305 Abdication of
Diocletian
(1 May).
Cambridge Medieval History - v1 - Christian Roman Empire and Teutonic Kingdoms
Gotha.
1887.
Boëthius :
Rand, E. K. On the composition of B. 's cons. phil. in Harvard Studies in
Class. Phil. vol. xv.
Usener, H. Anecdoton Holderi. Bonn. 1887. (Deals with the external
evidence for the theological tracts. )
Claudian :
Hodgkin, T. Claudian, the last of the Roman poets. London. 1875.
Cosmas Indicopleustes :
Marinelli, G. La geografia e i padri della chiesa. Rome. 1882.
Eusebius :
Gelzer, H. Sextus Julius Africanus und die byzantinische Chronographie.
2 vols. Leipsic. 1885–98. (Includes a careful study of the Chronica. )
Libanius :
Seeck, 0. Die Briefe des Libanius zeitlich geordnet. Leipsic. 1906.
Sievers, G. R. Das Leben des Libanius. Berlin. 1868.
Plotinus :
Whittaker, T. The Neo-Platonists. Cambridge. 1901. (Strongly anti-
Christian. )
Symmachus :
Seeck, 0. Die Reden des Symmachus und ihre kritische Grundlage.
Berlin. 1877.
CH. XX.
## p. 694 (#724) ############################################
694
Thought and Ideas of the Age
Synesius :
Crawford, W. S. Synesius the Hellene. London. 1901.
Gardner, A. Synesius of Cyrene: in The Fathers for Engl. Readers.
London. 1886.
Nicol, J. C. Synesius of Cyrene.
Synesius of Cyrene. Cambridge. 1887. Volkmann, R.
Synesius von Cyrene. Berlin. 1869.
(c) MONOGRAPHS, BIOGRAPHIES AND SPECIAL TREATISES.
See Bibl. to cc. 1, 11, and v for :-
Boissier, Chawner, Hort, and Seeck (Quellen u. Urkunden, Untergang).
Abt, A. Die Apologie des Apuleius von Madaura und die antike Zauberei.
Giessen. 1908.
Cumont, F. Le manichéisme. Paris. 1908.
Pichon, R. Les derniers écrivains profanes. Paris. 1906.
Püch, A. St. Jean Chrysostome et les meurs de son temps. Paris. 1891.
Roger, M. L'enseignement des lettres classiques d'Ausone à Alcuin. Paris. 1905.
Stephens, W. R. W. St John Chrysostom, his life and times. London. 1883.
Stewart, H. F. Boëthius, an Essay. Edinburgh. 1891.
## p. 695 (#725) ############################################
695
CHAPTER XXI.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART.
1. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Complete list of books given in the work of Leclerq (see below).
2. ADDITIONAL, CHIEFLY MODERN WORKS.
Butler, H. C. Architecture and other Arts etc. , in Syria etc. New York. 1902.
Cabrol, le R. P. dom. Dictionnaire d'Archéologie Chrétienne etc. Paris. 1902,
still in progress. (A very comprehensive account of every branch of the
subject. )
Dalton, O. M. British Museum, Catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities etc.
London. 1901.
Guide to the Christian Antiquities in the British Museum. (The best
small book on the subject in English. ) (Also many other works and articles
by the same writer. )
Frothingham, A. L. The Monuments of Christian Rome etc. New York. 1908.
Leclercq, H. M. Manuel d'Archéologie Chrétienne etc. Paris. 1907. (One of the
best general accounts of the subject. )
Lowries, W. Christian Art etc. London. 1901.
Marrucchi. Éléments d'Archéologie Chrétienne etc. Paris. 1900.
Michel, A. Histoire de l'Art etc. Paris. 1905.
Peraté, A. L'Archéologie Chrétienne. Paris. 1892. (An excellent small hand-
book. )
Ramsay, Sir W. and Miss G. L. Bell. The Thousand and One Churches. (Asia
Minor. ) 1909.
Smith and Cheetham. A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. London. 1876–90.
Strzygowski, J. Orient oder Rom. Leipsic. 1901. Also many other works.
Venturi, A. Storia dell'Arte Italiana etc. Milan. 1901.
(And more recent works. )
Wilpert, J. Die Malereien der Katakomben etc. Freiburg-i. -B. 1900. (A finely
illustrated work on Early Christian Paintings. )
CA. XXI.
## p. 696 (#726) ############################################
696
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
OF
LEADING EVENTS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME
284 Election of Diocletian (17 Sept. ).
297 Peace with Persia : acquisition of the five provinces.
303 The Great Persecution (24 Feb. ).
305 Abdication of Diocletian (1 May).
306 Elevation of Constantine at York.
309–380 Reign of Sapor II in Persia.
311 Edict of Toleration and death of Galerius.
312 Battle of Saxa Rubra (28 Sept. ).
Edict of Milan.
323 Battle of Chrysopolis (Sept. ).
325 Council of Nicaea.
328–373 Athanasius Bishop of Alexandria.
330 Foundation of Constantinople.
337 Death of Constantine (22 May).
War with Persia.
339 Second Exile of Athanasius.
341 Council of the Dedication at Antioch.
343 Council of Sardica.
346 Return of Athanasius.
350 Revolt of Magnentius.
352 Battle of Mursa.
355 Julian made Caesar for Gaul.
356 Third Exile of Athanasius.
357 Battle of Argentoratum.
359 Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia.
360 Mutiny at Paris: Julian proclaimed Augustus.
Council of Constantinople.
361-363 Julian Emperor.
363-364 Jovian Emperor. Peace with Persia: cession of the five provinces.
364 Valentinian and Valens Emperors.
369 Count Theodosius in Britain.
374–397 Ambrose Bishop of Milan.
375–383 Gratian Emperor in the West.
376 Passage of the Danube by the Goths.
378 Battle of Hadrianople (9 Aug. ).
379–395 Reign of Theodosius.
## p. 697 (#727) ############################################
Chronological Table
697
381 Council of Constantinople.
383-388 Usurpation of Maximus.
386 Execution of Priscillian.
390 Destruction of the Serapeum.
392 Revolt of Arbogast.
394 Battle of the Frigidus (6 Sept. ).
395 Arcadius and Honorius Emperors.
400 Revolt of Gaïnas.
402 Battle of Pollentia.
406 Passage of the Rhine by the Germans (31 Dec. ).
407 Withdrawal of the legions from Britain.
408_450 Reign of Theodosius II in the East.
408 Mutiny at Pavia. Execution of Stilicho.
410 Sack of Rome by Alaric (23 Aug. ).
412 The Visigoths in Gaul.
418 Rescript of Honorius to Agricola.
425-455 Valentinian III Emperor in the West.
429 The Vandals in Africa.
430 Death of Augustine.
431 Council of Ephesus.
438 Codex Theodosianus. Legal separation of East and West.
439 Capture of Carthage by the Vandals.
440-461 Pope Leo I.
445 Edict of Valentinian III.
449 The Latrocinium at Ephesus.
C. 449 Traditional date of Hengest and Horsa.
450_458 Marcian Emperor in the East.
451 Council of Chalcedon.
Battle of the Mauriac Plain.
452 Destruction of Aquileia by Attila. Embassy of Pope Leo.
454 Assassination of Aëtius.
455 Sack of Rome by Gaiseric.
457–461 Reign of Majorian in the West.
468 Failure of Basiliscus before Carthage.
472 Capture of Rome by Ricimer.
474_491 Zeno Emperor in the East.
476 Deposition of Romulus Augustulus.
Odovacar master of Italy till 493.
481 The Henoticon of Zeno. Schism in the Church.
481-511 Reign of Clovis.
486 Clovis defeats Syagrius.
491-518 Anastasius Emperor.
493–526 Reign of Theodoric in Italy.
507 Battle of Vouglé. Clovis conquers Aquitaine.
518 Justin Emperor. End of the Schism.
533 Conquest of Africa by Belisarius.
597 Landing of Augustine.
Death of Columba (9 June).
## p. 698 (#728) ############################################
## p. 699 (#729) ############################################
699
INDEX
Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle
Abercius, Bishop of Hierapolis, 164
Ablabius, favourite of Constantine, 21 sq. ;
murder of, 55
Aboras (Khabūr), River, 22; Julian crosses,
82
Abraham, patriarch, story of, 336; 583
Abrittus, battle of, 204
Abruzzi, Altaian Bulgars settle in moun.
tains of, 358
Abundantius, general, banished, 457
Acacius, Bishop of Amida, helps the Persian
prisoners, 464
Acacius, Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine,
convenes & Syrian synod, 132; 133;
assents to Nicene faith, 136
Acacius, Bishop of Constantinople, opposes
Basiliscus, 473 ; character, 515; alliance
with Peter of Alexandria, 516; and the
Henoticon, 517; excommunicated by
Simplicius, ib. ; erasure of name from
diptychs, 518
Achaia, 30 sq. ; last stronghold of paganism,
113; Goths in, 237 ; under Theodosius,
253 ; 261
Achillaeus, usurper, revolt of, 120
Acholius, Bishop of Thessalonica, baptises
Theodosius I, 140
Acincum, Valentinian at, 229
Acoemetae, order of monks at Constanti-
nople, 516
Aconia Paulina, wife of Praetextatus, pagan
rites of, 93
Acris, Hypatius captured at, 485
Acropolis at Athens, the, 598
Acts of the Apostles, the, cited, 148 ; 154;
translated into verse by Arator of Milan,
449
Adamantius, son of Vivianus, treats with
Theodoric, 475 sq.
Adamelissi, fortress of Tropaeum Traiani
built at, 210 sq.
Adamnan, his Life of St Columba cited, 391
Adda, River, battle on, 439
Addao, King of the Alani, death of, 304
Addaeus, Roman officer, employed in
Armenia, 225
Adeodatus, son of Augustine, 596
ad Evangelum presbyterum of Jerome, 155
‘Adid the Arab, joins Romans, 482
Adige, River, 193, 441
Admagetobriga (Montbéliard), Gauls de-
feated at, 193
Admonitions for Monks, Rabbula, cited,
526
Adria, Goths at, 446
Adriatic Sea, fleet of Maximus in, 243;
nomads find winter quarters by, 358 and
note ; 364; Theodoric's fleet in, 451 ; 459
Aduatuci, Teutonic tribe, in Gaul, 190; in
Belgica, 193
Aedan, Dalriadic King, encounters Aethel-
frith, 391
Aedesius, philosopher, 64, 99
Aedui, Keltic tribe, at war with the Sequani,
193; subdued, 194
Aegean Sea, 16 sq. , 19, 205 sq. ; nomads
winter near, 358
Aegidius, generalof Majorian, victorious near
Orleans, 282, 298; death, 299, 310; makes
alliance with Gaiseric, 310; independent
ruler in Gaul, 424 sq. ; defeats Visigoths,
425 ; death, ib.
Aegina, pagan worship at, 93
Aelia Capitolina. See Jerusalem
Aelle, King of Deira, 390
Aelle, reputed founder of the kingdom of
Sussex, 382, 390
Aemilia, 239; Alaric in, 273
Aemona (Laibach), Theodosius at, 243; 247;
Alaric at, 264, 268
Aequitius, Roman general, 218, 220 sq. , 229
Aeruli. See Heruli
Aesculapius, Julian revives worship of, 107
Aestii. See Aists
Aethelberht, King of Kent, and Ceawlin,
389 sq. ; importance of, 391
Aethelfrith, King of Bernicia, obtains Deira
by marriage, 390; encounters Aedan, 391;
massacres the Britons, ib.
Aethiopica, attributed to Heliodorus, 569
Aëtius, Roman general, forms alliance with
Visigoths, 279, 416; defeats the Huns,
280, 416; and the Salian Franks, 297 ;
298; and the Vandals, 308; and the
Huns, 360 sqq. , 407 ; 394 ; Britons appeal
for help to, 380; 393; and Valentinian III,
395, 397, 399; birth and parentage, 406;
supports usurper John, 407 sq. ; pro-
moted, 408; successes of, 410; struggle
## p. 700 (#730) ############################################
700
Index
with Boniface, ib. ; supreme in the West,
411; policy in Gaul and Africa, ib. ;
412 sqq. ; third time consul, 415; sup-
ports Frankish prince, ib. ; fails to crush
Attila, 416 sq. ; assassinated, 418; his
greatness dis
ed, 418 sq. ; 420 sqq.
Aëtius, city praefect, attacked, 463
Aëtius, heretic teacher, condemnation of,
137
Africa, under Maxentius, 3; Christians in,
11; 13, 18, 30 sq. , 50; awarded to Con.
stans, 56; 58 sq. ; 61 ; 88; slow decay
of paganism in, 115, 121 ; 162; church
councils for, 164 sq. ; 172; first councils of
bishops in, 178; 182; Franks in, 202; 218;
misgovernment in, 227 sq. ; acknow-
ledges Maximus, 239; revolt of Gildo
in, 262 sqq. , 458; Heraclian in, 272 sqq. ;
importance of corn supply of, 275; Van-
dals settled in, 276, 277; Wallia attempts
to seize corn of, 278; 287; the Vandals
in, 305 sq. , 409, 412, 465; divided be.
tween Romans and Vandals, 307, 413;
Vandals seize all Roman provinces, 309;
Marcellinus fails to relieve, 310 ; Vandals
confirmed in possession of, 311; per-
secution of the Catholics in, 312; revolt
of Moors in, 312 sq. ; 315; constitution
of the Vandal kingdom in, 316 sqq. , 399 ;
Arian predominance in, 306, 312, 321;
322; 358, 393 ; revolt of Heraclian in,
402; 404 ; Boniface in, 406 sqq. ; policy
of Aëtius towards, 411, 419; Roman cap-
tives carried to, 421 ; 423, 428, 430 sq. ,
452, 518; monachism in, 532; Punio
language used in, 545; oil trade of, 548;
and the corn supply, 552; 586; early
churches in, 609; 612
Africanus, governor of Pannonia Secunda,
64
Agapitus, holds appointments under Theo-
doric, 442 sq.
Agde, council held at, 286
Agilo, Roman general, envoy to Aquileia,
77 ; supports Procopius, 220; deserts to
Valens, 221
Agricola, Cn. Julius, in Britain, 368, 372
Agri Decumates, barbarians overrun the,
201
Agrigentum, Romans victorious at, 309
Agrippinus, comes, commands in Narbonne,
282
Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, Roman general,
197
Aists (Aestii), 184
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), a principal city
of the Ripuarian Franks, 300
Akatziri, the, submit to Attila, 360 sq.
Akeman Street, course of, 376
Akhmim. See Panopolis
Alai Mts, 340
Alani (Alans), settled near River Don, 203 ;
protect the Urugundi, 206; overpowered
by Huns, 215, 231 ; plunder Roman pro-
vinces, 216 ; 233; favoured by Gratian,
238; raid territory of Alemanni, 241 ;
enlist under Theodosius, 242 ; 250; at
battle of Hadrianople, 251 ; 253 ; in Pan.
nonia, 254 ; migrate to Noricum, 264; at
battle of Pollentia, 265; invade Gaul,
266 sq. , 393 sq. , 400; in Spain, 274 sq. ,
304, 316, 400; defeated by Goths, 278,
281, 304, 404; remnant joins the Asdin-
gian Vandals, 304, 404; subordinate to
Vandals in Africa, 316; paganism of,
320; in Italy and Gaul, 358; tributary
to Attila, 361 ; desert from army of
Ataulf, 403; 412 ; settled in Gaul, 413,
416; 471
Alaric, King of the Visigoths, 113; makes
Attalus emperor, 115, 272; storms Rome,
170; first appearance of, 257; dis-
appointed of promotion, 259; marches
on Constantinople, 260, 456 ; campaign
in Greece, 261, 457 sq. ; treats with
Western and Eastern Empires, 262, 458 ;
invades the Western Empire, 264 ; at the
battle of Pollentia, 265, 461; Illyrian
project of, 267; subsidised by Rome, 268 ;
besieges Rome, 270; demands excessive
concessions, 271 ; sacks Rome, 273 ;
death, 274, 365, 392, 399; result of rule
of, 276; 283, 289, 305 ; and Stilicho,
394 ; 400, 402, 404; Gaudentius a hostage
with, 407 ; 417; 459, 461 sq. , 552
Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, decline of
Gothic power under, 284 ; character and
rule of, 285 ; defeated and slain, 286;
289 sq. ; Catholic Church under, 291;
marries Theodoric's daughter, 451; killed,
452
Alathar, magister militum, 485; captured,
486
Alatheus, leader of the Greutungi, 232 ; de-
vastates Pannonia, 237 ; invades Roman
territory, 250; at battle of Hadrianople,
251 ; rules for infant son of Withimir,
253
Alavio, chief of the Visigoths, 214 sg. ;
killed, 233; obtains leave to settle in
Roman territory, 250
Alba, 44
Albania, Roumanians in, 356
Albanians, 357; speech of, 546
Albini, Christian members of family of, 572
Albinus, heathen pontiff, 116 ; 571
Albinus, patrician, 448; accused of in-
trigue, 453
Alboin, King of the Lombards, 358, 431
Alchester near Bicester, on Akeman Street,
376
Aldborough (Isurium Brigantum), Romano-
British town, 373
Alemanni, confederacy of Teutonic tribes,
3; defeated by Magnentius, 65 ; defeated
at Strassburg, 68; subdued, 69 sq. ; 73 sq. ;
confederacy of the, 195, 200 and note;
reach Italian frontier, 201 ; 202; raids
of, 207; repulsed, 208; campaigns of
Constantius against, 209; defeated at
## p. 701 (#731) ############################################
Index
701
165; 160 sg.
Argentaria, 210, 252 sq. ; campaigns of
Valentinian against, 222 sq. ; king of, slain,
223; defeated, 224; prisoners settled in
Italy, ib. ; 229; Roman army recruited
from, 246, 259; 248, 253; campaign of,
against Romans of Upper Germany, 266;
267; in army of Jovinus, 275, 401; sup-
posed origin of, 292 899. ; 299; conflict
with the Ripuarian Franks, 300; possibly
subject to Attila, 361; invasion of Gaul
by, 400 sq. ; settled on Upper Rhine, 413;
guard the frontier, 441; Theodoric pro-
tects, 451
Alexander the Great, 17, 25, 78, 83, 87, 353,
403, 489
Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria, and the
Arian controversy, 120, 159,
Alexander, Bishop of Antioch, 170 sq.
Alexandria, 3, 14, 18; inhabitants murder
their Bishop, 80 ; becomes a centre of
learning, 88; pagan worship at, 97; 99;
return of Athanasius to, 104; Arius at,
119; Athanasius expelled from, 128;
return of Athanasius to, 130; 131 sq. ;
135 sqq. , 139, 141; parochial system at,
159 ; presbyterian election of bishops at,
160 sq. ; Arian controversy at, 165 ; 167;
ancient importance of church of, 171,
173 sqq. ; Maximus acclaimed Emperor
in, 239; threatened by Vandals, 310;
religious riots in, 463, 485; Patricius at,
471; rivalry with Antioch, 487 ; jealousy
of Constantinople, 488; character of
population, 489 sq. ; Origenism con-
demned by synod of, 490 ; Christian and
Pagan teachers in, 496; and Nestorianism,
497 sq. ; synod at, condemns Nestorian.
ism, 499; articles condemning Nestorius
drafted at, 501; and the Monophysite con.
troversy,503 sqq. ; and the Robber Council,
505; 511; disturbances in, 512 sq. ; the He-
noticon sent to, 516; 522 sqq. ; corn fleet
of, 552; school of, 577, 579; work of
Synod of (362), 584 ; influences Italian
art, 598; sarcophagi at, 602 ; casket of
Projecta made in, 603 ; glass-works of,
606 ; synagogue at, 609
Alexandria, Bishops of. See Alexander,
Athanasius, Cyril, Dionysius, Dioscorus,
George of Cappadocia, Gregory of Cappa-
docia, Heraclas, Peter, Proterius, Theo-
philus, Timothy
Algeria, 412
Al Harith, Taghlibi chief, makes peace with
Rome, 481
Al Hira, 464
Aligildus, Roman officer, 77
Allectus, usurper, crushed by Constantius,
377
Aller, River, 187
Allia, River, and Brennus, 576
Allobroges, Keltic tribe, 192
Al Mundhir, sheikh of Al Hira, invades
Syria, 464
Alpes Maritimae, Gothic rule in, 287
Alpheus, River, 261
Alps, crossed by Constantine I, 4; by Con-
stantine II, 58; passes garrisoned by
Magnentius, 61 ; crossed by Constantius
(Julian and Cottian), 61; 73; (Cottian)
75; 133; 186; (Carnic) 192; Germanic
tribes cross the, 193, 201; Gratian flees
to, 238; secured against Maximus, 239;
Cottian passes forced by Maximus, 242;
245; Flavianus in the (Julian), 247;
Goths reach, 252 ; barbarians cross, 265;
267; Ataulf crosses, 271; Goths reach,
284; (Julian) Huns cross, 364, 417; 367;
Marcian crosses, 423; (Graian) passes
secured by Theodoric, 452
Alsace. See Elsass
Altaians, the, Ch. xII (A) passim, 329, 331 ;
appearance and habits, 332 sqq. ; govern-
ment, 334 sq. ; persistence of customs of,
340; food, 339 8qq. ; family ties, 342;
religion, 343 sqq. ; marauding habits, 349;
military skill, 350; permanency of rule
of, 351
Altinum, Bishop of. See Peter
Altrip, Romans build fort at, 224
Alypius, friend of Augustine, 593 sq.
Alypius, minister of Julian, plans restora-
tion of the Temple at Jerusalem, 80
Amal family, 468
Amalaberga, sister of Theodoric the Great,
marries Hermanfred, 451
Amalafrida, sister of Theodoric the Great,
marries Thrasamund the Vandal, 313,
451; imprisoned, 314
Amalaric, son of Alaric II, established on
the throne of Spain, 452
Amalasuntha, mother of Athalarich, remon-
strates with Hilderic, 314; offers help to
the Romans, 315; marries Eutharic, 451;
regency of, 454 ; imprisonment, ib. ;
death, 455
Amandus, admiral of Licinius, 7 sq.
Ambrones, Teutonic tribe, 191 and note;
defeated by the Romans, 193; location
of the, 198
Ambrose, St, Bishop of Milan, 67; leads
Christian party at Rome, 115; 116 sq. ;
election of, 152 sq. ; de Officiis of, 157;
cited, 157, 180, 531, 592, 595 ; 172; in-
fluences Gratian, 237; career of, 239; as
minister to Valentinian II, ib. ; mission
to Maximus, 240; 242; and the penance
of Theodosius, 244 sq. , 257; summoned
to baptise Valentinian, 245; condemns
Eugenius, 246; 249; monastery of, 531
sq. ; 566, 571 sq. ; builds church of the
Apostles, 610
Ambrosiaster (Isaac), 151 ; Quaestiones of,
cited, 155 sqq. , 159 sqq.
Ambrosius Aurelianus, heads British resist.
ance to English invasion, 388
Amida, siege of, 72; Ardaburius at, 464;
siege of (502), 481; Romans attempt to
recapture, 482
Amida, Bishop of. See Acacius
## p. 702 (#732) ############################################
702
Index
Anglii. See Angles
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the, unreliable
chronology of, 380, 383; cited, 382,
389 sq.
Amiens, Valentinian at, 223; Vandals at,
266
Ammedera, 263
Ammianus Marcellinus, historian, 46; at
siege of Amida, 72 ; 80; 99 ; 110; cited,
71, 76, 79, 85, 97, 103, 134, 166, 173, 188,
295 sq. , 379, 581, 592, 594 sq.
Amoun, monk of Nitria, 522
Ampelius, son of Attalas, 273
Ampsivarii, tribe of Ripuarian Franks,
campaign of Arbogast against, 259; 295;
299
Amru 'l Kais, Arab, obtains island of
Jotaba, 472
Amu, River, 323 ; cattle-breedivg in the
delta of, 331
Anagast, in command in Thrace, rebels,
470
Anastasia, sister of Constantine, marriage
of, 22
Anastasis, memorial in the church of the
Holy Sepulchre, 609
Anastasius II, Bishop of Rome, 182; elec-
tion of, 449
Anastasius I, Eastern Emperor, 312; friend.
ship with Thrasamund the Vandal, 313 ;
and Theodoric, 440 sq. , 443, 445; supports
the freebooter Mundo, 451 ; death, 455,
486; accession, 467,479; marries Ariadne,
479; disturbances in reign of, 480 ; and
the Persian War, 481 sqq.
Boëthius :
Rand, E. K. On the composition of B. 's cons. phil. in Harvard Studies in
Class. Phil. vol. xv.
Usener, H. Anecdoton Holderi. Bonn. 1887. (Deals with the external
evidence for the theological tracts. )
Claudian :
Hodgkin, T. Claudian, the last of the Roman poets. London. 1875.
Cosmas Indicopleustes :
Marinelli, G. La geografia e i padri della chiesa. Rome. 1882.
Eusebius :
Gelzer, H. Sextus Julius Africanus und die byzantinische Chronographie.
2 vols. Leipsic. 1885–98. (Includes a careful study of the Chronica. )
Libanius :
Seeck, 0. Die Briefe des Libanius zeitlich geordnet. Leipsic. 1906.
Sievers, G. R. Das Leben des Libanius. Berlin. 1868.
Plotinus :
Whittaker, T. The Neo-Platonists. Cambridge. 1901. (Strongly anti-
Christian. )
Symmachus :
Seeck, 0. Die Reden des Symmachus und ihre kritische Grundlage.
Berlin. 1877.
CH. XX.
## p. 694 (#724) ############################################
694
Thought and Ideas of the Age
Synesius :
Crawford, W. S. Synesius the Hellene. London. 1901.
Gardner, A. Synesius of Cyrene: in The Fathers for Engl. Readers.
London. 1886.
Nicol, J. C. Synesius of Cyrene.
Synesius of Cyrene. Cambridge. 1887. Volkmann, R.
Synesius von Cyrene. Berlin. 1869.
(c) MONOGRAPHS, BIOGRAPHIES AND SPECIAL TREATISES.
See Bibl. to cc. 1, 11, and v for :-
Boissier, Chawner, Hort, and Seeck (Quellen u. Urkunden, Untergang).
Abt, A. Die Apologie des Apuleius von Madaura und die antike Zauberei.
Giessen. 1908.
Cumont, F. Le manichéisme. Paris. 1908.
Pichon, R. Les derniers écrivains profanes. Paris. 1906.
Püch, A. St. Jean Chrysostome et les meurs de son temps. Paris. 1891.
Roger, M. L'enseignement des lettres classiques d'Ausone à Alcuin. Paris. 1905.
Stephens, W. R. W. St John Chrysostom, his life and times. London. 1883.
Stewart, H. F. Boëthius, an Essay. Edinburgh. 1891.
## p. 695 (#725) ############################################
695
CHAPTER XXI.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART.
1. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Complete list of books given in the work of Leclerq (see below).
2. ADDITIONAL, CHIEFLY MODERN WORKS.
Butler, H. C. Architecture and other Arts etc. , in Syria etc. New York. 1902.
Cabrol, le R. P. dom. Dictionnaire d'Archéologie Chrétienne etc. Paris. 1902,
still in progress. (A very comprehensive account of every branch of the
subject. )
Dalton, O. M. British Museum, Catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities etc.
London. 1901.
Guide to the Christian Antiquities in the British Museum. (The best
small book on the subject in English. ) (Also many other works and articles
by the same writer. )
Frothingham, A. L. The Monuments of Christian Rome etc. New York. 1908.
Leclercq, H. M. Manuel d'Archéologie Chrétienne etc. Paris. 1907. (One of the
best general accounts of the subject. )
Lowries, W. Christian Art etc. London. 1901.
Marrucchi. Éléments d'Archéologie Chrétienne etc. Paris. 1900.
Michel, A. Histoire de l'Art etc. Paris. 1905.
Peraté, A. L'Archéologie Chrétienne. Paris. 1892. (An excellent small hand-
book. )
Ramsay, Sir W. and Miss G. L. Bell. The Thousand and One Churches. (Asia
Minor. ) 1909.
Smith and Cheetham. A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. London. 1876–90.
Strzygowski, J. Orient oder Rom. Leipsic. 1901. Also many other works.
Venturi, A. Storia dell'Arte Italiana etc. Milan. 1901.
(And more recent works. )
Wilpert, J. Die Malereien der Katakomben etc. Freiburg-i. -B. 1900. (A finely
illustrated work on Early Christian Paintings. )
CA. XXI.
## p. 696 (#726) ############################################
696
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
OF
LEADING EVENTS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME
284 Election of Diocletian (17 Sept. ).
297 Peace with Persia : acquisition of the five provinces.
303 The Great Persecution (24 Feb. ).
305 Abdication of Diocletian (1 May).
306 Elevation of Constantine at York.
309–380 Reign of Sapor II in Persia.
311 Edict of Toleration and death of Galerius.
312 Battle of Saxa Rubra (28 Sept. ).
Edict of Milan.
323 Battle of Chrysopolis (Sept. ).
325 Council of Nicaea.
328–373 Athanasius Bishop of Alexandria.
330 Foundation of Constantinople.
337 Death of Constantine (22 May).
War with Persia.
339 Second Exile of Athanasius.
341 Council of the Dedication at Antioch.
343 Council of Sardica.
346 Return of Athanasius.
350 Revolt of Magnentius.
352 Battle of Mursa.
355 Julian made Caesar for Gaul.
356 Third Exile of Athanasius.
357 Battle of Argentoratum.
359 Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia.
360 Mutiny at Paris: Julian proclaimed Augustus.
Council of Constantinople.
361-363 Julian Emperor.
363-364 Jovian Emperor. Peace with Persia: cession of the five provinces.
364 Valentinian and Valens Emperors.
369 Count Theodosius in Britain.
374–397 Ambrose Bishop of Milan.
375–383 Gratian Emperor in the West.
376 Passage of the Danube by the Goths.
378 Battle of Hadrianople (9 Aug. ).
379–395 Reign of Theodosius.
## p. 697 (#727) ############################################
Chronological Table
697
381 Council of Constantinople.
383-388 Usurpation of Maximus.
386 Execution of Priscillian.
390 Destruction of the Serapeum.
392 Revolt of Arbogast.
394 Battle of the Frigidus (6 Sept. ).
395 Arcadius and Honorius Emperors.
400 Revolt of Gaïnas.
402 Battle of Pollentia.
406 Passage of the Rhine by the Germans (31 Dec. ).
407 Withdrawal of the legions from Britain.
408_450 Reign of Theodosius II in the East.
408 Mutiny at Pavia. Execution of Stilicho.
410 Sack of Rome by Alaric (23 Aug. ).
412 The Visigoths in Gaul.
418 Rescript of Honorius to Agricola.
425-455 Valentinian III Emperor in the West.
429 The Vandals in Africa.
430 Death of Augustine.
431 Council of Ephesus.
438 Codex Theodosianus. Legal separation of East and West.
439 Capture of Carthage by the Vandals.
440-461 Pope Leo I.
445 Edict of Valentinian III.
449 The Latrocinium at Ephesus.
C. 449 Traditional date of Hengest and Horsa.
450_458 Marcian Emperor in the East.
451 Council of Chalcedon.
Battle of the Mauriac Plain.
452 Destruction of Aquileia by Attila. Embassy of Pope Leo.
454 Assassination of Aëtius.
455 Sack of Rome by Gaiseric.
457–461 Reign of Majorian in the West.
468 Failure of Basiliscus before Carthage.
472 Capture of Rome by Ricimer.
474_491 Zeno Emperor in the East.
476 Deposition of Romulus Augustulus.
Odovacar master of Italy till 493.
481 The Henoticon of Zeno. Schism in the Church.
481-511 Reign of Clovis.
486 Clovis defeats Syagrius.
491-518 Anastasius Emperor.
493–526 Reign of Theodoric in Italy.
507 Battle of Vouglé. Clovis conquers Aquitaine.
518 Justin Emperor. End of the Schism.
533 Conquest of Africa by Belisarius.
597 Landing of Augustine.
Death of Columba (9 June).
## p. 698 (#728) ############################################
## p. 699 (#729) ############################################
699
INDEX
Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle
Abercius, Bishop of Hierapolis, 164
Ablabius, favourite of Constantine, 21 sq. ;
murder of, 55
Aboras (Khabūr), River, 22; Julian crosses,
82
Abraham, patriarch, story of, 336; 583
Abrittus, battle of, 204
Abruzzi, Altaian Bulgars settle in moun.
tains of, 358
Abundantius, general, banished, 457
Acacius, Bishop of Amida, helps the Persian
prisoners, 464
Acacius, Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine,
convenes & Syrian synod, 132; 133;
assents to Nicene faith, 136
Acacius, Bishop of Constantinople, opposes
Basiliscus, 473 ; character, 515; alliance
with Peter of Alexandria, 516; and the
Henoticon, 517; excommunicated by
Simplicius, ib. ; erasure of name from
diptychs, 518
Achaia, 30 sq. ; last stronghold of paganism,
113; Goths in, 237 ; under Theodosius,
253 ; 261
Achillaeus, usurper, revolt of, 120
Acholius, Bishop of Thessalonica, baptises
Theodosius I, 140
Acincum, Valentinian at, 229
Acoemetae, order of monks at Constanti-
nople, 516
Aconia Paulina, wife of Praetextatus, pagan
rites of, 93
Acris, Hypatius captured at, 485
Acropolis at Athens, the, 598
Acts of the Apostles, the, cited, 148 ; 154;
translated into verse by Arator of Milan,
449
Adamantius, son of Vivianus, treats with
Theodoric, 475 sq.
Adamelissi, fortress of Tropaeum Traiani
built at, 210 sq.
Adamnan, his Life of St Columba cited, 391
Adda, River, battle on, 439
Addao, King of the Alani, death of, 304
Addaeus, Roman officer, employed in
Armenia, 225
Adeodatus, son of Augustine, 596
ad Evangelum presbyterum of Jerome, 155
‘Adid the Arab, joins Romans, 482
Adige, River, 193, 441
Admagetobriga (Montbéliard), Gauls de-
feated at, 193
Admonitions for Monks, Rabbula, cited,
526
Adria, Goths at, 446
Adriatic Sea, fleet of Maximus in, 243;
nomads find winter quarters by, 358 and
note ; 364; Theodoric's fleet in, 451 ; 459
Aduatuci, Teutonic tribe, in Gaul, 190; in
Belgica, 193
Aedan, Dalriadic King, encounters Aethel-
frith, 391
Aedesius, philosopher, 64, 99
Aedui, Keltic tribe, at war with the Sequani,
193; subdued, 194
Aegean Sea, 16 sq. , 19, 205 sq. ; nomads
winter near, 358
Aegidius, generalof Majorian, victorious near
Orleans, 282, 298; death, 299, 310; makes
alliance with Gaiseric, 310; independent
ruler in Gaul, 424 sq. ; defeats Visigoths,
425 ; death, ib.
Aegina, pagan worship at, 93
Aelia Capitolina. See Jerusalem
Aelle, King of Deira, 390
Aelle, reputed founder of the kingdom of
Sussex, 382, 390
Aemilia, 239; Alaric in, 273
Aemona (Laibach), Theodosius at, 243; 247;
Alaric at, 264, 268
Aequitius, Roman general, 218, 220 sq. , 229
Aeruli. See Heruli
Aesculapius, Julian revives worship of, 107
Aestii. See Aists
Aethelberht, King of Kent, and Ceawlin,
389 sq. ; importance of, 391
Aethelfrith, King of Bernicia, obtains Deira
by marriage, 390; encounters Aedan, 391;
massacres the Britons, ib.
Aethiopica, attributed to Heliodorus, 569
Aëtius, Roman general, forms alliance with
Visigoths, 279, 416; defeats the Huns,
280, 416; and the Salian Franks, 297 ;
298; and the Vandals, 308; and the
Huns, 360 sqq. , 407 ; 394 ; Britons appeal
for help to, 380; 393; and Valentinian III,
395, 397, 399; birth and parentage, 406;
supports usurper John, 407 sq. ; pro-
moted, 408; successes of, 410; struggle
## p. 700 (#730) ############################################
700
Index
with Boniface, ib. ; supreme in the West,
411; policy in Gaul and Africa, ib. ;
412 sqq. ; third time consul, 415; sup-
ports Frankish prince, ib. ; fails to crush
Attila, 416 sq. ; assassinated, 418; his
greatness dis
ed, 418 sq. ; 420 sqq.
Aëtius, city praefect, attacked, 463
Aëtius, heretic teacher, condemnation of,
137
Africa, under Maxentius, 3; Christians in,
11; 13, 18, 30 sq. , 50; awarded to Con.
stans, 56; 58 sq. ; 61 ; 88; slow decay
of paganism in, 115, 121 ; 162; church
councils for, 164 sq. ; 172; first councils of
bishops in, 178; 182; Franks in, 202; 218;
misgovernment in, 227 sq. ; acknow-
ledges Maximus, 239; revolt of Gildo
in, 262 sqq. , 458; Heraclian in, 272 sqq. ;
importance of corn supply of, 275; Van-
dals settled in, 276, 277; Wallia attempts
to seize corn of, 278; 287; the Vandals
in, 305 sq. , 409, 412, 465; divided be.
tween Romans and Vandals, 307, 413;
Vandals seize all Roman provinces, 309;
Marcellinus fails to relieve, 310 ; Vandals
confirmed in possession of, 311; per-
secution of the Catholics in, 312; revolt
of Moors in, 312 sq. ; 315; constitution
of the Vandal kingdom in, 316 sqq. , 399 ;
Arian predominance in, 306, 312, 321;
322; 358, 393 ; revolt of Heraclian in,
402; 404 ; Boniface in, 406 sqq. ; policy
of Aëtius towards, 411, 419; Roman cap-
tives carried to, 421 ; 423, 428, 430 sq. ,
452, 518; monachism in, 532; Punio
language used in, 545; oil trade of, 548;
and the corn supply, 552; 586; early
churches in, 609; 612
Africanus, governor of Pannonia Secunda,
64
Agapitus, holds appointments under Theo-
doric, 442 sq.
Agde, council held at, 286
Agilo, Roman general, envoy to Aquileia,
77 ; supports Procopius, 220; deserts to
Valens, 221
Agricola, Cn. Julius, in Britain, 368, 372
Agri Decumates, barbarians overrun the,
201
Agrigentum, Romans victorious at, 309
Agrippinus, comes, commands in Narbonne,
282
Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, Roman general,
197
Aists (Aestii), 184
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), a principal city
of the Ripuarian Franks, 300
Akatziri, the, submit to Attila, 360 sq.
Akeman Street, course of, 376
Akhmim. See Panopolis
Alai Mts, 340
Alani (Alans), settled near River Don, 203 ;
protect the Urugundi, 206; overpowered
by Huns, 215, 231 ; plunder Roman pro-
vinces, 216 ; 233; favoured by Gratian,
238; raid territory of Alemanni, 241 ;
enlist under Theodosius, 242 ; 250; at
battle of Hadrianople, 251 ; 253 ; in Pan.
nonia, 254 ; migrate to Noricum, 264; at
battle of Pollentia, 265; invade Gaul,
266 sq. , 393 sq. , 400; in Spain, 274 sq. ,
304, 316, 400; defeated by Goths, 278,
281, 304, 404; remnant joins the Asdin-
gian Vandals, 304, 404; subordinate to
Vandals in Africa, 316; paganism of,
320; in Italy and Gaul, 358; tributary
to Attila, 361 ; desert from army of
Ataulf, 403; 412 ; settled in Gaul, 413,
416; 471
Alaric, King of the Visigoths, 113; makes
Attalus emperor, 115, 272; storms Rome,
170; first appearance of, 257; dis-
appointed of promotion, 259; marches
on Constantinople, 260, 456 ; campaign
in Greece, 261, 457 sq. ; treats with
Western and Eastern Empires, 262, 458 ;
invades the Western Empire, 264 ; at the
battle of Pollentia, 265, 461; Illyrian
project of, 267; subsidised by Rome, 268 ;
besieges Rome, 270; demands excessive
concessions, 271 ; sacks Rome, 273 ;
death, 274, 365, 392, 399; result of rule
of, 276; 283, 289, 305 ; and Stilicho,
394 ; 400, 402, 404; Gaudentius a hostage
with, 407 ; 417; 459, 461 sq. , 552
Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, decline of
Gothic power under, 284 ; character and
rule of, 285 ; defeated and slain, 286;
289 sq. ; Catholic Church under, 291;
marries Theodoric's daughter, 451; killed,
452
Alathar, magister militum, 485; captured,
486
Alatheus, leader of the Greutungi, 232 ; de-
vastates Pannonia, 237 ; invades Roman
territory, 250; at battle of Hadrianople,
251 ; rules for infant son of Withimir,
253
Alavio, chief of the Visigoths, 214 sg. ;
killed, 233; obtains leave to settle in
Roman territory, 250
Alba, 44
Albania, Roumanians in, 356
Albanians, 357; speech of, 546
Albini, Christian members of family of, 572
Albinus, heathen pontiff, 116 ; 571
Albinus, patrician, 448; accused of in-
trigue, 453
Alboin, King of the Lombards, 358, 431
Alchester near Bicester, on Akeman Street,
376
Aldborough (Isurium Brigantum), Romano-
British town, 373
Alemanni, confederacy of Teutonic tribes,
3; defeated by Magnentius, 65 ; defeated
at Strassburg, 68; subdued, 69 sq. ; 73 sq. ;
confederacy of the, 195, 200 and note;
reach Italian frontier, 201 ; 202; raids
of, 207; repulsed, 208; campaigns of
Constantius against, 209; defeated at
## p. 701 (#731) ############################################
Index
701
165; 160 sg.
Argentaria, 210, 252 sq. ; campaigns of
Valentinian against, 222 sq. ; king of, slain,
223; defeated, 224; prisoners settled in
Italy, ib. ; 229; Roman army recruited
from, 246, 259; 248, 253; campaign of,
against Romans of Upper Germany, 266;
267; in army of Jovinus, 275, 401; sup-
posed origin of, 292 899. ; 299; conflict
with the Ripuarian Franks, 300; possibly
subject to Attila, 361; invasion of Gaul
by, 400 sq. ; settled on Upper Rhine, 413;
guard the frontier, 441; Theodoric pro-
tects, 451
Alexander the Great, 17, 25, 78, 83, 87, 353,
403, 489
Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria, and the
Arian controversy, 120, 159,
Alexander, Bishop of Antioch, 170 sq.
Alexandria, 3, 14, 18; inhabitants murder
their Bishop, 80 ; becomes a centre of
learning, 88; pagan worship at, 97; 99;
return of Athanasius to, 104; Arius at,
119; Athanasius expelled from, 128;
return of Athanasius to, 130; 131 sq. ;
135 sqq. , 139, 141; parochial system at,
159 ; presbyterian election of bishops at,
160 sq. ; Arian controversy at, 165 ; 167;
ancient importance of church of, 171,
173 sqq. ; Maximus acclaimed Emperor
in, 239; threatened by Vandals, 310;
religious riots in, 463, 485; Patricius at,
471; rivalry with Antioch, 487 ; jealousy
of Constantinople, 488; character of
population, 489 sq. ; Origenism con-
demned by synod of, 490 ; Christian and
Pagan teachers in, 496; and Nestorianism,
497 sq. ; synod at, condemns Nestorian.
ism, 499; articles condemning Nestorius
drafted at, 501; and the Monophysite con.
troversy,503 sqq. ; and the Robber Council,
505; 511; disturbances in, 512 sq. ; the He-
noticon sent to, 516; 522 sqq. ; corn fleet
of, 552; school of, 577, 579; work of
Synod of (362), 584 ; influences Italian
art, 598; sarcophagi at, 602 ; casket of
Projecta made in, 603 ; glass-works of,
606 ; synagogue at, 609
Alexandria, Bishops of. See Alexander,
Athanasius, Cyril, Dionysius, Dioscorus,
George of Cappadocia, Gregory of Cappa-
docia, Heraclas, Peter, Proterius, Theo-
philus, Timothy
Algeria, 412
Al Harith, Taghlibi chief, makes peace with
Rome, 481
Al Hira, 464
Aligildus, Roman officer, 77
Allectus, usurper, crushed by Constantius,
377
Aller, River, 187
Allia, River, and Brennus, 576
Allobroges, Keltic tribe, 192
Al Mundhir, sheikh of Al Hira, invades
Syria, 464
Alpes Maritimae, Gothic rule in, 287
Alpheus, River, 261
Alps, crossed by Constantine I, 4; by Con-
stantine II, 58; passes garrisoned by
Magnentius, 61 ; crossed by Constantius
(Julian and Cottian), 61; 73; (Cottian)
75; 133; 186; (Carnic) 192; Germanic
tribes cross the, 193, 201; Gratian flees
to, 238; secured against Maximus, 239;
Cottian passes forced by Maximus, 242;
245; Flavianus in the (Julian), 247;
Goths reach, 252 ; barbarians cross, 265;
267; Ataulf crosses, 271; Goths reach,
284; (Julian) Huns cross, 364, 417; 367;
Marcian crosses, 423; (Graian) passes
secured by Theodoric, 452
Alsace. See Elsass
Altaians, the, Ch. xII (A) passim, 329, 331 ;
appearance and habits, 332 sqq. ; govern-
ment, 334 sq. ; persistence of customs of,
340; food, 339 8qq. ; family ties, 342;
religion, 343 sqq. ; marauding habits, 349;
military skill, 350; permanency of rule
of, 351
Altinum, Bishop of. See Peter
Altrip, Romans build fort at, 224
Alypius, friend of Augustine, 593 sq.
Alypius, minister of Julian, plans restora-
tion of the Temple at Jerusalem, 80
Amal family, 468
Amalaberga, sister of Theodoric the Great,
marries Hermanfred, 451
Amalafrida, sister of Theodoric the Great,
marries Thrasamund the Vandal, 313,
451; imprisoned, 314
Amalaric, son of Alaric II, established on
the throne of Spain, 452
Amalasuntha, mother of Athalarich, remon-
strates with Hilderic, 314; offers help to
the Romans, 315; marries Eutharic, 451;
regency of, 454 ; imprisonment, ib. ;
death, 455
Amandus, admiral of Licinius, 7 sq.
Ambrones, Teutonic tribe, 191 and note;
defeated by the Romans, 193; location
of the, 198
Ambrose, St, Bishop of Milan, 67; leads
Christian party at Rome, 115; 116 sq. ;
election of, 152 sq. ; de Officiis of, 157;
cited, 157, 180, 531, 592, 595 ; 172; in-
fluences Gratian, 237; career of, 239; as
minister to Valentinian II, ib. ; mission
to Maximus, 240; 242; and the penance
of Theodosius, 244 sq. , 257; summoned
to baptise Valentinian, 245; condemns
Eugenius, 246; 249; monastery of, 531
sq. ; 566, 571 sq. ; builds church of the
Apostles, 610
Ambrosiaster (Isaac), 151 ; Quaestiones of,
cited, 155 sqq. , 159 sqq.
Ambrosius Aurelianus, heads British resist.
ance to English invasion, 388
Amida, siege of, 72; Ardaburius at, 464;
siege of (502), 481; Romans attempt to
recapture, 482
Amida, Bishop of. See Acacius
## p. 702 (#732) ############################################
702
Index
Anglii. See Angles
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the, unreliable
chronology of, 380, 383; cited, 382,
389 sq.
Amiens, Valentinian at, 223; Vandals at,
266
Ammedera, 263
Ammianus Marcellinus, historian, 46; at
siege of Amida, 72 ; 80; 99 ; 110; cited,
71, 76, 79, 85, 97, 103, 134, 166, 173, 188,
295 sq. , 379, 581, 592, 594 sq.
Amoun, monk of Nitria, 522
Ampelius, son of Attalas, 273
Ampsivarii, tribe of Ripuarian Franks,
campaign of Arbogast against, 259; 295;
299
Amru 'l Kais, Arab, obtains island of
Jotaba, 472
Amu, River, 323 ; cattle-breedivg in the
delta of, 331
Anagast, in command in Thrace, rebels,
470
Anastasia, sister of Constantine, marriage
of, 22
Anastasis, memorial in the church of the
Holy Sepulchre, 609
Anastasius II, Bishop of Rome, 182; elec-
tion of, 449
Anastasius I, Eastern Emperor, 312; friend.
ship with Thrasamund the Vandal, 313 ;
and Theodoric, 440 sq. , 443, 445; supports
the freebooter Mundo, 451 ; death, 455,
486; accession, 467,479; marries Ariadne,
479; disturbances in reign of, 480 ; and
the Persian War, 481 sqq.
