; but the grand
Battle
Swift
than Swift, was written in 1697, but
jury refused to find a true bill.
remained in manuscript until 1704. It
triumphed, and Wood's patent was re-
voked. The Letters) were published in
was a travesty on the endless contro-
1724; the sub-title being, “very proper
versy over the relative merits of the
ancients and moderns, first raised in
to be kept in every family. ”
France by Perrault
. Its immediate cause: A
rtevelde, Philip van, a tragedy, by
Swift's Sir Henry Taylor: 1834. One of the
patron, Sir William Temple, as to the best English tragedies since Shakespeare,
genuineness of the Letters of Phalaris. ) by an author distinguished for his pro-
(See previous article. )
test, in the spirit of Wordsworth, against
In the satire, the Bee, representing the the extreme sentimentalism of Byron.
ancients who go direct to nature, and His (Isaac Comnenus) (1827)—a drama
the Spider, representing the moderns picturing the scene at Constantinople
weaving their webs from within, have a when the hero was Roman (Byzantine)
sharp dispute in a library, where the
emperor there (1057–59 A. D. ) – was
books have mutinied and taken sides, mainly a preliminary study for his mas-
preparatory to battle. In the description terpiece, the (Van Artevelde); in which,
of this battle, Swift's terrible arrows of with noble thought and admirable power,
wit fly thick and fast, Dryden and Bent- he brings back the stress and storm of
ley coming in for a goodly share of their fourteenth-century life. The father of
destructive force. Nothing is left of the Philip, the great Jacob van Artevelde, an
poor moderns when he has finished with immensely rich brewer, eloquent and en-
them, The work, despite its vast clev- ergetic, had played a great part as popu-
erness, was not taken with entire serious-
lar leader at Ghent, 1335-45; and it fell
ness by Swift's contemporaries. He was to his son to figure similarly in 1381, but
not then the great Dean; and besides, to be slain in a great defeat of the forces
he was dealing with subjects he was not of Ghent the next year. Taylor's tragedy
competent to treat. It remains, however,
recalls the events of these two years.
a brilliant monument to his satirical
Two songs -
powers, and to the spirit of destruction
Quoth tongue of neither maid nor wife
which impelled him even as a youth to
and
audacious attacks on great names.
"If I had the wings of a dove –"
Drapier. Letters, The, by Jonathan
have been pronounced worthy of Shakes-
. These famous letters took
peare, although his lyrical efforts gener-
their name from their signature, «M. B.
ally were laboriously artificial. He had
Drapier. ” They were written to protest
very little eye to the stage, - was in fact
against an unjust aggression of the Crown,
more a poet than a dramatist, and a poet
which, at a time of great scarcity of cop-
of thought especially,– but he used great
per coin in Ireland, had granted a patent
care in his studies of character.
to furnish this to one William Wood, who
was
to share his profits with the Duchess Barneveld, John of, Advocate of Hola
of Kendal, the
. In
whose influence the patent had been ob- this brilliant biography, the author shows
tained. These profits were to be derived that as William the Silent is called the
from the difference between the real and author of the independence of the Dutch
the nominal value of the halfpence, which Provinces, so John of Barneveld deserves
-B
>


## p. 339 (#375) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
339
the title of the Founder of the Dutch Of Barneveld's place in history the au-
Republic. ” The Advocate and Keeper thor says: -“He was a public man in
of the Great Seal of the Province of the fullest sense of the word; and without
Holland, the most powerful of the seven his presence and influence the record of
provinces of the Netherlands, was virtu- Holland, France, Britain, and Germany
ally “prime minister, president, attorney- might have been essentially modified.
general, finance minister, and minister of The Republic was so integral a part of
foreign affairs, of the whole republic. that system which divided Europe into
Standing in the background and veiled two great hostile camps, according to
from public view behind “Their High creeds rather than frontiers, that the his-
Mightinesses, the States-General, the tory of its foremost citizen touches at
Advocate was really their spokesman, or every point the general history of Christ-
practically the States-General themselves, endom. ”
in all important measures at home and
abroad, during those years which inter- Havelock the Dane. This legend is
connected with the founding of
vened between the truce with Spain in
Grimsby in Lincolnshire; and was writ-
1609 and the outbreak of the Thirty Years'
ten in English and French verse about
War in 1618.
1280 A. D. The English version was lost
Born in Amersfoort in 1547, of the an-
for many years, but at last found in a
cient and knightly house of Oldenbarne-
manuscript of 'Lives of the Saints. )
veld, he received his education in the
The author is unknown; the time of the
universities of Holland, France, Italy,
story probably about the sixth century.
and Germany, and became one of the
Havelock, prince of Denmark, is left to
first civilians of his time, the friend and
the care of Earl Godard, who hires a
trusted councilor of William the Silent,
fisherman, Grim, to drown him; but he,
and the chief negotiator of the peace with
perceiving a miraculous light about the
Spain. The tragedy with which his life
child, dares not put him to death, and
ended owes itself, as Mr. Motley points
carries him to England. The boy grows
out, to the opposition between the princi-
up, and finds work with the cook of
ple of States-rights and religious freedom
Godrich, an earl who has in his charge
advocated by Barneveld, and that of the
the late king's daughter, Goldborough,
national and church supremacy maintained
whom he has promised to marry to the
by Prince Maurice the Stadtholder, whose
strongest and fairest man he can find.
desire to be recognized as king had met
In a trial of strength, Havelock (puts
with Barneveld's prompt opposition. The
Arminian doctrine of free-will, as over
the stone » farther than any other; and
Godrich, who wants the kingdom for his
against the Calvinists' principle of predes-
son, marries Goldborough to this kitchen
tination, had led to religious divisions
scullion. The princess is dissatisfied
among the provinces; and Barneveld's
with the union; but in the night sees
bold defense of the freedom of individual
the same miraculous light, and a cross
belief resulted at length in his arrest and
on Havelock's shoulder. He awakes im-
that of his companion and former pupil,
mediately afterwards, and tells her he
Hugo Grotius, both of whom were con-
has dreamed that all England and Den-
demned to execution. His son, engaging
mark were his own.
later in a conspiracy of revenge against
He goes therefore
to Denmark; and after performing deeds
the Stadtholder, was also with the other
of great valor, is proclaimed king. Re-
conspirators arrested and put to death.
turning with an army to England, he
The historian obtained his materials
makes Godrich a prisoner; and with
largely from the Advocate's letters and
other MS. archives of the Dutch govern-
Goldborough is crowned at London,
where they reign for sixty years.
mcnt, and experienced no little difficulty
in deciphering those papers covered now Heldenbuch, a given succes-
with the satirical dust of centuries, writ. sively to several versions of a col-
ten in the small, crabbed, exasperating lection of German legends from the
characters which make Barneveld's handthirteenth century. The first Helden-
writing almost cryptographic; but which buch) was printed in Strasburg, probably
were once, «sealed with the Great Seal in the year 1470; the second in Dresden
of the haughty burgher aristocracy, doc-
The latter version was almost
uments which occupied the close atten- entirely divested of the quaint poetic
tion of the cabinets of Christendom. ” charm of the original legends by the
name
in 1472.


## p. 340 (#376) ############################################

340
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
(
romance
dry, pedantic style of one of the editors, reign of João I. , the Infante Dom Pedro
by whose name the collection is known, wrote a sonnet in praise of Vasco Lo-
- Kasper von der Roen. The older vol- beira, “the inventor of the Books of Chiv-
ume, however, preserved the spirit of the alry. ” Cervantes, whose own
thirteenth century with admirable fidel- was the death-knell of these unnatural
ity, both in its text and in the delight- and preternatural extravaganzas, names
fully naive illustrations which accompany
this as one of the three romances spared
it.
in the burning of Don Quixote's library,
Among the heroic myths which appear “because it was the first of the kind and
in the original Heldenbuch) are the an- the best. ” It depicts a time «not many
cient Gothic legends of King Laurin) years after the passion of our Redeemer,”
and "The Rose Garden at Worms, to- when Garinter, a Christian, was king of
gether with three from the Lombard lesser Britain, Languines King of Scot-
cycle, Ornit, (Wolfdietrich,' and (Hug- land, Perion King of Gaul, and Lesuarte
dietrich. ) These have been rendered King of Great Britain. The scene is laid
into Modern High German in the pres- in such mystic parts of the earth as the
ent century by Karl Josef Simrock, whose island of Windsor, the forest of Anga-
scholarly and sympathetic translation duza, and “Sobradisa which borders upon
makes his Kleines Heldenbuch) as val- Serolis. ) The manly love of the three
uable a contribution to the history of brother knights, their honor, fidelity, and
German literature as was the original bravery, are noble types of the ideal of
collection of the same name.
the chivalric romance. It is to the inter-
polations and additions of the Spanish
Amadis of Gaul, by Vasco Lobeira. and French translators through whom the
Robert Southey, in the introduction romance has come down to us, that we owe
to his English version of this romance, the gross and offensive passages which
says:
(((Amadis of Gaul) is among prose, mar the otherwise pure and charming
what (Orlando Furioso) is among metri- | narrative.
cal romances, not the oldest of its kind
but the best. It is however so old as
,
This History des Romains,' first
est bloom of chivalry, the days of the published in 1879 in Paris, is the most
Black Prince and the glorious reign of elaborate and complete of the works of
Edward III. in the two realms of Eng- Victor Duruy.
It is the result very
land and France. It is a tale of the
largely of original research.